CHAPTER

3
Exponential
Functions
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^ccdkVi^kZlVnhid^begdkZdjgfjVa^ind[a^[Z#

By the end of this chapter, you will

graph an exponential relation, given its equation in
the form y = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1), define this relation
as the function f (x) = a x, and explain why it is a
function
determine the value of a power with a rational
exponent
simplify algebraic expressions containing integer
and rational exponents and evaluate numerical
expressions containing integer and rational
exponents and rational bases
determine and describe key properties relating to
domain and range, intercepts, increasing/decreasing
intervals, and asymptotes for exponential functions
represented in a variety of ways
distinguish exponential functions from linear and
quadratic functions by making comparisons in a
variety of ways
determine and describe the roles of the parameters
a, k, d, and c in functions of the form
y = af [k(x — d )] + c in terms of transformations on
the graph of f (x) = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1)
sketch graphs of y = af [k(x — d )] + c by applying one
or more transformations to the graph of
f (x) = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1), and state the domain and
range of the transformed functions
determine that the equation of a given exponential
function can be expressed using different bases
represent an exponential function with an equation,
given its graph or its properties
collect data that can be modelled as an exponential
function, from primary sources, using a variety of
tools, or from secondary sources, and graph the data
identify exponential functions, including those that
arise from real-world applications involving growth
and decay, given various representations, and explain
any restrictions that the context places on the
domain and range
solve problems using given graphs or equations
of exponential functions arising from a variety of
real-world applications by interpreting the graphs
or by substituting values for the exponent into the
equations

147
Prerequisite Skills
Refer to the Prerequisite Skills Appendix on Zero and Negative Exponents
pages 478 to 495 for examples of the topics and
5. 8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcy'x#
further practice.
a) 8denVcYXdbeaZiZi]ZiVWaZ#
Exponent Rules x y
1. BViX]ZVX]ZmedcZcigjaZl^i]^ih 4 24 = 16
XdggZhedcY^c\bZi]dY[dgh^bea^[n^c\# 3 23 = 8
Rule 2 22 = J
a) EgdYjXigjaZ/xaxb 1 21 = J
b) Fjdi^ZcigjaZ/Tb 
xa
0 20 = J
x
c) EdlZgd[VedlZggjaZ/xab b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZeViiZgc^ci]ZXdajbcd[
Method y"kVajZh#
A HjWigVXii]ZZmedcZcih/xab c) :miZcYi]ZeViiZgcid^aajhigViZi]Z
bZVc^c\d[cZ\Vi^kZZmedcZcih#
B Bjai^eani]ZZmedcZcih/xarb
C 6YYi]ZZmedcZcih/xab x y
4
4 2 = 16
2. 8]ddhZdcZd[i]ZZmedcZcigjaZh#KZg^[n 3 23 = 8
i]Vi^i]daYhWnjh^c\dcZdgbdgZd[i]Z
2 22 = J
[daadl^c\iddah/
1 21 = J
™cjbZg^XVaZmVbeaZh
0 20 = J
™Va\ZWgV^XgZVhdc^c\
™XdcXgZiZbViZg^Vah —1 2—1 =
T1  = T
1

2 21
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4
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148 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

Graph Functions 9. H`ZiX]ZVX][jcXi^dc#I]Zc!^YZci^[ni]Z

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Transformations of Functions
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4
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Chapter Problem

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Prerequisite Skills • MHR 149

 3.1

The Nature of
Exponential Growth
<VbZh]dlhXVcWZVadid[[jc!ZheZX^Vaan^[
ndjVgZVl^cc^c\XdciZhiVci=VkZndjZkZg
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VcYbVi]ZbVi^XVagZaVi^dch]^eh]Zaendje^X`i]ZWZhieg^oZ4Ndjl^aahZZ]dli]ZXdcXZeid[
ZmedcZci^Va\gdli]XVcWZVeea^ZY^chZaZXi^c\V\VbZh]dleg^oZ^cfjZhi^dc-#

Tools Investigate
• coloured tiles or linking
cubes How can you discover the nature of exponential growth?
• grid paper
8dch^YZgi]Zi]gZZ\gdl^c\eViiZgchh]dlc#
or
• graphing calculator Pattern 1 Pattern 2
or
• computer with The
Geometer’s Sketchpad®

Pattern 3

1. JhZldgYhidYZhXg^WZ]dlZVX]eViiZgc^h\gdl^c\#

2. L]^X]eViiZgc^h\gdl^c\
a) [VhiZhi4
b) hadlZhi4
:meaV^cndjggZVhdc^c\#

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b) 9dZhi]^hXdc[^gbndjgVchlZgh^chiZe'4:meaV^c#

150 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

 4. a) 8denVcYXdbeaZiZi]ZiVWaZ[dgi]ZeViiZgc&#
 Pattern 1
Term number, Number of Squares,
n t
First Differences
1 2 Second Differences
2
2 4 0
2
3 6
4
5

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iZgbcjbWZg!n#
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Example 1
Model Exponential Growth
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b) Lg^iZVcZfjVi^dcidbdYZai]^h\gdli]#

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ii)'lZZ`h

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3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth • MHR 151

 Solution
a) 8VaXjaViZi]ZedejaVi^dc[dgi]Z[^ghi)YVnh#Dg\Vc^oZi]Z^c[dgbVi^dc
jh^c\ViVWaZ#

Day Population
0 100 The initial population is 100.
1 100  3 = 300 The population triples each day.
2 300  3 = 900
3 900  3 = 2700
4 2700  3 = 8100

b) IdWZiiZg^aajhigViZi]ZgZaVi^dch]^eWZilZZci]ZYVnVcYi]ZidiVa
edejaVi^dc!ZmegZhhZVX]edejaVi^dcXVaXjaVi^dc^ciZgbhd[i]Z
cjbWZgd[i^bZhi]Z^c^i^VaedejaVi^dc^hig^eaZY#

Day Population
0 100
1 100 r 31 = 300 After 1 day, the initial population triples.
2 2
100 r 3 = 900 After 2 days, the initial population triples again.
3 100 r 33 = 2700
4 100 r 34 = 8100
n 100 r 3n After n days, the initial population has tripled n times.

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YVnh!n!^hpn&%%(n#
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I]^h^hV[jcXi^dcWZXVjhZZVX]ZaZbZci^ci]Z 9000
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7200
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p(n) = 100
3n
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^cXgZVhZh!bV`^c\^iY^[[^XjaiidZmigVedaViZkZgn 3600
[Vg#JhZi]ZZfjVi^dcpn&%%(n id[^cY
[jijgZedejaVi^dch# 1800

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0 2 4n
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152 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

 e) 6YYildXdajbchidi]ZiVWaZ[dgi]Z[^ghiVcYhZXdcYY^[[ZgZcXZh#
Te c h n o l o g y Tip
Day Population You can use a graphing
First Differences calculator to calculate
0 100 Second Differences
300 — 100 = 200 finite differences.
1 300 600 — 200 = 400
900 — 300 = 600 Refer to the
2 900 1800 — 600 = 1200 Technology Appendix
2700 — 900 = 1800
3 2700 5400 — 1800 = 3600 on pages 496 to 516.
8100 — 2700 = 5400
4 8100

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y

Example 2
Apply a Zero Exponent in a Model
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Solution u has a repeating pattern

of finite differences: the
Add`Vii]ZiVWaZ^c:mVbeaZ&VcYldg`WVX`lVgY# ratio of successive finite
differences is constant
Day Population
4 100  34 = 8100
3 100  33 = 2700
2 100  32 = 900
1 100  31 = 300
0 100  30 = 100

For this pattern to be extended, 30 must

Te c h n o l o g y Tip
equal 1, because 100  1 = 100. You can use a graphing
calculator to view and
analyse this function.
I]ZkVajZd[(%XVcWZkZg^[^ZYWn\gVe]^c\i]Z To find the y-intercept:
[jcXi^dcy(xVcY^YZci^[n^c\i]Zy"^ciZgXZei/ u Press 2nd [CALC].
L]Zcx%!y&# u Select 1:value and
enter 0 to identify
the y-intercept.

3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth • MHR 153

 Key Concepts

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154 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

A Practise 4. :kVajViZ#

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158 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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Use Technology: Use the Lists and Trace Features on a TI-Nspire™ CAS Graphing Calculator • MHR 159
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3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting to Negative Exponents • MHR 161

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162 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting to Negative Exponents • MHR 163

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164 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting to Negative Exponents • MHR 165

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3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting to Negative Exponents • MHR 169

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170 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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4
u q 16 is called a radical.
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u 4 is the index.

3.3 Rational Exponents • MHR 171

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172 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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3.3 Rational Exponents • MHR 173

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Solve a Problem Involving a Rational Exponent
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174 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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3.3 Rational Exponents • MHR 175

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176 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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3.3 Rational Exponents • MHR 177

 3.4

Properties of
Exponential Functions
8VeVX^idghVgZjhZYidhidgZZaZXig^XediZci^Va
ZcZg\n#L]ZcVXVeVX^idg^cVgZh^hidg"XVeVX^idg
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VXgdhhi]ZXVeVX^idgYZXVnhZmedcZci^VaandkZg
i^bZ#I]^hhdgid[X^gXj^i^hjhZY^cVkVg^Zind[ZaZXigdc^XYZk^XZh!hjX]VhiZaZk^h^dch!XdbejiZgh!
VcYBE(eaVnZgh#:c\^cZZghVcYiZX]c^X^Vchl]dYZh^\cVcYWj^aYhjX]YZk^XZhbjhi]VkZVhda^Y
jcYZghiVcY^c\d[ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch#
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b%!bp&#=dlYdi]ZkVajZhd[a VcYbV[[ZXii]ZegdeZgi^Zhd[i]^hineZd[[jcXi^dc4

Tools Investigate
• computer with The
Geometer’s Sketchpad® How can you discover the characteristics of the graph of an
or exponential function?
• grid paper
or
A: The Effect of b on the Graph of y = abx
• graphing calculator HiVgil^i]i]Z[jcXi^dcfx'x#>ci]^hXVhZ!a&#
1. a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]Zh]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]#
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u is either all of 2 or has a) L]ViVgZi]ZYdbV^cVcYi]ZgVc\Zd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
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electrical equipment, a) 8dbeVgZZVX]\gVe]idi]Z\gVe]d[y'x#9ZhXg^WZ]dli]Z
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in the capacitors. c) :meaV^cl]nVkVajZd[b\gZViZgi]Vc']Vhi]^hZ[[ZXidci]Z\gVe]#

178 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

 >[ndjVgZjh^c\The Geometer’s Sketchpad!ndjXVchZibVhV
eVgVbZiZgl]dhZkVajZndjXVcX]Vc\ZYncVb^XVaan/
  u;gdbi]ZGraphbZcj!X]ddhZNew Parameter#HZii]ZcVbZVhb
VcY^ih^c^i^VakVajZid'#8a^X`OK#
  u;gdbi]ZGraphbZcj!X]ddhZPlot New Function#8a^X`dci]Z
eVgVbZiZgb!VcYi]ZcXa^X`dcSxVcYOK#
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  u8a^X`dceVgVbZiZgbVcYegZhh  VcY  dci]Z`ZnWdVgYid
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  uG^\]i"Xa^X`dceVgVbZiZgbVcYX]ddhZEdit ParameteridZciZgV In Section 3.3, you

heZX^[^XkVajZ# saw how to deal with
rational exponents.
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extended to include
Xdci^cjdjhan# real numbers, and
so the domain of a
4. 8]Vc\Zi]ZkVajZd[b V\V^c#I]^hi^bZ!jhZkVajZhWZilZZc%VcY&# function like f (x) = 2x
a) =dl]Vhi]Z\gVe]X]Vc\ZY4 is all real numbers. Try
to evaluate 2π using a
b) 9ZhXg^WZ]dli]ZkVajZhd[bV[[ZXii]ZX]VgVXiZg^hi^Xha^hiZY^c calculator.
hiZe'#
c) :meaV^cl]nVkVajZd[bWZilZZc%VcY&]Vhi]^hZ[[ZXidci]Z
\gVe]#

5. L]Vi]VeeZchidi]Z\gVe]l]ZcndjhZib&4:meaV^ci]^hgZhjai#

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X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xhd[i]Z\gVe]d[fxbx#

B: The Effect of a on the Graph of y = abx

JhZi]Z[jcXi^dcfxar'x#>ci]^heVgid[i]Z>ckZhi^\ViZ!`ZZeb'!
VcYZmeadgZl]Vi]VeeZchVhndjX]Vc\Zi]ZkVajZd[a#
1. HZia&#I]^h\^kZhi]Zdg^\^cVa\gVe]d[fx'x#
:meadgZl]Vi]VeeZchl]Zc
a) a& Te c h n o l o g y Tip
b) %a& With a graphing
c) a% calculator, you can
vary the line style to
2. ReflectLg^iZVhjbbVgnd[i]ZZ[[ZXihd[kVg^djhkVajZhd[a see multiple graphs
simultaneously. Refer
dci]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcfxa'x#>cXajYZi]Z[daadl^c\
to the Technology
X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh/YdbV^c!gVc\Z!x"VcYy"^ciZgXZeih!VcY^ciZgkVahd[ Appendix on pages
^cXgZVhZVcYYZXgZVhZ#:meaV^cl]nX]Vc\^c\i]ZkVajZd[a]Vhi]ZhZ 496 to 516.
Z[[ZXih#H`ZiX]Y^V\gVbhidhjeedgindjgZmeaVcVi^dch#

3.4 Properties of Exponential Functions • MHR 179

 Co nne ct io ns DcZd[i]Z^ciZgZhi^c\[ZVijgZhd[VcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc^h^ih
Vhnbeidi^XWZ]Vk^djg#8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcfx'x#>[ndj`ZZe
You encountered
horizontal and vertical add`^c\aZ[iViYZXgZVh^c\kVajZhd[x!ndjl^aahZZi]Vii]ZXdggZhedcY^c\
asymptotes in y"kVajZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc\ZihXadhZgVcYXadhZgid!WjicZkZggZVX]Zh!i]Z
Chapter 1 Functions. x"Vm^h#>ci]^hXVhZ!i]Zx"Vm^h^hVcVhnbeidiZ#

Example 1
Analyse the Graph of an Exponential Function
<gVe]ZVX]ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc#>YZci^[ni]Z
uYdbV^c
ugVc\Z
ux"VcYy"^ciZgXZeih!^[i]ZnZm^hi
u^ciZgkVahd[^cXgZVhZ$YZXgZVhZ
uVhnbeidiZ
a) y) T 
 
& x
'
b) y (x

Solution

T&'
x
a) y)   

Method 1: Use a Table of Values

HZaZXicZ\Vi^kZVcYedh^i^kZkVajZhd[xi]Vil^aabV`Z^iZVhnid
XdbejiZXdggZhedcY^c\kVajZhd[y#
x y
T12 T21
—2 2
4 =4 y
—2 16 20
—1 8 = 16
16
0 4
1 2 12

2 1 8
T1  y=41
x
3
2 4 2()
4
T1 
4 —2 0 2 4x
—4
JhZi]ZiVWaZd[kVajZhid\gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#

180 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

 Method 2: Use a Graphing Calculator

JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgidZmeadgZi]Z\gVe]d[i]^h[jcXi^dc#

I]Z[jcXi^dc^hYZ[^cZY[dgVaakVajZhd[x#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZYdbV^c^h
pxŒ2r#
I]Z[jcXi^dc]Vhedh^i^kZkVajZh[dgy!WjiycZkZggZVX]ZhoZgd#
I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZgVc\Z^hpyŒ2!y %r#
I]Z\gVe]cZkZgXgdhhZhi]Zx"Vm^h!l]^X]bZVchi]ZgZ^hcd
x"^ciZgXZei#
I]Z\gVe]XgdhhZhi]Zy"Vm^hVi)#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Zy"^ciZgXZei^h)#
I]Z\gVe][Vaahidi]Zg^\]ii]gdj\]dji^ihYdbV^c!hdi]Zy"kVajZh
YZXgZVhZVhi]Zx"kVajZh^cXgZVhZ#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z[jcXi^dc^h
YZXgZVh^c\dkZg^ihYdbV^c#
6hi]Zx"kVajZh^cXgZVhZ!i]Zy"kVajZh\ZiXadhZgVcYXadhZgid!Wji
cZkZggZVX]!i]Zx"Vm^h#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Zx"Vm^h!dgi]Za^cZy%!^hVc
VhnbeidiZ#

b) y (x

Con n ec t i on s
I]ZYdbV^c^hpxŒ2r# Could you use
6aa[jcXi^dckVajZhVgZcZ\Vi^kZ#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZgVc\Z^h transformations to
quickly sketch the graph
pyŒ2!y%r# of y = —3—x ? You will
I]ZgZ^hcdx"^ciZgXZei# explore this option in
Section 3.5.
I]Zy"^ciZgXZei^h&#
I]Z\gVe]g^hZhi]gdj\]dji^ihYdbV^c#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z[jcXi^dc^h
^cXgZVh^c\[dgVaakVajZhd[x#
I]Zx"Vm^h!l]dhZZfjVi^dc^hy%!^hVcVhnbeidiZ#

3.4 Properties of Exponential Functions • MHR 181

 Example 2
Write an Exponential Equation Given Its Graph y
54
Lg^iZi]ZZfjVi^dc^ci]Z[dgbyabxi]ViYZhXg^WZh
48
i]Z\gVe]h]dlc#
42
Solution
36
GZVYhdbZdgYZgZYeV^gh[gdbi]Z\gVe]#
y 30
54 (3, 54)
24
48
18
42
12
36
6
30

24 —2 0 2 4x

18 (2, 18)

12

6 (1, 6)
(0, 2)
—2 0 2 4x

CdiZi]ViVhxX]Vc\ZhWn&jc^i!y^cXgZVhZhWnV[VXidgd[(!Xdc[^gb^c\
i]Vii]^h[jcXi^dc^hVcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc#

x y
Change in y
0 2
3
1 6
3
2 18
3
3 54

H^cXZZVX]hjXXZhh^kZkVajZ^cXgZVhZhWnV[VXidgd[(!i]^h[jcXi^dcbjhi
]VkZb(#H^cXZVaaed^cihdci]^h\gVe]bjhihVi^h[ni]ZZfjVi^dc
yabx!hjWhi^ijiZi]ZXddgY^cViZhd[dcZd[i]Zed^cih!VcYi]ZkVajZd[
b!id[^cYi]ZkVajZd[a#
E^X`Ved^cii]Vi^hZVhnidldg`l^i]!hjX]Vh&!+#HjWhi^ijiZ
x&!y+!VcYb(/
yabx
+a(&
+a(
a'
I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZZfjVi^dci]ViYZhXg^WZhi]^hXjgkZ^hy'r(x#

182 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

Example 3
Write an Exponential Function Given Its Properties
6gVY^dVXi^kZhVbeaZ]VhV]Va["a^[Zd[(YVnh#I]Z^c^i^VahVbeaZ^h'%%b\#
a) Lg^iZV[jcXi^dcidgZaViZi]ZVbdjcigZbV^c^c\!^cb^aa^\gVbh!idi]Z
i^bZ!^cYVnh#

b) GZhig^Xii]ZYdbV^cd[i]Z[jcXi^dchdi]Vii]ZbVi]ZbVi^XVabdYZa
[^ihi]Zh^ijVi^dc^i^hYZhXg^W^c\#

Solution
a) I]^hZmedcZci^VaYZXVnXVcWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\V[jcXi^dcd[i]Z[dgb
AxA% T  
& x !l]ZgZx^hi]Zi^bZ!^c]Va["a^[ZeZg^dYh0 A ^hi]Z
' %

^c^i^VaVbdjci!^cb^aa^\gVbh0VcYA^hi]ZVbdjcigZbV^c^c\!^c
b^aa^\gVbh!V[iZgi^bZx#
Start with 200 mg. After every half-life, the amount is reduced by half.

HjWhi^iji^c\A%'%%^cidi]^hZfjVi^dc\^kZhAx'%% T  
& x #I]^h
'
ZmegZhhZhAVhV[jcXi^dcd[x!i]ZcjbWZgd[]Va["a^kZh#IdZmegZhh
A VhV[jcXi^dcd[t!bZVhjgZY^cYVnh!gZeaVXZxl^i]T
t #
(
The half-life of this material is 3 days. Therefore, the number of elapsed half-lives at any
given point is the number of days divided by 3.
T
t 

At'%% T  
&  
(

'
I]^hZfjVi^dcgZaViZhi]ZVbdjci!A!^cb^aa^\gVbh!d[gVY^dVXi^kZ
bViZg^VagZbV^c^c\idi^bZ!t!^cYVnh#

b) 6\gVe]d[i]^h[jcXi^dc A A
gZkZVahVa^b^iVi^dcd[i]Z 280 280
bVi]ZbVi^XVabdYZa#
240 240
I]Z^c^i^VahVbeaZh^oZ!Vi t

t%!lVh'%%b\#>i^hcdi ( )
1
200 A(t) = 200 2
3
200
XaZVgi]Vii]Z[jcXi^dc]Vh
160 160
VcnbZVc^c\WZ[dgZi]^hi^bZ#
H^cXZ^i^hdcanXZgiV^ci]Vi 120 120
i]ZbVi]ZbVi^XVabdYZa[^ih
80 80
i]^hh^ijVi^dc[dgcdc"cZ\Vi^kZ
kVajZhd[t!^ibV`ZhhZchZid 40 40
gZhig^Xi^ihYdbV^c/
T
t 
T
&
'  
At'%%    [dg
( 0 2 4t 0 2 4t

ptŒ2!t%r#

3.4 Properties of Exponential Functions • MHR 183

 Key Concepts

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y y y y

0 x 0 x 0 x

0 x

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^c[dgbVi^dcVWdji^ih\gVe]dgegdeZgi^Zh#
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h^ijVi^dc^igZegZhZcih#

Communicate Your Understanding

C1  a)>hVcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dcZ^i]ZgValVnh^cXgZVh^c\dgValVnhYZXgZVh^c\4:meaV^c#

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bdgZh`ZiX]Zh#

184 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 3, refer to Example 1.  Ay''x

T&'
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8 (1, 8)
d)
y 4 (0, 4)
8
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4

—4 —2 0 2 4 x
—4

—8

3.4 Properties of Exponential Functions • MHR 185

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48
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40
x
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(1, 12)
8 (2, 6) 9. a) <gVe]ZVX][jcXi^dc#

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i)gx    ii)rxx

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For help with question 6, refer to Example 3. c) 8dbeVgZi]ZVhnbeidiZhd[i]ZhZ
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a) f xT 
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& eVhhZh4
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e) 6eegdm^bViZan]dladc\l^aa^iiV`Zi]Z
b) y'&#*x kdaiV\ZYgdeidgZVX]*%d[i]Z^c^i^Va
kVajZ4
T(&
x
c) y   

186 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

12. 6[anl]ZZa^h Reasoning and Proving 14. HjeedhZVhfjVgZ"WVhZYengVb^Y]VhV
gdiVi^c\jcYZg Representing Selecting Tools [^mZY]Z^\]id['*b#
[g^Xi^dc#I]Z a) Lg^iZVcZfjVi^dc!jh^c\gVi^dcVa
Problem Solving
cjbWZg!R!d[ ZmedcZcihl]ZgZVeegdeg^ViZ!idZmegZhh
Connecting Reflecting
gZkdaji^dcheZg i]Zh^YZaZc\i]d[i]ZWVhZd[VhfjVgZ"
b^cjiZV[iZg Communicating
WVhZYengVb^Y^ciZgbhd[^ihkdajbZ#
tb^cjiZhXVcWZYZiZgb^cZYjh^c\i]Z
b) =dlh]djaYndja^b^ii]ZYdbV^cd[
[jcXi^dcRt)%%%%#,*'t#
i]^h[jcXi^dchdi]Vii]ZbVi]ZbVi^XVa
a) :meaV^ci]ZgdaZhd[i]ZcjbWZgh%#,* bdYZa[^ihi]Zh^ijVi^dc4
VcY'^ci]ZZfjVi^dc#
c) L]Vi^beVXiYdZhYdjWa^c\i]ZkdajbZ
b) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc# ]VkZdci]Zh^YZaZc\i]d[i]ZWVhZ4
c) L]^X]kVajZ^ci]ZZfjVi^dc^cY^XViZh :meaV^c#
i]Vii]Z[anl]ZZa^hhadl^c\4
15. HjeedhZi]ViVh]Za[XVc]daYXna^cYg^XVa
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Ygjbhl^i]V[^mZY]Z^\]id[&b#
eZgb^cjiZV[iZg
a) Lg^iZVh^bea^[^ZYZfjVi^dc!jh^c\
i)&b^c ii) (b^c
gVi^dcVaZmedcZcihl]ZgZVeegdeg^ViZ!
idZmegZhhi]Zhjg[VXZVgZV^ciZgbhd[
C Extend i]ZkdajbZ[dgYgjbhi]Vil^aa[^idc
13. Use TechnologyGZ[ZgidfjZhi^dc&&#I]Z i]Zh]Za[#
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t 
WnVV%b RC !l]ZgZV^hi]ZkdaiV\ZYgde! Ygjbl^i]VkdajbZd[%#-b(#
^ckdaih0V%^hi]Z^c^i^VakdaiV\ZYgde0t^h c) L]ViVgZi]ZgZhig^Xi^dchdci]ZYdbV^c
i]Zi^bZ!^chZXdcYh0R^hi]ZgZh^hiVcXZ! d[i]Z[jcXi^dcjhZY^ci]^hbdYZa4
^cd]bh70VcYC^hi]ZXVeVX^iVcXZ!^c d) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc[dgi]ZgZhig^XiZY
[VgVYh;# YdbV^c#
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CdiZi]Vi&M;%#%%%%%&;# 16. Math Contest;^cYVaahdaji^dchid
(x'x&%#
a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZkVajZd[i]ZWVhZ!b#
b) :meaV^cndjgbZi]dY# 17. Math Contest8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dc
y&' T
 
x
c) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcjh^c\V\gVe]^c\ &  (#I]Zy"^ciZgXZei^hbVcY
'
XVaXjaVidgdg\gVe]^c\hd[ilVgZ#JhZi]Z
i]Zx"^ciZgXZei^ha#I]Zhjbd[aVcYb^h
l^cYdlhZii^c\hh]dlc#
A && B + C , D &-

18. Math Contest6cjbWZg^hWZilZZc'%

VcY(%#L]Zci]^hcjbWZg^hhjWigVXiZY
[gdb^ihXjWZ!i]ZgZhjai^h&(-%%#L]Zc
i]ZhVbZcjbWZg^hVYYZYid^ihXjWZ!i]Z
VchlZg^h
d) L]ViVgZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[i]^h
[jcXi^dc4 A &(-)- B &(-*'

e) :meaV^c]dlVcYl]ni]ZYdbV^cVcY C &(-)+ D &(-))

gVc\ZVgZgZhig^XiZY!Vh^aajhigViZY^ci]Z
\gVe]d[fjZhi^dc&&#

3.4 Properties of Exponential Functions • MHR 187

 3.5

Transformations of
Exponential Functions
DcXZndjjcYZghiVcYi]ZWVh^Xh]VeZd[Vc
ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc!ndjXVcVeeanndjg
jcYZghiVcY^c\d[igVch[dgbVi^dchidZVh^an\gVe]
VkVg^Zind[gZaViZYXjgkZh#
Ndjh]djaYWZ[Vb^a^Vgl^i]i]Z[daadl^c\ineZhd[igVch[dgbVi^dch/
ufxlfxc ufxlfxd
ufxlafx  ufxlfkx
L]ViineZd[igVch[dgbVi^dcYdZhZVX]d[i]ZhZgZegZhZci49di]ZhZhVbZigVch[dgbVi^dchVeeanid
ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch4

Tools
• computer with The
Geometer’s Sketchpad
or
• graphing calculator
Investigate
How can you transform an exponential function?
1. a) BV`ZVXdc_ZXijgZVWdjil]Vi]VeeZchl]ZcndjigVch[dgbi]Z
[jcXi^dcy'xidi]Z[jcXi^dcy'x(#
b) JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgdg\gVe]^c\hd[ilVgZidiZhindjg
egZY^Xi^dc#9ZhXg^WZl]Vindjcdi^XZ#
c) GZeZVieVgihVVcYW[dgi]Z[daadl^c\/
i)y'x ly'x)
ii)ilddi]ZgigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]^hineZ
d) HjbbVg^oZndjgdWhZgkVi^dch#

2. a) 8dch^YZgi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcy'xly'x(#=dlYdndji]^c`
i]^hl^aaXdbeVgZidi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc^chiZe&V4
b) IZhindjgegZY^Xi^dc#GZeZVi[dgilddi]ZgigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]^h
ineZ#
c) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXihd[i]^hineZd[igVch[dgbVi^dc#

3. a) EgZY^Xil]Vil^aa]VeeZcidi]Z\gVe]d[y'xl]Zcndj
igVch[dgb^iidy''x#
b) IZhindjgegZY^Xi^dc#GZeZVi[dgilddi]ZgigVch[dgbVi^dchd[
i]^hineZ#>cXajYZViaZVhidcZcZ\Vi^kZkVajZ#9ZhXg^WZl]Vindj
cdi^XZ#

188 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

 4. a) 9dndji]^c`i]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcy'xly''xl^aaegdYjXZi]Z
hVbZZ[[ZXiVhi]Vi^chiZe(V4:meaV^cndjggZVhdc^c\#
b) IZhindjgegZY^Xi^dc#
c) 8Vggndjiilddi]ZgigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]^hineZ#JhZViaZVhidcZ
cZ\Vi^kZkVajZ#HjbbVg^oZndjgdWhZgkVi^dch#

5. 8]ddhZVY^[[ZgZciWVhZVcYgZeZVii]ZVcVanh^h^chiZeh&id)#9d
ndj\Zih^b^aVggZhjaihjh^c\Y^[[ZgZciWVhZh4

6. ReflectLg^iZVWg^Z[hjbbVgnd[
™]dg^odciVaVcYkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dchd[ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch
™]dg^odciVaVcYkZgi^XVahigZiX]Zhd[ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch
™]dg^odciVaVcYkZgi^XVagZ[aZXi^dchd[ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch
JhZY^V\gVbhidhjeedgindjgZmeaVcVi^dch#

7. a) Reflect8VcndjZmegZhhi]Z[jcXi^dcy''x^cVcdi]Zg[dgb4
JhZVa\ZWgV^XgZVhdc^c\idZmeaV^c#
b) JhZ\gVe]^c\iZX]cdad\nidkZg^[ni]Vii]Zild[jcXi^dchVgZ
Zfj^kVaZci#

Example 1
Horizontal and Vertical Translations
H`ZiX]\gVe]hd[i]Z[daadl^c\[jcXi^dchjh^c\i]Z\gVe]d[y(xVhi]Z
WVhZ#9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXih!^[Vcn!dci]Z
™VhnbeidiZ  ™YdbV^c ™gVc\Z
x
a) y( )

b) y(x'

c) y(x&(

Solution
a) y(x) y
x
I]^higVchaVi^dcl^aah]^[iy( Ydlc 4
)jc^ih#HiVgil^i]i]Z\gVe]d[y(xVcY
2
i]ZcVeeani]ZigVchaVi^dc#
y = 3x
CdiZi]Vii]ZVhnbeidiZ]Vhh]^[iZYYdlc —4 —2 0 2 4 x
)jc^ih#
—2
I]Z\gVe]ZmiZcYh^cYZ[^c^iZanidi]Z y = 3x — 4
g^\]iVcYaZ[i!hdi]ZYdbV^cgZbV^ch —4

pxŒ2r#
I]Z\gVe]h]dlhi]Vii]Z[jcXi^dc]Vh
kVajZhVWdkZi]Za^cZy)!hdi]ZgVc\Z^hpyŒ2!y)r#

3.5 Transformations of Exponential Functions • MHR 189

 b) y(x' y

I]^higVchaVi^dcl^aah]^[iy(xidi]Z 4
g^\]i'jc^ih#HiVgil^i]i]Z\gVe]d[
2
y(xVcYi]ZcVeeani]ZigVchaVi^dc# y = 3x — 2
x
y=3
I]ZVhnbeidiZ]VhcdiX]Vc\ZY/^i —4 —2 0 2 4 x
gZbV^chi]Za^cZy%# —2
I]Z]dg^odciVah]^[i]VhcdiX]Vc\ZYi]Z
—4
YdbV^cd[pxŒ2r#
I]ZgVc\ZVahdgZbV^chjcX]Vc\ZY/
pyŒ2!y%r#

c) y(x&( y
y = 3x
I]^hXdbedjcYigVchaVi^dc^cXajYZhWdi] 8
V]dg^odciVaVcYVkZgi^XVah]^[i#IgVchaViZ y = 3x + 1 + 3
6
i]ZXjgkZd[y(xaZ[i&jc^iVcY
je(jc^ih# (—1, 4) 4

I]Z]dg^odciVaVhnbeidiZ]Vhh]^[iZY(
2
jc^ihjelVgYidi]Za^cZy(# (0, 1)
I]ZYdbV^cgZbV^chpxŒ2r# —4 —2 0 2 4 x
I]ZgVc\Z^hpyŒ2!y(r#
NdjXVcX]ZX`ndjggZhjaihjh^c\V\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg#

Example 2
Stretches, Compressions, and Reflections
<gVe]ZVX][jcXi^dcjh^c\igVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dcy)x#
a) y)'x

b) y')x
T
&x
c) y) '

190 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

Solution
a) y)'x
HiVgil^i]y)x#I]Zc!XdbegZhhi]Z\gVe]]dg^odciVaanWnV[VXidg
d[T
&#
'

b) y')x
I]^hXdbedjcYigVch[dgbVi^dc^ckdakZhVhigZiX]VcYVgZ[aZXi^dc/
y')x
GZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^h# HigZiX]kZgi^XVaanWnV[VXidgd['#
HiVgil^i]i]Z\gVe]d[y)x# CdlgZ[aZXiy')x^ci]Z
I]Zc!Veeani]ZkZgi^XVahigZiX]# x"Vm^h#
y y
16 16
y = 2(4x)
y = 4x
12 8

8
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
4 —8
y = 2(4x)
y = —2(4x)
—16
—4 —2 0 2 4 x

T
&x
c) y) '

I]^hXdbedjcYigVch[dgbVi^dcVahd^ckdakZhVhigZiX]VcYVgZ[aZXi^dc/
T&
  'x
y)
GZ[aZXi^ci]Zy"Vm^h# HigZiX]]dg^odciVaanWnV[VXidgd['#

HiVgil^i]i]Z\gVe]d[y)x CdlgZ[aZXii]^hXjgkZ^ci]Z
VcYVeeani]Z]dg^odciVahigZiX]# y"Vm^h#
y y
y = 4x
16 16

12 12

1 1
8 1
x — x 8 x
y = 42 y=4 2 y = 42
4 4

—4 —2 0 2 4 x —4 —2 0 2 4 x

3.5 Transformations of Exponential Functions • MHR 191

 Example 3
Graph y = ab k(x — d ) + c
<gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcy''x(*#

Solution
HiVgil^i]y'x#>YZci^[ni]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]Vil^aaegdYjXZi]Z
\gVe]d[i]ZZfjVi^dc\^kZcVWdkZ/
Co nne ct io ns y''x(*
You explored compound
transformations of GZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^h# 8dbegZhh]dg^odciVaan H]^[ig^\]i(jc^ih
WnV[VXidgd[T
functions in Chapter 2. &# VcYje*jc^ih#
'
HiVgil^i]i]Z\gVe]d[ CZmi!gZ[aZXii]Z ;^cVaan!eZg[dgbi]Z
y'x#Idh]dl XjgkZ^ci]Zx"Vm^hid ]dg^odciVaVcYkZgi^XVa
y''x!XdbegZhh h]dly''x# igVchaVi^dch#
]dg^odciVaan#
y y y

16 16 16
y = 22x y = 22x
12 8 8 y = —22(x — 3) + 5
y = 2x
8
—2 0 2 4 x —2 0 2 4 x
4 —8 —8
y = —22x
—16 —16
—2 0 2 4 x y = —22x

Example 4
Circuit Analysis
>cVeVgi^XjaVgX^gXj^i!i]ZXjggZci!I!^cVbeZgZh6!V[iZgthZXdcYhXVc
WZ[djcYjh^c\i]Z[dgbjaVIt%#.&&%%#%))t#
a) <gVe]i]^h[jcXi^dcjh^c\\gVe]^c\iZX]cdad\n#L]Vi^hi]Z
Veegdeg^ViZYdbV^c[dgi]Z[jcXi^dcbdYZaa^c\i]ZXjggZci4
b) L]Vi^hi]ZXjggZci^ci]ZX^gXj^iV[iZg
i)'h4  ii)*h4
c) 9ZhXg^WZl]Vi^h]VeeZc^c\idi]ZXjggZcidkZgi]ZX]dhZcYdbV^c#

192 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

Solution
Method 1: Use a Graphing Calculator
a) JhZhnhiZbVi^Xig^VaidhZiVcVeegdeg^ViZk^Zl^c\l^cYdl#CdiZ
i]Vii]ZVeegdeg^ViZYdbV^cbjhicdiVaadlcZ\Vi^kZkVajZh[dgi]Z
XjggZci#I]ZYdbV^c^hptŒ2!t%r#

b) i)IdYZiZgb^cZi]ZXjggZciVi'h/
™EgZhh 2nd P86A8RVcYi]ZchZaZXi1:value#
™:ciZg'l]ZcegdbeiZYVcYegZhh ENTER #

6it'h!i]ZXjggZci^hVeegdm^bViZan%#&,6#

ii)JhZi]ZhVbZegdXZhhidYZiZgb^cZi]Z
XjggZciV[iZg*h#
6it*h!i]ZXjggZci^hVeegdm^bViZan
%#(+6#

c) I]Z[jcXi^dc^h^cXgZVh^c\dkZgptŒ2!t%r!VcYi]ZgViZd[^cXgZVhZ
^hYZXgZVh^c\#

Method 2: Use The Geometer’s Sketchpad®

a) HiVgiVcZlh`ZiX]#;gdbi]ZGraph
bZcj!X]ddhZPlotNewFunction#:ciZg
i]Z[jcXi^dcVhh]dlc!VcYXa^X`OK#
;gdbi]ZGraphbZcj!Xa^X`dci]Z
Grid FormbZcjVcYX]ddhZ
Rectangular Grid#8a^X`VcYYgV\i]Z
dg^\^cVcYhXVaZhiddWiV^cVXaZVgk^Zl
d[i]Z\gVe]#CdiZi]Vii]ZVeegdeg^ViZ
YdbV^cbjhicdiVaadlcZ\Vi^kZkVajZh
[dgi]ZXjggZci#I]ZYdbV^c^h
ptŒ2!t%r#

3.5 Transformations of Exponential Functions • MHR 193

 b) i)IdYZiZgb^cZi]ZXjggZciVi'h!YZiZgb^cZi]ZkVajZd[Il]Zc
t'/
™HZaZXii]Z\gVe]#;gdbi]ZConstructbZcj!X]ddhZPoint On
Function Plot#
™;gdbi]ZMeasurebZcj!X]ddhZCoordinates#
™8a^X`VcYYgV\i]Zed^ciVhXadhZVhndjXVcidt'#I]Zc!gZVY
i]ZXdggZhedcY^c\I"kVajZ#
6it'h!i]ZXjggZci^hVeegdm^bViZan%#&,6#

ii)JhZi]ZhVbZegdXZhhidYZiZgb^cZi]ZXjggZciV[iZg*h#
6it*h!i]ZXjggZci
^hVeegdm^bViZan
%#(+6#
c) I]Z[jcXi^dc^h
^cXgZVh^c\dkZg
ptŒ2!t%r!VcYi]Z
gViZd[^cXgZVhZ
^hYZXgZVh^c\#

Key Concepts

:medcZci^Va[jcXi^dchXVcWZigVch[dgbZY^ci]ZhVbZlVnVhdi]Zg[jcXi^dch#
I]Z\gVe]d[yabkxdcXVcWZ[djcYWneZg[dgb^c\i]Z
[daadl^c\igVch[dgbVi^dchdci]Z\gVe]d[i]ZWVhZybx/
Horizontal and Vertical Translations
y y
 ¶>[d%!igVchaViZg^\]idjc^ih0 d<0
^[d%!igVchaViZaZ[i# c>0
 ¶>[c%!igVchaViZjecjc^ih0 c<0
^[c%!igVchaViZYdlc# 0 x d>0
x
y = b + c, c = 0 0 x
y = bx — d, d = 0

Vertical Stretches, Compressions, and Reflections y = abx, a = 1

 ¶>[a&!higZiX]kZgi^XVaanWnV[VXidgd[a# y
 ¶>[%a&!XdbegZhhkZgi^XVaanWnV[VXidgd[a# a >1 0<a <1
 ¶>[a%!gZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^hVcYhigZiX]dgXdbegZhh#
0 x
a < —1 —1 < a < 0

a = —1

194 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

 Key Concepts

Horizontal Stretches, Compressions, and Reflections

k = —1 y = b kx, k = 1
 ¶>[k&!XdbegZhh]dg^odciVaanWnV[VXidgd[T
&# y
k —1 < k < 0 0<k<1
 ¶>[%k&!higZiX]]dg^odciVaanWnV[VXidgd[T&#
k k < —1 k>1
 ¶>[k%!gZ[aZXi^ci]Zy"Vm^hVcYhigZiX]dgXdbegZhh#
0 x

HdbZZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dchXVcZVh^anWZlg^iiZcjh^c\Y^[[ZgZciWVhZh#;dgZmVbeaZ!
y')x^hZfj^kVaZciidy&+x#

Communicate Your Understanding

C1  BViX]ZVX]igVch[dgbVi^dcl^i]i]ZXdggZhedcY^c\ZfjVi^dc!jh^c\i]Z[jcXi^dcy&%xVhi]Z
WVhZ#<^kZgZVhdch[dgndjgVchlZgh#CdiVaaigVch[dgbVi^dchl^aabViX]VcZfjVi^dc#
 Transformation
 a)]dg^odciVahigZiX]WnV[VXidgd[( Ay = &%x (
b)h]^[i(jc^ihje By = &%x + (
c)h]^[i(jc^ihaZ[i Cy = –&%x
T
&
d)kZgi^XVaXdbegZhh^dcWnV[VXidgd[  Dy = &%x (
(
e)kZgi^XVahigZiX]WnV[VXidgd[( Ey = &%(x
f)h]^[i(jc^ihg^\]i Fy = &%x

Gy =  T &%x

 
g)gZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^h &
(
C2  <^kZVXdggZhedcY^c\ZfjVi^dc[dgZVX]jcbViX]ZYigVch[dgbVi^dc^cfjZhi^dc8&#

C3  a)9ZhXg^WZ]dlndjXdjaYh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[y*'xjh^c\VigVch[dgbVi^dc#
b)9ZhXg^WZ]dlndjXdjaYh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[y*'xWnVeean^c\VcZmedcZcigjaZ#

C4  9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXid[ZVX]XdchiVci!a!k!c!VcYd!l]Zci]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcybx^h
igVch[dgbZYidyabkxdc#

C5  GZ[Zgid:mVbeaZ)#
a)=dlXdjaYndjYZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgdgcdii]ZXjggZci^cXgZVhZh^cYZ[^c^iZan4
b)8Vggndjii]ZbZi]dYYZhXg^WZY^ceVgiVidYZiZgb^cZ^[i]ZXjggZciYdZh^cXgZVhZ
^cYZ[^c^iZan#

3.5 Transformations of Exponential Functions • MHR 195

A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 3, refer to Example 1. 8. H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[y(%#*x&*Wn
jh^c\y(xVhi]ZWVhZVcYVeean^c\
1. 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dci]VibVehi]Z
igVch[dgbVi^dch#
[jcXi^dcy)xdcidZVX][jcXi^dc\^kZc#
a) y)x' b) y)x(
B Connect and Apply
c) y)x) d) y)x&*
For help with question 9, refer to Example 4.
2. H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[ZVX][jcXi^dc^c
9. I]ZiZbeZgVijgZ!T!^cYZ\gZZh8Zah^jh!d[
fjZhi^dc&#JhZi]Z\gVe]d[y)xVhi]Z
VXdda^c\bZiVaWVgV[iZgtb^cjiZh^h\^kZc
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198 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3
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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 199
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200 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 201

Te c h n o l o g y Tip
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Solution
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[daadl^c\ejgX]VhZVcYaZhhfj^X`anVh^iV\Zh#

3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 203
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204 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 205
 Key Concepts

NdjXVcjhZVkVg^Zind[iddahidXdchigjXiVa\ZWgV^XVcY\gVe]^XVabdYZah!^cXajY^c\
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206 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

A Practise
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F y'&#)x 125

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a) 9di]ZYViVVeeZVgid]VkZVc
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8 Con n ec t i on s

4 Data from investment earnings can look linear, but

often involve an exponential relationship. You will learn
more about investment and loan calculations in Chapter
—2 0 2 4x 7 Financial Applications.
—4

3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 207
For help with questions 4 and 5, refer to 7. GZ[ZgidfjZhi^dc+#EdhZVcYVchlZgild
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208 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 209
 Chapter 3 Review
3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth, 6. :kVajViZ#:megZhhVhV[gVXi^dc^cadlZhi
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210 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

11. 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZZfjVi^dc[dgi]ZZmedcZci^Va 3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies
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80 Number of Bounces, n Height, h (cm)

0 100
40 (1, 40)
1 76
(0, 10)
2 57
—4 —2 0 2 4x
3 43
4 32
5 24
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Chapter 3 Review • MHR 211

 Chapter 3 Practice Test
For questions 1 to 4, select the best answer.
1. One day, 5 friends started a rumour.
They agreed that they would each tell the
rumour to two different friends the next
day. On each day that followed, every
person who just heard the rumour would
tell another two people who had not heard
the rumour. Which equation describes the
relation between the number of days that
have elapsed, d, and the number of people,
P, who hear the rumour on that day?
A P525 d
B P 5 5  2
7. Build or sketch a model that shows
an exponential growing pattern that is
doubling from one term to the next.
a) Sketch the first three terms of the model.
b) Make a table of values that relates the
number of objects to the term number.
c) Graph the relation.
d) Find the first and second differences.
e) Write an equation for this model.
f) Give at least three reasons that confirm
d that the pattern is exponential in nature.

( _12 ) ( _15 )
d d
C P55 D P 5 2  8. Match each graph with its corresponding
equation.
_
1
2. What is the value of 4 2 ?
a)
A 2 B  _1 C
_1 D
_
1 y
2 2 16 8
3. Which is the correct equation when y 5 5 x
6
is translated 3 units down and 4 units left?
A y 5 5x  4  3 B y 5 5x  4  3 4

C y 5 5x  3  4 D y 5 5x  3  4 2

4. Which is correct about exponential x

—4 —2 0 2 4
functions?
A The ratio of successive first differences
b)
is constant. y

B The first differences are constant. 8

C The first differences are zero. 6

D The second differences are constant.
4
5. Evaluate. Express your answers as integers
2
or fractions in lowest terms.
_1
a) 49 2 b) 53 c) (4)0 —4 —2 0 2 4 x
_1 _5
( _34 )
4
d) 16 4 e) (8) 3 f)
c)
_
1 _
4
_ _
y
g) ( 64 )
27 3
h) ( 8
125 ) 3

6. Simplify. Express your answers using only 6

positive exponents.
a) (x2)(x3)(x4) b)
_
p 3 4
p2
2
_1 _2
c) (2k4)1 d) (a 2 )(a 3 )
_2 _1 —4 —2 0 2 4 x
e) (y 3 )6 f) (u 2 v3)2

212 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3

 d)
y
12. a) Sketch the function y 5  ( _12 )2
x3
1

8 by applying transformations to the

graph of the base function y 5 2x.
6
b) For the transformed function, find the
4 i) domain

2 ii) range
iii) equation of the asymptote
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
13. The height, h, of a square-based pyramid
is related to its volume, V, and base side
A y 5 x2
length, b, by the equation h 5 3Vb2. A
B y 5 2x square-based pyramid has a volume of
C y 5 2x 6250 m3 and a base side length of 25 m.
Find its height.
( _12 )
x
D y5
14. The population of Pebble Valley over a
9. a) Sketch the graph of the function period of 5 years is shown.
y52 x–5
 3.
Year Population
b) Identify the 0 2000
i) domain 1 2150
ii) range 2 2300
iii) equation of the asymptote 3 2500
4 2700
10. Describe the transformation(s) that map the
5 2950
base function y 5 8x onto each function.
a) y 5 _ (8x)
1 a) Make a scatter plot for this relationship.
b) y 5 84x
3 Do the data appear to be exponential in
c) y 5 –8–x d) y 5 8–3x – 6 nature? Explain your reasoning.
b) Find the equation of the curve of best
11. A radioactive substance with an initial
fit.
mass of 80 mg has a half-life of 2.5 days.
c) Limit the domain of the function so that
a) Write an equation to relate the mass
it accurately models this situation.
remaining to time.
d) Predict the population of Pebble Valley
b) Graph the function. Describe the shape
7 years after the first table entry. State
of the curve.
any assumptions you must make.
c) Limit the domain so that the model
e) How long will it take for the town to
accurately describes the situation.
double in size? State any assumptions
d) Find the amount remaining after you must make.
i) 10 days
ii) 15 days
e) How long will it take for the sample to
decay to 5% of its initial mass?

Chapter 3 Practice Test • MHR 213

Task Radioactive Isotopes

Radioactive isotopes are used in nuclear medicine to allow physicians

to explore bodily structures in patients. Very small quantities of these
isotopes, such as iodine-131 (I-131; half-life 8.065 days), are injected into
patients. The isotopes are traced through the body so a medical diagnosis
can be made. These elements have a very short half-life, so the label on the
bottle will state the radioactivity of the element (the amount of the element
that remains) at a particular moment in time.
a) A bottle of I-131 is delivered to a hospital on September 5. It states on
the label that the radioactivity at 12:00 p.m. on September 10 will be
380 megabecquerels (MBq).
i) Write a defining equation for the relationship between the amount of
radioactivity and the time since the bottle was delivered.
ii) What is the radioactive activity at
• 12:00 p.m. on the delivery day?
• 6:00 a.m. on September 25?
iii) Sketch the graph of this relationship.

b) Effective half-life is the time required for a radioactive isotope contained

in a body to reduce its radioactivity by half, due to a combination of
radioactive decay and the natural elimination of the isotope from the
body. In patients with Graves disease, the effective half-life of
I-131 is 62.5% of the normal half-life. In patients with a disease called
toxic nodular goitre, the effective half-life is 75% of the normal
half-life. Compare these results to the standard rate of decay for I-131
numerically, graphically, and algebraically.
c) Research one of the topics below and write a short report on your
findings.
• other radioactive isotopes that are used in medical diagnoses or
treatments
• diseases that can be treated with radioactive isotopes
• the production and transport of radioactive isotopes
• the training required for medical personnel to use radioactive isotopes

218 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 3