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APPENDIX
FOR
SIGNAL & SYSTEM
EE605 & DEE6122
(Version: 2016)
3F
Triangle
(Values of Sequence)
(Graphical)
x[n] = { 1 -2 1 3 0 -1 2 }
Page 1
TRANSFORM SUMMARY (Topic 3, 4, 5, & 6)
CT DT CT DT
𝑥(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) 𝑥[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝑧) 𝑥(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝜔) 𝑥[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑋(Ω)
CT or DT
𝑦(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑌(𝑠) 𝑦[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑌(𝑧) 𝑦(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑌(𝜔) 𝑦[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑌(Ω)
ℎ(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝐻(𝑠) ℎ[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝐻(𝑧) ℎ(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝐻(𝜔) ℎ[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝐻(Ω)
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑡 −𝑛 −𝑗𝜔𝑡
Transform Equation 𝑋(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑋(Ω) = ∑ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑒 −𝑗Ω𝑛
−∞ 𝑛=−∞ −∞ 𝑛=−∞
Transform &
Refer “Transform Pair” Table
Inverse Transform
jω Re(z)
Page 2
Laplace Transform z-Transforms CT-Fourier Transform (CTFT) DT-Fourier Transform (DTFT)
*
𝑑2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦′′(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦′(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Page 3
Laplace Transforms Pairs
𝛿(𝑡) 1 All s
1
𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>0
𝑠
1
−𝑢(−𝑡) Re(s)<0
𝑠
1
𝑡𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>0
𝑠2
𝑘!
𝑡 𝑘 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)<0
𝑠 𝑘+1
1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>−a
𝑠+𝑎
1
−𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) Re(s)< −a
𝑠+𝑎
1
𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>−a
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2
1
−𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) Re(s)< −a
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2
𝑠
cos 𝜔0 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>0
(𝑠 2 + 𝜔02 )
𝜔02
sin 𝜔0 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)<0
(𝑠 2 + 𝜔02 )
𝑠+𝑎
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>−a
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2 + 𝜔02
−𝑎𝑡
𝜔02
𝑒 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)< −a
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2 + 𝜔02
Page 4
z-Transforms Pairs
𝛿[𝑛] 1 All z
1 𝑧
𝑢[𝑛] , |𝑧| > 1
1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 1
1 𝑧
−𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] , |𝑧| < 1
1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 1
1 𝑧
𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] , |𝑧| > |𝑎|
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 𝑎
1 𝑧
−𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] , |𝑧| < |𝑎|
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 𝑎
𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑎𝑧
𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] , |𝑧| > |𝑎|
(1 − 𝑎𝑧 ) (𝑧 − 𝑎)2
−1 2
𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑎𝑧
−𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] , |𝑧| < |𝑎|
(1 − 𝑎𝑧 ) (𝑧 − 𝑎)2
−1 2
1 𝑧 2
(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] , [ ] |𝑧| > |𝑎|
(1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 )2 𝑧 − 𝑎
𝑧 2 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛺0 𝑛)𝑢[𝑛] |𝑧| > 1
𝑧 2 − (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧 + 1
(𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 )z
(𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 𝑛)𝑢[𝑛] |𝑧| > 1
𝑧2 − (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧 + 1
𝑧 2 − (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧
(𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 𝑛)𝑢[𝑛] |𝑧| > 𝑟
𝑧 2 − (2𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧 + 𝑟 2
(𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 )z
(𝑟 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 𝑛)𝑢[𝑛] |𝑧| > 𝑟
𝑧 2 − (2𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧 + 𝑟 2
𝑎𝑛 0≤𝑛 ≤𝑁−1 1 − 𝑎𝑁 𝑧 −𝑁
{ |𝑧| > 0
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1
Page 5
Fourier Transforms Pairs of Continuous-Time
x(t) X(ω)
𝛿(𝑡) 1
𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡0
1 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔)
𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )
1
𝑢(𝑡) 𝜋𝛿(𝜔) +
𝑗𝜔
1
𝑢(−𝑡) 𝜋𝛿(𝜔) −
𝑗𝜔
1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), 𝑎 > 0
𝑗𝜔 + 𝑎
1
𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), 𝑎 > 0
(𝑗𝜔 + 𝑎)2
2𝑎
𝑒 −𝑎|𝑡| , 𝑎 > 0
𝑎2 + 𝜔2
1
𝑒 −𝑎|𝜔|
𝑎2 + 𝑡2
2 𝜋
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 , 𝑎 > 0 √ 𝑒 −𝜔2 /4𝑎
𝑎
1 |𝑡| < 𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑎
𝑝𝑎 (𝑡) = { 2𝑎
0 |𝑡| > 𝑎 𝜔𝑎
sin 𝑎𝑡 1 |𝜔| < 𝑎
𝑝𝑎 (𝜔) = {
𝜋𝑡 0 |𝜔| > 𝑎
2
sgn 𝑡
𝑗𝜔
∞ ∞
2𝜋
∑ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇) 𝜔0 ∑ 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝑘0 ), 𝜔0 =
𝑇
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
Page 6
Fourier Transforms Pairs of Discrete-Time
x[n] X(Ω)
𝛿[𝑛] 1
𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] 𝑒 −𝑗Ω𝑛0
1 2𝜋𝛿(Ω), |Ω| ≤ π
1
𝑢[𝑛] 𝜋𝛿(Ω) + , |Ω| ≤ 𝜋
1 − 𝑒 −𝑗Ω
1
−𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] −𝜋𝛿(Ω) + , |Ω| ≤ 𝜋
1 − 𝑒 −𝑗Ω
1
𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛], |𝑎| < 1
1 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑗Ω
1
−𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1], |𝑎| > 1
1 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑗Ω
1
(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛], |𝑎| < 1
(1 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑗Ω )2
|𝑛| 1 − 𝑎2
𝑎 , |𝑎| < 1
1 − 2𝑎 cos Ω + 𝑎2
1
1 |𝑛| ≤ 𝑁1 sin [Ω(𝑁1 + )]
𝑥[𝑛] = { 2
0 |𝑛| > 𝑁1 Ω
sin( )
2
sin 𝑊𝑛 1 0 ≤ |Ω| ≤ 𝑊
,0 < 𝑊 < 𝜋 𝑋(Ω) = {
𝜋𝑛 0 𝑊 ≤ |Ω| > 𝜋
∞ ∞
2𝜋
∑ 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘𝑁0 ] Ω0 ∑ 𝛿(Ω − 𝑘Ω0 ), Ω0 =
𝑁0
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞
Page 7
EQUATION
Euler’s Formula
𝑒 ±𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 ± 𝑗 sin 𝜃
𝑒 𝑗𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
cos 𝜃 =
2
𝑒 𝑗𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
sin 𝜃 =
2𝑗
Integration
𝑎 𝑏
∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
−4𝑗𝜔𝑡
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = [ 𝑒 −4𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]
𝑏 −4𝑗𝜔 𝑏
Trigonometric dentity
1 − cos 2𝜃
sin2 𝜃 =
2
Complex number
𝑗 0 = 1, 𝑗 1 = 𝑗, 𝑗 2 = −1, 𝑗 3 = −𝑗,
𝑗 4 = 1, 𝑗 5 = 𝑗, 𝑗 6 = −1, 𝑗 7 = −𝑗,
𝑗 8 = 1, 𝑗 9 = 𝑗, 𝑗 10 = −1, 𝑗 11 = −𝑗,
Page 8