Pipe Fittings by Daleon PDF

Pipe Fittings
Presented by:
Manny P. Daleon
Trainer
Purpose of Pipe Fittings
• Various types of pipe fittings are available in
plumbing systems for different purposes and
functions.
• A pipe fitting is used in plumbing system to
join multiple pipes of same size or different
sizes, to regulate the flow or to measure the
flow.
• They are made up of different materials like
copper, iron, brass, PVC etc.
Manny P. Daleon-Trainer
Purpose of Pipe Fittings
• Plumbing fittings have different shapes
which allow rigid straight pipe to change
both direction and diameter.
Types of Pipe Fittings in Plumbing System
• Elbow • Olet
• Reducer • Plug
• Tee type • Cap
• Cross type • Valve
• Coupling
• Unions
• Adaptors
Elbows
• Used to change the angle or direction of the
pipe run.
• The most common elbows come in 90
degree and 45 degree turns.
– The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a
transition or change in direction is made.
Elbows
• Elbows are generally available with an angle
of 22.5o, 45o and 90o.
• If pipes are of same diameter then normal
elbows are used otherwise Reducer elbows
are used.
• Elbows are made of different materials.
• These are generally coming with female
threads and we can fix them by butt or
socket welding also.
Elbows
Street Elbows
• One end of the fitting has male threads and
the other end has female threads.
– Street elbows are common in galvanized steel
and copper pipe.
– They are convenient because they do away with
the need for a nipple and work well in tight
quarters.
Tee or T-fittings
• Tee type fitting is a component of plumbing system
which is in T-shape.
• It is having one inlet and two outlets, outlets are
arranged at 90o to the main line connection (inlet).
• It can also be used to combine the flow from two
inlets to one outlet.
• They are also available in different materials and
different sizes.
• If the 3 sides of T-fitting are similar in size then it is
called as Equal tee otherwise it is called as Unequal
tee.
Tee or T-fittings
Tee or T-fittings
• Allow for branch lines.
• DWV tees are known as waste or sanitary Ts.
– In these fittings the intersection is slightly
curved in order to avoid clogs. Gradual bends
are best for smooth flow of waste.
Couplings
• Used to join two straight pieces of pipe of
the same diameter.
Couplings
• Coupling are also useful if the pipe is broken or
leakage occurs.
• Generally there are two types of couplings are
available.
• Compression coupling and slip coupling.
Compression coupling is regular coupling which is
connected between two pipes and it prevents
leakage by the arrangement of gaskets or rubber
seals on both sides, otherwise glue is provided.
Couplings
• Slip coupling is easier to install and it contains two
pipes which are arranged as one into other, inner
pipe can slide up to some length.
• So, we can fix long length damaged pipe by slip
coupling.
Reducer Pipe Fittings
• Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces
the flow size from larger to smaller by reducing size
of pipe.
• Usually there are two types of reducers are available.
One is concentric reducer which is like cone shaped
with gradual decreasing around the pipe but in this
case accumulation of air may possible and it results
in cavitation. Other one is eccentric reducer which is
having one edge parallel to connecting pipe due to
which air accumulation is not possible.
Reducer Pipe Fittings
Reducers
• Used to join pipe of different diameters.
– Galvanized steel reducers are called bell reducers
because they look like a bell.
– All reducers make a gradual transition between
different diameters of pipe and therefore they
take up considerable space
Cross type
• Cross type fittings contains 4 opening in 4
directions.
• These are connected when there are 4 pipes are
meeting at a point.
• These fittings generate more amount of stress on
pipe as the temperature changes, because they
are located at the center of four connection
points.
• Cross fittings are generally used for fire sprinkler
systems.
Cross type
Bushings
• Used to make the diameter of a pipe fitting smaller.
• They differ from reducers in that they make abrupt
changes in diameter and take very little space.
– Two examples of galvanized steel bushings are
• face bushings, which take the least amount of space, and
• hex bushings which can be tightened with an adjustable wrench.
Unions
• Union is a type of fitting, which functions as
similar to coupling. But coupling cannot be
removed after fixing but in this case we can
remove the union whenever we needed.
• Unions consists nut, male and female ended
threads. So, this is also useful for
maintaining purpose of pipe.
Unions
• Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes
cannot be turned or when a piece of
equipment may have to be removed for
maintenance or replacement.
Adaptor fittings
• If the pipes are not having special ends or
plain ends then adaptors make them
threaded either male or female whichever is
needed.
• Adopters are generally used for copper and
PVC pipes.
• Male adapters contain male threads and
female adapters contains female threads.
• One end of adapter is plain which is glued or
welded or soldered to the plain pipe end.
Adaptor fittings
• are used to change the end of a non-threaded pipe
to male or female threads as needed.
• Adaptors are commonly used in copper and plastic
plumbing jobs.
– For example adaptors are used to convert from a PVC
glue connection to a threaded connection or
– from a copper soldered connection to a threaded
connection.
• Male adapters and female adapters are both
common.
Adaptor fittings
Olet
• Olets are used when there is standard sizes of
fittings are not suitable for our requirement.
• Sometimes the inlet pipe size is larger
compared to outlet pipes in t-sections then
also Olets are used.
• There are many types of olets are available.
Olet
Some important types of olets are:
• Butt-Weld olet
• Socket weld Olet
• Threaded olet
• Elbow olet
• Nipple olet
• Lateral olet
• Sweepolet
• Flange olet
Olet
Caps
• Used to close the end of a dead end pipe.
Caps
• Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function is
same as plug but the only difference is plug
contain male threads and cap contain female
threads which is screws on the male thread
of pipe.
• These are available in different materials like
rubber, copper, steel, plastic etc.
Plugs
• Plug is a component of plumbing component
which is generally used to close pipe opening
during inspections and repairs.
• Plug are generally contains male threads.
Plugs
• Close an opening on a pipefitting normally
used for inspection and cleanout.
Nipples
• Short lengths (under 12") of pipe threaded
at both ends.
Wyes
• Pronounced like the letter Y
• Used primarily to gain inside access to DWV
systems.
Valves
• Devices that control the flow of liquid or gas
through or from a pipe.
– Types of plumbing valves are:
• compression valves,
• ball valves,
• sleeve-cartridge valves,
• ceramic disc valves
• and more
Valves
• Valves are components of plumbing system which
are used to stop or regulate flow of fluid in its
path.
• Different types of valves are available depending
up on their applications.
Some important types of valves and its
applications are listed below.
• Gate valve, plug valve and Ball valve – used for
isolation only
• Globe valve – used for throttling
• Check valve – used for preventing reverse flow (non-
return)
• Butterfly valve – used for isolation as well as throttling
• Diaphragm valve – used for isolation as well as
throttling
Types of valves
• Line valves
– Gate valves or sluice valves
– Butterfly valves
– Globe valves
– Needle and cone valves
• Blow off valves or Drain valves or Scour valves
• Air valves
– Air release valves
– Air inlet valves
• Kinetic air valves
• Pressure relief valves
• Check valves or reflux valves
• Ball valves or ball float valves
• Automatic shut-off valves
• Automatic burst control
Manny P. Daleon-Trainer 38
Types of valves
Line valves
• Main line valves are
provided to stop and
regulate the flow of water.
• The spacing varies with the
terrain traversed by the line.
• Principal considerations in
location of the valve
– accessibility and proximity to
special points
– Function of economics and
operating problems
• Placed at major summits of
pressure conduits.
Gate valves or Sluice valves
• Used to regulate the flow of
water through the pipes.
• Usually placed at the
summits of pressure
conduits, they can be
cheaper and less stronger
materials and can be easily
operated with less force.
• For economy, in large dia
pipes, valves of smaller dia
than the pipe itself are
generally used
Butterfly valves
• Used to regulate and stop the
flow especially in large size
conduits.
• Butterfly valves with sliding
parts have the advantages of
ease of operations, compact
size, reduced chamber or valve
house and improved closing and
retarding characteristics.
• Involve slightly higher head loss
than sluice valves
• Not suitable for continuous
throttling.
• Sealing is not as effective as
sluice valves at high pressures.
Globe valves
• Used in small bore
pipe work and as
taps and although a
variation is used as
a control valve.
• Have a circular seal
connected axially to
a vertical spindle
and hand wheel.
Needle and cone valves
• More expensive
• Well suited for throttling flow.
• Have a gradual throttling action as they close.
• Needle valves may be used with counter balance
weights, springs or actuators to maintain constant
pressure conditions either u/s or d/s of the valve or to
maintain a constant flow.
• Resistant to wear even at high flow velocities
• Not commonly used in water supply but occasionally
used as water hammer release valves when coupled to
an electric or hydrualic actuator.
Blow off valves or Drain valves or
Scour valves
• Used to remove the entire water from the pipe.
• Small gated off-takes are provided at low points.
• Used for inspection, repairs.
• When opened, water comes out of these valves
quickly under gravity and discharged into some
natural drainage channel or sump in which it can be
pumped out.
• There should be no direct connection between the
valve and the sewer or drain, to avoid the possibility
of pollution travelling into the pipe.
• For safety, two drain valves are generally placed in
series. Manny P. Daleon-Trainer 46
Air valves
• Special kind of valves
• placed at summits on both
sides of sluice valves.
• When placed on summits
which are very near hydraulic
gradient line, they ensure the
safety of the pipe against
collapse.
• When placed below the
ordinary sluice valve, they will
protect the pipe against
negative pressure which may
be developed, when during
steady flow, the sluice valve is
suddenly closed.
• Air inlet valve – will open
out automatically as soon
as the pressure in the
pipe falls below a certain
fixed predetermined
value, and allows air to
enter the pipe.
• Air Relief valves are
required to be provided at
all the summits to remove
the accumulated air
which will obstruct the
free flow of water.
Kinetic air valves
• In case of ordinary air valve, single orifice
type, the air or water from the rising main is
admitted in the ball chamber of the air valve
from one side of the ball.
• Disadvantage:
– Once the ball goes up, it does not come down
even when air accumulates in the ball chamber.
– Due to air rushing in, it stirs the ball making it stick
to the upper opening which does not fall down
unless the pressure in the main drops.
Pressure relief valves
• Used to reduce water hammer pressures in
pressure pipes.
• This valve is adjusted to open out automatically
as soon as pressure in the pipe exceeds a certain
fixed predetermined value.
• Due to the opening of this valve, certain water
will get out of the pipe, and thus, reducing the
water pressure.
• As soon as the pressure reduces, the valve will
close automatically.
Check valves or Reflux valves
• Also known as ‘non-return valves’
• It prevents the water to flow back in the opposite
direction.
• It may be installed on the delivery side of the pumping
set.
• Check valves are also required at inter-connections
between a polluted water system, so as to prevent the
entry of pollution into the pure water.
• Foot valve – check valve installed at the end of suction
line
• Foot valve prevents draining of the suction when the
pump stops.
Ball valves or ball float valves
• Used to maintain a constant level in a service reservoir or
elevated tank or stand pipe
• Equilibrium type of valve – most effective.
• In most severe operating conditions, needle type of valve
will give better service – more expensive.
• The disadvantage – Valve may operate for long periods in a
throttled condition. This can be avoided by arranging for
the float to function in a small auxiliary cylinder or a tank.
• When water reaches the top of the auxiliary tank, the ball
will rise quickly from the fully open position to the closed
position without shock.
• The valve will not open again until the water level in the
reservoir reaches the base of the auxiliary tank.
Automatic shut off valves
• Used on the mains to close automatically
when the velocity in the main exceeds the
predetermined value in case of accident to the
line.
Automatic burst control
• When large steel mains suitably protected against
corrosion and laid properly, particularly at the
change of direction and the ground is not liable
to subsidence, the possibility of a major burst is
ruled out.
• The insertion of a smaller power operated bypass
valve alongside the main valve and provision of
automatic control arrangements for the main
valve to close at a fairly rapid rate, followed by
the smaller bypass valve at a much lower speed.
Valves and Hose Bibs
• Valves are used to control the flow of water or
other fluids in a plumbing system.
• Common types of valves include the following:
– A gate valve is a valve situated between the point of
connection and the rest of the plumbing system.
– It usually remains wide open, but can be shut down in
case repairs or additions have to be made to the system.
– A gate valve is not designed to be opened and closed on
a regular basis.
• A check valve allows the fluid in the pipe to
flow in one direction only.
– Check valves are used in water wells to prevent
the backflow of water.
– There are two basic types: swing or flapper and
lift check valves. Both work automatically.
Arrow Depicts
Direction of Flow
• A globe valve is a valve used when frequent
adjustment of the flow rate is necessary.
– It is a compression-type valve with a disk or
washer that is compressed into a seat to form a
tight seal. Repair is made by replacing the stem
washer or disk.
• A hose bib is a threaded exterior faucet that
allows for the attachment of a garden hose or
appliance hose.
PVC Fittings
• PVC fitting come in a wide variety of configurations.
• They many be glued (S) or threaded (T) or both.
• Glued fittings are referred to as “slip” fittings.
– When specifying a PVC fitting the size and type of connection
are specified. Some examples are:
– ¾” x ½” ST Ell – A reducing ell with a ¾” slip x ½” thread
– ¾” x ¾” x ½” SST Tee – A reducing tee with a threaded outlet
– ¾” x ½” SS Bushing = A bushing with slip connections.
No
Threads
Threads
Copper Tubing Fittings
• Copper tubing use compression fittings.
• Fittings are available to adapt from
compression to IPS and from compression to
soldered fittings.
• Common fittings include couplings, ells, and
tees.
Fittings
Part 2
Prepared by:
Manny P. Daleon
Trainer
Water Meter (brass)
Sizes =1/2”-2”
Water Meter(plastic)
Size=1/2”
Flow Meter-2”-10”
Plastic Elbow
Plastic Equal Tee
Plastic Female Adaptor
Plastic Straight Coupling
Plastic Reducer Socket
Plastic Cap
C I Saddle Clamp
DI Butterfly Valve
(Water Gear Type)
DI Gate Valve
flange Type
DI Gate Valve
Mechanical Type
DI Saddle Clamps
For PVC-HDPE
DI Saddle Clamps
Plastic Elbow CT
Plastic Cap CT
Plastic Tee CT
Plastic Reducer Socket CT
Plastic Male Adoptor
Plastic Saddle Clamp
PVC Ball Valve
Air Release Valve
Pressure Gauge
HDPE Pipes
BI Weldable Elbow
BI Slip on Flange
BI Weldable Tee
Flexible Coupling
Tricone Button Bits
GI Pipes & Fittings
GI Fittings
Brass Gate Valves
PPB Male Adoptor
Plastic Female Elbow
Plastic Male Elbow
Brass Swing Check Valve
Brass Ball Valve with lockwing
Brass Ball Valve with Magnetic Cover
Brass Straight Coupling ISO
Brass Straight Coupling CT
Brass Foot Valve
Brass Corporation Stop
Brass Corporation Stop ISO
CI Tee Mechanical
GI Gibault Joint
CI Adoptor Mechanical Flange
CI Elbow Mechanical
CI Butterfly Valve, keyhole, lever type
CI End Cap Mechanical
CI Dresser Coupling
CI Check valve F/F

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