embedded system designed around microcontroller, ESP8266 module and PC
based cloud server. The embedded module is located at the transformer site. It is utilized to acquire process, display, transmit and receive the parameters of the power transformer. It is the link between the embedded system and IOT based cloud server. The third is utility module that has a PC based cloud server. The server is attached to ESP8266 module transmits parameter data of the power transformer to cloud server. It converts each reading to a compatible signals that can be read by the embedded system built-in ADCs (0-5 volts DC). Each circuit has two Op Amps and set of resistors to adjust the gain and the offset. The current and voltage have small transformers and rectifier circuits that convert and scale the current and voltage values to compatible levels with the Op Amps circuits. The controller block consists of a 16-bit microcontroller that has 8-channel analog to digital converter (ADC) and several digital input/output ports. The ADC is used to read the parameters, the built-in EPROM is used to host the embedded software algorithm that takes care of the parameters acquisition, processing, displaying, transmitting and receiving. The built-in EEPROM is used to save the online measured parameters along with their hourly and daily averages. The system is equipped with 2- lines 16 character each LCD and 16-LEDs that are used as pilot lights to indicate each parameter status. The microcontroller uses ESP8266 module for communication to upload information related to the transformer parameters and status. It send to a cloud server where it can be access or monitored through PC or any smart device.
Our system is designed based upon online monitoring of key Operational
parameters of distribution transformers can provide useful Information about the health of transformers which will help the utilities to Optimally use their transformers and keep the asset in operation for a longer Period. This system will help us to identify problems before any catastrophic Failure, thus resulting in a long life service for transformers. In transformer monitoring system we used four sensors for monitoring that is voltage sensor, current sensor, temperature sensor and oil level sensor. We used power supply to operate microcontroller AT mega 328P and IOT module. Fig shows the connection between microcontroller and all other modules. Sensors sense the data and display it on LCD display at the same time IOT module send the message(data) to user on given number as per program. If we get any unsecure data about transformer we can avoid failure.
SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE:
Using the microcontroller native language, a software algorithm was developed
and implemented to command the system operation. The algorithm starts by initializing the input/output ports data direction flow, set the ADC channels and reset all related memory locations that are going to be used in the operation. Then, it begins to command the system according to the following sequence: Rest all variable values 1000. Read currents, voltages and temperatures, Check for abnormities. If any abnormality exists, send the information to Adafruit server where any Operation Engineer, technician or any authorized personnel can see it. Store values and display readings, Repeat the whole process again. The software algorithm takes about 500ms to acquire, process, transmit / receiver the information to ESP, module attached to the microcontroller and also display and update the LCD / LEDs pilot indicators. The required time to sending or receiving data to/from the esp8266 to/ from the utility personnel depends on the server speed. It varies from 2-1 seconds. The accuracy of the reading relies on the ADC resolutions, current and voltage transformers, signal conditioning circuit gain and offset. The microcontroller ADC resolution is + % least significant bit (LSB). It is about 10 mV on a 5000 mV scale. This error can be adjusted inside the software algorithm. Errors introduced by the temperature sensors, current sensor and voltage transformers are ignored. Future work is under process to extend the system to utilize the server and a database system. This database system will periodically store all the parameters from the transformers and later this data can be used for useful analysis. Also, error correction, offset and gain adjustment circuits can be added to the signal conditioning circuit to minimize the error and enhance the accuracy.
Embedded C
As assembly language programs are specific to a processor, assembly language
didn’t offer portability across systems. To overcome this disadvantage, several high level languages, including C, came up. Some other languages like PLM, Modula-2, Pascal, etc. also came but couldn’t find wide acceptance. Amongst those, C got wide acceptance for not only embedded systems, but also for desktop applications. Even though C might have lost its sheen as mainstream language for general purpose applications, it still is having a strong-hold in embedded programming. Due to the wide acceptance of C in the embedded systems, various kinds of support tools like compilers & cross-compilers, ICE, etc. came up and all this facilitated development of embedded systems using C. Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as, fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main() function, variable definition, data type declaration, conditional statements (if, switch case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc. Embedded C Programming is the soul of the processor functioning inside each and every embedded system we come across in our daily life, such as mobile phone, washing machine, and digital camera. Each processor is associated with an embedded software. The first and foremost thing is the embedded software that decides functioning of the embedded system. Embedded C language is most frequently used to program the microcontroller.
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