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the liquid evaporate at the evaporation temperature by changing state from fluid to gas
The heat transferred to a substance when temperature changes is often referred to as sensible heat.
The heat required for changing state as evaporation is referred to as latent heat of evaporation.
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of a system is defined as the mass of the system - m - multiplied by the specific enthalpy - h - of
the system and can be expressed as:
H = m h (1)
where
H = enthalpy (kJ)
m = mass (kg)
Specific Enthalpy
h=u+pv (2)
where
Part of the water vapor - steam - properties can be expressed in a table as:
p ts vf vg uf ug hf hg sf sg
(bar) (oC) (m3/kg) (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg.K)
. . . . . . . . . .
1.01325 2) 100.0 0.001044 1.673 419 2,507 419 2,676 1.307 7.355
p ts vf vg uf ug hf hg sf sg
(bar) (oC) (m3/kg) (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg.K)
. . . . . . . . . .
220 373.7 0.00269 0.00368 1,949 2,097 2,008 2,178 4.289 4.552
221.2 3) 374.15 0.00317 0.00317 2,014 2,014 2,084 2,084 4.430 4.430
Internal energy - u - can be calculated from (2) and is often omitted in tables. vf - change very little and is
also often omitted.
1)
referrer to absolute vacuum.
2)
referrer to water boiling at standard atmosphere.
3)
referrer to water critical point. For pressures above the critical point there is no definite
transition from liquid to vapor.
Specific enthalpy of saturated water - hf - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends on
the pressure.
For saturated water at standard atmosphere - 2) -the specific enthalpy - hf - is 419 kJ/kg. At standard
atmosphere - 1 bar (14.7 psi) - water starts boiling at100 oC (212 oF).
where
Specific enthalpy of saturated steam - hg - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends on
the pressure.
For saturated steam at standard atmosphere - 2) - the specific enthalpy - hg - is 2676 kJ/kg.
The specific enthalpy of evaporation can be calculated from:
he = hg - hf (4)
where
= 2257 (kJ/kg)
where
cps = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC) at standard atmosphere. Be aware that cps varies with temperature.
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