SPE-190462-MS

A Successful ASP Sweep Evaluation in a Field Pilot

S. Guntupalli and J. Kechichian, Petroleum Development Oman; A. Al-Yaarubi and A. Al-Amri, Schlumberger; M.
Al-Amri, G Al-Hinai, and K. Al-Shuaili, Petroleum Development Oman; Y. Svec, Shell Development Oman LLC; Y.
Al Habsi, Schlumberger

Copyright 2018, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE EOR Conference at Oil and Gas West Asia held in Muscat, Oman, 26-28 March 2018.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
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consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may
not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract
A field in southern Oman has been identified for conducting an alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) pilot
project to enhance oil recovery. The potential benefit from ASP flooding had been estimated to be
significant, based on coreflood investigations and single-well tests. The ASP pilot was initiated to derisk
and support the financial investment decision for full-field implementation.
The vertical saturation estimates were obtained through state-of-the-art nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) technology in the observation well, which was completed with fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) casing
and located midway between the injector and a producer of the pilot. Laboratory ASP flood experiments
demonstrated that NMR response is insensitive to the chemistry of ASP/polymer solutions. The tool
response provides salinity-independent inference for saturation profiling. These characteristics of NMR
technology make it a suitable saturation monitoring tool for fields applying chemical enhanced oil recovery
(EOR).
The pilot was executed with several phases, starting with pre-ASP waterflooding. This was followed by
ASP slug injection, which, in turn, was followed by polymer chase and, ultimately, by chase water injection.
The base vertical saturation profile was established during the last stage of the pre-ASP waterflooding
phase. The time-lapse vertical saturation profiles facilitated estimation of incremental desaturation during
and after every stage of the injection phases. The dedicated multiphase flowmeters for each producer have
also provided realtime oil production profiles to quantify the incremental oil production.
During the ASP pilot, NMR indicated the formation of an oil bank and desaturation due to ASP. This
paper discusses the results of NMR during ASP pilot and the insights that NMR brings into understanding
of subsurface performance and vertical sweep due to ASP.

Introduction
This paper addresses sweep efficiency of an ambitious chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) pilot. The
subject field (field A) is a large brownfield operated by Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) in the
southern flank of the south Oman salt basin (Fig. 1). The Al Khlata formation is the principal oil-bearing
reservoir in the field. The field is unconformably overlain by the Cretaceous Nahr-Umr shale, which acts
2 SPE-190462-MS

as the caprock. The Al Khlata formation comprises glacial sediments that are subdivided based on the
biostratigraphy into Al Khlata P.1, Al Khlata P.5, and Al Khlata P.9. In the subject field, Al Khlata P.9 is the
dominant oil-bearing reservoir (Fig. 2). Table 1 summarizes reservoir and fluid properties of the Al Khlata
reservoir. As shown, the oil in Al Khlata has moderate-to-low API gravity (22°API) and viscosity of 90 cP.

Figure 1—Location of field A in southern Oman.

Figure 2—Generalized cross section of field A in southern Oman.

SPE-190462-MS 3

Table 1—Summary of reservoir and fluid properties.

Property Value

Porosity (%) ~30

Absolute permeability (md) 2000-5000

Initial pressure (Kpa) at datum 9310

Current pressure (Kpa) at datum ~8000 Kpa

Oil API (°API) 22

GOR (v/v) bubble point 24

Formation temperature (°C) 46

Irreducible water saturation (Swr) 0.16

Residual oil saturation (Sor) 0.28

Water endpoint relative permeability (Krw) 0.35

Oil endpoint relative permeability (Kro) 0.75

Oil viscosity (cP) at bubble point 90

Formation water salinity (ppm) (NaCl eq) 4600

Water viscosity (cP) 0.54

The development of Field A commenced in 1980. The primary drive mechanism was depletion followed
by strong water-drive early in the life of the field using vertical producers. Reservoir pressure sharply
declined in some parts of the reservoir. This was partially associated with a sharp increase in gas/oil ratio
GOR. Full field waterflood development was initially postponed due to the adverse oil/water mobility ratio
(Table 1).
Experiments with steam-flood and polymer EOR were conducted between 1985 and 1989 using small
field pilots (Choudhuri et al. 2008). Poor vertical permeability and high lateral heterogeneity resulted in
poor steam sweep efficiency. Thus, steamflood was considered unattractive. The polymer injection resulted
in a sharp increase in oil cut in the producers and the polymer degradation was insignificant. Subsequently,
a polymer extension pilot was carried out in 1991 at a larger well spacing. This extension gave mixed
results and it was therefore considered unattractive at the oil price prevalent at the time. The waterflood
development in depleted areas was adopted following a successful pilot in 1996. The waterflood was later
coupled with horizontal wells aiming to reverse the sharp production decline. Based on the results, it
was evident that development of each catchment area needed to be carried out separately. The waterflood
development continued until 2010. Later, polymer flood was added in select areas. This has effectively
reduced the water-cut and resulted in sizable incremental oil gain. Since then, both waterflood and polymer
development phases have continued. Nevertheless, various studies have concluded that significant oil is
still left behind. For example, analysis on core samples showed residual oil saturation of 28% due to water
injection as shown in Table 1. Of course, away from ideal laboratory conditions, this value is expected to be
much higher in the reservoir as we will see. Thus, various other EOR techniques were considered to further
enhance recovery. The alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) flooding was foreseen as a potential option in view
of high residual oil saturation coupled with favorable reservoir properties/conditions and fluid properties
(Al-Sulaimani et al. 2014). These conditions included, for instance, low reservoir temperature of only 46°C,
high permeability (> 1 darcy), high acid number of the crude oil (~ 0.7 mg KOH/g oil), and low formation
water salinity with minimal amount of divalent ions (~ 40 ppm) imparting reduced scaling tendency. Field
studies estimated that the ASP could yield 3.0 × 107 m3 of additional oil in the next 25 years (Al-Shuaili
et al. 2016).
4 SPE-190462-MS

ASP flooding as a field development option for the Al Khalata P.9 reservoir was initially considered
during the 2006 field development plan (FDP) study. Since then, extensive research work has been
conducted to refine this EOR process. This included 1) phase-behavior tests aimed at identifying a suitable
surfactant formula; 2) outcrop rock core-flood to test formulation performance in porous media and to
determine the flood viscosity and slug size; 3) rock core-floods to mimic performance in analog reservoir
material and to measure surfactant adsorption and alkali consumption; 4) bottle test experiments to screening
for demulsifiers; 5) "flow loop" facility simulation to test emulsion breaking methods under dynamic
conditions; 6) single chemical tracer test in two producers to estimate the remaining oil saturation before
and after ASP injection and test the injectivity of high viscous fluids at well level; 7) laboratory study to
establish nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) feasibility to monitor desaturation during water, ASP and
polymer flood; 8) single-well in situ EOR evaluation to demonstrate oil desaturation due to ASP in in-situ
reservoir conditions and the feasibility of wireline NMR tool to measure the residual oil saturation (Arora
et al. 2010 and Ramamoorthy et al. 2011).
The core-scale laboratory study using analog rock, reservoir fluids and actual EOR agents, and the
single-well evaluation showed that the ASP flooding could potentially yield 100% recovery at small scale.
Reservoir numerical simulations coupled with laboratory and single-well results showed that full-field ASP
flooding can yield an incremental oil recovery of approximately 20% over waterflood at competitive unit
technical cost (UTC). Due to the large capex involved, a multi-well field pilot was necessary to assess
operational challenges and the economic attractiveness.

ASP Pilot Design

The field pilot comprised a 1.4-acre (75 m × 75 m) inverted 5-spot pattern that consisted of seven wells
(Fig. 3). These included four corner producers, one center injector, one data gathering observation well, and
one sampling observation well. The 75-m producer-to-producer distance was selected to achieve early ASP
flood response and so the trial could be completed within 1 year of injection at the target injection rate of
300 m3/d. The main production zone, P94, a subunit of Al Khlata P.9, was considered for this pilot. The
pattern was designed to have three wells completed with beam pump lift and one with a progressing cavity
pump (PCP). As per the project design, the production is constrained at 150 m3/d per producer with the
injection being maintained at 300 m3/d. A custom-built surface facility was designed to mix and deliver the
required chemicals and asses and treat incoming fluids trough a specialized flow loop. Incremental oil gain
was measured using dedicated multiphase flowmeters at each producer to reduce uncertainties and thereby
improve accuracy in quantification of incremental oil gain due to ASP. Downhole desaturation assessments
were carried out through detailed surveillance activities that involved a comprehensive suite of logs and
evaluation tools. This included techniques that were used for the first time.
The pilot pattern was waterflooded for approximately 1 year to understand the local reservoir behavior,
well connectivity, and, most importantly, the baseline reference saturation, as well as in-situ waterflood
residual oil saturation. The chemical flood started with injection of 0.33 pore volume (PV) with 50 cP
viscosity of ASP solution. This was followed by 0.9 PV of polymer chase (50 cP), and, finally, completed
with injection of 0.9 PV of chase water (Al-Shuaili, et al. 2018).
The data-gathering observation well is located halfway between the injector and producer P1. The well
was purposely drilled at 10° deviation. This is to force logging tools with azimuthal contact pads to align
themselves to the same side every time they are deployed throughout the pilot. This well was purposely
completed with 7-in. fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) casing. As per the plan, the original open hole was
drilled with an 8 ½-in. bit size. However, the hole was later underreamed to 9 ½-in. to accommodate
unforeseen thick casing couplings. These couplings were also found to contain electrically conductive
material that affected NMR tool response. The data against these couplings had, hence, to be ignored and
the results against these intervals were masked in the log plots presented in this paper.
SPE-190462-MS 5

Figure 3—ASP pilot pattern layout.

Role of Surveillance
The well and reservoir surveillance strategy is designed to monitor lateral and vertical flooding conformance
across the area and throughout all phases of the pilot. Surveillance objectives included oil desaturation
monitoring at the data-gathering observation well and the EOR fluid front monitoring as it advances from
injector towards producers. In addition, the gathered information is used to provide understanding of the
impact of reservoir heterogeneity and other subsurface structural features such as faults known to exist in
the pilot region. The surveillance plan includes periodic collection of reservoir pressure data, tracer survey,
saturation logs, and production logs (PLs) at injectors and selected producers. The current paper essentially
addresses vertical sweep efficiency assessment as seen at the observation well.
The success of this ASP pilot is assessed by demonstrating hydrocarbon desaturation to less than 10%
at observation well location. This criterion is required to be met in at least one sand layer of the targeted
reservoir. Therefore, the two focus areas of the data gathering in observation well 1 (OBS-1) were the
assessment of average sweep efficiency and vertical sweep conformance. Various saturation logging tools
were utilized for these objectives, including
1. Induction resistivity
2. Carbon-oxygen (C/O) logging using a pulsed neutron logging tool (PNL)
3. Multidimensional radial NMR logging
Resistivity is often the preferred choice for saturation estimation in petroleum industry due to its
robustness, simplicity, and deep reading. Sufficient conductivity contrast between water and hydrocarbon
is essential for the derivation of saturation from resistivity logging. For time-lapse logging, such as that
required for surveillance purposes, it is important that water conductivity and the saturation exponent remain
unaltered. These requirements are not strictly met when the ASP is injected into the reservoir as follows:
6 SPE-190462-MS

a. The salinity of the aqueous phase is expected to increase because the ASP is more saline (~20,000
ppm) compared to the connate water salinity of 4,600 ppm.
b. Rock wettability is also altered by the surfactant agent in the ASP, which reduces the interfacial tension
to ultralow values. This will consequently change the saturation exponent (n).
For these reasons, time-lapse resistivity measurements had limited applicability to qualitatively monitor
vertical conformance of sweep. Against this, the PNL C/O logging is an alternative because it is independent
of salinity. Furthermore, the low carbon density of alkaline (Na2CO3) at 20,000 ppm will not adversely
affect the interpretation. However, PNL logging is sensitive to hole rugosity due to its radial geometrical
response function and shallow depth of investigation (DOI). In addition, the observation well is cased
with fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) casing that contributes some small amount of carbon. Moreover, the
characterization required to inverse PNL C/O measured response into saturation is not yet developed for
plastic-based casings. These limitations also restricted the use of the C/O logging to provide oil saturation at
the desired accuracy. Nevertheless, both induction resistivity and C/O logging were continued for qualitative
assessment purposes.
NMR logging, which is sensitive to fluid volumes, was envisioned to provide a robust alternative to the
traditional methods that are affected by the conditions discussed above. Prior to field implementation, NMR
was successfully used to measure desaturation during ASP coreflood experiments (Mitchell et al. 2012).
The same technique was applied during the single-well experiment (Arora et. Al. 2010 & Ramamoorthy
et al. 2011). To deploy this technology in the observation well, it was necessary to complete this well with
plastic-based casing that is transparent to NMR. To further qualify this, the designated FRP casing was first
tested in the laboratory using the downhole NMR logging tool. These tests played a pivotal role in qualifying
NMR as a robust saturation logging tool for measuring behind FRP casing at the desired accuracy.
The laboratory coreflood further helped in developing interpretation protocols for inverting NMR data
into saturation profiles. The coreflood experiments were done on Bentheimer analog core plugs saturated
with the subject field’s crude oil and synthetic brine. The samples were then flooded with the actual EOR
agents (water, polymer, and ASP) planned for the field pilot. These coreflood experiments were made at
in-situ reservoir conditions. A laboratory NMR apparatus was used to estimate oil saturation at every stage
of coreflooding. Two-dimensional maps of diffusion (D) and transverse relaxation time (T2) were used to
discriminate and quantify the fluids, as shown in Fig. 4. These D-T2 maps were also used to estimate the
optimum T2 cutoff at each stage. NMR estimates were in excellent agreement with the effluent volumes as
shown in Fig. 5 (Mitchell et al. 2012). The saturation estimate was found to fall within 5% uncertainty over
the full measured range. Moreover, it was observed that small variations in the cutoffs resulted in negligible
changes in the estimated saturations. This is important to account for possible changes of fluid composition
and their proportionalities during the pilot duration.
SPE-190462-MS 7

Figure 4—D-T2 2D map of bulk fluids.

Figure 5—Crossplot of laboratory NMR measured saturations vs. effluent volumes.

8 SPE-190462-MS

Saturation Monitoring with NMR

Saturation monitoring was primarily made using a downhole field-gradient NMR device capable of
acquiring data in saturation profiling (SP) mode (Hürlimann et al. 2002). This tool simultaneously measures
longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times and molecular diffusion (D) at discrete resonant
volumes or "shells". The shells are located at several DOIs, as shown in Fig. 6. The deepest shell has DOI
of 4 in. To ensure consistency, data acquisition "standard operation procedures" and interpretation protocols
were developed as follows:

• All the time-lapse measurements were repeated using the same device to eliminate potential tool-
to-tool variability. The 10° hole deviation ensured that the tool sensors are always facing the same
side of the hole.
• The NMR was recorded in three passes at logging speed of 40 ft/hr. Various acquisitions were
tested that included different combined shells or even a single deep shell. The acquisition sequence
at shallower DOI is statistically better as measurements are acquired at shorter echo spacing.
However, these were of limited use for saturation monitoring. For example, data acquired in the
first shell (SH1) at DOI of 1.5 in. was largely seen to be affected by cement/rugosity. The fourth
shell (SH4) and eighth shell (SH8), respectively at DOI of 2.7 and 4-in., were directly probing into
the formation unaffected by the cement. These two shells were simultaneously acquired in depth
and time domains throughout the campaign.
• In addition to slow logging passes, several (SH4 & SH8) stationary measurements were routinely
acquired. The stationary measurements were aimed at the same depths every time. These stations
provided highest signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) at discrete depths.
• The recorded raw echoes were first laterally stacked. The stacked data were then inverted for T1,
T2, and D, during which data are further vertically stacked at three depth levels.
• The inverted 2D maps are used to quantify volumetric contribution of each fluid type. The oil limit
of 2 ms to 200 ms was applied, similar to coreflood experiments. Over this relaxation time interval,
all measured NMR signal was attributed to oil. The D-T2 maps played a vital role in determining
these cutoffs, as shown in Fig. 7.
• The amount of capillary bound water was assumed to be negligible in the multidarcy clay-free
rock to eliminate artifacts of processing, although this would result in a small systematic error
in the estimated oil saturation from NMR. It is worth noting that the systematic error in absolute
saturation that arises due to inclusion of capillary bound fluid would not have any bearing on the
estimations of incremental variation (delta) in oil saturation.
• NMR porosity is found to be in deficit compared to density porosity because of the loss of the
short T2 signal of the heavy oil components. The deficit is more pronounced in SH8 than in SH4,
because of the relatively longer echo spacing (TE) of SH8 as compared to that of SH4. Hence, in
inversion for saturation, water volume estimated from NMR and density porosity were used.
SPE-190462-MS 9

Figure 6—Field-gradient NMR tool architecture and the resulting resonant shells and their DOIs (Al-Yaarubi et al. 2015).

Figure 7—D-T2 2D maps of the stationary measurement made at XX17.7 m, clearly showing distinct oil and water signals.

Saturation Monitoring Results

The list of time-lapse saturation snapshots recorded by the NMR tool is shown in Fig. 8. The measurements
were acquired six times during the water phase to record the baseline; this acquisition was followed by
time-lapse logging to monitor flooding progress. This was then followed by closely spaced snapshots after
the onset of ASP injection. These were aimed to capture finer details of subsurface fluid dynamics, such
as mapping the passage of the oil bank and ASP/polymer slug biweekly during ASP and polymer injection
to continually record rapid saturation changes. The logging frequency was later reduced to once a month
because the changes were moderate. Finally, the NMR saturation log frequency was further reduced to
bimonthly during the chase-water injection phase.
10 SPE-190462-MS

Figure 8—List of time-lapse saturation snapshots recorded throughout the entire pilot period.

The set of 17 saturation profile snapshots recorded by the NMR tool over the course of the pilot, across
the P94 reservoir, are shown in Fig. 9. The vertical average oil saturation at each phase is shown on top
of each snapshot in the plot. The initial resistivity-derived openhole saturation is shown in track 5. The
initial saturation shows the flushed zone at the bottom and unflushed zone against most of the P94 reservoir
unit. The last track (track 23) shows three saturation snapshots at the end of each phase: initial, post-
waterflood, and remaining oil saturation at the end of chase-water injection. This figure summarizes the
operation in a single plot. The reduction in oil saturation caused by waterflood is shown in dark blue,
the fraction of desaturation by ASP is in sky blue, and the remaining oil saturation is in red. The almost-
uniform desaturation distribution across the majority of the P94 reservoir unit demonstrates very good sweep
conformance. Waterflood in the pilot reduced the average oil saturation from 81% to 59%, amounting to
22% desaturation. After the onset of ASP injection, the passage of oil bank and the subsequent desaturation
by ASP were clearly seen in NMR derived saturation profiles. The vertical average oil saturation from NMR
data dropped from 59% to 28% due to ASP after waterflood, accounting for about 31% of incremental oil
desaturation. Although the average estimated vertical remaining oil saturation in the reservoir unit at the
end of the pilot is 28%, the remaining saturation is, in fact, found to have reduced down to 10% at one
layer at XX19 m, which is consistent with the dynamic history match parameter of 12% of ASP oil residual
saturation. This shows high efficiency of ASP flood. Similar manifestation of the effective desaturation is
seen on D-T2 2D maps recorded by NMR stations at the middle of the reservoir, as shown in Fig. 10. The D-
T2 2D maps illustrate how oil saturation was continually varying in time during the different phases of ASP
pilot, namely preflush-water injection, ASP injection followed by polymer injection, and, finally, chase-
water injection.

Figure 9—Time-lapse saturation profiles measured by NMR.

SPE-190462-MS 11

Figure 10—Time-lapse D-T2 2D maps from NMR station data at XX26 m in the middle of P94.

The average remaining oil saturation estimated from NMR data at all time-lapse snap shots are presented
in Fig. 11, with pilot activities marked on the vertical average oil saturation-time log.

Figure 11—Average vertical saturation profile in time during the ASP pilot.

Incremental increase in oil rate and reduction in basic sediment and water (BS&W) in all the producer
wells, against the water injection baseline, was observed due to ASP injection, as measured by dedicated
multiphase flowmeters. Total pattern BS&W was reduced by about 20%, as shown in Fig. 12. The estimated
incremental recovery due to ASP is about 30% over that of water-flooding baseline estimated from decline
curve anlysis (Al-Shuaili, et al. 2018).

Figure 12—Well test combined production profile of all pilot producers during the pilot period.
12 SPE-190462-MS

NMR Saturation Uncertainty

NMR data had been processed for saturation quantification, based on T2 distributions, by applying oil
window of 2 to 200 ms. Over this relaxation time interval, all measured NMR signal was attributed to
oil. D-T2 maps obtained from laboratory coreflood and downhole NMR stations played a vital role in
determining these cutoffs. In the laboratory experiments using Bentheimer rock material and the field’s
crude oil, estimated saturations using NMR were directly compared to the expelled fluids. NMR saturation
was found to have precision or repeatability of about +/– 5%. The NMR logging procedure was designed
to achieve this precision throughout the pilot duration (Al-Yaarubi et al. 2015). The NMR logging utilized
pulse sequences that were specially developed to acquire statistically sufficient data at 2.7-in. and 4-in. DOI.
The logging was performed in multipass fashion with each pass acquired at 40 ft/hr and 4-in. sampling
rate. Well deviation of 10° from the vertical guaranteed that the tool antenna would face the low side of
the wellbore every time the measurement was made. This repeatability of the individual passes was within
the required +/–5% as demonstrated by Al-Yaarubi et al. (2015). To further enhance the precision, the raw
echoes from the multiple passes were laterally stacked and thus improve the S/N.
We now consider the accuracy of absolute oil saturation. As seen, the T2 response of the relatively heavy
crude oil overlaps with that of the clay and capillary-bound water (CBW). The diffusion contrast between
these components is poor. This will, in principle, introduce some systematic error in the absolute oil volume.
This error from this source could not, however, be quantified because of lack of information, such as CBW
measurement on representative core material and water-leg in the reservoir unit. The subject reservoir, P94
is a multi-darcy and largely clay-free rock. It could, therefore, be assumed with reasonable confidence that
the contribution of clay and CBW is insignificant. Furthermore, this contribution will be eliminated when
considering relative saturation changes.

Conclusions
This paper demonstrated the role and the importance of surveillance to guide and evaluate the economic
feasibility of EOR. Chemical EOR, such as with ASP, often causes changes in rock characteristics and fluid
chemistries that limit the utilization of traditional saturation logging. We demonstrated that NMR logging
provides a viable solution to measure saturation changes in such circumstances. In addition, field-gradient
NMR tools provide readings in "well-defined measurement volumes" that are sufficiently deep into the
formation, although shallow in absolute terms. NMR logging has a competitive advantage over neutron-
based measurements, especially in rugose borehole or when cement quality is poor. NMR logging essentially
requires an open hole or wells completed using magnetic-transparent materials, such as FRP casing. NMR
logging was utilized as part of the surveillance of ASP pilot in southern Oman in an observation well that
was completed with FRP casing. It is believed that this is the first deployment of an NMR logging device for
such field application. NMR logging was aimed to estimate and continually monitor hydrocarbon saturation
changes vertically across the reservoir. It was demonstrated that NMR is a powerful tool that provides
volumetric quantification with desired precision and also provides useful insights about microprocesses that
take place during EOR flooding. NMR logging provided oil saturation at a precision of +/–5 saturation
units throughout the pilot phases. It should be emphasized that planning that involved laboratory coreflood
feasibility study and standard procedures for data acquisition and interpretation played vital roles in the
success of this project, and close collaboration between all parties involved was critical.

Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Petroleum Development Oman management and the Ministry
of Oil & Gas of Oman for granting permission to publish this paper. We would also like to express thanks to
all those associated with the ASP pilot project for facilitating the surveillance activities. This work would
not have been possible without the inspiring guidance, invaluable support, constructive suggestions, and
SPE-190462-MS 13

collaborative work from Shell and Schlumberger. We are especially indebted to John Edwards, retired
Schlumberger Oman Marketing and Technical Manager and Nate Bachman, Schlumberger NMR Project
Manager for their exceptional support during the concept phase of NMR logging for saturation profiling
behind FRP casing. Authors are thankful to and fortunate enough to get support and technical guidance
from Matthias Appel from Shell Global Solution International BV.

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