C. Segre (IIT) : PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

X-Ray Absorption
dz
Io Absorption coefficient µ, thickness dz
x-ray intensity is attenuated as
µ
dI = −I (z)µdz
z
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 August 31, 2010 1/9
X-Ray Absorption
dz
µ
dI = −I (z)µdz
z
dI /I = −µdz =⇒ I = Io e −µz
X-Ray Absorption
dz
µ
dI = −I (z)µdz
z
number of absorption events, W = I (z)ρa σa dz = I (z)µdz
X-Ray Absorption
dz
µ
dI = −I (z)µdz
z
where ρa is atom density, σa is absorption cross section
X-Ray Absorption
dz
µ
dI = −I (z)µdz
z
where ρa is atom density, σa is absorption cross section

ρm NA
µ = ρa σa = σa
A
with mass density ρm , Avogadro’s number NA , atomic number A
Absorption Event
k
• X-ray is absorbed by an atom
hν
Absorption Event
k
• Energy is transferred to a core electron
hν
Absorption Event
k
• Electron escapes atomic potential into the
hν continuum
Absorption Event
k
• Electron escapes atomic potential into the
hν continuum
• Ion remains with a core-hole
Fluorescence Emission
An ion with a core-hole is quite unstable (≈ 10−15 s)

• After a short time a higher level
electron will drop down in energy to
fill the core hole
∆t
−→

hν electron will drop down in energy to
fill the core hole
• Energy is liberated in the form of a
∆t fluorescence photon
−→

fill the core hole
−→ • This leaves a second hole (not core)
which is then filled from an even
higher shell

fill the core hole
−→ • This leaves a second hole (not core)
which is then filled from an even
higher shell
• The result is a cascade of fluorescence
photons which are characteristic of the
absorbing atom
Auger Emission
While fluorescence is the most probable method of core-hole relaxation

there are other possible mechanisms
Auger Emission

• In the Auger process, a higher level
electron will drop down in energy to
fill the core hole
∆t
−→
Auger Emission

k electron will drop down in energy to
fill the core hole
• The energy liberated causes the
∆t secondary emission of an electron
−→
Auger Emission

fill the core hole
−→ • This leaves two holes which then filled
from higher shells
Auger Emission

fill the core hole
−→ • This leaves two holes which then filled
from higher shells
• So that the secondary electron is
accompanied by fluorescence emissions
at lower energies
Absorption Coefficient
The absorption coefficient µ, depends strongly on the x-ray energy E , the
atomic number of the absorbing atoms Z , as well as the density ρ, and
atomic mass A:
µ∼
atomic mass A:
µ∼
E3
atomic mass A:
Z4
µ∼
E3
atomic mass A:
ρZ 4
µ∼
E3
atomic mass A:
ρZ 4
µ∼
AE 3
atomic mass A:
ρZ 4
µ∼
AE 3
Isolated gas atoms show a sharp jump and a smooth curve
−→
Isolated gas atoms show a sharp jump and a smooth curve

Atoms in a solid or liquid show fine structure after the absorption edge
called XANES and EXAFS
−→
Refraction of X-rays
X-rays can be treated like light when interaction with a medium. However,
unlike visible light, the index of refraction of x-rays in matter is very close
to unity:
to unity:
n = 1 − δ + iβ
with δ ∼ 10−5
to unity:
n = 1 − δ + iβ
with δ ∼ 10−5
α
α’
to unity:
n = 1 − δ + iβ
with δ ∼ 10−5
α
α’ Snell’s Law
cos α = n cos α0
to unity:
n = 1 − δ + iβ
with δ ∼ 10−5
α
α’ Snell’s Law
cos α = n cos α0
where α0 < α unlike for visible light
Reflection of X-rays
Because n < 1, at a critical angle αc , we no longer have refraction but

total external reflection
α α

Since α0 = 0 when α = αc
α α

n = cos αc
α α

n = cos αc
αc2
α α n ≈1−
2

n = cos αc
αc2
α α n ≈1−
2
αc2
1 − δ + iβ ≈ 1 −
2

n = cos αc
αc2
α α n ≈1−
2
αc2
1 − δ + iβ ≈ 1 −
2
αc2 √
δ= −→ αc = 2δ
2
Uses of Total External Reflection
X-ray mirrors
X-ray mirrors
• harmonic rejection
X-ray mirrors
• focusing & collimation
X-ray mirrors
Evanscent wave experiments
X-ray mirrors
• studies of surfaces
X-ray mirrors
• studies of surfaces
• depth profiling

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X-Ray Absorption

An ion with a core-hole is quite unstable (≈ 10−15 s)

An ion with a core-hole is quite unstable (≈ 10−15 s)

An ion with a core-hole is quite unstable (≈ 10−15 s)

An ion with a core-hole is quite unstable (≈ 10−15 s)

An ion with a core-hole is quite unstable (≈ 10−15 s)

While fluorescence is the most probable method of core-hole relaxation

While fluorescence is the most probable method of core-hole relaxation

While fluorescence is the most probable method of core-hole relaxation

While fluorescence is the most probable method of core-hole relaxation

While fluorescence is the most probable method of core-hole relaxation

Isolated gas atoms show a sharp jump and a smooth curve

Isolated gas atoms show a sharp jump and a smooth curve

where α0 < α unlike for visible light

Because n < 1, at a critical angle αc , we no longer have refraction but

Because n < 1, at a critical angle αc , we no longer have refraction but

Because n < 1, at a critical angle αc , we no longer have refraction but

Because n < 1, at a critical angle αc , we no longer have refraction but

Because n < 1, at a critical angle αc , we no longer have refraction but

Because n < 1, at a critical angle αc , we no longer have refraction but

Because n < 1, at a critical angle αc , we no longer have refraction but

Evanscent wave experiments

Evanscent wave experiments

Evanscent wave experiments

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