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Pre-Survey: Before the Session
BEFORE the session, how well did you understand each of the Somewha
Not at all Moderately Mostly Completely
following? t
The application of CCSS for English Language Arts / History /
1 2 3 4 5
Social Studies in my content area
The Instructional Shifts 1 2 3 4 5
BEFORE the session, to what extent did you feel competent in Some
Not at all Moderately Mostly Extremely
each of the following areas? what
Implementing the instructional shifts in your instruction 1 2 3 4 5
Developing lesson plans that are aligned to CCSS 1 2 3 4 5
Teaching students grade-level social studies content using
1 2 3 4 5
complex texts aligned to CCSS.
Implementing Research Based Discussion Strategies for whole
1 2 3 4 5
class discussion
Implementing the Close Reading methodology 1 2 3 4 5
Implementing Document Based Questions 1 2 3 4 5
Implementing explicit teaching of academic vocabulary in
1 2 3 4 5
lesson planning.
Implementing strategies for more effective argumentative
1 2 3 4 5
writing.
Argumentative Writing: A Beginner’s Guide to
Teaching (and NOT just assigning) Writing
Our Ambitious Objectives:
Understand and apply the definitions of argument: claim,
reasoning, evidence, and counterclaim;
Learn to write and instruct sentence and paragraph level
arguments from art as well as primary and secondary
sources;
Engage in the work of learning basic techniques for
writing power sentences for claims, reasoning, and
evidence;
Employ highlighting and sorting strategies for recognizing
argument in authors’ works;
Practice ways to isolate and teach quoting and
paraphrasing evidence;
Work with counterclaim stems.
Tracking Your Plan
Overarching Principle
Students who become reading detectives will learn
to be better writers. Students who make deliberate
writing decisions will become more critical and
aware readers. That is, good readers are generally
better writers, and reverse is also true. Reading and
writing instruction cannot be separated, as rich and
interesting text provides the basis for writing with
evidence.
Empowerment Through Practice
Evidence: support for the reasoning in an argument; the “for example” aspect
of an argument; the best evidence is text-based, reasonable, and reliable.
Parts of an Argument (super simple version)
These are NOT argumentative claims because the writers’ strategy is to create
a thesis statement that is DESCRIPTIVE. The writer is describing some aspect of
the main text, and that’s all their doing. It’s like saying, “Shakespeare’s Romeo
and Juliet is a play about two star crossed lovers and two warring families.”
Argumentative Claim:
“It was Eudora Welty’s steady exploration of the superficially
tranquil middle-class world -- a society of men, women and children
attempting to navigate complicated lives in the awful world of racial
mayhem left behind by the Civil War -- that made her the most
usable example of excellence for succeeding generations of
Southern writers.”
We are not necessarily advocating the use a traditional five paragraph essay.
This example is to demonstrate the relationship between traditional language (thesis) and CCSS language (claim).
Paragraph 1: Paragraph 1:
Introduction and thesis with Introduction and argument (super
three reasons. claim) with three claims.
Paragraph 2: Paragraph 2:
First reason morphs into topic First claim restated followed by
sentence followed by supporting evidence and detailed
supporting evidence. reasoning (in HS includes
Paragraphs 3 & 4: counterclaims for each claim)
Paragraphs 3 & 4:
Same as paragraph 2 with
second and third reasons Same as paragraph 2 with second and
third claims, reasoning, and evidence
Paragraph 5:
Paragraph 5:
Conclusion with a restatement
of thesis (different words) Conclusion with a restatement of
and… argument (different words) and an
analysis countering the counterclaim(s)
THE ROLE OF
REASONING IN
ARGUMENT
Evidence & Reasoning
• Evidence is ALWAYS evidence for something! Reasoning
gives us that answer!
Reasoning Matters
After you introduce evidence into your writing, you must say
why and how this evidence supports your argument. What
turns a fact or piece of information into evidence is the
connection it has with a larger claim or argument: evidence is
always evidence for or against something, and you have to
make that link clear with reasoning.
Evidence 1: Driving a private car is a typical citizen's most air polluting activity.
Reasoning 1: Because cars are the largest source of private, as opposed to industry
produced, air pollution switching to hybrid cars should have an impact on fighting
pollution.
Evidence 2: Each vehicle produced is going to stay on the road for roughly 12 to
15 years.
Reasoning 2: Cars generally have a long lifespan, meaning that a decision to
switch to a hybrid car will make a long-term impact on pollution levels.
In 30 words or less,
write your claim and
include reasoning and
two pieces of
evidence. Remember,
the reasoning explains
why the evidence
supports your claim.
The reasoning can
come from within or
outside of the text.
How could we find out if our claims and reasoning are true?
American Progress
John Gast, 1872
What claim can you substantiate with at least three
pieces of evidence from the text? Use reasoning to
explain how the evidence supports the claim.
Step 1: Make a
list of all
evidence.
Step 2: Write a
claim based upon
that evidence.
Step 3: Use
reasoning to make
sure that your
evidence clearly
supports the claim.
Theodor
Seuss Geisel
May 22,
1941
Theodor
Seuss Geisel
May 22,
1941
With a partner, discuss what type of claim you can make for which
there is evidence in the picture and for which you can reason.
In 30 words or less, write your claim and include reasoning and
evidence.
Reflection
How might you introduce claims, reasoning, and
evidence in your classes?
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and the Senate by a
vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is any debate about whether to
ratify it.
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 and was supposed to ensure
equality to “all persons.” Unfortunately, for the next 100 years, the
Supreme Court concluded that the Amendment only applied to men. The
court refused to strike down laws that discriminated against women.
Today, there are laws setting higher minimum wages for men, excluding
pregnant women from disability benefits, forbidding women from
working in specific jobs, requiring women to earn more than men to
receive social security benefits, and excluding women from the military
academies. This discrimination must end.
But, the ERA will also benefit men. For example, many criminal sentences
are more severe for men, domestic violence laws are rarely enforced
against women, men can be drafted into military service but women
cannot, and child custody decisions are biased toward women. It is time
for this discrimination to end, too.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and the Senate
by a vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is any debate about
whether to ratify it.
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 and was supposed to
ensure equality to “all persons.” Unfortunately, for the next 100
years, the Supreme Court concluded that the Amendment only
applied to men. The court refused to strike down laws that
discriminated against women.
Today, there are laws setting higher minimum wages for men,
excluding pregnant women from disability benefits, forbidding
women from working in specific jobs, requiring women to earn
more than men to receive social security benefits, and excluding
women from the military academies. This discrimination must
end.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and the Senate
by a vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is any debate about
whether to ratify it.
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 and was supposed to
ensure equality to “all persons.” Unfortunately, for the next 100
years, the Supreme Court concluded that the Amendment only
applied to men. The court refused to strike down laws that
discriminated against women.
Today, there are laws setting higher minimum wages for men,
excluding pregnant women from disability benefits, forbidding
women from working in specific jobs, requiring women to earn
more than men to receive social security benefits, and excluding
women from the military academies. This discrimination must
end.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and the Senate
by a vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is any debate about
whether to ratify it.
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 and was supposed to
ensure equality to “all persons.” Unfortunately, for the next 100
years, the Supreme Court concluded that the Amendment only
applied to men. The court refused to strike down laws that
discriminated against women.
Today, there are laws setting higher minimum wages for men,
excluding pregnant women from disability benefits, forbidding
women from working in specific jobs, requiring women to earn
more than men to receive social security benefits, and excluding
women from the military academies. This discrimination must
end.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and the Senate
by a vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is any debate about
whether to ratify it.
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 and was supposed to
ensure equality to “all persons.” Unfortunately, for the next 100
years, the Supreme Court concluded that the Amendment only
applied to men. The court refused to strike down laws that
discriminated against women.
Today, there are laws setting higher minimum wages for men,
excluding pregnant women from disability benefits, forbidding
women from working in specific jobs, requiring women to earn
more than men to receive social security benefits, and excluding
women from the military academies. This discrimination must
end.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and the Senate
by a vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is any debate about
whether to ratify it.
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 and was supposed to
ensure equality to “all persons.” Unfortunately, for the next 100
years, the Supreme Court concluded that the Amendment only
applied to men. The court refused to strike down laws that
discriminated against women.
Today, there are laws setting higher minimum wages for men,
excluding pregnant women from disability benefits, forbidding
women from working in specific jobs, requiring women to earn
more than men to receive social security benefits, and excluding
women from the military academies. This discrimination must
end.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
But, the ERA will also benefit men. For example, many
criminal sentences are more severe for men, domestic
violence laws are rarely enforced against women, men
can be drafted into military service but women cannot,
and child custody decisions are biased toward women.
It is time for this discrimination to end, too.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
But, the ERA will also benefit men. For example, many
criminal sentences are more severe for men, domestic
violence laws are rarely enforced against women, men
can be drafted into military service but women cannot,
and child custody decisions are biased toward women.
It is time for this discrimination to end, too.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
But, the ERA will also benefit men. For example, many
criminal sentences are more severe for men, domestic
violence laws are rarely enforced against women, men
can be drafted into military service but women cannot,
and child custody decisions are biased toward women.
It is time for this discrimination to end, too.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and the Senate by a
vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is any debate about whether to
ratify it.
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 and was supposed to ensure
equality to “all persons.” Unfortunately, for the next 100 years, the
Supreme Court concluded that the Amendment only applied to men. The
court refused to strike down laws that discriminated against women.
Today, there are laws setting higher minimum wages for men, excluding
pregnant women from disability benefits, forbidding women from
working in specific jobs, requiring women to earn more than men to
receive social security benefits, and excluding women from the military
academies. This discrimination must end.
But, the ERA will also benefit men. For example, many criminal sentences
are more severe for men, domestic violence laws are rarely enforced
against women, men can be drafted into military service but women
cannot, and child custody decisions are biased toward women. It is time
for this discrimination to end, too.
Ratify the ERA: By “George Steinmetz”
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and the Senate by a
vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is any debate about whether to
ratify it.
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 and was supposed to ensure
equality to “all persons.” Unfortunately, for the next 100 years, the
Supreme Court concluded that the Amendment only applied to men. The
court refused to strike down laws that discriminated against women.
Today, there are laws setting higher minimum wages for men, excluding
pregnant women from disability benefits, forbidding women from
working in specific jobs, requiring women to earn more than men to
receive social security benefits, and excluding women from the military
academies. This discrimination must end.
But, the ERA will also benefit men. For example, many criminal sentences
are more severe for men, domestic violence laws are rarely enforced
against women, men can be drafted into military service but women
cannot, and child custody decisions are biased toward women. It is time
for this discrimination to end, too.
Practicing the Skill
In groups of 2 or 3, choose two or three
paragraphs from the remaining text.
1. Read the text
2. Work together to find and highlight the claim(s),
evidence, and reasoning in the passage.
Reflection
What was this process like for you/your group?
How could you implement this strategy in your
classroom?
What to do with a weak argument?
Improve it! Ask students to write their own sentences
improving the reasoning of a given argument.
Improving Weak Reasoning
The ERA passed the House by a vote of 354-23 and
the Senate by a vote of 84-8! I am surprised there is
any debate about whether to ratify it.
Rewrite the reasoning in a way that strengthens its
connection to the evidence.
Share out.
CLAIM #1
Violent video games desensitize • Evidence & Reasoning
players to real-life violence. • Evidence & Reasoning
CLAIM #2
Playing violent video games • Evidence & Reasoning
increases violent behavior and
scripts (repetitive procedures in • Evidence & Reasoning
reaction to events)
CLAIM #3
Playing violent video games leads • Evidence & Reasoning
to a lower level of empathy for
others • Evidence & Reasoning
COUNTER CLAIM
Violent juvenile crime in the United • Evidence
States has been declining as violent • Counter-Reasoning (the reasoning that explains why
video game popularity has this evidence and claim are invalid)
increased.
How might you create a sorting
activity for students?
Would this work well with a certain type of text or
topic?
Quoting
Paraphrasing
Noting
You must make at least three changes to improve the sentence. (Do
not erase…make corrections around.)
Reflect
After several revisions, how do these sentences
differ?
Summary Paraphrase
Main ideas with a few Putting a small section
details of a longer of text (paragraph or
section of text in your less) into your own
own words words
Think of: chapter Important type of
summary textual evidence
Paraphrasing Practice
• Please silently read the three paragraphs excerpted from
“The Geography of Chinese Power” article.
How to Paraphrase with Confidence
• Think about the essence of the passage that you care about
sharing. Say it aloud in your own words.
To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to
different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of
spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems,
I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree. Yet reason tells me, that if numerous
gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade
being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so
slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or
modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life,
then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural
selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real.
Contextomy of Adams
John Adams has often been quoted as having said: “This
would be the best of all possible worlds if there were no
religion in it.”
Quote…
if you can’t say it any better and the author’s words are particularly
brilliant, witty, edgy, distinctive, a good illustration of a point you’re
making.
if the source is very authoritative and has particular expertise.
if you are taking a position that relies on the reader’s understanding
exactly what another writer says about the topic.
Be sure to introduce each quotation you use, and
always cite your sources.
Avoid “plop quotations.” Introduce, discuss, or follow-
up on every quote. Quotes don’t normally work well
in their own sentence.
Hints for Using Quotes
Sometimes, you should quote short fragments, rather than whole
sentences. Consider this interview transcript from Jane Doe about
her reaction to John F. Kennedy’s assassination.
She commented: “I couldn’t believe it. It was just unreal and so
sad. It was just unbelievable. I had never experienced such
denial. I don’t know why I felt so strongly. Perhaps it was
because JFK was more to me than a president. He represented
the hopes of young people everywhere.”
The first three sentences of the quote are fairly redundant. You
might want to quote the most important aspect of her interview,
“the meatiest” part.
Jane Doe grappled with grief and disbelief. She had viewed
JFK, not just as a national figurehead, but as someone who
“represented the hopes of young people everywhere.”
Quoting With Confidence
Answer the following questions:
Who said this?
Although some parents believe that their child is not a victim of bullying, student surveys
reveal a different story--specifically that many kids do not report incidents that have occurred
in a school day.
Counterclaim
You must make it clear that you do not agree
with the counterclaim!