Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
On
Internet Of Things
of
the degree of
Bachelors of technology
In
Engineering
TECHNOLOGY,BADDI(HP)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would also like to thank Head-Civil Engineering Department, TPO and all the
faculty members of MAHARAJA AGRASEN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
for their critical advice and guidance without which this project would not have
been possible.
Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother and friends for their constant
encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this report is to introduce the various aspect of internet of things
which play a key role in our day to day life such as for automation ,smart city
,smart street light ,water distribution etc.
Contents
1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
6 REFRENCES
7 Appendix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Introduction to IOT
The idea of adding sensor and intelligence to basic objects was discussed
throughout the 1980s and 1990s (and there are arguably some much earlier
ancestors), but apart from some early projects -- including an internet-connected
vending machine -- progress was slow simply because the technology wasn't ready.
Processors that were cheap and power-frugal enough to be all but disposable were
required before it became cost-effective to connect up billions of devices.
The adoption of RFID tags-- low-power chips that can communicate wirelessly --
solved some of this issue, along with the increasing availability of broadband
internet and cellular and wireless networking. The adoption of IPv6 -- which,
among other things, should provide enough IP addresses for every device the world
(or indeed this galaxy) is ever likely to need -- was also a necessary step for the
IoT to scale. Kevin Ashton coined the phrase 'Internet of Things' in 1999, although
it took at least another decade for the technology to catch up with the vision.
"The IoT integrates the interconnectedness of human culture -- our 'things' -- with
the interconnectedness of our digital information system -- 'the internet.' That's the
IoT,"
Adding RFID tags to expensive pieces of equipment to help track their location
was one of the first IoT applications. But since then, the cost of adding sensors and
an internet connection to objects has continued to fall, and experts predict that this
basic functionality could one day cost as little as 10 cents, making it possible to
connect nearly everything to the internet.
The IoT was initially most interesting to business and manufacturing, where its
application is sometimes known as machine-to-machine (M2M), but the emphasis
is now on filling our homes and offices with smart devices, transforming it into
something that's relevant to almost everyone. Early suggestions for internet-
connected devices included 'blog objects' (objects that blog and record data about
themselves to the internet), ubiquitous computing invisible computing, and
pervasive computing. However, it was Internet of Things and IoT that stuck.
Interfacing of LCD
A Liquid Crystal Display is an electronic device that can be used to show
numbers or text. There are two main types of LCD display, numeric displays
(used in watches ,calculators etc) and alphanumeric text displays (often used in
devices such as photocopiers and mobile telephones).The display is made up of
a number of shaped ‘crystals’. In numeric displays these crystals are shaped into
‘bars’, and in alphanumeric displays the crystals are simply arranged into
patterns of ‘dots’. Each crystal has an individual electrical connection so that
each crystal can be controlled independently.
When the crystal is ‘off’ (i.e. when no current is passed through the crystal) the
crystal reflect the same amount of light as the background material, and so the
crystals cannot be seen. However when the crystal has an electric current passed
through it, it changes shape and so absorbs more light. This makes the crystal
appear darker to the human eye - and so the shape of the dot or bar can be seen
against the background.
On most LCD displays there is memory for 40 characters on each line. Each
space in the RAM memory can be thought of as a ‘box’ which is ready to hold a
single character.
Introduction to Arduino
Introduction to ESP8266
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP
protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network.
The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi
networking functions from another application processor.
Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set
firmware meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and get
about as much Wi-Fi-ability as a Wi-Fi Shield offers (and that’s just out of the
box).The ESP8266module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge, and
ever growing, community.
ESP 8266 Applications
Smart power plugs
Home automation
Mesh network
Industrial wireless control
IP Cameras
Sensor networks
Wearable electronics
Wi-Fi location-aware devices
Security ID tags
Raspberry pi
I n t o d a y’ s w o r l d w e a l l a r e w e l l a c q u a i n t e d wi t h o u r n a t i o n ’ s
e n e r g y s c e n a r i o . We are well aware of the fact that not only the available
power is less than the demand but also it is being wasted on a large scale .The
wastage is in the form of unnecessary usages of light .So we need an efficient
and renewable energy systems that has long term advantages. O u r p r o j e c t i s
a b o u t i n t e l l i g e n t S o l a r Li g h t e n i n g S ys t e m u s i n g l o w c o s t
microcontroller and two way modules to control traffic using smart sensors. It
is
a w i r e l e s s s ys t e m t h a t i s e f f i c i e n t , c o s t e f f e c t i v e , p r a c t i c a l , e c o
f r i e n d l y e a s i l y accessible, and automatic using renewable energy sources like
solar panels and led.
Overview
Street lighting is one of the important parts of a city’s infrastructure where the
main function is to illuminate the city’s streets during daily hours of the day. The
project proposes a smart energy efficient street lighting system based on low cost
microcontroller and using two way Street module. The main objective is to design
energy efficient based controller for controlling the light emitting diode based
streetlamp via appropriate lighting levels control. This system consists of a
microcontroller, light Sensor, current Sensor, laser Sensor ,Module and a set of
the light emitting diode module. While , the controlling and managing of the
system is based on the presence of traffic and environmental conditions. +our
different levels of streetlight brightness has been used for lighting up the street
proportional to the different situations (discussed later). The system was
programmed to automatically turn off during the hours of daylight and only
operate during the night and heavy raining or bad weather. The system also uses a
manual mode to operate it form a remote place but according to the given
conditions. Several numbers of tests have been conducted to test and validate the
proposed prototype in the different environment .While using a solar panel the
system offers reduction in power consumption. &ach pole is working as an
independent unit and is robust ,efficient and intelligent. Around 11/$2-/ reduction
in power consumption can be achieved through this proposed system if it were to
use on the e3isting power lines. Hardware used in IOT based Smart Parking
System
PIR Sensor
PIR sensor detects a human being moving around within approximately
10m from the sensor. This is an average value, as the actual detection
range is between 5m and 12m.PIR are fundamentally made of a pyro
electric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. For items that
need to discover when an individual has left or entered the area. PIR
sensors are incredible, they are flat control and minimal effort, have a wide
lens range, and are simple to interface with.
Most PIR sensors have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. One pin
will be ground, another will be signal and the last pin will be power. Power
is usually up to 5V. Sometimes bigger modules don’t have direct output and
instead just operate a relay which case there is ground, power and the two
switch associations. Interfacing PIR with microcontroller is very easy and
simple. The PIR acts as a digital output so all you need to do is listening for
the pin to flip high or low. The motion can be detected by checking for a
high signal on a single I/O pin. Once the sensor warms up the output will
remain low until there is motion, at which time the output will swing high for
a couple of seconds, then return low. If motion continues the output will
cycle in this manner until the sensors line of sight of still again. The PIR
sensor needs a warm-up time with a specific end goal to capacity fittingly.
This is because of the settling time included in studying nature’s domain.
This could be anyplace from 10-60 seconds.
Jump wire
A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, jumper cable, DuPont wire, or
DuPont cable) is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or
pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally
used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test
circuit, internally
or with other equipment or components, without soldering.
Arduino Microcontroller
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs,16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC
adapter.
ESP8266 NODEMCU
Node MCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on
the ESP-12 module. The term "Node MCU" by default refers to the firmware
rather than the development kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It
is based on the eLua project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266.
It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson, and spiffs.
CHAPTER IV : Result and Discussion
The main aim of project is to automatic switch ON/OFF the street light by sensing
the vehicles or human body radiation. In this projects IR’s and PIR’s are used for
sensing the human body and the vehicles. As the sensor senses the human body or
the vehicles the street light associated with respect to that sensor will switch ON &
OFF after certain time.
CHAPTER V: Future scope of training & conclusion
It can also be used as Consumer applications such as smart home, elder care etc.
It can also used as Smart home i.e.: IOT devices are a part of the larger
concept of home automation, which can include lighting, heating and air
conditioning, media and security systems. Long term benefits could include
energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are turned
off.
It can also used as Elder care i.e. : One key application of smart home is to
provide assistance for those with disabilities and elderly individuals. These
home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's
specific disabilities. Voice control can assist users with sight and mobility
limitations while alert systems can be connected directly to cochlear
implants worn by hearing impaired users.
It can also used as Medical and healthcare i.e.: The Internet of Medical
Things is an application of the IoT for medical and health related purposes,
data collection and analysis for research, and monitoring. This ‘Smart
Healthcare’, as it can also be called, led to the creation of a digitized
healthcare system, connecting available medical resources and healthcare
services.
It can also used as Transportation i.e.: The IoT can assist in the integration
of communications, control, and information processing across various
transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of
transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or
user). Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport system
enables inter and intra vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart
parking and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety and , electronic
toll collection systems, logistic ad assistance Building and home automation
It can also used as Manufacturing i.e.: The IOTcan realize the seamless
integration of various manufacturing devices equipped with sensing,
identification, processing, communication, actuation, and networking
capabilities. Based on such a highly integrated smart cyber physical space, it
opens the door to create whole new business and market opportunities for
manufacturing. Network control and management of manufacturing
equipment, asset and situation management, or manufacturing process
control bring the IoT within the realm of industrial applications and smart
manufacturing as well. The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid
manufacturing of new products, dynamic response to product demands,
and real-time optimization of manufacturing production and supply chain
networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems together.
It can also used as Agriculture i.e.: There are numerous IOTapplications in
farming such as collecting data on temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind
speed, pest infestation, and soil content. This data can be used to automate
farming techniques, take informed decisions to improve quality and
quantity, minimize risk and waste, and reduce effort required to manage
crops. For example, farmers can now monitor soil temperature and
moisture from afar, and even apply IoT-acquired data to precision
fertilization programs
It can also used as Infrastructure applications i.e. :Monitoring and
controlling operations of sustainable urban and rural infrastructures
like bridges, railway tracks and on- and offshore wind-farms is a key
application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure can be used for monitoring
any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise
safety and increase risk. IoT can benefit the construction industry by
cost saving, time reduction, better quality workday, paperless workflow
and increase in productivity. It can help in taking faster decisions and
save money with Real-Time Data Analytics. It can also be used for
scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by
coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of
these facilities. IoT devices can also be used to control critical
infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT
devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve
incident management and emergency response coordination, and
quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all
infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste management can
benefit from automation and optimization that could be brought in by
the IoT.
It can also used as Metropolitan scale deployments i.e.: There are several
planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better
management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, the
first of its kind fully equipped and wired smart city, is gradually being built,
with approximately 70 percent of the business district completed as of June
2018. Much of the city is planned to be wired and automated, with little or
no human intervention.
It can also used as Energy management i.e.: Significant numbers of energy-
consuming devices (e.g. switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.)
already integrate Internet connectivity, which can allow them to
communicate with utilities to balance power generation and energy usage
and optimize energy consumption as a whole. These devices allow for
remote control by users, or central management via a cloud-based
interface, and enable functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on
or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.).
The smart grid is a utility-side IoT application; systems gather and act on
energy and power-related information to improve the efficiency of the
production and distribution of electricity.
CONCLUSION
We have learnt about various aspects of IOT in which we have made different
program based on lcd interfacing, learn about sensors, modules etc. By using
arduino we can automates home appliances , street lights , footmats etc. We have
also done a project on Smart Street Light whose main aim is to automatic switch
ON/OFF the street light by sensing the vehicles or human body radiation. In this
projects IR’s and PIR’s are used for sensing the human body and the vehicles. As
the sensor senses the human body or the vehicles the street light associated with
respect to that sensor will switch ON & OFF after certain time.
REFRENCES:
1. Brown, Eric (13 September 2016). "Who Needs the Internet of Things?".
Linux.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
2. Brown, Eric (20 September 2016). "21 Open Source Projects for IoT".
Linux.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
3. "Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative". ITU. Retrieved 26 June
2015.
4. Hendricks, Drew. "The Trouble with the Internet of Things". London
Datastore. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
5. Wigmore, I. (June 2014). "Internet of Things (IoT)". TechTarget.
6. "Internet of Things (IoT)". gatewaytechnolabs.com.
7. "The "Only" Coke Machine on the Internet". Carnegie Mellon University.
Retrieved 10 November 2014.
8. "Internet of Things Done Wrong Stifles Innovation". InformationWeek. 7 July
2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
APPENDIX
double Voltage = 0;
double VRMS = 0;
double AmpsRMS = 0;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
esp8266.begin(115200);
sendCommand("AT",5,"OK");
sendCommand("AT+CWMODE=1",5,"OK");
sendCommand("AT+CWJAP=\""+ AP +"\",\""+ PASS +"\"",20,"OK");
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
Voltage = getVPP();
VRMS = (Voltage/2.0) *0.707;
AmpsRMS = (VRMS * 1000)/mVperAmp;
Serial.print(AmpsRMS);
Serial.println(" Amps RMS");Serial.println(String(AmpsRMS));
}
int getSensorData(){
return ldrVal; // Replace with
}
int getCurrentsensorValue()
{return AmpsRMS;
}
void sendCommand(String command, int maxTime, char readReplay[]) {
Serial.print(countTrueCommand);
Serial.print(". at command => ");
Serial.print(command);
Serial.print(" ");
while(countTimeCommand < (maxTime*1))
{
esp8266.println(command);//at+cipsend
if(esp8266.find(readReplay))//ok
{
found = true;
break;
}
countTimeCommand++;
}
if(found == true)
{
Serial.println("Ok");
countTrueCommand++;
countTimeCommand = 0;
}
if(found == false)
{
Serial.println("Fail");
countTrueCommand = 0;
countTimeCommand = 0;
}
found = false;
}
float getVPP()
{
float result;
return result;
}