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Documenti di Professioni
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ESSENTIAL ENGINEERING ON
PHOTOGRAPH READING AND
INTERPRETATION
edwinmasai@gmail.com or edwinmassai@yahoo.com
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CONTENTS
***INTRODUCTION***
VOLUME ONE
PHOTOGRAPH READING AND INTERPRETATION ............................................................................................ 4
THE CONCEPT OF PHOTOGRAPH AND PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION .. 5
Types or Classification of Photographs ................................................................................................................................. 5
1. GROUND LEVEL PHOTOGRAPHS ................................................................................................................. 5
2. OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHS ................................................................................................................................. 7
3. VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS .............................................................................................................. 9
Differences between Oblique/Ground Photograph and Vertical Photograph ........................................................ 10
Comparisons between Photographs and Maps.............................................................................................................. 10
Differences between Maps and Photographs ..................................................................................................................... 10
The Value or Importance of Photographs in Geography and Daily Life ...................................................................... 10
PARTS OF PHOTOGRAPH .............................................................................................................................................. 11
PHOTOGRAPH READING AND INTERPRETATION ................................................. 11
1. Determining the Title .................................................................................................................................................... 12
2. Identification of type of a photograph ....................................................................................................................... 12
3. Estimating Time and Season ........................................................................................................................................ 12
A. TIME ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12
B. SEASONS .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
2. Estimating Direction/Position of a photographer ................................................................................................... 13
3. IDENTIFYING AND INTERPRETING PHYSICAL FEATURES ............................................................... 14
A. RELIEF ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
B. DRAINAGE .............................................................................................................................................................. 18
C. VEGETATION ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
D. SOIL ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
E. CLIMATE .................................................................................................................................................................. 20
4. IDENTIFYING AND INTERPRETING HUMAN ACTIVITIES .................................................................. 20
A. AGRICULTURE ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
B. PROCESSING FACTORIES ................................................................................................................................ 24
C. INDUSTRIAL AND MINING ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................... 24
D. LUMBERING ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
E. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION ....................................................................................................... 25
F. TOURISM .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
G. FISHING.................................................................................................................................................................... 27
H. ADMINISTRATION .............................................................................................................................................. 27
I. SETTLEMENT......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Factors Encouraging Settlements..................................................................................................................................... 30
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5. Estimating the Size of Features ................................................................................................................................... 30
CALCULATIONS IN VERTICAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHS ................................................ 31
Calculating the Ground Scale, Focal Length and Air-Craft Altitude .............................................................................. 31
1. GROUND SCALE ................................................................................................................................................... 31
2. AIR-CRAFT ALTITUDE ....................................................................................................................................... 31
3. FOCAL LENGTH ................................................................................................................................................... 32
VOLUME TWO
NECTA & MOCK SOLVING PHOTOGRAPHY
NECTA 1999 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 34
NECTA 2000 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35
NECTA 2002 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 36
NECTA 2003 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37
NECTA 2004 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 38
NECTA 2006 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 39
NECTA 2007 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
NECTA 2008 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 41
NECTA 2009 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
NECTA 2010 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 43
NECTA 2010 (PC) ............................................................................................................................................................. 44
NECTA 2011 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 45
NECTA 2012 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 46
NECTA 2013 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 47
NECTA 2014 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 48
NECTA 2016 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50
NECTA 2017 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 51
NECTA 2018 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 52
MOCK 2013 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 53
MOCK 2014 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54
MOCK 2015 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 55
MOCK 2016 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 56
MOCK 2017 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 57
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VOLUME ONE
PHOTOGRAPH READING
AND
INTERPRETATION
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THE CONCEPT OF PHOTOGRAPH AND PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION
Etymologically, the word photograph is derived from Greek word which means “drawing with light.”
From this meaning, photograph can be defined as a picture taken by means of chemical lights prepared
on a special paper.
Photograph is picture produced by using a camera or satellite or radar, and then made visible and
permanent by chemical treatment, or stored digitally.
Alternatively, it simply defined as an image of an object which is recorded by a camera and then printed
on paper.
Photograph interpretation is a process of reading, measuring and interpreting photographs for obtaining
reliable information about natural or human features and their environment.
In other words, photograph interpretation can be defined as analysis and examination of photographs so
as to be able to identify natural or artificial features.
TYPES OR CLASSIFICATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs are classified according to the viewpoint or position from which they are taken. They can
be taken from the ground or from the air. This then basically gives us three major types of photographs
namely, horizontal, oblique and vertical photographs. :
1. Ground (Horizontal) Photographs
2. Oblique Photographs
3. Vertical Photographs
1. GROUND LEVEL PHOTOGRAPHS
These are the photographs taken on the level grounds when the optical camera axis is horizontal to the
object.
Or, these are photographs that are taken from the ground when the camera is at the same level as the
object being photographed.
There are of two types
(1) Ground close-up and
(2) Ground general view
1. Ground close-up: is the type of ground 2. Ground general view: is taken horizontally
photograph which is taken horizontally closer to but furthest from an object to let other features
the object. to be seen in the photograph.
- The image taken is large and specific to the - Under this category, the horizon (H) is
idea of a cameraman or a photographer. seen
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Ground (Horizontal) Photographs: General view
- Objects are large and clearly shown in these photographs when they are close than those far from
the camera.
- The fore ground and the horizon is seen but the back /dead ground is not seen.
- There is no fixed scale.
- They are sometimes known as Terrestrial Photographs.
The photograph can also be taken when the photographer is standing at the bottom of an elevated ground,
with the camera pointing towards the higher ground.
So, whether the photograph is taken from the top or bottom of an elevated ground, the resulting
photograph is called ground oblique photograph. In this kind of photograph, the images closer to the
camera are larger than those far away.
B. AERIAL OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHS
These photographs are taken from the sky with the camera tilted at an angle towards the ground.
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- The photographer may take the photograph from
a helicopter or low-flying aeroplane. Or today,
they might be taken from flying drones.
- These photographs cover quite a large area of land.
- Objects near the camera appear slightly larger
than those far away. An Example of Aerial Oblique Photograph
In this photograph, horizon is seen at the background In this photograph, there is no horizon that is seen
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Characteristics of high oblique
1) They show large area
2) They are taken at 60°
3) They do not show the horizon
4) They show three dimension (3D) of the features, the front, side and top view
5) They are important in map making
3. VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
These are photographs taken with camera whose axis tilted vertically to the ground at right angle (90°).
These are photographs taken from the aircraft with the camera directly above the object pointing
vertically to the ground. Only the top view is seen. Instruments used to capture pictures are called air
crafts or the satellites
Air vertical. P.P. = Principal point.
Vertical Photographs
Characteristics of Vertical Aerial Photographs
1) They show large areas
2) They are taken from the air
3) They are taken when the camera is placed vertically towards the object
4) They can be used in map making
5) They contain a lot of detailed information of a given photographic region since they print
everything
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Uses of Vertical Aerial Photographs
i. They are used for plotting contour lines
ii. They are used for map making
iii. They are used for military purposes
iv. They can produce variety of scales like small scale and large scale
v. They are used for pilot studies before conducting field trip
vi. They can be used for investigation or researches
vii. They can be also used for rapid survey of unknown area like thick forests and high mountains
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OBLIQUE/GROUND PHOTOGRAPH AND VERTICAL
PHOTOGRAPH
i. Vertical photographs show the top view while Oblique photographs show the top and front
view
ii. It is difficult to identify objects in Vertical photographs than in Oblique photographs
iii. In Vertical photographs, all important features are seen while in Oblique photographs some
important features are not seen.
iv. Oblique photographs are less expensive than Vertical photographs
v. It is difficult to recognize the image of the Vertical photographs while the image or picture of
Oblique photographs is easily recognized
vi. It is easier to determine the scale in Vertical photographs than in Oblique photographs
COMPARISONS BETWEEN PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS
3. Both photographs and maps are important in learning geography
4. They both have scales
5. Both are used in military for techniques
6. Both show the physical and relief features on the earth
7. Both are used by planners when planning for something or a project
8. They both represent the three dimensional World on the flat surface
LEFT-FORE - RIGHT-FORE -
MID-FORE -
GROUND GROUND
GROUND
How to name features as they seen in the photograph considering its parts?
- From the above photograph, one can name features as follow: -
At the fore ground of the photograph, logs are dominated an area. Logs are extended to the
right middle ground to the right hand side.
At the middle ground, logs are seen at the right middle ground portion, also, boats are seen at
the mid-middle-ground and left-middle-ground. People are seen standing on boats at the mid-
middle-ground.
At the back ground, large part is dominated by forest (from left-back-ground to mid-back-
ground). At the right-back-ground there is a building. At this portion, water is seen clearly to
visualize the river.
In the Morning: The shadow of the object lies in the western (left) side because the sun rises from the
East.
In the Evening: The shadow lies in the Eastern (right) side because the sun sets on the West.
At Noon: The shadow lies around the object because the sun is over head of the object.
B. SEASONS
There is a lot of criteria to be considered in determining the seasons the photograph is taken. Let examine
the following
- A bright sky with dry vegetation may indicate a dry period or season.
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- Thick vegetation young crops or flowering plants in the field and a sky full of rain clouds indicate a
rainy season
- Clear sunny conditions with health vegetation and flowering plants or plants with fruits indicate
summer season
- Plants with young leaves others bloom and field full of grass indicates spring season
- Hazy sky with leafless trees and some snow on the ground indicates winter season
- Also when people appear to be wearing heavy clothes with faces almost completely covered, hand
gloves and heavy boots it indicates cold weather, likely winter in temperate regions
- People wear light clothes and some may even have broad-rimmed hats indicates hot weather
- When houses appear to have slanting roofs it indicates the region experiencing a lot of precipitation
which facilitates the easy flow of water from the roof of the house
- If people appear to be planting, then it is planting season the rains either are about to come or have
just started
- If the people appear to be weeding it is growing
season for the crops and there is reduced rainfall
- If people appear to be harvesting a crop it is
harvesting season and probably dry season
because harvesting normally takes place during
dry weather.
- If people appear to cultivate and plant various
crops, it indicates rainy season because such
process is normally done during rainy season so as
the rain can support the plant growth.
- If people appear to harvest the crops, it indicates
dry season because harvesting is usually done Harvesting Maize is always done during dry seasons
during the dry season.
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For example, if a photograph shows a tree whose shadow
is on the right and it is indicated that it was taken within
the tropics and in the morning, then the photographer was
facing south. The sun and the shadow are always in the
opposite sides of the photograph.
If the sun is in the east, the shadow will always be cast
westwards and vice versa. If the shadow is pointing
towards you and the photograph was taken in the afternoon
(meaning that the sun was in the west), the photographer
was facing westwards. With such information, it is then
possible to fix compass points on a photograph.
Pastoralism in East Africa
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3. Plateau 4. Slopes
A Col is the land between two peaks of a mountain A saddle is generally wider than a col. Saddles
or in the mountain ranges. provide convenient passages across mountain
ranges. Contours showing peaks are usually closed.
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6. Valley. 7. Spur.
Valley is the low lying part of the land which is Spur (Salient) is a projection of the raised land from
bound over higher ground and steep slope. Valleys the side of a hill or mountain into lowland, contours
are indicated by contours forming ‘V’ shape showing a spur form a ‘V’ shape pointing to the
pointing the higher ground and some valleys have lower ground.
rivers flowing in them.
8. Hills/Peaks
A hill is a rounded upland area not as high as a
mountain. Hills rises above the general relative
low ground but less than a mountain. Hill height is
usually about 350m-650m. Some hills are regular
while others are irregular. A hilly landscape is
shown on photographs as having varied relief of
hills and valleys that are not isolated on a flat
landscape. Where hills appear to have the same
height across the entire landscape, such a
landscape is probably a dissected plateau. Streams
have cut valleys across former flat land and some
interlocking spurs may be visible towards valleys.
9. Cliff
A cliff is described as a steep rock face that is
vertical or nearly vertical.
- Cliffs are common in mountainous or hilly
areas and along the shores of lakes and seas.
- On topographical maps, cliffs are shown by
contours that are so closely packed that they
appear to merge into one another.
- To emphasize the presence of the cliff, a
special symbol is drawn on top of the contours
as shown in the figure below.
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10. Plain Plains occur as lowlands and at the
bottoms of valleys but also on plateaus
or uplands at high elevations.
11. Depression
A depression in geology is a
landform sunken or depressed
below the surrounding area.
Depressions form by various
mechanisms.
Some are formed by wind in the
desert areas which they become
known as blowout.
Some are formed by human
activities, some are formed by
natural factors such as submergence
of earth’s crust as a result of
tectonic movement.
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B. DRAINAGE
Drainage features such as rivers, lakes and seas may easily be
identified in all types of photographs. Different aspects of rivers can
be studied on a photograph. These include the shapes of river valleys,
stages of development and various features.
Based on the presence of certain features, one can tell the nature of the
rock over which the river flows. For example, the presence of rapids
and waterfalls is an indication that the river is flowing over steep land.
Drainage patterns are easier to identify on vertical aerial photographs.
The colour tone of areas covering deep water appears darker than those
of shallow water.
The various functions of the river can also be identified.
Interlocking spurs indicate that the river valley is
made of alternating layers of hard and soft rocks.
In planted forests trees tend to be of the same type, size and height because they were planted at the same time.
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D. SOIL
A clue on the type of soil in a photographed area may be given by the types of crops grown and appearing
on the photograph. For example:
1. Rice grows well in clay soil.
2. Tea and coffee require volcanic soil.
3. Coconuts and cashew nuts thrive well in coastal regions with sandy soils,
4. Variety of horticultural crops thrive in loam soils.
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Loamy Soil
Proper interpretation of the soil requires an application of one’s general knowledge of geography learnt
in classroom as well as knowledge from other disciplines.
E. CLIMATE
Weather and climate are not shown directly on photographs. Features Desert view
contained in a photograph can be used to make conclusions about the
climate of a photographed area. The type of crops grown and vegetation
on the photograph can be used as a clue to establish the climate of a place.
Vegetation types and crops can also provide evidence about the season or
climate of a place. For example:
1. The presence of many cacti signifies an arid or semi-arid region, and
hence a desert or semi-desert climate.
2. Crops such as sisal and cotton because of their nature, are grown in
hot areas that receive low rainfall while sugarcane thrives in warm to
hot climate with high rainfall.
3. The type of clothing people in the photograph are wearing can give
an indication about the weather and possible climate.
COTTON SUGARCANE
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A. AGRICULTURE
This includes crop cultivation and livestock rearing. It is practiced at subsistence and commercial levels.
It is easy to identify agricultural activities on ground photographs. To be able to identify these features
on vertical aerial photographs, it requires close examination of the features. Some evidences that can be
used to establish the kind of agricultural activities taking place in an area shown on the photograph are
summarized as follows:
Type of Farming Evidences
a) Subsistence Crop Farming
- Some houses are permanent while others are temporary
- The land is often divided into small plots owned and cultivated by individual farmers
- Mixed farming is practiced
- Simple farming tools such as hoes, mattocks, pangas and rakes are used
- Fields are separated by hedges
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Subsistence Livestock Farming (Pastoralism)
c) Commercial Livestock Farming
- Large fields divided into paddocks
- Presence of cattle sheds near farm houses
- Windmills for water supply
- Presence of water tanks, ponds or reservoirs in the dry areas
- Evidence of livestock infrastructures such as cattle dips or spray races, abattoir, cattle bomas,
slaughter slab, etc.
- High grade exotic or crossed cows with large udders
- Milking parlour with milking machines, and milk processing plants
- Indoor grazing units
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d) Commercial Crop Farming
- Presence of cash crops on an extensive area
- Evidence of modern farming methods, e.g. farm machinery
- Facilities for collecting crops, e.g. sheds and stores
- Presence of access or feeder roads within the farm
Plantation Agriculture
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B. PROCESSING FACTORIES
- Presence of storage facilities, e.g. silos
- Many labourers in the fields
- Nucleated settlement within the farm. These are
usually for the workers’ housing
- Presence of a network of roads crossing the farm
to facilitate mechanization and haulage of inputs
and produce to and from the farm, respectively
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Mining
D. LUMBERING
Lumbering activities could be indicated by the presence of the following features/activities:
1. The pile of logs or Logs floating down the river
2. People cutting trees using manual or power saws
3. Large forest clearings with tree stumps and piles of logs
4. People loading timber onto lorries or tractor trailers e. Logs piled near a saw mill
Lumbering
E. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
a) The clues or indicators on Transport.
1. Presence of motor vehicles and roads, Animals carrying loads on their backs. Presence of railway line
Presence of ports, boats, ships or large water bodies.
b) The clues or indicators for Communication
This may be indicated by the presence of telephone lines, telephone booths, satellite dishes, buildings
with masts and wires connecting the masts, post office, radio or television station, newspapers or
newspaper stands, etc.
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Transport and Communication
F. TOURISM
In tourism look on the presence of: - National parks, Game reserve, Recreational centres e.g. museum,
archives, beaches, etc. Landscape e.g. crater, depression etc. or presence of good scenery of island (s).
Tourism in Island
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G. FISHING
. On fishing look on the presence of: water
bodies such as lakes, seasonal swamps,
rivers, dams, ocean.
These might be surrounded by settlement,
fish market or presence of any fishing
facilities
Fishing
H. ADMINISTRATION
Various administrative activities can be identified from abbreviations on the map. However, through
photos similar features can be observed clearly to express the activities done by different administrative
activities performed by different institutions. They include:
a) Provision of security as evidenced by the presence of a Police Station or Police Post
b) Judicial services as evidenced by the presence of courthouse
c) Other administrative offices such as District Commissioner (DC)
d) Regional Commissioner (RC).
I. SETTLEMENT
A settlement comprises of a group of buildings in an area where people live and carry out social and
economic activities. There are two types of settlements; rural and urban settlement.
ii. TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS
i) Rural Settlements
This can be indicated by the following features:
1. Many semi-permanent and a few permanent buildings such as grass-thatched houses or iron-
roofed houses with mud or brick walls.
2. Evidence of farming, fishing activities etc.
3. Unplanned or unevenly distributed of settlement which associated with plantations etc.
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ii) Urban Settlements
This can be identified by the following features:
1. Permanent buildings, which dominate the area
2. Regular street patterns
3. Many large buildings and warehouses indicating an industrial area
4. High numbers of people or population
5. Availability of Many motor vehicles on the road, which may lead to traffic jams
Urban Settlement
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2. Nucleated Settlement Pattern
Houses and other related form are compacted to another.
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FACTORS ENCOURAGING SETTLEMENTS
1. A reliable source of water supply e.g. presence of permanent rivers, lakes.
2. Gentle slope i.e. people prefer to establish settlement in less hazardous areas
3. Good soil for agriculture
4. Pleasant climate condition
5. Transport and communication.
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CALCULATIONS IN VERTICAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHS
CALCULATING THE GROUND SCALE, FOCAL LENGTH AND AIR-CRAFT
ALTITUDE
1. GROUND SCALE
Focal Length
𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐞 (𝐆𝐒) =
Air − Craft Altitude
NOTE: Ground Scale is usually given in ratio
Example 1
Given the Focal Length is 200mm and Air-Craft Altitude is 8000m, calculate the Ground Scale.
Focal Length 200mm
𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐞 (𝐆𝐒) = Air−Craft Altitude 𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐞 (𝐆𝐒) = 8000m
Given the Ground Scale is 1:20,000 and Focal Length is 400mm. Calculate the Air-Craft
Altitude.
Focal Length 400mm
𝐀𝐢𝐫 𝐂𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐭 𝐀𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞 = Ground Scale 𝐀𝐢𝐫 𝐂𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐭 𝐀𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞 = 1/20,000 = 400mm × 20,000 ÷ 1
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Focal Length 300mm
𝐀𝐢𝐫 𝐂𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐭 𝐀𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞 = Ground Scale = 1/30,000
= 300mm ÷ 1/30,000
= 300mm × 30,000/1
= 9,000,000mm (change to meters, and 1m=1000mm)
= 9000m
𝐀𝐢𝐫 𝐂𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐭 𝐀𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞 = 9000𝑚
3. FOCAL LENGTH
Focal Length = Ground Scale × Air-Craft Altitude
NOTE: Focal Length is usually given in millimeters
Example 1
Given the Ground Scale is 1:40,000 and Air-Craft Altitude is 8000m, calculate the Focal
Length.
Focal Length = Ground Scale × Air-Craft Altitude
Focal Length = 1:40,000 × 8000m
(change to mm, and 1m=1000)
Therefore, it will be 8,000,000 mm
Hence, Focal Length = 1/40,000× 8,000,000mm
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VOLUME TWO
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NECTA 1999
Study carefully the photograph provided carefully, and then answer the questions that follow:
a) What type of photograph is this? It is Ground Photograph due to the following reasons:
- It shows only the side view of the object
- The objects decrease from the foreground to the background
b) Identify the variety of crop shown on the photograph. The variety of crop shown is Coffee
d) What type of activity is carried out by the people? The activity is Harvesting or Picking Coffee
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NECTA 2000
Study carefully the photograph provided carefully, and then answer the questions that follow:
a) What is the nature of the surface area shown? The nature of the surface is Steep Slope
b) (i) What process has taken place and has affected the landscape of the area? Soil Erosion
(ii) Mention the type of the phenomenon which has taken place in the area. Gully Erosion
c) What is possible climatic condition of this area? Possible climate is Semi - Arid Climate
d) Mention the possible places in East Africa where this photograph has been taken
- Dodoma, Tanzania
- Turkana, Kenya
- Singida, Tanzania
e) Suggest the ways by which the situation in the area can be improved
- Planting trees (Forestation and Re-forestation)
- Filling in the grooves
- Avoiding overstocking
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NECTA 2002
Carefully study the photograph provided, then answer the questions that follow:
a) Name the crop shown on the photograph. The crop shown on photograph is Sugarcane
b) Give the necessary conditions for the growth of the crop shown on the photograph
- High temperature between 21°C and 27°C throughout the year
- Enough Rainfall of about 1270mm
- Deep and Fertile Soils which can retain water
- Flat Land for easy mechanization
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NECTA 2003
Carefully study the photograph provided carefully, then answer the questions that follow:
a) Identify the type crop shown on the foreground. The crop shown on the photograph is Cotton
b) Name any three possible areas in Tanzania where the crop is grown. Possible areas might be
Mwanza, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Mara and Morogoro
c) With reasons determine the time at which the photograph was taken.
The photograph was taken in the Morning Hours due to the following reasons:
1. Cotton needs cool condition during harvesting since hot condition causes the fruit to burst
2. The way people dressed tells that the condition was not very hot
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NECTA 2004
Study carefully the photograph provided carefully, then answer the questions that follow:
c) Suggest the economic activities that might be taking place in the area
- Tourism due to the presence of animals like elephants and different kinds vegetation
- Trade due the presence of baobab trees which produce fruits for trading activities
- Pastoralism, due to the presence of grasses at the foreground and background of the image
- Hunting due to the presence of animals like elephants in the photographic area
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NECTA 2006
Study carefully the photograph provided carefully, then answer the questions that follow:
c) Name the conditions which favour the growth of the crop shown in the photograph
- The conditions which favour the growth of Pyrethrum are:
1. High Rainfall of about 1000 to 1500mm which must be well distributed
2. Cool and moist climate
3. An altitude of 1800 to 3000m above the sea level
4. Fertile, drained and limed volcanic soil
d) Comment on the stage which might have been reached by the crops mentioned in (b) above
- The stage that the product might reached is Harvesting Stage
- The people shown in the photograph seemed to be Picking the pyrethrum flowers
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NECTA 2007
Study the photograph provided carefully, then answer the questions that follow:
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NECTA 2008
Study carefully the photograph given and answer the question that follow:
d) What are the economic importance of the features found on the photograph?
- Tourism because the features like cliffs and caves attract tourists and pay foreign currency
- Source of Income because the people can collect and sell rocks as building materials
- Development of Fishing Industry because the features like caves and stacks provide good
habitats for marine organisms
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NECTA 2009
Study the photograph provided, then answer the questions that follow:
The type of photograph is a Ground or Horizontal Photograph due to the following reasons:
- It shows the side or front view of the image
- The foreground objects look larger than the middle and background objects
- The horizon is easily seen from the background of the object
b) With evidence suggest the type of climate of the place where this photograph was taken
The type of climate is Tropical or Savannah Climate because of scattered tall trees with small
leaves to retain water during the dry season also it has an umbrella shape.
d) What will happen if the activity in (c) above takes place in your local environment?
The impact of deforestation (cutting down of trees) in the local areas are as follows: -
- Desertification, due to clearance of trees
- Loss of biodiversity, both plants and animals
- Drought, due to destruction of trees which protect water sources
- Soil erosion, due to destruction of trees and grasses which protect and cover the land
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NECTA 2010
Carefully study the photograph provided below and then answers the questions that follow:
c) Tanzania is very famous in growing the crop mentioned in (a) above. Name the regions of Tanzania
which grow the crop at commercial level
- Morogoro, Tanga and Kilimanjaro
d) With concrete evidence, explain the scale of production as shown on the photograph
- Large scale production because of the following reasons:
1. The farm or plantation has covered Large Area
2. Use of Mechanized Methods due to the presence of road which allows the movement of modern
machines like tractors and other transport vehicles
3. Absence of people’ settlement nearby the plantation which means that there is high use of
chemicals
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NECTA 2010 (PC)
Carefully study the photograph provided below and then answers the questions that follow:
a) At what time was the photograph taken? Give reasons for your answer
- It was taken in Morning Hours due to the following reasons:
Tea harvesting is usually done in the morning in order to maintain the quality of the tea leaves
because during the noon the tea leaves tend to shrink due sunrays
b) Determine the growing stage which has been reached by the crop
- Harvesting or Picking Stage
c) Name the physical factors which favour the growth of the crop shown in the foreground and middle
ground of the photograph
- Cool Temperature of about 15°C
- Moderate Rainfall from 1000 to 1300mm
- Sloping Land
- A well-drained soil
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NECTA 2011
Study the photograph provided below, and then answer the questions that follow:
b) Suggest any four economic activities that might be taking place in the area shown on the
photograph
1. Fishing, this is evidenced by the presence of water body (ocean) at the central part of
photograph
2. Trade, the area is town where trading activities is common
3. Transportation, this is proved by the presence of ships and boats on the water body
4. Manufacturing, this is also proved by the presence of industries at the left background
of photograph, likewise this a common activity urban areas
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NECTA 2012
a) Name Three Types of Geographical Photographs
1. Ground or Horizontal Photographs
2. Oblique Photographs
3. Vertical or Aerial Photographs
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NECTA 2013
Study the photograph provided below, and then answer the questions that follow:
a) Identify the type of the photograph. Give concrete evidence to justify your answer
It is a High Oblique Photograph due to the following reasons:
1. It shows both top and side views of features like the buildings
2. Its scale reduces progressively from the foreground to the background
3. It shows the horizon at the background of the photograph
b) By providing evidence from the photograph, describe the relief of the area
Relief is physical appearance of an area or land. The relief of an area is Lowland coastal region
because the area lies towards the sea at the background of photographed area
c) Explain three possible factors which have contributed to the growth of this town
1. Relief, the area is located in lowland landscape which influences the people to establish
various settlements and infrastructures
2. Water body, presence of sea at the background of photograph attracts many people to
construct various house and infrastructures
3. Trade, presence of sea and harbor influence the growth of town due different trading activities
d) Apart from providing shade, explain any other three advantages of the vegetation shown on the
photograph
1. Providing oxygen gas to the human beings and absorb the carbon dioxide gas
2. Preventing soil erosion, since the vegetation cover and protect the land
3. Decoration of town, they provide a good view and make the area attractive
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NECTA 2014
Study the photograph given below and then answer the questions that follow:
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NECTA 2015
Carefully study the photograph given below then answer the questions that follow: -
a) Name the type of photograph. It is Low Oblique Photograph due to the following reasons: -
- The image on the photo shows both top and side views
- Foreground objects look larger than middle and background
- The horizon is not easily seen at the backward of the photograph
b) Describe the relief of the area. The Relief of the area is: -
- Mountainous areas
- Highlands with various hills at the backward
c) Giving two reasons, describe the scale of production of the crop in the photograph
- Small Scale Agriculture
- Size of the farm, the area of the farm look small
- More than one crop grown in the farm as it is seen at the backward
d) Explain two uses of the crop in the photograph
- Providing food to the human beings
- Feeding animals like pigs, cattle and poultry
e) Describe three conditions necessary for the production of the crop
- Moderate rainfall of about 896mm especially in the growing period
- Temperature of about 18°c
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NECTA 2016
Study the photograph given below then answer the questions that follow:
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NECTA 2017
Study carefully photograph provided then answer the questions that follow:
d) (i) Identify the product in the middle ground of the photograph. It is Timber or Logs
(ii) Give two uses of the product in the middle ground of the photograph
- They are used as building materials, e.g. poles
- They are used in making furniture, e.g. tables, chairs
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NECTA 2018
Study the following photograph and answer the questions that follow:
(b) Suggest the type of settlement pattern and give one factor that has influenced it.
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MOCK 2013
Study carefully the photograph provided below and then answer the questions that follow:
b) State the four economic importance of the process taking place in the area
1. Tourism, volcanic features attract tourists then the country to earn foreign currency
2. Agriculture, some lava on weathering can lead to fertile soil hence development of agriculture
3. Mining, volcanism can lead to formation of mineral deposits like copper and diamond
4. Electric Generation, volcanic eruption can provide geothermal power, then get electricity
c) Describe the four destructive influences of the process on man and environment
1. Loss of Life, eruption of hot molten materials can kill people and animals
2. Damage of Properties, volcanic eruption can damage the houses and crops
3. Air Pollution, the eruption of gases into the area can cause air pollution
4. Loss of Biodiversity, ejection of hot molten materials can destroy vegetation and kill animals
e) Name three mountains in East Africa which have originated from the process
- Kilimanjaro (Tanzania)
- Elgon (Uganda/Kenya)
- Oldonyo Lengai (Tanzania)
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MOCK 2014
Study carefully the photograph provided below and then answers the questions that follow:
b) With evidence, suggest any four economic activities that might be taking place in the area
1. Fishing, this is evidenced by the presence of water body (ocean) at the central part of photograph
2. Trade, the area is town where trading activities is common
3. Transportation, this is proved by the presence of ships and boats on the water body
4. Manufacturing, this is also proved by the presence of industries at the left background of photograph,
likewise this is a common activity urban areas
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MOCK 2015
Carefully, study the photograph provided below and then answers the questions that follow:
c) Name the type of climate (natural region) in which the vegetation dominates
Hot Desert Climate
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MOCK 2016
Study carefully the photograph provided below and then answers the questions that follow:
b) Suggest any five social-economic activities that might be taking place in the area shown on the
photograph
1. Fishing, this is evidenced by the presence of water body (sea) in left side of photograph
2. Tourism due to presence of attractive beach and sea at the left side of the photograph
3. Transportation, the presence of water body (sea) allows the movement of ships and boats
4. Recreation, presence of attractive beach can attract people to visit and enjoy the area.
5. Trade, presence of attractive beach attracts people to come and pay money for the service
c) Comment on the problem of building nearby the feature shown on the left-hand side of the
photograph
Building nearby the water body (sea) will lead to:
- Water Pollution because the people will be introducing unwanted materials into the sea
- Loss of Marine Organisms like fish since the people will be polluting water and destroy the habitat
of marine organisms through different human activities
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MOCK 2017
Study carefully the photograph provided below and then answer the questions that follow:
a) With evidence, name the type of photograph. It is Low Oblique Photograph due to the following
evidences
1. Features are seen more than one side of 2. Features are seen clearly
an object 3. Taken at a certain angle (low angle)
4.
e) Name the three places in Tanzania where this picture might be taken.
- Tanzania – Kigoma, Mbeya, Mwanza, Dar es salaam, Dodoma, Morogoro, etc.
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