This tells us how much useful energy a

reaction produces, which we can harness for

The signi cance of the change in Gibbs Free
doing work. Negative Delta G means the
Energy (Delta G)
reaction is spontaneous. Positive Delta G
means it is nonspontaneous.

Higher temperatures usually mean a higher k

How temperature a ects the rate constant k
and a faster reaction.

A reaction that gives o heat. This reduces the

De ne the term: exothermic
amount of enthalpy in the system.

Lots! They're di erent for each reaction at

How many di erent rate constants there are
each temperature.
 Rate = k * A (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=A)^m. k is
The formula for the rate law with one the rate constant. A (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=A)
reactant, and what each term means. is the concentration of reactant. m is the
reaction order.

A reaction that happens on its own. Delta G is

De ne the term: spontaneous energy, and
negative. Spontaneity depends on the
state its delta G (change in Gibbs Free Energy)
temperature. Spontaneous doesn't mean fast.

The rate is directly proportional to the

Meaning of a rate order of 1
concentration of this reactant.

How much heat you need to make 1 gram of a

De ne the term: speci c heat capacity
certain substance be 1 Celsius degree hotter.

How temperature a ects entropy Higher temperature means more entropy.

 A value that describes how quickly a reaction
Reaction rate
will happen

The unit of temperature measurement used

Kelvin
when calculating Gibbs Free Energy.

The equation you would use to determine the

spontaneity of a reaction knowing its enthalpy G = H - TS
and entropy changes

A term that describes whether and how the

De ne the term: reaction order reactant concentration a ects the reaction
rate. It's determined experimentally.

Concentration change per unit of time.

Units of reaction rate Sometimes change-of-Molarity per second,
sometimes change-of-molarity per minute.
 Increased S means a negative Delta G when
How entropy change (S) a ects change in enthalpy decreases OR at low temperatures.
Gibbs Free Energy (Delta G) Reduced S means a positive Delta G when
enthalpy increases OR at high temperatures.

This is the role of the cathode in an

To receive electrons from the anode
electrochemical cell

When enthalpy increases, the change in Gibbs

How enthalpy change a ects Gibbs Free Free Energy (delta G) will be positive (non-
Energy spontaneous) when entropy decreases, OR at
low temperatures when entropy increases.

The rate is proportional to the square of the

Meaning of a rate order of 2
concentration of this reactant.

A chemical equation that also provides the

De ne the term: thermochemical equation
change in enthalpy (delta H) for the reaction.
In Hess's Law, how the enthalpy change (delta
Use the same magnitude (number) but ip the
H) changes when you use the reverse of a
+/- sign.
reaction

Solid has least entropy. Liquid has more

How entropy changes as state of matter
entropy than solid. Gas has more entropy
changes.
than liquid.

A reaction that needs heat input to proceed.

De ne the term: endothermic This requires an increase of enthalpy to the
system.

How you nd the speci c heat capacity of a It will be provided, or you can look it up in a
substance to use in calculations table.

Concentration of the reactant does not a ect

Meaning of a rate order of 0
the rate of the reaction.
 A property that'll be the same whatever path
De ne the term: state function
was taken to achieve the current state.

Middle-step compounds created during the

De ne the term 'intermediates' in the context
reaction that then change to something else.
of a chemical reaction
They aren't reactants or products.

An amount of energy that is needed to start a

De ne the term: activation energy chemical reaction. It looks like a hill on a graph
of energy.

What it means to have a high speci c heat It means that substance requires a lot of heat
capacity input in order to change its temperature.

Q = s * m * (Delta T), where Q = heat or

Equation for the amount of heat needed to
energy, s = the speci c heat capacity of the
raise a substance's temperature by a certain
substance, m = mass of substance, & Delta T =
amount, and what each term means.
change in temperature in degrees Celsius.
 Large k means a spontaneous reaction. Small
What the equilibrium constant (k) signi es k means a non-spontaneous reaction. A k
around 1 means equilibrium.

You can nd the enthalpy change for a

De ne Hess's Law reaction by adding up the enthalpy changes of
the steps in the reaction.

Name for the series of events or steps in a

De ne the term: reaction mechanism
chemical reaction

The formula for Gibbs Free Energy, and what G = H - TS. G is free energy. H is enthalpy. T is
each term means temperature. S is entropy.

It's relatively high, so water changes

What water's speci c heat capacity means temperature relatively slowly. Lakes and rivers
stay liquid in fairly cold temperatures.
 How much heat/energy a process will take in
De ne the term: enthalpy change
or give o

In Hess's Law, how the enthalpy change (delta

H) changes when you multiply one step by an Multiply the delta H by that integer too.
integer.

Depends on the reaction order. Must be in

units that result in the rate being molarity per
Units of the rate constant k
unit of time (typically seconds). Units of M^(-
n)/s, where n is the reaction order.

k = A * e^(-Ea/RT). Ea = activation energy. A =

How to calculate the rate constant k, and what How often reactants get near Ea. e = fraction
each term means of reactants that achieve Ea. T = temperature
(Kelvin). R = 8.314 J/mol k

A reaction whose reactants and products are

De ne the term: homogeneous reaction all in the same state of matter (solid, liquid, or
gas).
 Only experimentally, by gathering data, not by
How to determine rate order
looking at the reaction equation.