CHAPTER 2

Ecosystem

KSSM
FORM 2

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Energy Flow in
Ecosystem
 Food chains and food webs
 Food chain - nutrition and energy transfer from producer to
consumer.

Primary User Secondary User

Producer Herbivor or omnivor
(using light to produce Carnivorous who
who ate the
green plants producers eat primary
users

Tertiary Users
Larger carnivorous
who eat
secondary users

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Decomposers - bacteria and fungi decompose
dead plants and animals

 The combination of several food chains form a food web.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

o How does the energy flow into the food chain?

The primary consumers

Sunlight as a source of
energy in the food chain
Green plants (producers)
convert sunlight into
chemical energy (food)
through photosynthesis
eat the producers, the
chemical energy from
the producers is
transferred to primary
users.

The tertiary consumers

Secondary users eat
eat secondary users, the
primary users, the
chemical energy from
chemical energy from
the secondary is
the primary is transferred
transferred to tertiary
to secondary users
users

 Not all energy is transferred because part of it is lost as heat energy through respiration,
excretion and decomposition.

 Total energy decreases when transferred from one user to another.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Nutrient Cycle in Ecosystem
 Carbon Cycle cycle.
 The plant absorbs carbon dioxide to
produce glucose through the
photosynthesis process.

 Glucose - carbon compounds

oxidized by plant cells and animal
cells during respiration to release
energy and carbon dioxide.

 Carbon dioxide is reabsorbed by

plants during photosynthesis.

 Carbon dioxide is also released

during burning of fossil fuels and
decay of dead organisms.

 Thus, carbon is continuously cycled

in an ecosystem known as carbon

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

Oxygen Cycle
 Photosynthesis releases the oxygen
used by the organism during
respiration.
 Oxygen is also used during
combustion of fossil fuels, corrosion
and decay. This cycle is known as
the oxygen cycle.
 Photosynthesis releases oxygen and
absorbs carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere while animal and plant
respiration utilizes oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

Water cycle
 Animals and plants release carbon dioxide and water vapor during
respiration.
 Water vapor rises to the atmosphere and partly into a water cycle.
 Animals also contribute to the water cycle through sweating, urination and
decomposition.
 Plants absorb water in the soil transported to the leaves through
photosynthesis.
 Excessive water then disappears from plants through transpiration.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Carbon dioxide is
increasing
Oxygen is getting
reduced

Excessive use of The rate of

water photosynthesis
The logging of decreases
trees is
uncontrollable Transpiration rate
decreases
The amount of
rain water
decreases

Burning of fossil Water resources

fuels are reduced in
Human activities the earth
that disturb the
natural cycle

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Dependency and mutual interaction
between organisms and between organisms
and the natural environment

 Species - organisms of the same species

and breed.

 Population - a group of organisms of the species

same species living in a habitat.

 Communities - several populations of

different species of organisms interact to
form a community. population
 Ecosystems - communities of organisms
that interact with one another with their
environment.

community
ecosystem

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Penyesuaian Haiwan Dan Tumbuhan
Terhadap Iklim Habitat Di Gurun,
Tundra Dan Tropika

Desert
- Camel stores fat in the humps as energy
supplies.
- The cactus has a watery stem to store water.

Tropical
- light intensity and high humidity promotes
the growth of various plants.
- Mammals have short fur so they keep less
heat
Reptiles become inactive during hot times.

Tundra
- Arctic foxes have small ears and thick fur to
reduce heat loss.
- Plants in this area is only moss and grass for
a prolonged cold climate and little rainfall.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Interaction Between Living
Organisms

Interaction Between
Living Organisms

Prey-predator symbiosis competition

Interactions that make use of The interaction that Interactions that make use
one side, while the other one makes use of both of one side while another
does not benefit.. parties one loses.

commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Prey-predator - prey benefited while the
victim was eaten by predators.

 Competition - animals and plants

compete for the same living conditions as
homes, water, food and couples to
breed.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Symbiosis

 Commensalism - only one organism that

benefits. Remora fish, which is
commensal attached to shark fish, gets
protection, transportation and food
waste. Shark, which is the host did not
suffer any impact from this relationship.

 Mutualism - both organisms benefit. For

example, algae make food for fungi
while fungi supply water, minerals and
protection to the fight.

 Parasitism - tapeworms (parasites) gain

protection and nutrients in the human
intestine (housekeeper). Humans suffer
losses due to loss of nutrients to
tapeworms.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Kawalan Biologi

Biological control - the use of natural

predators to control pests.

 Pre-predator interactions are used in

biological control. For example:
 Owls and snakes are used to reduce the
number of mice (pests) in oil palm
estates.
 Fish is kept in the pond to eat mosquito
larvae.

The disadvantages of biological Disadvantages of the use of

The benefits of biological control
control chemicals

Does not pollute the Slower effects of chemical

Pollute the environment
environment. controls
Predators eat the prey (pests) Causes imbalance in food
Harmful to human health
only chains in ecosystems

Cheaper than pesticides.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 Factors Affecting Population Size

Disease -
reducing the
size of plant
and animal
population.

Migration - an
Food sources - organism into
reduce an ecosystem
population changes the
size. Factors balance of the
population.
Affecting
Population
Size

Victimization -
Drought -
reduce the size
many plants
of the
die due to lack
population of
of water.
organisms

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 The role of human in maintaining the
balance of nature

Recycling of
Educate people waste
about awareness Planned logging
of conservation and planting
and new trees
conservation

Legal action
against anyone Animal
who pollutes and conservation
destroys the center
ecosystem

Steps to
conserve Marine Park to
Reserved forest and conserve coral
reefs.
preserve the
environment

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

 QUIZ
1) Construct a food web based on the figure below.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018

2) A farmer sprayed his field with a kind of pesticide to kill mangosteen insects. In the next
mango planting season, the mango tree produces only a small amount of fruit. Create an
analysis of the following situations and explain one of the reasons why the results are very
little.

By Tutor Syahirah 2018