CHAPTER IV

This book is intended for students of science and technology. That is why this
chapter will present reading texts which talk about the fields of science and technology.

ooo-0-ooo

Competence:
1. Students are able to understand the text well
2. Students are able to retelling the story of the texts correctly
3. Students are able to understand the texts by summarizing
4. Students are able to make the outline of the text using Mindjet Mindmanager

§§§

HOW TO BE A SCIENTIST?
Science is based on observation. However, observation alone is not science.
Scientists generally state a problem which then guides them in their observations. But,
without observation people generally are not aware of a problem. This then raise a
question: which come first, the observation or the problem?
Curiosity awakens a need for observation. Observation will usually raise specific
questions in the mind of a scientist. To satisfy his curiosity, he begins to make
observations. Then he formulates a specific statement that can be tested. This statement
is called a hypothesis. It is the starting point for an experiment.
By experimenting, the scientist tries to show or prove that the hypothesis is true
or false. He must use good imagination to create an experiment that fits the problem.
The experiment must produce valid information or data. The data gathered during the
experiment are observations.
Observation can be made directly and indirectly. For indirect observation,
instruments are often used. Some instruments are used by modern scientists are quite
simple, others are very complex.
 To complete his experiment, the scientist must state his observations in
numerical form. This means that he has to make measurements. With the results from
these he can make more exact comparisons or descriptions to prove his hypothesis.
The result of scientific experiment based on a valid hypothesis can often lead to
a better understanding of the world and the universe.

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EXERCISES
Check your understanding
A. True or false: place (+) before all true sentences and (0) before those that are false.
Correct the false sentences to make them true.
(+) or (0) Sentences Correction
1. A hypothesis is a scientific
observation
2. For the scientist, the problem
comes first followed by observation
3. A scientist makes observation to
satisfy his curiosity.
4. Observation may raise more
questions about a problem
5. Experiments are used to prove that
there is a problem
6. To be successful, an experiment
must produce true information
7. Experiment, generally begin with a
hypothesis
8. There are two ways to make
observation:
a. By watching other scientists,
and
 b. By formulating a hypothesis
9. To be valid, an experiment must fit
the problem
10. By using measurements, a
scientist can use his imagination
creatively

B. Answer the following questions:

1. On line 2, what does “them” refer to?
2. On line 2, what does “their” refer to?
3. On line 15, what does “others” refer to?
4. On line 16, what does “his” refer to?
5. On line 17, what does “these” refer to?

Check your vocabulary

A. First, give the adjective an then the adverb form of the noun listed below. The first
one is done as an example.
Numb NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB
1 science scientific scientifically
2 problem
3 curiosity
4 truth
5 experiment
6 hypothesis
7 instrument
8 universe

B. Give the adverb form of the adjectives listed below. The first one is done as an
example.
Numb ADJECTIVE ADVERB
1 general generally
2 specific
 3 true
4 simple
5 direct
6 complex
7 numerical
8 exact

Reference:
Cholisi, Fuad, Drs, and Friends. 1989. Selected English of Science and Technology,
Laboratorium Bahasa ITS, Surabaya
 ENGINEERING
Engineering is often defined as the practical application of theoretical sciences,
such as physics or chemistry, for the benefit of mankind. Many of the early branches of
engineering, however, were based not on science but on empirical information that is,
information that depend on observation and experience rather than theoretical
knowledge. Many of the structure encountered by Vitruvius Pollio were similar to those
that modern engineering still must confront. That has survived from ancient time such
as the aqueducts of Rome, exist because they are built with greater strength than modern
standard require. But at least the Roman engineers were sure their building would last
for a long time. Probably the oldest text in engineering is the work of a Roman architect
and engineer named Vitruvius Pollio, who wrote a book in the first century B. C. about
the engineering practices of his day. Many of the problems
Since the beginning of the modern age in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, there has been an explosion of knowledge in every scientific field; physics
and chemistry, astronomy and physiology, as well as recently evolved disciplines like
nuclear and solid-state physics. One reason for this rapid increase in scientific
knowledge was the development of experimental method to verify theories. At least of
equal importance has been the use of quantification that is putting the data from the
results of experimentation into precise mathematical terms. It cannot be emphasized too
strongly that mathematics is the basic tool of modern engineering.
As scientific knowledge increased, so did the practical applications. The
eighteenth century witnessed the beginning of what is usually called the Industrial
Revolution, in which machines began to do more of the work that previously had been
done by human beings or animals. In the nineteenth century and our own day, both
scientific research and the practical applications of its results have progressed rapidly.
They have given the civil engineer new and stronger materials, the mathematical
formulas which he can use to calculate the stresses that will be encountered in a
structure; machines that make possible to construction of sky-crappers, dams, tunnels,
and bridges that could never have been built before.
Another result of the explosion of knowledge was an increase in the number of
scientific and engineering specialties. By the end of the nineteenth century, not only
were civil, mechanical, and mining and metallurgical engineering recognized, but
courses were also offered in the newer specialties of electrical engineering and chemical
engineering. This expansion has continued to present day. We now have, for example,
nuclear, petroleum, aerospace, and electronic engineering. Of course, many of these
disciplines are subdivisions of earlier specialties – electronic engineering from electrical
engineering, for example, or petroleum engineering from chemical engineering.

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EXERCISES
A. Based on the reading text, please answer these questions in good English.
1. What is the definition of engineering as frequently given by people?
2. On what kind of information were many of the early branches of engineering
based?
3. How do the surviving ancient buildings compare with those built by modern
standards?
4. What is probably the oldest textbook about engineering? Who wrote it?
5. What has happened to scientific knowledge since the beginning of the modern age
in the sixteenth and seventeenth century?
6. What are two reasons for the rapid increase in scientific knowledge?
7. What began in in the eighteenth century? Has this movement continued up to the
present?
8. What scientific research and the practical applications of its results given the civil
engineer?
9. What are some of the recognized engineering specialties?
10. In conclusion, what are the two impacts resulting from the explosion of knowledge?

B. Contextual references.
Considering the contexts of the sentences in the passage, find out what the following
words refer to.
1. ‘they’ in : .……….….because they were built…….…….. (paragraph 1)
2. ‘those’ in : ……..were similar to those that modern engineers still must
confront (paragraph 1)
3. ‘its’ in : ………………and the practical application of its
results……. (paragraph 3)
4. ‘They’ in : They have given civil engineer ……..……. (paragraph 3)
5. ‘he’ in : ……...which he can use to calculate the stresses…………..
(paragraph 3)
6. ‘This expansion’ in : This expansion has continued to the present day. (paragraph
4)

Reference:
Cholisi, Fuad, Drs, and Friends. 1989. Selected English of Science and Technology,
Laboratorium Bahasa ITS, Surabaya
 THE FAMILY IN THE AGE OF TECHNOLOGY

A. Before You Read

- Modern technology has changed our lives in many ways. People live and work very
differently now than they did fifty years ago.
- How is your life different from the lives of your grandparents?
- How does technology affect your life today?

B. Understanding Vocabulary in Context

There are some words in the reading which you may not know. But before you look in
your dictionary, you should try to guess the meanings of these words by looking for
clues in the sentences right before and right after.

There are many different kinds of clues. Sometimes the definition of the word is
included in the reading itself, for example:

The station is always crowded with other commuters like him, people who must
travel 30 or even 50 miles to work each day.

- What are commuters?

Sometimes there is a synonym in the reading. Look at this following example:

- Although the Mallorys do not realize it, they rely very greatly on machines. In
fact, they depend on them so much, that we can say that machines make their
way of life possible.
C. Reading Text
Dick and Mary Mallory live in a quiet suburb outside New York City. Dick is the
sales manager of a large department store in New York City and Mary is a writer. Karen
and Mark, their two children, are both high school students. Although the Mallorys do
not realize it, they rely very greatly on machines. In fact, they depend on machines so
much that we can say that machines make their way of life possible. Whether they are at
work, at home, or at school, their lives are tied to machines. In many ways they
represent the modern family in the age of technology.
On a typical working day the Mallorys awakened by music from their clock radio,
which is tuned to their favorite station. If they are very tired and decide to turn it off and
go back to sleep, it will automatically awaken them again in a few minutes. At the same
time as the radio comes on, the coffee pot in the kitchen begins to make their morning
coffee automatically. By the time they are ready for breakfast, the coffee is finished.
While Marie fries some eggs in the electric frying pan, Dick makes toast and Mark
slices oranges to make juice in their electric juicer.
After finishing breakfast, Marie drives Dick to the railroad station. The station is
always crowded with other commuters like him, people who must travel 30 or even 50
miles to work each day. Some are reading the newspaper, and others are talking as they
wait nervously for the train. Although sometimes late, today the train arrives at the
station exactly on schedule. Dick gets on the train and finds a seat. Then he puts on
earphones and turns on his pocket tape recorder. The music makes the 45-minutes trip
go quickly.
When the train gets to the city, Dick hurries through the station. Suddenly he
remembers that he has to stop at the bank. The bank does not open until 09:30 A. M, but
that does not bother Dick. He simply goes up to the automatic teller machine outside the
bank, insert his plastic bank card, pushes his code number, and tells the machine how
much money he wants. After a few seconds the machine gives him the money and
returns his card.
When Dick arrives at his office, the first thing he does is to turn on his desk-top
computer and check for messages. Today there are no messages, but the computer
riminds him that he has a sales meeting at 10 o’clock. Then he presses a button, and the
computer screen displays this month’s sales figures. As he is studying them, he gets a
phone call from the manager of a branch store. The manager will not be able to come to
the meeting but he would like to have the sales figures. Dick tells him he will send him
the sales report by computer. Then he asks his secretary to make 10 copies of the report.
At exactly 10 o’clock the alarm on his watch beeps quietly, telling him that it is time for
the meeting. He picks up his papers and heads for the conference room.
Even though Marie does not work in a modern office, she also uses a lot of
machines. When she comes back from the train station, the flashing light on her
telephone answering machine tells her that she has a message. She listens to the
recording. The message is from her sister, who has invited her for lunch. She calls her
back and says that she cannot meet her for lunch but will stop by after she finishes
working.
Before starting to work, she puts the breakfast dishes into the dishwasher and
some dirty clothes into the washing machine. Then she sits down at the computer. Marie
always uses the computer for her writing because she can make changes easily. She also
uses it to keep track of the family’s expenses and for recording her favorite recipes. She
works for four hours, then turns the computer off, and gets ready to visit her sister.
Before she goes out, she puts some meat and potatos in the microwave oven and then
sets the automatic timer. Finally, she writes a note for the children and leaves.
Karen and Mark Mallory often uses machine too. Today, Mark’s first class is
French. He goes to the language laboratory and works for an hour practicing
pronunciation on the tape recorder. After language laboratory, his next class is
Mathematics. Before the class begins, he checks his homework answers on his pocket
calculator. While Mark is in the Math class, Karen is learning history on a computer.
Whenever she gives a correct answer, the computer says VERY GOOD! or WELL
DONE! Every time she gives a wrong answer, it says SORRY. TRY AGAIN. Karen
keeps working until she answers all the questions correctly. Then it is time for her to go
to music class.
At 12 o’clock, Mark goes to the cafeteria to eat lunch. After eating the sandwich
he brought from home, he studies the vending machines and decides to buy some ice
cream for dessert. After school, he meets his sister and they walk home together. When
they get there, Mark turns on the television to watch his favorite music video program.
Karen goes to the computer and practices playing chess. The computer usually wins, but
today she plays so well that the computer loses. At 6 o’clock the family sits down to eat
dinner.
After cleaning up the dinner dishes, the Mallory family relaxes. Marie takes out
her sewing machine and continues working on a dress she is making. Dick and Mark go
out to the garage where they are making a table. From the garage one can hear the
buzzing of the power saw. Meanwhile Karen goes to her room, where she listens to
music on her stereo while she does her homework.
In the office, at school, and at home, machines play a large part in the life of the
Mallory family. Like many other people, they would find it difficult to live without
these products of modern technology.

❀✢✢✢❀

EXERCISES
UNDERSTANDING THE ARTICLE:
Getting the main idea
1. Which of these is another possible title for this reading? Why?
a). Technology Makes Life Better
b). Technology and Our Modern Way of Life
c). Life in the 20th Century
2. Does the writer think that the Mallory family is unusual? Give reasons for your
answer.

Checking the facts

1. What awakens the Mallorys?
2. How does Dick get money?
3. Where does Dick look foe messages?
4. What machine gives Marie a message?
5. What machine washes the dishes? The clothes?
6. What does Marie use the computer for?
7. What does Mark do with his calculator?
8. What is Karen learning on the computer?
9. Where does Mark buy ice cream?
10. What machines do Dick and Mark use to make the table?

Making inferences
1. All of these machines help us in the same way. What is it?
dishwasher washing machine copy machine
calculator automatic teller machine electric juicer

2. What source of power do most of the machines mentioned in the story use?

For discussion
1. If there were no electricel power for one day, how would the Mallorys’ lives be
different?
2. What machine do you use in a typical day?
3. If you could buy more machines, which ones would you buy? How would you use
them?

Chronological sequence
1. Notice that the entire reading is organized according to a time sequence. Here are the
time expressions used to show time sequence in paragraph 2 and 3.

at the same time after as

by the time while then

What time sequence words or phrases can find in paragraph 4 through 7?

2. There are other time expressions in the reading. Some of these show specific time.
Others show duration, or how long an activity lasted. Still others express how often
 an activity takes place. Below are some examples. Some of them are used in the
reading. Can you find them?
Specific time Duration Frequency
at (10 o’clock) for (four hours) always
on (Friday) until (Friday) usually
in (January) since (yesterday) often
sometimes
rarely
seldom
never

Now complete these sentences with one of the words or phrases above
1. We like to go to the beach .................... July
2. Mark will be busy ............................ next week
3. I won’t be able to give him the message. I .................... see him ................ Thursday
4. She worked at the computer ................ three days
5. We’ve been living in the suburbs ...................... 1979
Please look at these pictures and make a short story about one of Mallory’s family
members on using these tools.
References:
Cholisi, Fuad, Drs, and Friends. 1989. Selected English of Science and Technology,
Laboratorium Bahasa ITS, Surabaya
Kay Bransford, Why You Need to Know Your Kids’ Passwords, August 10th, 2015,
http://dotcomplicated.co/content/2015/08/10/digital-handoverwhy-need-know-
kids-online-passwords/, accessed on August 4, 2018
PARENTING IN THE DIGITAL AGE, 12 September 2018,
http://www.behaviourmatters.org.uk/top-tips/parenting-in-the-digital-age/,
accessed on September 15, 2018
https://www.storenvy.com/products/18721462-rockwell-4-1-2-compact-circular-saw-5-
amps-3500-rpm-with-dust-port-and-s, accessed on August 20, 2018
https://www.flipkart.com/singer-tailor-delux-manual-sewing-
machine/p/itmey3egdcqhhjkh, accessed on September 9, 2018
https://www.compareraja.in/samsung-32j4003-32-inch-hd-led-television-price.html,
accessed on August 1, 2018
Cold Food 5 Cold Food Vending Machines, https://www.megavending.com/cold-
frozen-food-vending-machines/cold-food-5-cold-food-vending-machines.htm,
accessed on July 29, 2018
http://sp-kart.com/electronics-accessories/1760-casio-hl-820lv-portable-pocket-
calculator.html, accessed on July 29, 2018
https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:TI99-4A_Program_recorder_front.jpg, accessed
on July 29, 2018
https://www.jualo.com/alat-listrik/iklan-automatic-digital-timer-switch-weekly-
programable-timer, accessed on July 29, 2018
https://www.whistlerhiddenspa.com/convection-oven-vs-microwave-oven/, accessed on
July 29, 2018
https://www.currys.co.uk/gbuk/household-appliances/laundry/washing-
machines/hotpoint-smart-wmfug842g-washing-machine-graphite-10131168-
pdt.html, accessed on July 29, 2018
https://www.kisspng.com/png-money-credit-card-plastic-debit-card-bank-cards-
645433/, accessed on July 29, 2018
https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/exterior-public/automated-teller-machine-
atm-low-poly, accessed on July 29, 2018
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electric-juicer-machine-12173052391.html,
accessed on July 29, 2018
https://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/onn-dual-alarm-amfm-clock-radio/6000196347937,
accessed on July 29, 2018
 MODERN TECHNOLOGY
Task I
Warmer
- Look at the word cloud
- Can you guess what the lesson today is about?
- Can you make any sentences using the words in the word cloud?

The sentences are:

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
- Look at the images
- Do you know these items are called?
- Do you, or any of your family members/friends, own any of these things?

Task II
Vocabulary: pre-reading task
- Words/phrases 1-10 are taken from the text you will read later in the lesson
- Match the words/phrases with definitions on a - j
1. gadget a. to make a situation possible or help a person do something
2. enable b. to contact someone regularly and maintain a relationship with
them
3. impact c. a piece of equipment which has a particular function, and is
often new or involving technology
4. button d. something which happens immediately
5. invention e. the effect one thing has on another thing, which can be
positive or negative
6. luxury f. a new idea for a product which has never been made before
7. stay in touch g. a small item which, when pressed makes a machine work
8. social h. something which is expensive and enjoyable to have, but not
networking necessary
9. instant i. necessary for survival
10. essential j. The process of communicating and connecting with people
online, often through websites designed for this kind of
activity

Task III
Speed Reading
- Read as much of the following text about modern technology as you can within the
time limit that your teacher gives you.
- Mark where you read up to.
- Then, go back to the beginning of the text and read it again for the same amount of
time. Try to read more this time and mark where you read up to.
- If you enjoy this, keep reading until you can read the whole text within the time
limit.

Text
a. Modern technology is changing the way we live our lives. Clever gadgets make
everyday activities easier and enable people to use their time effectively. But what
impact will this change have in the future and is it really a positive thing? People are
busier than ever before. Technological advances mean that things are often possible
with the touch of a button. A hundred years ago, however, things were very different.
Everyday jobs, like doing the laundry, would take a whole day, and the telephone
was a new invention! Nowadays, almost every household has a washing machine and
 a dishwasher, and there are more than 70 million mobile phones in use in the United
Kingdom alone.

b. Research shows that around 28% of children in the UK are overweight or obese.
Some people are concerned that this is because young people spend too much time
online and not enough time socialising with their friends and playing outside. In the
past, nearly all children walked to school because their parents didn’t have a car.
They didn’t have all the luxuries that many children have now, so they used their
imaginations and played outdoors in the fresh air.

c. Years ago, when people wanted to stay in touch with their friends and family, they
wrote letters. These days, however, E-mail communication and social networking
sites, such as Facebook, allow instant, free international communication.

d. Online banking and shopping make essential activities possible from the comfort of
our own homes. But what effect will this have on town centres and shops? In some
towns and cities, many shops are now empty, and a lot of people think this is because
more and more people choose to use the Internet for shopping.

e. There are many benefits of using technology but we need to be responsible in the
choices we make. Modern equipment is often very expensive and does not last a long
time. It is important to consider how much we really need these things and the
impact they have on our health, the environment and society.

(Facts sourced from http://www.dh.gov.uk)

❀✢✢✢❀

EXERCISES
Match paragraphs a – e to the topic sentences below.
1. Our responsibility when choosing to use modern technology.
2. The impact of modern technology on everyday life over the past century.
3. How modern technology has changed communication.
4. The effect of modern technology on young people.
5. Modern technology in relation to shopping and retail.

Task IV
Grammar – pronunciation of -ed endings in the past simple tense
To make the past form of the verb, we usually add the –ed ending:
1. Can you find any examples of regular past simple verb forms in the reading text in
Task 3?
.........................................................................................................................................

The pronunciation of the –ed ending depends on the letter which comes before it.
- If the letter before the –ed ending is a voiced consonant, it is pronounced /d/ - e.g.
lived.
- If the letter before the –ed ending is an unvoiced consonant, it is pronounced /t/ -
e.g. helped
If the letter before the –ed ending is ‘d’ or ‘t’, it is pronounced /Id/ - e.g. wanted

2. Complete the table with the past verb forms below it. Can you think of any more?
past verbs ending /d/ past verbs ending /t/ past verbs ending / /Id/
 walk played wanted decided loved shouted
worked wished laughed liked stayed watched
invited asked kissed washed listened pulled

3. Some verbs have an irregular past form. They don’t take the –ed ending. Can you
find some examples in the reading text?
.........................................................................................................................................
Can you think of anymore?
.........................................................................................................................................

Task V
Cooler – Option 1
Writing about the past
- Think about when you were younger.
- Write a short passage about what your life was like.
- Think about things that you didn’t have then and what you did in your free time.

Please use the space below

When I was a younger
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
To practise your pronunciaton, including past simple verb forms, e-mail your recording
to your teacher.

Cooler – Option 2
Game: Modern technology: what do you think?
Look at the following ‘text talk’.
- Put your original reading text (Task 3) away.
- Translate the text back into standard English.
- Compare your version to the original text below.

Modern teknoloG iz changing d way we live our lives. Clever gadgets mAk everyday
activitEs EZer & enable ppl 2 uz thR tym effectively. bt wot impact wiL DIS chAng
hav n d futR & iz it rly a +ve thing?

dEz days, ppl R busier thN eva. Modern teknoloG mEnz dat mNE things R nw posebL
w d tuch of a butN.

A hNdrd years ago, ppl spent a full dA doin d laundry & d telephone, wz a nu
invention! Nowadays, almost evry household hz a washing machine & a dishwasher, &
ther R mo thN 70 $MM mob phones n uz n d United Kingdom aloN.

n d UK, rEsrch shows dat rownd 28% of chldrn R :-))) o obese 2. som ppl R concerned
dat DIS iz cuz yung ppl spNd t% much tym on9 & not Enuf tym socialising w thR
fRnds & playing outside. n d past, nErly aL chldrn walked 2 skul cuz thR parNts didn’t
hav a car, & dey played n d fresh air cuz dey didn’t hav aL d luxuries dat mNE chldrn
hav nw.

Years ago, wen ppl wntd 2 stA n tuch w thR fRnds & family, dey rOt letters. dEz days,
however, EMSG & social networking sites, such az Facebook, aLow instNt
international cmUnik8shn.

on9 banking & shopin mAk SNshL activitEs posebL frm d comfort of our own homes.
bt wot fx wiL DIS hav on twn centres & shops? n som towns & cities, mNE shops R nw
empty, & som ppl tink DIS iz cuz mo & mo ppl chuse 2 uz d internet 4 shopin.

ther R mNE benefits of UzN teknoloG bt we nEd 2 b responsible n d choices we mAk.

Modern equipment iz ofn v XpNsiv. It iz important 2 considR how much we rly nEd
dEz things & d impact dey hav on our helth & society.

Reference:
Teaching English, British Council, BBC, Technology Is Great, 2012,
https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/technology-great, accessed on 24/8/2018