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Arunee Kasemphaibulsuk

Quiz 2

1 . What is sprawl and what are the most significant consequences of sprawling
development?
Answer:
Sprawl is a big issue, which the city’s infrastructure can allow to happen. It is when the city and its suburbs is
spreading outward, to its outskirts, to low-density, to auto-dependent development. This can be expanding
over night. There are many kinds of sprawls such as Ball Pork, Big Box, Alligator, Car Glut, Category Killer,
Clustered World, Drive Through, etc. The most important consequence of sprawling development includes that
the urban sprawl within the urban growth boundaries, and large scale development outside them is threatening
the livability of the state’s urban areas. The distance created by sprawl also creates individualism. This will also
lead to auto-dependency, of waste in resources, the inefficient street layouts, the lack of diversity and other
facilities. This will keep underdeveloped land vacant. This will be hard for growth. The sense of community will
also be lacking. For example, LULU (locally undersized land use) could lead to cities unneeded by community
and hated by everybody. However, sprawls mean having more single-family residences on larger scales, but in
lower land prices. This can attract taxpayers to community, to allow developers to build projects. It is because
when there is low density, it makes it very simple and thus easier to build consumers. It allows one to sell
rights to someone else interested through negotiation of the price. This means to keep undeveloped land
vacant and sell them to others that can afford. For instance, Parkchop Lot is to get a lot of the buildings
connected, as a way to sell property, but it is not efficient. Sprawl will create micro communities, when small
towns will represent themselves.
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2 . What are three mechanisms that local government can use to combat sprawl?
Answer:
To combat sprawl is to identify the underdeveloped cities and their relationship with development. Growth
boundaries could be used to keep sprawls from expanding. For example, when there will be no sewage line, or
when water is scarce, it is difficult to develop anything and thus allows rezoning. The local government can also
use substantive paths to sustainable development: Bioregionalism (p. 307), Land Use and Design, and
technological improvements such as alternative fuels, conservation mechanisms, recycling, alternative
materials, and new mass transit design. For Land Use and Design it aims for a balance in how cities,
economies, and ecologies interact. This is to avoid the land-use manifestations of uneven development, such
as housing segregation, unequal property tax funding of public schools, and unequal access to open space and
recreation, etc. Another mechanism to use is Bioregionalism, which is helpful for understanding economic,
social, and ecological conflicts in the area. This is by rescaling communities and the economy, according to the
ecological boundaries of a physical region. It is to encourage sustainability by stimulating environmental
awareness. It is to bypass the environmental problems caused by international trade and pollution. It can be to
know a dependence on other regions’ resources equivalent to depletion. Lastly, the technological improvement
is an approach to reduce the consumption of natural resources by designing outcomes, with less emphasis on
the ways to achieve them. In addition, Local governments could use zoning as a form of “growth management”
in many ways.

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3 . Based on your observation of a community board meeting (either CB#2 or a
makeup meeting), what are three aspects of planning that you saw in play?
Answer:
Three aspects of planning from the NYU community board meeting include the following:
-There is a social aspect in the way NYU are planning. NYU proposes a plan to build many new facilities without
dividing the zone, but instead with multiple parts for the whole thing. However, they are restricting the uses
only for the university. The reason is that they think that the university needs to be closed-knitted and
“vibrant.” However, they did not care about the architectural equity, but business growth, with enough services
for expansion, for transportation. They are matching the density of population, to compare open space and the
amounts of water put into sewage and shading, etc. They see open space as only for developing building.
However, this will increase the pollution.
-There is an environmental aspect in planning: to demap the streets. This is to integrate with the playground,
to make sites more coherent, thus more useful for the whole. Space from sidewalks could be taken. It seems
like they are using state jumping, when they are using the same strategy for local as a case study for a larger
scale. It is a large-scale development plan, with both superblocks across streets from each other, which is
required in conjunction with other plans.
-There is an economic aspect when NYU representatives see the area as a location to get more commercials in.
This is because the area such as Waverly Place could be where production, consumption, distribution, and
innovation take place. For example, they are planning to build more retails, but the residents within the area
need more open space. Thus, they are planning to upgrade the residential zoning to cover more ground areas.
It is to ensure the availability of open space that can serve the need of nearby residents.
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4 . Describe how transfer of development of rights (TDR) works. Why is it considered a "market
mechanism" to manage growth?
Answer:
TDR works by separating the development value of land from its existing use and then “transfers” such value
to another site. This allows owners to sell their development rights to developers in the receiving areas to
develop more closely. However, the process is much more complicated. This is because it designates
preservation areas, where downzoning has reduced development density. Thus, it is considered to be a
“market mechanism.” This mechanism could be used to manage growth by restricting the agricultural use or
the use of open space. This is because the action of compensating property owners to develop a piece of
property is voluntary. In other words, once the rights are sold, conservation is attached to the property owner’s
deed.
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5 . What is smart growth? How can cities encourage smart growth?
Answer:
Smart Growth is a new way of thinking about creating a supportive environment for refocusing a share of
regional growth within central cities and inner suburbs. This includes the growth management efforts of the
previous decades, with the exception that it is much more. It further advocates things such as infill
development or development bypassed by development. For example, it encourages development of
transportation corridors. Smart growth recognizes the fact that one decision can cause repercussions of
another issue. It also advocates investing in areas, where infrastructure already exists. This will strengthen the
regional economy, enhance the quality of life of the residents, and protect the outer-area natural resource
systems. Moreover, cities could encourage smart growth by launching a smart growth initiative. In the
initiative, it could have many types of incentives. For example, it allows townhouses, duplexes, and apartments
in all urban communities. As in King County Comprehensive Plan, the plan protects the commercial forest
lands, by limiting the amount of land that can be cleared for residences. It is also by requiring an approved
forest management plan to accompany all residential permit applications. In addition, some cities will waive
development fees for smart growth projects. Other cities offer expedited processing of development to practice
smart growth. There might be some funds for developments, from the state, in the areas of transportation,
housing, environmental protection.
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6 . What is the goal of the environmental impact assessment process? What are its
strengths and weaknesses?
Answer:
The environmental impact assessment (EIA) process aims to help the general public and government officials
make decisions with the understanding of the environmental consequences of their decisions and take actions
consistent with the goal of protecting, restoring, and enhancing the environment. In short, it is to protect the
environment through prevention. The strengths of the process include taking account the public participation.
It has a relationship to local concerns and the creation of community organizations. Thus, high-quality of the
decisions, the action to avoid public controversy, and to create trust between the developer and others are
crucial. Another strength is that the process is for indicating the consequences of the planning decisions. It is
for identifying the pathways by which both primary and secondary environmental impacts are produced. It is
useful, as it must include all relevant information, from participation of the public, governmental agencies, and
others, on the project. The weaknesses of the process include the condition of having participation, which is not
easy to deal with. With a few people participating, there will be more conflicts. The process is also difficult, as it
requires a multi disciplinary approach. There would be different kinds of knowledge, of worldviews.
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7 . What is a “command and control” regulation? What are the strengths and
weaknesses of this form of environmental policy?
Answer:
The command and control regulation is a traditional form of regulation, with specific limits on each piece of
equipment and each process that contributes to the problem. The focus is on these limits, which will dictate the
company’s management of pollution-generating process. They were based on acts such as Clean Air Act. The
strengths of this method is that it is performance-oritented. The best method to achieve the goal will be easily
identified, as the process is specified by the regulation. Also, its strength derives from the use of law to decide
on what is acceptable. There are rules including unacceptable actions and their penalty set out clearly. The
weakness of this method is that it is quite an expensive method; it needs a certain degree of political
consensus in forcing the consideration to modify approaches; it needs a high level of understanding about the
process. Thus, it is quite political with many rules. It is also quite a fixed and static strategy through
management and measurement approaches. It does not try to avoid the problem. This does little to the active
engagement of a public supporter base. By contrast, flexible and dynamic strategies, based on cooperation and
participation in decision-making processes aiming to adapt, learn, and understand, are more service-like for
citizens.
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8 . Choose one of the federal environmental policies described in Chapter 16 of
Cullingworth & Caves and describe the mechanism(s) by which the legislation
reduces the type of pollution that the law aims to address.
Answer:
One of the most controversial act is the Clean Air Act. This is because air pollution is different among and
within individual states; and also the techniques to measure and to prevent this problem are problematic. In
the past, the control of air pollution was not successful, as with the lack of completion of each state. There
many several mechanisms the legislation uses to reduce air pollution. For example, all new plants are required
to conform to new source performance standards devised separately by EPA for each industry to take account
of costs and the “best available technology.” They include standards known as national ambient air quality
standards, which constitute acceptable levels of pollution (particularly of CO, Ozone, particulate matters,
sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead) in the atmosphere, as the national objective to be met in the
future. Later, there are state implementation plans (SIP) which shows how each state will meet federal air
quality of these particular pollutants.
The 1990 Act controls the requirements for monitoring and maintenance and the amount of allowable
emissions. Moreover, the act also provides an incentive for compact development that discourages the use of
automobiles. They want to discourage traffic by the control of parking and encouraging carpooling. Cars
produced are required to be equipped with “onboard diagnostic systems” featuring dashboard-warning lights
showing when emission control equipment is malfunctioning. They phase out of lead and also for tighter
tailpipe (exhaust) standards. Also, deindustrialization is when the responsibility of emission reduction is placed
onto manufacturing companies. States are only to form these plans by the power of the federal, for highways
and sewage systems. In addition, for the 1990 Act, implementation could be improved. In the future, they aim
for increased penalities for emission offences. The courts have increased powers to compel EPA and the states
to comply with legal requirements. Dirts, mold, and stuff would be controlled. Additionally, in 2007, the US EPA
also has issued a rule defining requirements for state plans to clean the air, to protect both public health and
public welfare in areas with levels of fine particle pollution, not meeting national air quality standards. This
could lead businesses and industries to seek out clean air. There is a huge improvement on air quality, with a
lot of benefits.

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9 . What are the conflicting goals that Campbell suggests make the ideal of
sustainable development so difficult to achieve?
Answer:
(Campbell)
Planners including the government, private sectors, and NGOs in various settings are trying to move
communities toward the three goals of environmental protection, economic development, and social equity.
However, Campbell thinks that this sustainable development is something that cannot be reached directly. This
is because, through programs that accommodate their goals, planners in different institutional and community
settings usually emphasize one aim over the others. It can only be through a sustained period of confronting
and resolving the conflicting goals approximately and indirectly. The conflict goals include property conflicts,
development conflicts, and resource conflicts.
Regarding property conflicts, economic agents have internal conflicts, with some economic advantage,
between management and labor, landlords and tenants, or gentrifying professionals and long-time residents.
This is a complicated conflict, as each side does not only resist each other, but also needs the other for its own
survival; this leads to the situation called “property contradiction.” It is when a capitalist society is trying “to
define property as a private commodity, but at the same time to rely on government intervention to ensure the
beneficial social aspects of the same property.” It also needs to keep the economy flowing. They need to have
high enough accesses to basic needs such as of housing. The conflict defines the boundary between private
interest and the public good.

Resource conflicts happen when the society is trying to set its priorities for natural resources. Especially it is
when business resists the regulation of its exploitation of nature, and at the same time needs regulation to
conserve the resources for present and future demands. Observation of how much labor is needed leads either
to protect or regulate the ecosystem or to use resources to create economic growth. However, they still need
regulation to preserve resources for present and future demands. It is the tension between the economic utility
in industrial society and their ecological utility in the natural environment, between the developed city and the
undeveloped wilderness, symbolized by the “city limits.” The boundary, however, is not fixed, but dynamic
between mutually dependent forces.

Another kind of conflict is the development conflicts, the conflicts with natural environments. It is the
combination of property conflicts and resource conflicts. For example, to increase social equity and protect the
environment at the same time, there start environmental equity disputes about economic growth versus
equity. These efforts to protect the environment might lead to slowed economic growth, with inequalities
between rich and poor nations. This is because “the developed nations would be asking the poorer ones to
forgo rapid development to save the world” such as from the global warming. It could also be between
reducing pollution and making transportation access more equitable, when the bias toward social equity may
be embedded. Moreover, miners, lumberjacks, and mill workers see a link between environmental preservation
and poverty, making them mistrust environmentalists as elitists. Thus, there is no choice between economical
survival and environmental quality for such resource-dependent community.

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1 0 . Planning has never adequately addressed the problems of the urban food
system, though city planners have been involved in reforming aspects of food
production and distribution. Using the Donofrio article, what were the principal limitations of the
“city beautiful,” “city scientific,” and “regional planning” approaches to the food system?
Answer:
To make the cities “more healthful, more efficient, and more moral,” the City Beautiful ideology is against the
presence of market causing litter, congestion, or offensive odor. This is to create “the ideal of city beauty” for
“educational influence.” It is by restricting and regulating activities such as the distribution of advertising
circulars. There are also groupings of municipal and cultural buildings of similar style, height, and color along,
for maximum aesthetics. It includes the idea to enlarge and expand the market by hiring an architect to make
plans for an artistically designed covered walk, as an ornament to the neighborhood. Otherwise, the market
should be relocated to elsewhere. All of this requires the sacrifice of the accessibility of food, besides other
pragmatic issues such as housing conditions and neighborhood crowding. The quality, safety, supply, and cost
of food had to be taken up by the next generation of city planners.

On the other hand, the City Scientific ideology is that “efficiency” superseded “beauty.” With unrealistic ways
with a more socially progressive goal, this ideology fails to consider the more practical needs of the working-
class people. However, this is naïve. Even though it has new, more rigorous ways to the collection and analysis
of data to solve the “problems of convenience, of health, and of efficiency,” the profession of city planning still
struggled to define its aims and methods. For example, the “provision of facilities for a flow of fresh and
abundant food supplies is as much as municipal problem as supplying the city with water or gas” (page 35). In
other words, to distribute food has become a too complex process, as it must take into account of water, gas,
sewage service, etc. Yet, the people underestimated the political economy of the food system. Planners could
not see the entire food system, when they believed that the food comes from the city borders. Some kind of
infrastructure could be developed for people to handle food, for more justice.

The Regional Planning ideology is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the
sustainable growth of a region. It includes all districts and neighborhoods to invest in developing infrastructure.
It emphasizes on the interdependence of city and country; the issues such as ecology and sustainability are
focused. The process includes states, tribes, Federal Land Managers and other Federal agencies, stakeholders
including citizen groups and industry. Thus, it could be to restructure the relationship between human
settlement and the environment. Using this ideology, there were still uncertain, wasteful, and redundant
movements of food in the nation’s largest cities. This made it inefficient, as food production has no regard to
processing plants and consumers. The area also has a certain unity of climate, soil, vegetation, industry, and
culture. Yet, the urban centers and new “regional cities” were sited for a maximum environmental resources
and limited by a “green belt” of forests, parks, and farmlands. The processes, instead, should be to identify
strategies that facilitate the efficient delivery of infrastructure services. This is because food justice is
important for neighborhood’s health, to know what kind of food, and if agriculture can succeed or not.
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