CS2104

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

(Lecture 1)

CS2104 - Digital Image Processing

Lecture 1 (10.01.2019)
 TEXT BOOK

✓ Rafael C. Gonzales, Richard E. Woods, “Digital

Image Processing”, 3rd edition, Pearson
Education, 2014.

✓ Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven L.

Eddins, “Digital Image Processing Using
MATLAB”, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill Pvt. Ltd.,
2011

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 REFERENCE BOOKS
✓ Annadurai S., Shanmugalakshmi R., “Fundamentals of
Digital Image Processing”, Pearson Education,
2007.
✓ S.Jayaraman, S. Esaki Rajan, T.Veera Kumar, “Digital
Image Processing”, Tata McGraw Hill Pvt. Ltd.,
2010.
• Anil Jain K. “Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing”, PHI Learning Pvt.
Ltd., 2011.
▪ Bhabatosh Chanda, Dwejesh Dutta Majumder, “Digital Image Processing and
analysis”, Second Edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2011.
• Malay K.Pakhira, “Digital Image Processing and Pattern Recognition”, PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2011.
▪ William Pratt, "Digital Image Processing", Wiley Inderscience, 2nd edition, 1991

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Prerequisite
➢ NIL

Purpose

➢ To impart knowledge on various Digital Image

Processing Techniques and their Applications

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INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

➢ To understand Digital Image Processing

fundamentals
➢ To learn Image Transformation, Enhancement,
Restoration and Compression Techniques
➢ To implement various techniques for
Segmentation of Images
➢ To learn representation and description methods
➢ To implement Image Processing Techniques for
suitable applications using MATLAB
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 Contents
– What is an analog image and a Digital Image?
– What is Digital Image Processing (DIP)?
– What are the advantages of Digital Images?
– What are the disadvantages of Digital
Images?
– Origins of DIP
– State of the art examples of DIP
– Why do we need Image Processing?
– Some Applications of DIP
– Quiz Questions
– DIP Syllabus
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 ANALOG IMAGE

• Mathematically represented as a
continuous range of values
• position & intensity
• Characterized by a physical magnitude
varying continuously in space.
• Example
The image produced on the screen of a
monitor is analog in nature.
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What is Digital Image?

Analog Image Sampling Quantisation Digital Image

Digital Image
— a two-dimensional function , f ( x, y )
x and y are spatial coordinates
The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level at
the point (x, y)

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What is Digital Image Processing?

— Processing of digital images by means of

computer and it covers low-, mid-, and high-level
processes

What is a Pixel?
— the elements of a digital image

NOTE:
— Every movie is a collection of Fast moving
images or pictures.

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 Digital Image Processing –
2 major tasks
•Digital image processing focuses on two
major tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception
 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
➢ Processing Digital Images by means of a
Digital Computer.
➢ Manipulation of an image by means of a
Processor
➢ Encompasses processes whose inputs and
outputs are images
➢ Encompasses processes that extract
attributes from, images, upto and including
the recognition of individual objects.
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 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING(Contd…)
• Example: Consider an area of automated
analysis of text. The processes of
• acquiring an image of the area containing the
text,
• preprocessing that image,
• extracting (segmenting) the individual
characters,
• describing the characters in a form suitable for
computer processing, and
• recognizing those individual characters
are in the scope of what we call digital image processing.

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 What is DIP? (cont…)
•The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into low-,
mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation
❖3 methods of image processing techniques:
✓ Method 1 (Low Level Image Processing)
- whose input and output are images
✓ Method 2 (Mid-Level Image Processing)
- whose input are images and outputs are attributes
extracted from the images
✓ Method 3 (High-Level Image Processing)
- Making sense of an ensemble of recognized objects, as
in image analysis, and at the end of the continuum,
performing the cognitive functions normally associated
with vision.

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What are the advantages of
Digital Images?

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 Advantages of Digital Images
• Processing - Faster and Cost-effective
• Effectively Stored and Efficiently Transmitted
• Shooting an image - Can immediately see if the
image is Good or Bad
• Copying – Easy
• Quality - will not be degraded

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Advantages of Digital Images
(Contd…)

• Reproduction - Faster and Cheaper

• Easy to post-process the image
• Possible to transmit over networks
• Does not require any chemical process
• Plenty of scope for versatile image
manipulation

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What are the Disadvantages
of Digital Images?

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 Disadvantages of Digital Images
• Misuse of copyright has become easier because
images can be copied from the internet just by
clicking the mouse a couple of times.
• A digital file cannot be enlarged beyond a certain
size without compromising on quality.
• The memory required to store and process
good-quality digital images is very high.
• For real time implementation of digital processing
algorithms, the processor has to be very fast
because the volume of data is very high.

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 Origins of DIP

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 Origins of DIP (cont…)
•Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing

Bartlane system resulted in higher quality

images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number Improved
of tones in digital image Early 15 tone digital
image
reproduced images
 Origin of DIP (cont…)
•1960s: Improvements in computing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing

technology and the onset of the space race

led to a surge of work in digital image
processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
in other space missions minutes before landing
including the Apollo landings
 Origin of DIP (cont…)
•1970s: Digital image processing begins to
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing

be used in medical applications

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Typical head slice CAT
Computerised Axial image
Tomography (CAT) scans
 Origins of DIP (cont…)
•1980s - Today: The use of digital image
processing techniques has exploded and
they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all
kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
State of art Examples

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 Examples: Image Enhancement
•One of the most common uses of DIP
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing

techniques: improve quality, remove noise

etc
 Examples: The Hubble
Telescope
• Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
• However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
• Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
 Examples: Medicine
•Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart,
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing

and find boundaries between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

 Examples: GIS
•Geographic Information Systems
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing

– Digital image processing techniques are used

extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology
 Examples: Industrial Inspection
• Human operators are
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing

expensive, slow and

unreliable
• Make machines do
the job instead
• Industrial vision
systems are used in
all kinds of industries
 Examples: PCB Inspection
•Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that
all components are present and that all solder
joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging
are used
 Examples: Law Enforcement
• Image processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing

techniques are used

extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV
images
 Examples: HCI
• Try to make human
computer interfaces more
natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
Why do we need Image
Processing?

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The reasons why we need image processing techniques :
❖ Poor quality of Images due to poor illumination,
narrow dynamic range of image sensors, wrong
setting of lens aperture in the camera etc.
❖ To analyze blurring of images due to misfocus of
camera lens, atmospheric Turbulence, Relative
motion between camera and lens etc.
❖ To process very old blurred documents, archives
etc.
❖ Images may be affected by various types of noises
such as Environmental noise, salt and pepper
noise, Gaussian noise, Thermal noise, Impulse
noise etc.
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The reasons why we need image processing techniques:
(Contd…..)
❖ Images may contain artifacts such as crack in the
x-ray image plate etc.
❖ To reduce the storage required to save images and
reduce the bandwidth required to transmit the
images. (i.e. for effective storage and efficient
transmission of digital images)
❖ Object Detection and Recognition

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 Image Processing Applications
❖ Medical field: X-ray (or other biomedical) image
enhancement.

❖ Aerial and satellite image enhancement: agriculture,

weather and military

❖ Industrial applications: computer-based product inspection.

❖ Law enforcement: fingerprint processing, surveillance

camera processing

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 Image Processing Applications
(Contd….)
• Space applications
• Remote Earth resources observations
• Astronomy
• CAT
• X-rays
• Biological sciences
• Nuclear medicine

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 Image Processing Applications
(Contd….)
• Defense
• Industrial applications
• Automatic character recognition
• Industrial machine vision for product assembly and
inspection
• Military recognizance
• Automatic processing of fingerprints
• Screening of X-rays and blood samples
• Machine processing of aerial and satellite imagery for
weather prediction
• Environmental assessment etc.
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 Question 1
• What is the storage requirements of a
1024×1024 binary image?
• What is the storage requirements of a
1024×1024 Gray scale image?
• What is the storage requirements of a
1024×1024 color image?

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 Question 1 - Answers
• 1024×1024×1 bits = 10,48,576 bits =
1,31,072 Bytes=131.072KB
• 1024×1024×8 bits = 10,48,576 Bytes =
1048.576 KB
• 1024×1024×24 bits = 1024×1024×3 Bytes
= 31,45,728 Bytes = 3145.728 KB

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 Question 2
• Image Processing is an easier task or
complex task? Justify the reason.

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 Question 2 - Answer
• Image Processing is a complex task,
because of difficulties
– Illusion
– Loss of information
– Extensive knowledge Requirement for
interpretation
– Presence of noise and artifacts
– Amount of data involved in processing
– And lighting etc.
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Question 3: What is the unit of
resolution of an image?

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 Question 3 - Answer
• dpi
• ppi
• lpi
• spi

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 Question 3 - Answer
• dpi: unit of resolution of an image. Also
very often used to indicate the resolution
of printers and scanners.

• ppi: To specify pixels on a monitor.

Normally, it is 72 pixels per inch.

• Also use lpi – for printers and spi – for

scanners

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UNIT 1 – DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS (8 Hours)
➢ Introduction
➢ Origin
➢ Steps in Digital Image Processing
➢ Components of Digital Image Processing
➢ Elements of Visual Perception
➢ Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum
➢ Image Sensing and Acquisition
➢ Image Sampling and Quantization
➢ Relationships between pixels
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UNIT-2 IMAGE ENHANCEMENT (9 Hours)

Spatial Domain: Frequency Domain:

▪ Gray level ▪ Introduction to Fourier
transformations Transform
▪ Histogram processing ▪ Smoothing and
▪ Basics of Spatial Sharpening
Filtering ▪ Frequency domain
▪ Smoothing and filters – Ideal,
Sharpening Spatial Butterworth and
Filtering Gaussian filters

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UNIT 3 – IMAGE RESTORATION (9 Hours)

Restoration:

➢ Model of Image Degradation/ Restoration Process

➢ Noise Models
➢ Mean Filters
➢ Order Statistics
➢ Adaptive Filters
➢ Band Reject, Band Pass Filters
➢ Notch Filter – Optimum notch filtering
➢ Inverse Filtering
➢ Constrained Least Square Filtering
➢ Weiner Filtering
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UNIT 4 –IMAGE COMPRESSION (9 Hours)

➢ Fundamentals
➢ Image Compression models
➢ Error Free Compression : Variable Length Coding ,
Bit – Plane Coding , Lossless Predictive Coding
➢ Lossy Compression : Lossy Predictive Coding,
Wavelet Coding
➢ Compression Standards : JPEG2000

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UNIT 5 –IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND
REPRESENTATION (10 Hours)

➢ Segmentation: Detection of Discontinuities – Edge Linking

and Boundary Detection
➢ Region based Segmentation
➢ Representation:
➢ Boundary Descriptors - Simple Descriptors, Shape Numbers
➢ Regional Descriptors – Simple and Topological Descriptors
➢ Introduction to Image Processing Toolbox : Practice of Image
Processing Toolbox – Case studies – Various Image
Processing Techniques

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One picture is worth more
than ten thousand words

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