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PHYSICS
PHYSICS – is a branch of science, which deals with the study of matter, energy, force, and
motion and the way they relate to each other.
I. MEASUREMENT
a. MEASUREMENT – is the process of determining the amount, quantity, degree,
or capacity by comparison with an accepted standard.
b. PRECISION- is a measure of consistency or repeatability of measurements.
c. ACCURACY – is the degree of exactness of a measurement compared to the
expected value, or the most probable value of the variable being measured.
II. SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
The two major systems of measurement:
1. ENGLISH SYSTEM – used in the United States (and some African Countries)
2. METRIC SYSTEM – used by most of the rest of the industrialized countries. It
is based on power of ten.
III. SYSTEMS OF UNITS
1. FPS – foot-pound-second
2. MKS – meter-kilogram-second
3. CGS – centimeter-gram-second
IV. BASED UNITS and DERIVED UNITS
BASE UNITS – are fundamental units, which are used to form other compound units
for other quantities.
DERIVED UNITS – are formed from combination of basic units.
V. THE SI SYSTEM
In 1960, an international agreement set up a system of units call the International
System or the SI System. (French Systèm International d’Unitès)
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PHYSICS
SI DERIVED UNITS
QUANTITY UNITS EQUIVALENTS
Force Newton N J/m kg-m/s2
Energy Joule J Nm kg-m2/s2
Power Watt W J/s kg-m2/s2
Pressure Pascal Pa N/m2 kg/m-s2
Frequency Hertz Hz Cycle/s 1/s
Electric Charge Coulomb C A-s
Electric Potential Volt V J/C kg-m2/(A-s3)
Electric Resistance Ohm Ω V/A kg-m2/(A2-s3)
Capacitance Farad F C/V A2-s4/(kg-m2)
Magnetic Field Tesla T N-s/(C-m) kg/(A-s2)
Magnetic Flux Weber Wb T-m2 kg-m2/ (A-s2)
Inductance Henry H V-s/A kg-m2/ (A2-s2)
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PHYSICS
SI PREFIXES
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
1024 yotta Y 10-1 deci d
1021 zetta Z 10-2 centi c
1018 exa E 10-3 milli m
1015 peta P 10-6 micro µ
1012 tera T 10-9 nano n
109 giga G 10-12 pico p
106 mega M 10-15 femto f
103 kilo k 10-18 atto a
102 hecto h 10-21 zepto z
101 deka da 10-24 yocto y
VECTOR OPERATIONS
1. Addition: A+B = B+A
2. Subtraction: A-B = A-B
3. Multiplication:
Dot Product: A·B = AB cos Ɵ
Cross Product: A x B =
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PHYSICS
4. Find graphically the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces. Use the
polygon method.
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PHYSICS
5. Two men and a boy want to push a crate in the direction marked x. The two men push
with forces F1 and F2, whose magnitude and directions are indicated in the figure. Find
the magnitude and direction of the smallest force which the boy should exert. Use
parallelogram method.
6. Find graphically the vector sum A+B and the vector difference A-B.
8. Find the Resultant and its direction by polygon and parallelogram method.
Given: F1 = 390N, at 22.620
F2 = 400N, at 400 S of W
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PHYSICS
EXERCISES
1. Three forces that act on a particle are given by F1 = 20i – 36j + 73k N, F2 = -17i + 21j –
46k N, and F3 = -12k N. Find the magnitude of the resultant force.
2. Two forces of 20 units and 30 units act at right angles. What is the magnitude of the
resultant force.
3. The resultant of two forces in a plane is 400 lbs at 1200. If one of the forces is 200 lbs at
20 degrees, what is the other?
4. Determine the resultant of the following coplanar forces: 90 lbs, 210 degrees, 130 lbs,
260 degrees, 15 lbs at 30 degrees, and 55 lbs, 80 degrees.
5. Given the three dimensional vectors:
A = i(xy) +j(2yz) +k(3zx), B = i(yz) +j(2zx) + k(3xy)
Determine the scalar product at the point (1,2,3)
6. What is the cross product AxB of the vectors, A = i+4j+6k and B=2i+3j+5k?
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PHYSICS
EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES:
1. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
2. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
3. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
4. NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
5. FRICTION
EQUILIBRIUM
-body as a whole either remains at rest or moves in a straight line with constant speed.
-body is either not rotating at all or is rotating at a constant rate.
When a body is in equilibrium, the resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero.
R = 0, ∑FX = 0, ∑FY= 0
FRICTION
- is the force that arises to oppose the motion or impending motion of two bodies in
contact.
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PHYSICS
Ff = µN
µ = tanØ
f s = µs N
fk = µ k N
where: µ = coefficient of friction
µs = coefficient of static friction
µk = coefficient of kinetic friction
µs > µk
Ff = frictional force
N = normal force
R = Reaction
P = applied force
Coefficients of Friction
Materials Static, µs Kinetic, µk
Steel on steel 0.74 0.57
Aluminium on steel 0.61 0.47
Copper on steel 0.53 0.36
Brass on steel 0.51 0.44
Zinc on cast iron 0.85 0.21
Copper on cast iron 1.05 0.29
Glass on glass 0.94 0.4
Copper on glass 0.68 0.53
Teflon on Teflon 0.04 0.04
Teflon on steel 0.04 0.04
Examples:
1. A rope is stretched between two rigid poles 40 feet apart. A load of 100 lbs F f = placed
was frictional
at force
the midpoint of the rope that caused it to sag 5 feet. What is the approximate tension in
the rope in lbs? N = Normal force
R = reaction
P = applied force
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PHYSICS
3. An electric post is supported by a guy wire which exerts a pull of 100 N on the top of the
post. If the angle between the guy wire and the wire and the ground is 60 degrees,
determine the vertical component of the force supporting the pole.
4. What force T, an angle of 30 degrees above the horizontal, is required to drag a block
weighing 20N to the right at constant speed, if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
block and surface is 0.20?
5. A 100 kg weight rests on a 30 degrees incline plane. Neglecting friction how much pull
must one exert to bring the weight up the plane?
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PHYSICS
RECTILINEAR MOTION
Motion – is a progressive change of position of the body.
Mechanics – deals with the relations of force, matter, and motion.
Kinematics – branch of mechanics concerned with forces and mathematical methods of
describing motion.
Rectilinear motion – motion of a single particle/body along a straight line or is moving in the
direction parallel to its displacement.
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