Chapters 6,7,8

1.What are the different bone cells and what are their functions?
Osteoprogenitor cell: stem cell that can differentiate into an osteoblast
Osteoblast: bone matrix producing cell
Osteocyte: mature bone cell that sits in a lacuna and maintains bone matrix
Osteoblast: bone resorbing cell

2. What is compact bone?

Contains osteons (Haversian Systems), strong bone

3. What is spongy bone?

Contains trabeculae (honeycomb), can withstand forces in multiple
directions
4. What bones make up the axial skeleton?
appendicular skeleton?
See Slide 6

Multiple Choice:
1. An osteon (haversian system) is found in
a. spongy bone.
b. compact bone .
c. the marrow cavity.
d. cartilage

2. Long bones
a. are made from membraneous bones.
b. are made from cartilaginous bones.
c. growth is altered by hormones.
d. both b and c.

3. The tibia is
a. found directly below the elbow.
b. found directly below the knee.
c. the name of a rib.
d. part of the spinal cord.

Chapter 9,10
1. Outline the main events that occur during muscle contraction? And muscle
relaxation?
Contrations: somatic motor neuron activation, release of Ach, binding to motor end
plate, opening Na+/K+ channels, end plate potential, action potential along the
sarcolemma and down t-tubule, release of calcium from SR, calcium binds to
troponin, displaces tropomyosin so myosin head can bind to actin, power stroke of
myosin head, sliding of filaments.

Relaxation: deactivation of Ach (diffusion, acetylcholinesterase, re-uptake) and

active reuptake of calcium into SR

2. What is a twitch?
A muscle contraction as seen by tension increasing over time after a
lag phase followed by relaxation in an isometric preparation

3. What is an isometric and isotonic contraction?

Isometric: no change in muscle length but tension increases, load is
heavy
Isotonic: no change in muscle tension as length decreases and load is
lifted

Multiple-Choice:
1. Depolarization of a skeletal muscle fiber
a. causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
b. causes the uptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
c. causes tropomyosin to block the active site on actin
d. Both a and c

2. Which of the following is required for the cross-bridge to be released at

the end of a power stroke?
a. Calcium.
b. ATP.
c. Tropomyosin.
d. Troponin.

3. When skeletal muscle contracts

a. sarcomeres shorten.
b. A bands get shorter.
c. I bands get shorter.
d. both a and c.

4. Myosin head contains

a. an ATP binding site.
b. a troponin binding site.
c. tropomyosin binding site.
d. a myosin binding site.
Chapter 11
Pre-lecture questions:
1. Draw a neuron, label the parts and list the function of each part.
See slide 21
2. Draw a synapse, label the parts and describe the steps involved in the release
of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron.
See slide 80

Multiple Choice:
1. What does acetylcholinesterase do?
a. It transports degraded acetylcholine from the postsynaptic membrane to the
presynaptic membrane.
b. It catalyzes the synthesis of acetylcholine.
c. Binds to acetylcholine stored in the presynaptic membrane and releases it when
stimulated by an action potential.
d. Degrades acetylcholine at the postsynaptic membrane.

2. An excitatory postsynaptic potential functions to:

a. open channels to all small ions.
b. hyperpolarize postsynaptic cells.
c. move potassium ions into the cell.
d. bring the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron toward
threshold.

3. What mechanism prevents the continual increase of intracellular sodium and the
continual decrease of intracellular potassium?
a. concentration gradient
b. active transport
c. equilibrium potential
d. electrical gradient

4. The axon hillock is

a. the site of the summation of all incoming potentials.
b. the site of voltage sensitive gates.
c. found near the synaptic knobs.
d. both a and b.

5. Neuroglia consist of
a. Oligodendrocytes found on neurons of the peripheral nervous system
b. Schwann cells found on neurons of the central nervous system
c. microglia.
d. all of the above.

Chapters 12,13
Pre-lecture questions:
1. List the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and their function.
Occipital: vision
Temporal: auditory
Frontal: motor cortex and higher brain function
Parietal: somatosensory cortex
Insula: gustatory

3. What is the job of the corpus callosum?

White matter that allows the two hemispheres to communicate

3. Draw a cross section of the spinal cord showing sensory neurons going in
and motor neurons coming out.
See slide 81
4. Outline the events that happen during the patellar reflex
See slide 90

Multiple Choice
1. Auditory information is relayed to which portion of the cerebral cortex?
a. Cortical association area.
b. Parietal lobe.
c. Frontal lobe.
d. Temporal lobe.
.
2. The region of the brain which contains the hypothalamus is known as the
a. telencephalon
b. diencephalon
c. mesencephalon
d. Metencephalon

3. Short-term memory occurs in the

a. hypothalamus.
b. hippocampus.
c. 4th ventricle.
d. pituitary.

Chapter 14
Pre-lecture questions:
1.What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
2. List the neurotransmitters that are released by the preganglionic and
postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
system?
See diagram we did in class
3. After a meal, which part of the autonomic nervous system is activated?
 Parasympathetic

Multiple Choice questions:

1.Nicotinic receptors are found

a. on the target tissue of parasympathetic nervous system.
b. on the target tissue of the sympathetic nervous system (* please note, this could
be true if the tissue is the adrenal medulla)
c. at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle cells
d. all of the above.

2. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the
_________ division.
a. thoracolumbar.
b. craniosacral.
c. preganglionic.
d. thoracic.

3. Which of the following nerve fibers are adrenergic?

a. sensory nerve fibers.
b. parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
c. sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
d. somatic motor nerve fibers.

4. Arrector pili muscles are stimulated by the _________ nervous system.

a. parasympathetic.
b. sympathetic.
c. somatic.
d. sensory.

Chapter 15:
Pre-lecture questions:

1. Which parts of the ear are important for sensing linear acceleration (forward
and back, up and down), rotational acceleration (spinning) and sound?
Utricle and saccule, semi circular canals, cochlea

2. Explain what happens to the photoreceptor in the dark and in the light?
In the dark: inhibitory neurotransmitter is released from the photoreceptors
In the light: the release is inhibited
What is happening in the optic nerve in the dark and in the light?
In the dark: no action potentials
In the light: action potentials

Multiple Choice questions:

 1. The basilar membrane
a. is important in volume sensation
b. is part of the cochlea
c. Is important in pitch discrimination
d. all of the above

2. When light shines on a photoreceptor

a. Neurotransmitter is released from the photoreceptors
b. potassium channels close
c. Sodium channels close
d. Both a and c

3. In the eye, the ability to focus on an object is accomplished by the activity

of the:
a. optic nerve.
b. pupil.
c. lens.
d. cornea.

4. Otoliths are found in the

a. utricle
b. saccule
c. semicircular canals
d. both a and b

Chapter 16:
Pre-lecture questions:

1. What are the main hormones that are released from the islets of Langerhans
and what is the function of each? Insulin from the beta cell which causes an
increase synthesis of glycogen and cells to take up glucose after a meal
Glucagon from alpha cell which causes breakdown of glycogen from the liver

2. List the symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

See slides 49-54

3. Based on your knowledge of negative feedback, outline whether the levels of

TRH, TSH and thyroid hormones are greater or lower than normal during
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

hyperthyroidism: high thyroid hormone, low TRH, low TSH

hypothyroidism: low thyroid hormone, high TRH, high TSH
Multiple Choice questions:

1.Steroid hormones are not produced by the

a. testes.
b. ovaries.
c. adrenal medulla.
d. adrenal cortex.

2. Which of the following does not bind to receptors on the plasma membrane?
a. peptide hormones.
b. steroid hormones.
c. norepinephrine.
d. epinephrine.
3. Which group of hormones are carried into the cell’s nucleus where they stimulate
mRNA synthesis?
a. amine hormones.
b. peptide hormones.
c. steroid hormones.
d. Catecholamines.

4. Which of the following is not true of the endocrine system?

a. Hormones are carried in the blood.
b. Hormones are effective in very small concentrations.
c. Is one of two major communication systems in the body.
d. Always require neural stimulation to stimulate hormone release.

5. Parathyroid hormone
a. mobilizes calcium from the bone to the blood.
b. mobilizes calcium from the blood to the bone.
c. Release results in a decrease in blood calcium levels
d. both a and c.

6. During fasting
a. Glucagon levels start to increase
b. Blood levels of insulin are high
c. Glycogen starts to release glucose into the blood
d. Both a and c