Osha CFR Part 1910

PART 1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Subpart AGeneral
AUTHORITY: 29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657; Secretary of Labor's Order Numbers 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR
25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736),1-90 (55 FR 9033), 6-96 (62 FR 111), 3-2000 (65 FR 50017), 5-2002 (67 FR 65008), 5-
2007 (72 FR 31159), 4-2010 (75 FR 55355), or 1-2012 (77 FR 3912), as applicable.
Sections 1910.6, 1910.7, 1910.8 and 1910.9 also issued under 29 CFR 1911. Section 1910.7(f) also issued
under 31 U.S.C. 9701; 29 U.S.C. 9a; 5 U.S.C. 553; Public Law 106-113 (113 Stat. 1501A-222); Public Law 11-8 and
111-317; and OMB Circular A-25 (dated July 8, 1993) (58 FR 38142, July 15, 1993).
§1910.1 Purpose and scope.
(a) Section 6(a) of the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (84 Stat.
1593) provides that “without regard to chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code, or to the other
subsections of this section, the Secretary shall, as soon as practicable during the period beginning
with the effective date of this Act and ending 2 years after such date, by rule promulgate as an
occupational safety or health standard any national concensus standard, and any established
Federal standard, unless he determines that the promulgation of such a standard would not result in
improved safety or health for specifically designated employees.” The legislative purpose of this
provision is to establish, as rapidly as possible and without regard to the rule-making provisions of
the Administrative Procedure Act, standards with which industries are generally familiar, and on
whose adoption interested and affected persons have already had an opportunity to express their
views. Such standards are either (1) national concensus standards on whose adoption affected
persons have reached substantial agreement, or (2) Federal standards already established by
Federal statutes or regulations.
(b) This part carries out the directive to the Secretary of Labor under section 6(a) of the Act. It
contains occupational safety and health standards which have been found to be national consensus
standards or established Federal standards.
§1910.2 Definitions.
As used in this part, unless the context clearly requires otherwise:
(a) Act means the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 1590).
(b) Assistant Secretary of Labor means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational
Safety and Health;
(c) Employer means a person engaged in a business affecting commerce who has employees,
but does not include the United States or any State or political subdivision of a State;
(d) Employee means an employee of an employer who is employed in a business of his

employer which affects commerce;
(e) Commerce means trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, or communication among the
several States, or between a State and any place outside thereof, or within the District of Columbia,
or a possession of the United States (other than the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands), or
between points in the same State but through a point outside thereof;
(f) Standard means a standard which requires conditions, or the adoption or use of one or more
practices, means, methods, operations, or processes, reasonably necessary or appropriate to
provide safe or healthful employment and places of employment;
(g) National consensus standard means any standard or modification thereof which (1) has
been adopted and promulgated by a nationally recognized standards-producing organization under
procedures whereby it can be determined by the Secretary of Labor or by the Assistant Secretary of
Labor that persons interested and affected by the scope or provisions of the standard have reached
substantial agreement on its adoption, (2) was formulated in a manner which afforded an opportunity
for diverse views to be considered, and (3) has been designated as such a standard by the
Secretary or the Assistant Secretary, after consultation with other appropriate Federal agencies; and
(h) Established Federal standard means any operative standard established by any agency of
the United States and in effect on April 28, 1971, or contained in any Act of Congress in force on the
date of enactment of the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act.
§1910.3 Petitions for the issuance, amendment, or repeal of a standard.
(a) Any interested person may petition in writing the Assistant Secretary of Labor to
promulgate, modify, or revoke a standard. The petition should set forth the terms or the substance of
the rule desired, the effects thereof if promulgated, and the reasons therefor.
(b)(1) The relevant legislative history of the Act indicates congressional recognition of the
American National Standards Institute and the National Fire Protection Association as the major
sources of national consensus standards. National consensus standards adopted on May 29, 1971,
pursuant to section 6(a) of the Act are from those two sources. However, any organization which
deems itself a producer of national consensus standards, within the meaning of section 3(9) of the
Act, is invited to submit in writing to the Assistant Secretary of Labor at any time prior to February 1,
1973, all relevant information which may enable the Assistant Secretary to determine whether any of
its standards satisfy the requirements of the definition of “national consensus standard” in section
3(9) of the Act.
(2) Within a reasonable time after the receipt of a submission pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, the Assistant Secretary of Labor shall publish or cause to be published in the FEDERAL
REGISTER a notice of such submission, and shall afford interested persons a reasonable opportunity
to present written data, views, or arguments with regard to the question whether any standards of
the organization making the submission are national consensus standards.
§1910.4 Amendments to this part.
(a) The Assistant Secretary of Labor shall have all of the authority of the Secretary of Labor
under sections 3(9) and 6(a) of the Act.
(b) The Assistant Secretary of Labor may at any time before April 28, 1973, on his own motion
or upon the written petition of any person, by rule promulgate as a standard any national consensus
standard and any established Federal standard, pursuant to and in accordance with section 6(a) of
the Act, and, in addition, may modify or revoke any standard in this part 1910. In the event of conflict
among any such standards, the Assistant Secretary of Labor shall take the action necessary to
eliminate the conflict, including the revocation or modification of a standard in this part, so as to
assure the greatest protection of the safety or health of the affected employees.
§1910.5 Applicability of standards.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the standards contained in this part shall
apply with respect to employments performed in a workplace in a State, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands, Wake Island, Outer Continental Shelf lands defined in the Outer Continental Shelf
Lands Act, Johnston Island, and the Canal Zone.
(b) None of the standards in this part shall apply to working conditions of employees with
respect to which Federal agencies other than the Department of Labor, or State agencies acting
under section 274 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2021), exercise
statutory authority to prescribe or enforce standards or regulations affecting occupational safety or
health.
(c)(1) If a particular standard is specifically applicable to a condition, practice, means, method,

operation, or process, it shall prevail over any different general standard which might otherwise be
applicable to the same condition, practice, means, method, operation, or process. For example,
§1915.23(c)(3) of this title prescribes personal protective equipment for certain ship repairmen
working in specified areas. Such a standard shall apply, and shall not be deemed modified nor
superseded by any different general standard whose provisions might otherwise be applicable, to
the ship repairmen working in the areas specified in §1915.23(c)(3).
(2) On the other hand, any standard shall apply according to its terms to any employment and
place of employment in any industry, even though particular standards are also prescribed for the
industry, as in subpart B or subpart R of this part, to the extent that none of such particular standards
applies. To illustrate, the general standard regarding noise exposure in §1910.95 applies to
employments and places of employment in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills covered by
§1910.261.
(d) In the event a standard protects on its face a class of persons larger than employees, the
standard shall be applicable under this part only to employees and their employment and places of
employment.
(e) [Reserved]
(f) An employer who is in compliance with any standard in this part shall be deemed to be in
compliance with the requirement of section 5(a)(1) of the Act, but only to the extent of the condition,
practice, means, method, operation, or process covered by the standard.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 58 FR 35308, June 30, 1993]
§1910.6 Incorporation by reference.
(a)(1) The standards of agencies of the U.S. Government, and organizations which are not
agencies of the U.S. Government which are incorporated by reference in this part, have the same
force and effect as other standards in this part. Only the mandatory provisions (i.e., provisions
containing the word “shall” or other mandatory language) of standards incorporated by reference are
adopted as standards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
(2) Any changes in the standards incorporated by reference in this part and an official historic
file of such changes are available for inspection in the Docket Office at the national office of the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20910;
telephone: 202-693-2350 (TTY number: 877-889-5627).
(3) The materials listed in paragraphs (b) through (w) of this section are incorporated by
reference in the corresponding sections noted as they exist on the date of the approval, and a notice
of any change in these materials will be published in the FEDERAL REGISTER. These incorporations
by reference were approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.
(4) Copies of standards listed in this section and issued by private standards organizations are
available for purchase from the issuing organizations at the addresses or through the other contact
information listed below for these private standards organizations. In addition, these standards are
available for inspection at any Regional Office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), or at the OSHA Docket Office, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW.,
Room N-2625, Washington, DC 20210; telephone: 202-693-2350 (TTY number: 877-889-5627).
They are also available for inspection at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).
For information on the availability of these standards at NARA, telephone: 202-741-6030, or go
to http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
(b) The following material is available for purchase from the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati OH 45202:
(1) “Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice” (22nd ed., 1995), incorporation
by reference (IBR) approved for §1910.124(b)(4)(iii).
(2) Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1986-87 (1986), IBR approved
for §1910.120, PEL definition.
(c) The following material is available for purchase from the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers (ASAE), 2950 Niles Road, Post Office Box 229, St. Joseph, MI 49085:
(1) ASAE Emblem for Identifying Slow Moving Vehicles, ASAE S276.2 (1968), IBR approved
for §1910.145(d)(10).
(2) [Reserved]
(d) The following material is available for purchase from the Agriculture Ammonia Institute-
Rubber Manufacturers (AAI-RMA) Association, 1400 K St. NW, Washington DC 20005:
(1) AAI-RMA Specifications for Anhydrous Ammonia Hose, IBR approved for
§1910.111(b)(8)(i).
(2) [Reserved]
(e) Except as noted, copies of the standards listed below in this paragraph are available for
purchase from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor,
New York, NY 10036; telephone: 212-642-4900; fax: 212-398-0023; Web site: http://www.ansi.org.
(1)-(2) [Reserved]
(3) ANSI A11.1-65 (R 70) Practice for Industrial Lighting, IBR approved for
§§1910.219(c)(5)(iii); 1910.261 (a)(3)(i), (c)(10), and (k)(21); and 1910.265(c)(2).
(4) ANSI A11.1-65 Practice for Industrial Lighting, IBR approved for §§1910.262(c)(6) and
1910.265(d)(2)(i)(a).
(5) [Reserved]
(6) ANSI A13.1-56 Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems, IBR approved for
§§1910.253(d)(4)(ii); 1910.261(a)(3)(iii); 1910.262(c)(7).
(7) ANSI A14.1-68 Safety Code for Portable Wood Ladders, Supplemented by ANSI A14.1a-
77, IBR approved for §1910.261 (a)(3)(iv) and (c)(3)(i).
(8) ANSI A14.2-56 Safety Code for Portable Metal Ladders, Supplemented by ANSI A14.2a-77,
IBR approved for §1910.261 (a)(3)(v) and (c)(3)(i).
(9) ANSI A14.3-56 Safety Code for Fixed Ladders, IBR approved for §§1910.68(b)(4); and
1910.261 (a)(3)(vi) and (c)(3)(i).
(10) ANSI A17.1-65 Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters and Moving Walks, Including
Supplements, A17.1a (1967); A17.1b (1968); A17.1c (1969); A17.1d (1970), IBR approved for
§1910.261 (a)(3)(vii), (g)(11)(i), and (l)(4).
(11) ANSI A17.2-60 Practice for the Inspection of Elevators, Including Supplements, A17.2a
(1965), A17.2b (1967), IBR approved for §1910.261(a)(3)(viii).
(12) ANSI A90.1-69 Safety Standard for Manlifts, IBR approved for §1910.68(b)(3).
(13) ANSI A92.2-69 Standard for Vehicle Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work Platforms, IBR
approved for §1910.67 (b)(1), (2), (c)(3), and (4) and 1910.268(s)(1)(v).
(14) ANSI A120.1-70 Safety Code for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance,
IBR approved for §1910.66 app. D (b) through (d).
(15) ANSI B7.1-70 Safety Code for the Use, Care and Protection of Abrasive Wheels, IBR
approved for §§1910.215(b)(12) and 1910.218(j).
(16) ANSI B15.1-53 (R 58) Safety Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus, IBR
approved for §§1910.68(b)(4) and 1910.261 (a)(3)(ix), (b)(1), (e)(3), (e)(9), (f)(4), (j)(5)(iv), (k)(12),
and (l)(3).
(17) ANSI B20.1-57 Safety Code for Conveyors, Cableways, and Related Equipment, IBR
approved for §§1910.218(j)(3); 1910.261 (a)(3)(x), (b)(1), (c)(15)(iv), (f)(4), and (j)(2);
1910.265(c)(18)(i).
(18) ANSI B30.2-43 (R 52) Safety Code for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists, IBR approved for
§1910.261 (a)(3)(xi), (c)(2)(vi), and (c)(8) (i) and (iv).
(19) ANSI B30.2.0-67 Safety Code for Overhead and Gantry Cranes, IBR approved for
§§1910.179(b)(2); 1910.261 (a)(3)(xii), (c)(2)(v), and (c)(8) (i) and (iv).
(20) ANSI B30.5-68 Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive, and Truck Cranes, IBR approved for
§§1910.180(b)(2) and 1910.261(a)(3)(xiii).
(21) ANSI B30.6-69 Safety Code for Derricks, IBR approved for §§1910.181(b)(2) and
1910.268(j)(4)(iv) (E) and (H).
(22) ANSI B31.1-55 Code for Pressure Piping, IBR approved for §1910.261(g)(18)(iii).
(23) ANSI B31.1-67, IBR approved for §1910.253(d)(1)(i)(A)
(24) ANSI B31.1a-63 Addenda to ANSI B31.1 (1955), IBR approved for §1910.261(g)(18)(iii).
(25) ANSI B31.1-67 and Addenda B31.1 (1969) Code for Pressure Piping, IBR approved for
§§1910.103(b)(1)(iii)(b); 1910.104(b)(5)(ii); 1910.218 (d)(4) and (e)(1)(iv); and 1910.261 (a)(3)(xiv)
and (g)(18)(iii).
(26) ANSI B31.2-68 Fuel Gas Piping, IBR approved for §1910.261(g)(18)(iii).
(27) ANSI B31.3-66 Petroleum Refinery Piping, IBR approved for §1910.103(b)(3)(v)(b).
(28) ANSI B31.5-66 Addenda B31.5a (1968) Refrigeration Piping, IB approved for
§§1910.103(b)(3)(v)(b) and 1910.111(b)(7)(iii).
(29) ANSI B56.1-69 Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, IBR approved for
§§1910.178(a) (2) and (3) and 1910.261 (a)(3)(xv), (b)(6), (m)(2), and (m)(5)(iii).
(30) ANSI B57.1-65 Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections, IBR
approved for §1910.253(b)(1)(iii).
(31) [Reserved]
(32) ANSI B175.1-1991, Safety Requirements for Gasoline-Powered Chain Saws

1910.266(e)(2)(i).
(33) [Reserved]
(34) ANSI C33.2-56 Safety Standard for Transformer-Type Arc Welding Machines, IBR
approved for §1910.254(b)(1).
(35) [Reserved]
(36) ANSI H23.1-70 Seamless Copper Water Tube Specification, IBR approved for
§1910.110(b) (8)(ii) and (13)(ii)(b)(1).
(37) ANSI H38.7-69 Specification for Aluminum Alloy Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extruded
Tube, IBR approved for §1910.110(b)(8)(i).
(38) ANSI J6.4-71 Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Blankets, IBR approved for
§1910.268 (f)(1) and (n)(11)(v).
(39) ANSI J6.6-71 Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Gloves, IBR approved for
§1910.268 (f)(1) and (n)(11)(iv).
(40) ANSI K13.1-67 Identification of Gas Mask Canisters, IBR approved for §1910.261
(a)(3)(xvi) and (h)(2)(iii).
(41) ANSI K61.1-60 Safety Requirements for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous
Ammonia, IBR approved for §1910.111(b)(11)(i).
(42) ANSI K61.1-66 Safety Requirements for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous
Ammonia, IBR approved for §1910.111(b)(11)(i).
(43) ANSI O1.1-54 (R 61) Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery, IBR approved for
§1910.261 (a)(3)(xvii), (e)(7), and (i)(2).
(44) ANSI S1.4-71 (R 76) Specification for Sound Level Meters, IBR approved for §1910.95
appendixes D and I.
(45) ANSI S1.11-71 (R 76) Specification for Octave, Half-Octave and Third-Octave Band Filter
Sets, IBR approved for §1910.95 appendix D.
(46) ANSI S3.6-69 Specifications for Audiometers, IBR approved for §1910.95(h)(2) and (5)(ii)
and appendix D.
(47) ANSI Z4.1-68 Requirements for Sanitation in Places of Employment, IBR approved for
§1910.261 (a)(3)(xviii) and (g)(15)(vi).
(48) [Reserved]
(49) ANSI Z9.1-51 Safety Code for Ventilation and Operation of Open Surface Tanks, IBR
approved for 1910.261(a)(3)(xix), (g)(18)(v), and (h)(2)(i).
(50) ANSI Z9.1-71 Practices for Ventilation and Operation of Open-Surface Tanks, IBR
approved for §1910.124(b)(4)(iv).
(51) ANSI Z9.2-60 Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust
Systems, IBR approved for §§1910.94(a)(4)(i) introductory text, (a)(6) introductory text, (b)(3)(ix),
(b)(4)(i) and (ii), (c)(3)(i) introductory text, (c)(5)(iii)(b), and (c)(7)(iv)(a); 1910.261(a)(3)(xx), (g)(1)(i)
and (iii), and (h)(2)(ii).
(52) ANSI Z9.2-79 Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust
Systems, IBR approved for §1910.124(b)(4)(i).
(53) ANSI Z12.12-68 Standard for the Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions, IBR approved
for §1910.261 (a)(3)(xxi), (d)(1)(i), (f)(2)(iv), and (g)(1)(i).
(54) ANSI Z12.20-62 (R 69) Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in Woodworking and
Wood Flour Manufacturing Plants, IBR approved for §1910.265(c)(20)(i).
(55) ANSI Z21.30-64 Requirements for Gas Appliances and Gas Piping Installations, IBR
approved for §1910.265(c)(15).
(56) ANSI Z24.22-57 Method of Measurement of Real-Ear Attenuation of Ear Protectors at
Threshold, IBR approved for §1910.261(a)(3)(xxii).
(57) ANSI Z33.1-61 Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor
Removal or Conveying, IBR approved for §§1910.94(a)(4)(i); 1910.261 (a)(3)(xxiii) and (f)(5); and
1910.265(c)(20)(i).
(58) ANSI Z33.1-66 Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor
Removal or Conveying, IBR approved for §1910.94(a)(2)(ii).
(59) ANSI Z35.1-1968, Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs; IBR approved for
§1910.261(c). Copies available for purchase from the IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Way East,
Englewood, CO 80112; telephone: 1-877-413-5184; Web site: www.global.ihs.com.
(60) ANSI Z41-1999, American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective

Footwear; IBR approved for §1910.136(b)(1)(ii). Copies of ANSI Z41-1999 are available for
purchase only from the National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143-0558; telephone: 1-
800-621-7619; fax: 708-285-0797; Web site: http://www.nsc.org.
(61) ANSI Z41-1991, American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective

Footwear; IBR approved for §1910.136(b)(1)(iii). Copies of ANSI Z41-1991 are available for
purchase only from the National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143-0558; telephone: 1-
800-621-7619; fax: 708-285-0797; Web site: http://www.nsc.org.
(62)-(63) [Reserved]
(64) ANSI Z49.1-67 Safety in Welding and Cutting, IBR approved for §1910.252(c)(1)(iv) (A)
and (B).
(65) USAS Z53.1-1967 (also referred to as ANSI Z53.1-1967), Safety Color Code for Marking
Physical Hazards, ANSI approved October 9, 1967; IBR approved for §1910.97(a) and 1910.145(d).
Copies available for purchase from the IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood,
CO 80112; telephone: 1-877-413-5184; Web site: www.global.ihs.com.
(66) ANSI Z535.1-2006 (R2011), Safety Colors, reaffirmed July 19, 2011; IBR approved for
§§1910.97(a) and 1910.145(d). Copies available for purchase from the:
(i) American National Standards Institute's e-Standards Store, 25 W 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New
York, NY 10036; telephone: 212-642-4980; Web site: http://webstore.ansi.org/;
(ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; telephone: 877-413-
5184; Web site: www.global.ihs.com; or
(iii) TechStreet Store, 3916 Ranchero Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: 877-699-9277;
Web site: www.techstreet.com.
(67) ANSI Z535.2-2011, Environmental and Facility Safety Signs, published September 15,
2011; IBR approved for §1910.261(c). Copies available for purchase from the:
York, NY 10036; telephone: 212-642-4980; Web site: http://webstore.ansi.org/;
(ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; telephone: 877-413-
5184; Web site: www.global.ihs.com; or
(iii) TechStreet Store, 3916 Ranchero Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: 877-699-9277;
Web site: www.techstreet.com.
(68) ANSI Z54.1-63 Safety Standard for Non-Medical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma Ray Sources,
IBR approved for §1910.252(d) (1)(vii) and (2)(ii).
(69) ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2010, Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection
Devices, Approved April 13, 2010; IBR approved for §1910.133(b). Copies are available for
purchase from:
York, NY 10036; telephone: (212) 642-4980; Web site: http://webstore.ansi.org/;
(ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; telephone: (877) 413-
5184; Web site: http://global.ihs.com; or
(iii) TechStreet Store, 3916 Ranchero Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: (877) 699-9277;
Web site: http://techstreet.com.
(70) ANSI Z87.1-2003, Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Personal Protection
Devices Approved June 19, 2003; IBR approved for §§1910.133(b). Copies available for purchase
from the:
(71) ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R-1998), Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection, Reaffirmation approved January 4, 1999; IBR approved for §1910.133(b). Copies are
available for purchase from:
(72) ANSI Z88.2-1969, Practices for Respiratory Protection; IBR approved for
§§1910.94(c)(6)(iii)(a), 1910.134(c); and 1910.261(a)(3)(xxvi), (b)(2), (f)(5), (g)(15)(v), (h)(2)(iii),
(h)(2)(iv), and (i)(4).
(73) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2009, American National Standard for
Industrial Head Protection, approved January 26, 2009; IBR approved for §1910.135(b)(1)(i). Copies
of ANSI Z89.1-2009 are available for purchase only from the International Safety Equipment
Association, 1901 North Moore Street, Arlington, VA 22209-1762; telephone: 703-525-1695; fax:
703-528-2148; Web site: www.safetyequipment.org.
Industrial Head Protection; IBR approved for §1910.135(b)(1)(ii). Copies of ANSI Z89.1-2003 are
available for purchase only from the International Safety Equipment Association, 1901 North Moore
Street, Arlington, VA 22209-1762; telephone: 703-525-1695; fax: 703-528-2148; Web
site: www.safetyequipment.org.
Personnel Protection—Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers—Requirements; IBR approved
for §1910.135(b)(1)(iii). Copies of ANSI Z89.1-1997 are available for purchase only from the
International Safety Equipment Association, 1901 North Moore Street, Arlington, VA 22209-1762;
telephone: 703-525-1695; fax: 703-528-2148; Web site: www.safetyequipment.org.
(76) ANSI Z41.1-1967 Men's Safety Toe Footwear; IBR approved for §1910.261(i)(4).
(77) ANSI Z87.1-1968 Practice of Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection; IBR
approved for §1910.261(a)(3)(xxv), (d)(1)(ii), (f)(5), (g)(1), (g)(15)(v), (g)(18)(ii), and (i)(4).
(78) ANSI Z89.1-1969 Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection; IBR approved for
§1910.261(a)(3)(xxvii), (b)(2), (g)(15)(v), and (i)(4).
(79) ANSI Z89.2-1971 Safety Requirements for Industrial Protective Helmets for Electrical
Workers, Class B; IBR approved for §1910.268(i)(1).
(f) The following material is available for purchase from the American Petroleum Institute (API),
1220 L Street NW, Washington DC 20005:
(1) [Reserved]
(2) API 12B (May 1958) Specification for Bolted Production Tanks, 11th Ed., With Supplement
No. 1, Mar. 1962, IBR approved for §1910.106(b)(1)(i)(a)(3).
(3) API 12D (Aug. 1957) Specification for Large Welded Production Tanks, 7th Ed., IBR
approved for §1910.106(b)(1)(i)(a)(3).
(4) API 12F (Mar. 1961) Specification for Small Welded Production Tanks, 5th Ed., IBR
approved for §1910.106(b)(1)(i)(a)(3).
(5) API 620, Fourth Ed. (1970) Including appendix R, Recommended Rules for Design and
Construction of Large Welded Low Pressure Storage Tanks, IBR approved for
§§1910.103(c)(1)(i)(a); 1910.106(b)(1)(iv)(b)(1); and 1910.111(d)(1) (ii) and (iii).
(6) API 650 (1966) Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 3rd Ed., IBR approved for
§1910.106(b)(1)(iii)(a)(2).
(7) API 1104 (1968) Standard for Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities, IBR approved for
§1910.252(d)(1)(v).
(8) API 2000 (1968) Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks, IBR approved for
§1910.106(b)(2)(iv)(b)(1).
(9) API 2201 (1963) Welding or Hot Tapping on Equipment Containing Flammables, IBR
approved for §1910.252(d)(1)(vi).
(g) The following material is available for purchase from the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017:
(1) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. VIII, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1959, and
1962 Ed., IBR approved for §§1910.110 (b)(10)(iii) (Table H-26), (d)(2) (Table H-31); (e)(3)(i) (Table
H-32), (h)(2) (Table H-34); and 1910.111(b)(2)(vi);
(2) ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, 1968 Ed., IBR approved for §§1910.106(i)(3)(i);
1910.110(g)(2)(iii)(b)(2); and 1910.217(b)(12);
(3) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. VIII, 1968, IBR approved for §§1910.103;
1910.104(b)(4)(ii); 1910.106 (b)(1)(iv)(b)(2) and (i)(3)(ii); 1910.107; 1910.110(b)(11) (i)(b) and
(iii)(a)(1); 1910.111(b)(2) (i), (ii), and (iv); and 1910.169(a)(2) (i) and (ii);
(4) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. VIII, Paragraph UG-84, 1968, IBR approved
for §1910.104 (b)(4)(ii) and (b)(5)(iii);
(5) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels, Including
Addenda (1969), IBR approved for §§1910.261; 1910.262; 1910.263(i)(24)(ii);
(6) Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases of the API and the
ASME, 1951 Ed., IBR approved for §1910.110(b)(3)(iii); and
(7) ASME B56.6-1992 (with addenda), Safety Standard for Rough Terrain Forklift Trucks, IBR
approved for §1910.266(f)(4).
(h) Copies of the standards listed below in this paragraph (h) are available for purchase from
ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959;
Telephone: 610-832-9585; Fax: 610-832-9555; Email: seviceastm.org; Web
site: http://www.astm.org. Copies of historical standards or standards that ASTM does not have may
be purchased from Information Handling Services, Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness
Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; Telephone: 1-800-854-7179; Email: global@ihs.com;Web
sites: http://global.ihs.com or http://www.store.ihs.com.
(1) ASTM A 47-68, Malleable Iron Castings, IBR approved for §1910.111.
(2) ASTM A 53-69, Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe, IBR approved for §§1910.110 and
1910.111.
(3) ASTM A 126-66, Gray Iron Casting for Valves, Flanges and Pipe Fitting, IBR approved for
§1910.111.
(4) ASTM A 391-65 (ANSI G61.1-1968), Alloy Steel Chain, IBR approved for §1910.184.
(5) ASTM A 395-68, Ductile Iron for Use at Elevated Temperatures, IBR approved for
§1910.111.
(6) ASTM B 88-66A, Seamless Copper Water Tube, IBR approved for §1910.252.
(7) ASTM B 88-69, Seamless Copper Water Tube, IBR approved for §1910.110.
(8) [Reserved]
(9) ASTM B 210-68, Aluminum-Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes, IBR approved for §1910.110.
(10) ASTM B 241-69, Standard Specifications for Aluminum-Alloy Seamless Pipe and
Seamless Extruded Tube, IBR approved for §1910.110.
(11) ASTM D 5-65, Test for Penetration by Bituminous Materials, IBR approved for §1910.106.
(12) ASTM D 56-70, Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, IBR approved for §1910.106.
(13) ASTM D 56-05, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester,
Approved May 1, 2005, IBR approved for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(14) ASTM D 86-62, Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products, IBR approved for §§1910.106
and 1910.119.
(15) ASTM D 86-07a, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Atmospheric Pressure, Approved April 1, 2007, IBR approved for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(16) ASTM D 88-56, Test for Saybolt Viscosity, IBR approved for §1910.106.
(17) ASTM D 93-71, Test for Flash Point by Pensky Martens, IBR approved for §1910.106.
(18) ASTM D 93-08, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup
Tester, Approved Oct. 15, 2008, IBR approved for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(19) ASTM D 240-02 (Reapproved 2007), Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of
Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter, Approved May 1, 2007, IBR approved for Appendix
B to §1910.1200.
(20) ASTM D 323-68, Standard Test Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products
(Reid Method), IBR approved for §1910.106.
(21) ASTM D 445-65, Test for Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids, IBR approved for
§1910.106.
(22) ASTM D 1078-05, Standard Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Organic Liquids,
Approved May 15, 2005, IBR approved for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(23) ASTM D 1692-68, Test for Flammability of Plastic Sheeting and Cellular Plastics, IBR
approved for §1910.103.
(24) ASTM D 2161-66, Conversion Tables for SUS, IBR approved for §1910.106.
(25) ASTM D 3278-96 (Reapproved 2004) E1, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of
Liquids by Small Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus, Approved November 1, 2004, IBR approved for
Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(26) ASTM D 3828-07a, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup
Tester, Approved July 15, 2007, IBR approved for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(27) ASTM F-2412-2005, Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection, IBR approved for
§1910.136.
(28) ASTM F-2413-2005, Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective
Footwear, IBR approved for §1910.136.
(i) The following material is available for purchase from the American Welding Society (AWS),
550 NW, LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami FL 33135:
(1)-(2) [Reserved]
(3) AWS B3.0-41 Standard Qualification Procedure, IBR approved for §1910.67(c)(5)(i).
(4) AWS D1.0-1966 Code for Welding in Building Construction, IBR approved for
§1910.27(b)(6).
(5) AWS D2.0-69 Specifications for Welding Highway and Railway Bridges, IBR approved for
§1910.67(c)(5)(iv).
(6) AWS D8.4-61 Recommended Practices for Automotive Welding Design, IBR approved for
§1910.67(c)(5)(ii).
(7) AWS D10.9-69 Standard Qualification of Welding Procedures and Welders for Piping and
Tubing, IBR approved for §1910.67(c)(5)(iii).
(j) The following material is available for purchase from the Department of Commerce:
(1) [Reserved]
(2) Publication “Model Performance Criteria for Structural Fire Fighters' Helmets,” IBR approved
for §1910.156(e)(5)(i).
(k) The following material is available for purchase from the Compressed Gas Association
(CGA), 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202:
(1) CGA C-6 (1968) Standards for Visual Inspection of Compressed Gas Cylinders, IBR
approved for §1910.101(a).
(2) CGA C-8 (1962) Standard for Requalification of ICC-3HT Cylinders, IBR approved for
§1910.101(a).
(3) CGA G-1-2009 Acetylene, Twelfth Edition, IBR approved for §1910.102(a). Copies of CGA
Pamphlet G-1-2009 are available for purchase from the: Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 4221
Walney Road, 5th Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151; telephone: (703) 788-2700; fax: (703) 961-1831;
email: cga@cganet.com.
(4) CGA G-7.1 (1966) Commodity Specification, IBR approved for §1910.134(d)(1).
(5) CGA G-8.1 (1964) Standard for the Installation of Nitrous Oxide Systems at Consumer
Sites, IBR approved for §1910.105.
(6) CGA P-1 (1965) Safe Handling of Compressed Gases, IBR approved for §1910.101(b).
(7) CGA P-3 (1963) Specifications, Properties, and Recommendations for Packaging,
Transportation, Storage and Use of Ammonium Nitrate, IBR approved for §1910.109(i)(1)(ii)(b).
(8) CGA S-1.1 (1963) and 1965 Addenda. Safety Release Device Standards—Cylinders for
Compressed Gases, IBR approved for §§1910.101(c); 1910.103(c)(1)(iv)(a)(2).
(9) CGA S-1.2 (1963) Safety Release Device Standards, Cargo and Portable Tanks for
Compressed Gases, IBR approved for §§1910.101(c); 1910.103(c)(1)(iv)(a)(2).
(10) CGA S-1.3 (1959) Safety Release Device Standards-Compressed Gas Storage
Containers, IBR approved for §§1910.103(c)(1)(iv)(a)(2); 1910.104(b)(6)(iii); and
1910.111(d)(4)(ii)(b).
(11) CGA 1957 Standard Hose Connection Standard, IBR approved for §1910.253(e) (4)(v)
and (5)(iii).
(12) CGA and RMA (Rubber Manufacturer's Association) Specification for Rubber Welding
Hose (1958), IBR approved for §1910.253(e)(5)(i).
(13) CGA 1958 Regulator Connection Standard, IBR approved for §1910.253(e) (4)(iv) and (6).
(l) The following material is available for purchase from the Crane Manufacturer's Association of
America, Inc. (CMAA), 1 Thomas Circle NW, Washington DC 20005:
(1) CMAA Specification 1B61, Specifications for Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes, IBR
approved for §1910.179(b)(6)(i).
(2) [Reserved]
(m) The following material is available for purchase from the General Services Administration:
(1) GSA Pub. GG-B-0067b, Air Compressed for Breathing Purposes, or Interim Federal
Specifications, Apr. 1965, IBR approved for §1910.134(d)(4).
(2) [Reserved]
(n) The following material is available for purchase from the Department of Health and Human
Services:
(1) Publication No. 76-120 (1975), List of Personal Hearing Protectors and Attenuation Data,
IBR approved for §1910.95 App. B.
(2) [Reserved]
(o) The following material is available for purchase from the Institute of Makers of Explosives
(IME), 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017:
(1) IME Pamphlet No. 17, 1960, Safety in the Handling and Use of Explosives, IBR approved
for §§1910.261 (a)(4)(iii) and (c)(14)(ii).
(2) [Reserved]
(p) The following material is available for purchase from the National Electrical Manufacturer's
Association (NEMA):
(1) NEMA EW-1 (1962) Requirements for Electric Arc Welding Apparatus, IBR approved for
§§1910.254(b)(1).
(2) [Reserved]
(q) The following material is available for purchase from the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269; Telephone: 800-344-3555 or 617-
770-3000; Fax: 1-800-593-6372 or 1-508-895-8301; Email: custserv@nfpa.org; Web
site: http://www.nfpa.org.
(1) NFPA 30 (1969) Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, IBR approved for
§1910.178(f)(1).
(2) NFPA 32-1970 Standard for Dry Cleaning Plants, IBR approved for §1910.106(j)(6)(i).
(3) NFPA 33-1969 Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Material,
IBR approved for §1910.94(c)(2).
(4) NFPA 34-1966 Standard for Dip Tanks Containing Flammable or Combustible Liquids, IBR
approved for §1910.124(b)(4)(iv).
(5) NFPA 34-1995 Standard for Dip Tanks Containing Flammable or Combustible Liquids, IBR
approved for §1910.124(b)(4)(ii).
(6) NFPA 35-1970 Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings, IBR approved for
§1910.106(j)(6)(ii).
(7) NFPA 36-1967 Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants, IBR approved for §1910.106(j)(6)(iii).
(8) NFPA 37-1970 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and
Gas Turbines, IBR approved for §§1910.106(j)(6)(iv) and 1910.110 (b)(20)(iv)(c) and (e)(11).
(9) NFPA 51B-1962 Standard for Fire Protection in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes, IBR
approved for §1910.252(a)(1) introductory text.
(10) NFPA 54-1969 Standard for the Installation of Gas Appliances and Gas Piping, IBR
approved for §1910.110(b)(20)(iv)(a).
(11) NFPA 54A-1969 Standard for the Installation of Gas Piping and Gas Equipment on
Industrial Premises and Certain Other Premises, IBR approved for §1910.110(b)(20)(iv)(b).
(12) NFPA 58-1969 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases
(ANSI Z106.1-1970), IBR approved for §§1910.110 (b)(3)(iv) and (i)(3) (i) and (ii); and
1910.178(f)(2).
(13) NFPA 59-1968 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases at
Utility Gas Plants, IBR approved for §§1910.110 (b)(3)(iv) and (i)(2)(iv).
(14) NFPA 62-1967 Standard for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in the Production,
Packaging, and Handling of Pulverized Sugar and Cocoa, IBR approved for §1910.263(k)(2)(i).
(15) NFPA 68-1954 Guide for Explosion Venting, IBR approved for §1910.94(a)(2)(iii).
(16) [Reserved]
(17) NFPA 78-1968 Lightning Protection Code, IBR approved for §1910.109(i)(6)(ii).
(18) NFPA 80-1968 Standard for Fire Doors and Windows, IBR approved for
§1910.106(d)(4)(i).
(19) NFPA 80-1970 Standard for the Installation of Fire Doors and Windows, IBR approved for
§1910.253(f)(6)(i)(I).
(20) NFPA 86A-1969 Standard for Oven and Furnaces Design, Location and Equipment, IBR
approved for §§1910.107 (j)(1) and (l)(3) and 1910.108 (b)(2) and (d)(2).
(21) NFPA 91-1961 Standard for the Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust,
Stock, and Vapor Removal or Conveying (ANSI Z33.1-61), IBR approved for §1910.107(d)(1).
(22) NFPA 91-1969 Standards for Blower and Exhaust Systems, IBR approved for
§1910.108(b)(1).
(23) NFPA 96-1970 Standard for the Installation of Equipment for the Removal of Smoke and
Grease Laden Vapors from Commercial Cooking Equipment, IBR approved for
§1910.110(b)(20)(iv)(d).
(24) NFPA 101-1970 Code for Life Safety From Fire in Buildings and Structures, IBR approved
for §1910.261(a)(4)(ii).
(25) NFPA 101-2009, Life Safety Code, 2009 edition, IBR approved for §§1910.34, 1910.35,
1910.36, and 1910.37.
(26) NFPA 203M-1970 Manual on Roof Coverings, IBR approved for §1910.109(i)(1)(iii)(c).
(27) NFPA 251-1969 Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,
IBR approved for §§1910.106 (d)(3)(ii) introductory text and (d)(4)(i).
(28) NFPA 302-1968 Fire Protection Standard for Motor-Craft (Pleasure and Commercial), IBR
approved for §1910.265(d)(2)(iv) introductory text.
(29) NFPA 385-1966 Recommended Regulatory Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable
and Combustible Liquids, IBR approved for §1910.106(g)(1)(i)(e)(1).
(30) NFPA 496-1967 Standard for Purged Enclosures for Electrical Equipment in Hazardous
Locations, IBR approved for §1910.103(c)(1)(ix)(e)(1).
(31) NFPA 505-1969 Standard for Type Designations, Areas of Use, Maintenance, and
Operation of Powered Industrial Trucks, IBR approved for §1910.110(e)(2)(iv).
(32) NFPA 566-1965 Standard for the Installation of Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites,
IBR approved for §§1910.253 (b)(4)(iv) and (c)(2)(v).
(33) NFPA 656-1959 Code for the Prevention of Dust Ignition in Spice Grinding Plants, IBR
approved for §1910.263(k)(2)(i).
(34) NFPA 1971-1975 Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting, IBR approved for
§1910.156(e)(3)(ii) introductory text.
(35) NFPA 51A (2001) Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants, IBR approved for
§1910.102(b) and (c). Copies of NFPA 51A-2001 are available for purchase from the: National Fire
Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471; telephone: 1-800-344-35557;
e-mail: custserv@nfpa.org.
(36) NFPA 51A (2006) Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants, IBR approved for
§1910.102(b) and (c). Copies of NFPA 51A-2006 are available for purchase from the: National Fire
Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471; telephone: 1-800-344-35557;
e-mail: custserv@nfpa.org.
(37) NFPA 30B, Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products, 2007 Edition,
Approved August 17, 2006, IBR approved for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(r) The following material is available for purchase from the National Food Plant Institute, 1700
K St. NW., Washington, DC 20006:
(1) Definition and Test Procedures for Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer (Nov. 1964), IBR approved
for §1910.109 Table H-22, ftn. 3.
(2) [Reserved]
(s) The following material is available for purchase from the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH):
(1) Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, 1978, IBR approved for
§1910.20(c)(13)(i) and appendix B.
(2) Development of Criteria for Fire Fighters Gloves; Vol. II, part II; Test Methods, 1976, IBR
approved for §1910.156(e)(4)(i) introductory text.
(3) NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational Safety and Health Standards (Sept. 1987), IBR
approved for §1910.120 PEL definition.
(t) The following material is available for purchase from the Public Health Service:
(1) U.S. Pharmacopeia, IBR approved for §1910.134(d)(1).
(2) Publication No. 934 (1962), Food Service Sanitation Ordinance and Code, part V of the
Food Service Sanitation Manual, IBR approved for §1910.142(i)(1).
(u) The following material is available for purchase from the Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE), 485 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017:
(1) SAE J185, June 1988, Recommended Practice for Access Systems for Off-Road Machines,
IBR approved for §1910.266(f)(5)(i).
(2) SAE J231, January 1981, Minimum Performance Criteria for Falling Object Protective
Structure (FOPS), IBR approved for §1910.266(f)(3)(ii).
(3) SAE J386, June 1985, Operator Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work Machines, IBR
approved for §1910.266(d)(3)(iv).
(4) SAE J397, April 1988, Deflection Limiting Volume-ROPS/FOPS Laboratory Evaluation, IBR
approved for §1910.266(f)(3)(iv).
(5) SAE 765 (1961) SAE Recommended Practice: Crane Loading Stability Test Code, IBR
approved for §1910.180 (c)(1)(iii) and (e)(2)(iii)(a).
(6) SAE J1040, April 1988, Performance Criteria for Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for
Construction, Earthmoving, Forestry and Mining Machines, IBR approved for §1910.266(f)(3)(ii).
(v) The following material is available for purchase from the Fertilizer Institute, 1015 18th Street
NW, Washington, DC 20036:
(1) Standard M-1 (1953, 1955, 1957, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968), Superseded
by ANSI K61.1-1972, IBR approved for §1910.111(b)(1) (i) and (iii).
(2) [Reserved]
(w) The following material is available for purchase from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 207
East Ohio Street, Chicago, IL 60611:
(1) UL 58-61 Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 5th Ed., IBR
approved for §1910.106(b)(1)(iii)(a)(1).
(2) UL 80-63 Steel Inside Tanks for Oil-Burner Fuel, IBR approved for §1910.106(b)(1)(iii)(a)(1).
(3) UL 142-68 Steel Above Ground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, IBR
approved for §1910.106(b)(1)(iii)(a)(1).
(x) The following material is available for purchase from the: International Code Council,
Chicago District Office, 4051 W. Flossmoor Rd., Country Club Hills, IL 60478; telephone: 708-799-
2300, x3-3801; facsimile: 001-708-799-4981; e-mail: order@iccsafe.org.
(1) IFC-2009, International Fire Code, copyright 2009, IBR approved for §§1910.34, 1910.35,
1910.36, and 1910.37.
(2) [Reserved]
(y)(1) The following materials are available for purchase from the International Standards
Organization (ISO) through ANSI, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036-7417;
Telephone: 212-642-4980; Fax: 212-302-1286; Email: info@ansi.org; Web site: http://www.ansi.org.
(2) Documents not available in the ANSI store may be purchased from:
(i) Document Center Inc., 111 Industrial Road, Suite 9, Belmont, 94002; Telephone: 650-591-
7600; Fax: 650-591-7617; Email: info@document-center.com; Web site: www.document-center.com.
(ii) DECO—Document Engineering Co., Inc., 15210 Stagg Street, Van Nuys, CA 91405;
Telephone: 800-645-7732 or 818-782-1010; Fax: 818-782-2374; Email: doceng@doceng.com; Web
site: www.doceng.com
(iii) Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112;

Telephone: 1-800-854-7179 or 303-397-7956; Fax: 303-397-2740; Email: global@ihs.com; Web
sites: http://global.ihs.com or http://www.store.ihs.com;
(iv) ILI Infodisk, Inc., 610 Winters Avenue, Paramus, NJ 07652; Telephone: 201-986-1131; Fax:
201-986-7886; Email: sales@ili-info.com; Web site: www.ili-info.com.
(v) Techstreet, a business of Thomson Reuters, 3916 Ranchero Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48108;
Telephone: 800-699-9277 or 734-780-8000; Fax: 734-780-2046;
Email: techstreet.service@thomsonreuters.com; Web site: www.Techstreet.com.
(3) ISO 10156:1996 (E), Gases and Gas Mixtures—Determination of Fire Potential and
Oxidizing Ability for the Selection of Cylinder Valve Outlets, Second Edition, Feb. 15, 1996, IBR
approved for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(4) ISO 10156-2:2005 (E), Gas cylinders—Gases and Gas Mixtures—Part 2: Determination of
Oxidizing Ability of Toxic and Corrosive Gases and Gas Mixtures, First Edition, Aug. 1, 2005, IBR
approved for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(5) ISO 13943:2000 (E/F), Fire Safety—Vocabulary, First Edition, April, 15, 2000, IBR approved
for Appendix B to §1910.1200.
(z)(1) The following document is available for purchase from United Nations Publications,
Customer Service, c/o National Book Network, 15200 NBN Way, PO Box 190, Blue Ridge Summit,
PA 17214; telephone: 1-888-254-4286; fax: 1-800-338-4550;
email: unpublications@nbnbooks.com. Other distributors of United Nations Publications include:
(i) Bernan, 15200 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214; telephone: 1-800-865-3457; fax:
1-800-865-3450; email: customercare@bernan; Web site: http://www.bernan.com; and
(ii) Renouf Publishing Co. Ltd., 812 Proctor Avenue, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-2205; telephone:
1-888-551-7470; Fax: 1-888-551-7471; email: orders@renoufbooks.com; Web
site: http://www.renoufbooks.com.
(2) UN ST/SG/AC.10/Rev.4, The UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods,

Manual of Tests and Criteria, Fourth Revised Edition, 2003, IBR approved for appendix B to
§1910.1200.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974]
EDITORIAL NOTE: For FEDERAL REGISTER citations affecting §1910.6, see the List of CFR Sections Affected,
which appears in the Finding Aids section of the printed volume and at www.fdsys.gov.
§1910.7 Definition and requirements for a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
(a) Application. This section shall apply only when the term nationally recognized testing
laboratory is used in other sections of this part.
(b) Laboratory requirements. The term nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL) means
an organization which is recognized by OSHA in accordance with appendix A of this section and
which tests for safety, and lists or labels or accepts, equipment or materials and which meets all of
the following criteria:
(1) For each specified item of equipment or material to be listed, labeled or accepted, the NRTL
has the capability (including proper testing equipment and facilities, trained staff, written testing
procedures, and calibration and quality control programs) to perform:
(i) Testing and examining of equipment and materials for workplace safety purposes to
determine conformance with appropriate test standards; or
(ii) Experimental testing and examining of equipment and materials for workplace safety
purposes to determine conformance with appropriate test standards or performance in a specified
manner.
(2) The NRTL shall provide, to the extent needed for the particular equipment or materials
listed, labeled, or accepted, the following controls or services:
(i) Implements control procedures for identifying the listed and labeled equipment or materials;
(ii) Inspects the run of production of such items at factories for product evaluation purposes to
assure conformance with the test standards; and
(iii) Conducts field inspections to monitor and to assure the proper use of its identifying mark or
labels on products;
(3) The NRTL is completely independent of employers subject to the tested equipment
requirements, and of any manufacturers or vendors of equipment or materials being tested for these
purposes; and,
(4) The NRTL maintains effective procedures for:
(i) Producing creditable findings or reports that are objective and without bias; and
(ii) Handling complaints and disputes under a fair and reasonable system.
(c) Test standards. An appropriate test standard referred to in §1910.7(b)(1) (i) and (ii) is a
document which specifies the safety requirements for specific equipment or class of equipment and
is:
(1) Recognized in the United States as a safety standard providing an adequate level of safety,
and
(2) Compatible with and maintained current with periodic revisions of applicable national codes
and installation standards, and
(3) Developed by a standards developing organization under a method providing for input and
consideration of views of industry groups, experts, users, consumers, governmental authorities, and
others having broad experience in the safety field involved, or
(4) In lieu of paragraphs (c) (1), (2), and (3), the standard is currently designated as an
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) safety-designated product standard or an American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test standard used for evaluation of products or materials.
(d) Alternative test standard. If a testing laboratory desires to use a test standard other than
one allowed under paragraph (c) of this section, then the Assistant Secretary of Labor shall evaluate
the proposed standard to determine that it provides an adequate level of safety before it is used.
(e) Implementation. A testing organization desiring recognition by OSHA as an NRTL shall

request that OSHA evaluate its testing and control programs against the requirements in this section
for any equipment or material it may specify. The recognition procedure shall be conducted in
accordance with appendix A to this section.
(f) Fees. (1) Each applicant for NRTL recognition and each NRTL must pay fees for services
provided by OSHA in advance of the provision of those services. OSHA will assess fees for the
following services:
(i) Processing of applications for initial recognition, expansion of recognition, or renewal of

recognition, including on-site reviews; review and evaluation of the applications; and preparation of
reports, evaluations and FEDERAL REGISTER notices; and
(ii) Audits of sites.
(2) The fee schedule established by OSHA reflects the full cost of performing the activities for
each service listed in paragraph (f)(1) of this section. OSHA calculates the fees based on either the
average or actual time required to perform the work necessary; the staff costs per hour (which
include wages, fringe benefits, and expenses other than travel for personnel that perform or
administer the activities covered by the fees); and the average or actual costs for travel when on-site
reviews are involved. The formula for the fee calculation is as follows:
Activity Fee = [Average (or Actual) Hours to Complete the Activity × Staff Costs per Hour] + Average
(or Actual) Travel Costs
(3)(i) OSHA will review the full costs periodically and will propose a revised fee schedule, if
warranted. In its review, OSHA will apply the formula established in paragraph (f)(2) of this section to
the current estimated full costs for the NRTL Program. If a change is warranted, OSHA will follow the
implementation shown in paragraph (f)(4) of this section.
(ii) OSHA will publish all fee schedules in the FEDERAL REGISTER. Once published, a fee
schedule remains in effect until it is superseded by a new fee schedule. Any member of the public
may request a change to the fees included in the current fee schedule. Such a request must include
appropriate documentation in support of the suggested change. OSHA will consider such requests
during its annual review of the fee schedule.
(4) OSHA will implement periodic review, and fee assessment, collection, and payment, as
follows:
Milestones/Dates Action required
I. Periodic Review of Fee Schedule
When review completed OSHA will publish any proposed new fee schedule in the FEDERAL REGISTER if
OSHA determines that costs warrant changes in the fee schedule.
Fifteen days after Comments due on the proposed new fee schedule.
publication
When OSHA approves the OSHA will publish the final fee schedule in the FEDERAL REGISTER, making the
fee schedule fee schedule effective on a specific date.
II. Application Processing Fees
Time of application Applicant must pay the applicable fees in the fee schedule that are due when
submitting an application; OSHA will not begin processing the application
until it receives the fees.
Before assessment Applicant must pay the estimated staff time and travel costs for its
performed assessment based on the fees in effect at the time of the assessment.
Applicant also must pay the fees for the final report and FEDERAL
REGISTER notice, and other applicable fees, as specified in the fee schedule.
OSHA may cancel an application if the applicant does not pay these fees, or
any balance of these fees, when due.
III. Audit Fees
Before audit performed NRTL must pay the estimated staff time and travel costs for its audit based on
the fees in effect at the time of the audit. NRTL also must pay other
applicable fees, as specified in the fee schedule. After the audit, OSHA adjusts
the audit fees to account for the actual costs for travel and staff time.
On due date NRTL must pay the estimated audit fees, or any balance due, by the due date
established by OSHA; OSHA will assess a late fee if NRTL does not pay audit
fees (or any balance of fees due) by the due date. OSHA may still perform the
audit when an NRTL does not pay the fees or does not pay them on time.
Thirty days after due date OSHA will begin processing a notice for publication in the FEDERAL
or, if earlier, date NRTL REGISTER announcing its plan to revoke recognition for NRTLs that do not pay
refuses to pay the estimated audit fees and any balance of audit fees due.
Note: For the purposes of 29 CFR 1910.7(f)(4), “days” means “calendar days,” and “applicant”
means “the NRTL” or “an applicant for NRTL recognition.”
(5) OSHA will provide details about how to pay the fees through appropriate OSHA Program
Directives, which will be available on the OSHA web site.
APPENDIX A TO §1910.7—OSHA RECOGNITION PROCESS FOR NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED TESTING

LABORATORIES
INTRODUCTION
This appendix provides requirements and criteria which OSHA will use to evaluate and recognize a Nationally
Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL). This process will include the evaluation of the product evaluation and control
programs being operated by the NRTL, as well as the NRTL's testing facilities being used in its program. In the
evaluation of the NRTLs, OSHA will use either consensus-based standards currently in use nationally, or other
standards or criteria which may be considered appropriate. This appendix implements the definition of NRTL in 29
CFR 1910.7 which sets out the criteria that a laboratory must meet to be recognized by OSHA (initially and on a
continuing basis). The appendix is broader in scope, providing procedures for renewal, expansion and revocation of
OSHA recognition. Except as otherwise provided, the burden is on the applicant to establish by a preponderance of
the evidence that it is entitled to recognition as an NRTL. If further detailing of these requirements and criteria will
assist the NRTLs or OSHA in this activity, this detailing will be done through appropriate OSHA Program Directives.
I. Procedures for Initial OSHA Recognition
A. Applications.
1. Eligibility. a. Any testing agency or organization considering itself to meet the definition of nationally
recognized testing laboratory as specified in §1910.7 may apply for OSHA recognition as an NRTL.
b. However, in determining eligibility for a foreign-based testing agency or organization, OSHA shall take into
consideration the policy of the foreign government regarding both the acceptance in that country of testing data,
equipment acceptances, and listings, and labeling, which are provided through nationally recognized testing
laboratories recognized by the Assistant Secretary, and the accessibility to government recognition or a similar
system in that country by U.S.-based safety-related testing agencies, whether recognized by the Assistant Secretary
or not, if such recognition or a similar system is required by that country.
2. Content of application. a. The applicant shall provide sufficient information and detail demonstrating that it
meets the requirements set forth in §1910.7, in order for an informed decision concerning recognition to be made by
the Assistant Secretary.
b. The applicant also shall identify the scope of the NRTL-related activity for which the applicant wishes to be
recognized. This will include identifying the testing methods it will use to test or judge the specific equipment and
materials for which recognition is being requested, unless such test methods are already specified in the test
standard. If requested to do so by OSHA, the applicant shall provide documentation of the efficacy of these testing
methods.
c. The applicant may include whatever enclosures, attachments, or exhibits the applicant deems appropriate.
The application need not be submitted on a Federal form.
3. Filing office location. The application shall be filed with: NRTL Recognition Program, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210.
4. Amendments and withdrawals. a. An application may be revised by an applicant at any time prior to the
completion of activity under paragraph I.B.4. of this appendix.
b. An application may be withdrawn by an applicant, without prejudice, at any time prior to the final decision by
the Assistant Secretary in paragraph I.B.7.c. of this appendix.
B. Review and Decision Process; Issuance or Renewal.
1. Acceptance and on-site review. a. Applications submitted by eligible testing agencies will be accepted by
OSHA, and their receipt acknowledged in writing. After receipt of an application, OSHA may request additional
information if it believes information relevant to the requirements for recognition has been omitted.
b. OSHA shall, as necessary, conduct an on-site review of the testing facilities of the applicant, as well as the
applicant's administrative and technical practices, and, if necessary, review any additional documentation underlying
the application.
c. These on-site reviews will be conducted by qualified individuals technically expert in these matters, including,
as appropriate, non-Federal consultants/contractors acceptable to OSHA. The protocol for each review will be based
on appropriate national consensus standards or international guides, with such additions, changes, or deletions as
may be considered necessary and appropriate in each case by OSHA. A written report shall be made of each on-site
review and a copy shall be provided to the applicant.
2. Positive finding by staff. If, after review of the application, and additional information, and the on-site review
report, the applicant appears to have met the requirements for recognition, a written recommendation shall be
submitted by the responsible OSHA personnel to the Assistant Secretary that the application be approved,
accompanied by a supporting explanation.
3. Negative finding by staff.—a. Notification to applicant. If, after review of the application, any additional
information and the on-site review report, the applicant does not appear to have met the requirements for recognition,
the responsible OSHA personnel shall notify the applicant in writing, listing the specific requirements of §1910.7 and
this appendix which the applicant has not met, and allow a reasonable period for response.
b. Revision of application. (i) After receipt of a notification of negative finding (i.e., for intended disapproval of
the application), and within the response period provided, the applicant may:
(a) Submit a revised application for further review, which could result in a positive finding by the responsible
OSHA personnel pursuant to subsection I.B.2. of this appendix; or
(b) Request that the original application be submitted to the Assistant Secretary with an attached statement of
reasons, supplied by the applicant of why the application should be approved.
(ii) This procedure for applicant notification and potential revision shall be used only once during each
recognition process.
4. Preliminary finding by Assistant Secretary. a. The Assistant Secretary, or a special designee for this purpose,
will make a preliminary finding as to whether the applicant has or has not met the requirements for recognition, based
on the completed application file, the written staff recommendation, and the statement of reasons supplied by the
applicant if there remains a staff recommendation of disapproval.
b. Notification of this preliminary finding will be sent to the applicant and subsequently published in the FEDERAL
REGISTER.
c. This preliminary finding shall not be considered an official decision by the Assistant Secretary or OSHA, and
does not confer any change in status or any interim or temporary recognition for the applicant.
5. Public review and comment period—a. The FEDERAL REGISTER notice of preliminary finding will provide a
period of not less than 30 calendar days for written comments on the applicant's fulfillment of the requirements for
recognition. The application, supporting documents, staff recommendation, statement of applicant's reasons, and any
comments received, will be available for public inspection in the OSHA Docket Office.
b. Any member of the public, including the applicant, may supply detailed reasons and evidence supporting or
challenging the sufficiency of the applicant's having met the requirements of the definition in 29 CFR §1910.7 and this
appendix. Submission of pertinent documents and exhibits shall be made in writing by the close of the comment
period.
6. Action after public comment—a. Final decision by Assistant Secretary. Where the public review and
comment record supports the Assistant Secretary's preliminary finding concerning the application, i.e., absent any
serious objections or substantive claims contrary to the preliminary finding having been received in writing from the
public during the comment period, the Assistant Secretary will proceed to final written decision on the application. The
reasons supporting this decision shall be derived from the evidence available as a result of the full application, the
supporting documentation, the staff finding, and the written comments and evidence presented during the public
review and comment period.
b. Public announcement. A copy of the Assistant Secretary's final decision will be provided to the applicant.
Subsequently, a notification of the final decision shall be published in the FEDERAL REGISTER. The publication date will
be the effective date of the recognition.
c. Review of final decision. There will be no further review activity available within the Department of Labor from
the final decision of the Assistant Secretary.
7. Action after public objection—a. Review of negative information. At the discretion of the Assistant Secretary
or his designee, OSHA may authorize Federal or contract personnel to initiate a special review of any information
provided in the public comment record which appears to require resolution, before a final decision can be made.
b. Supplementation of record. The contents and results of special reviews will be made part of this record by
the Assistant Secretary by either:
(i) Reopening the written comment period for public comments on these reviews; or
(ii) Convening an informal hearing to accept public comments on these reviews, conducted under applicable
OSHA procedures for similar hearings.
c. Final decision by the Assistant Secretary. The Assistant Secretary shall issue a decision as to whether it has
been demonstrated, based on a preponderance of the evidence, that the applicant meets the requirements for
recognition. The reasons supporting this decision shall be derived from the evidence available as a result of the full
application, the supporting documentation, the staff finding, the comments and evidence presented during the public
review and comment period, and written to transcribed evidence received during any subsequent reopening of the
written comment period or informal public hearing held.
d. Public announcement. A copy of the Assistant Secretary's final decision will be provided to the applicant, and
a notification will be published in the FEDERAL REGISTER subsequently announcing the decision.
e. Review of final decision. There will be no further review activity available within the Department of Labor from
c. Terms and conditions of recognition. The following terms and conditions shall be part of every recognition:
1. Letter of recognition. The recognition by OSHA of any NRTL will be evidenced by a letter of recognition from
OSHA. The letter will provide the specific details of the scope of the OSHA recognition, including the specific
equipment or materials for which OSHA recognition has been granted, as well as any specific conditions imposed by
OSHA.
2. Period of recognition. The recognition by OSHA of each NRTL will be valid for five years, unless terminated
before the expiration of the period. The dates of the period of recognition will be stated in the recognition letter.
3. Constancy in operations. The recognized NRTL shall continue to satisfy all the requirements or limitations in
the letter of recognition during the period of recognition.
4. Accurate publicity. The OSHA-recognized NRTL shall not engage in or permit others to engage in
misrepresentation of the scope or conditions of its recognition.
5. Temporary Recognition of Certain NRTLs. a. Notwithstanding all other requirements and provisions of
§1910.7 and this appendix, the following two organizations are recognized temporarily as nationally recognized
testing laboratories by the Assistant Secretary for a period of five years beginning June 13, 1988 and ending on July
13, 1993:
(i) Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, Illinois 60062.
(ii) Factory Mutual Research Corporation, 1151 Boston-Providence Turnpike, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062.
b. At the end of the five-year period, the two temporarily recognized laboratories shall apply for renewal of
OSHA recognition utilizing the following procedures established for renewal of OSHA recognition.
II. Supplementary Procedures.
A. Test standard changes.
A recognized NRTL may change a testing standard or elements incorporated in the standard such as testing
methods or pass-fail criteria by notifying the Assistant Secretary of the change, certifying that the revised standard
will be at least as effective as the prior standard, and providing the supporting data upon which its conclusions are
based. The NRTL need not inform the Assistant Secretary of minor deviations from a test standard such as the use of
new instrumentation that is more accurate or sensitive than originally called for in the standard. The NRTL also need
not inform the Assistant Secretary of its adoption of revisions to third-party testing standards meeting the
requirements of §1910.7(c)(4), if such revisions have been developed by the standards developing organization, or of
its adoption of revisions to other third-party test standards which the developing organization has submitted to OSHA.
If, upon review, the Assistant Secretary or his designee determines that the proposed revised standard is not
“substantially equivalent” to the previous version with regard to the level of safety obtained, OSHA will not accept the
proposed testing standard by the recognized NRTL, and will initiate discontinuance of that aspect of OSHA-
recognized activity by the NRTL by modification of the official letter of recognition. OSHA will publicly announce this
action and the NRTL will be required to communicate this OSHA decision directly to affected manufacturers.
B. Expansion of current recognition

1. Eligibility. A recognized NRTL may apply to OSHA for an expansion of its current recognition to cover other
categories of NRTL testing in addition to those included in the current recognition.
2. Procedure. a. OSHA will act upon and process the application for expansion in accordance with subsection
I.B. of this appendix, except that the period for written comments, specified in paragraph 5.a of subsection I.B. of this
appendix, will be not less than 15 calendar days.
b. In that process, OSHA may decide not to conduct an on-site review, where the substantive scope of the
request to expand recognition is closely related to the current area of recognition.
c. The expiration date for each expansion of recognition shall coincide with the expiration date of the current
basic recognition period.
C. Renewal of OSHA recognition
1. Eligibility. A recognized NRTL may renew its recognition by filing a renewal request at the address in
paragraph I.A.3. of this appendix not less than nine months, nor more than one year, before the expiration date of its
current recognition.
2. Procedure. a. OSHA will process the renewal request in accordance with subsection I.B. of this appendix,
except that the period for written comments, specified in paragraph 5.a of subsection I.B. of this appendix, will be not
less than 15 calendar days.
b. In that process, OSHA may determine not to conduct the on-site reviews in I.B.1.a. where appropriate.
c. When a recognized NRTL has filed a timely and sufficient renewal request, its current recognition will not
expire until a final decision has been made by OSHA on the request.
d. After the first renewal has been granted to the NRTL, the NRTL shall apply for a continuation of its
recognition status every five years by submitting a renewal request. In lieu of submitting a renewal request after the
initial renewal, the NRTL may certify its continuing compliance with the terms of its letter of recognition and 29 CFR
1910.7.
3. Alternative procedure. After the initial recognition and before the expiration thereof, OSHA may (for good
cause) determine that there is a sufficient basis to dispense with the renewal requirement for a given laboratory and
will so notify the laboratory of such a determination in writing. In lieu of submitting a renewal request, any laboratory
so notified shall certify its continuing compliance with the terms of its letter of recognition and 29 CFR 1910.7.
D. Voluntary termination of recognition.
At any time, a recognized NRTL may voluntarily terminate its recognition, either in its entirety or with respect to
any area covered in its recognition, by giving written notice to OSHA. The written notice shall state the date as of
which the termination is to take effect. The Assistant Secretary shall inform the public of any voluntary termination
by FEDERAL REGISTER notice.
E. Revocation of recognition by OSHA.
1. Potential causes. If an NRTL either has failed to continue to substantially satisfy the requirements of §1910.7
or this appendix, or has not been reasonably performing the NRTL testing requirements encompassed within its letter
of recognition, or has materially misrepresented itself in its applications or misrepresented the scope or conditions of
its recognition, the Assistant Secretary may revoke the recognition of a recognized NRTL, in whole or in part. OSHA
may initiate revocation procedures on the basis of information provided by any interested person.
2. Procedure. a. Before proposing to revoke recognition, the Agency will notify the recognized NRTL in writing,
giving it the opportunity to rebut or correct the alleged deficiencies which would form the basis of the proposed
revocation, within a reasonable period.
b. If the alleged deficiencies are not corrected or reconciled within a reasonable period, OSHA will propose, in
writing to the recognized NRTL, to revoke recognition. If deemed appropriate, no other announcement need be made
by OSHA.
c. The revocation shall be effective in 60 days unless within that period the recognized NRTL corrects the
deficiencies or requests a hearing in writing.
d. If a hearing is requested, it shall be held before an administrative law judge of the Department of Labor
pursuant to the rules specified in 29 CFR part 1905, subpart C.
e. The parties shall be OSHA and the recognized NRTL. The Assistant Secretary may allow other interested
persons to participate in these hearings if such participation would contribute to the resolution of issues germane to
the proceeding and not cause undue delay.
f. The burden of proof shall be on OSHA to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the
recognition should be revoked because the NRTL is not meeting the requirements for recognition, has not been
reasonably performing the product testing functions as required by §1910.7, this appendix A, or the letter of
recognition, or has materially misrepresented itself in its applications or publicity.
3. Final decision. a. After the hearing, the Administrative Law Judge shall issue a decision stating the reasons
based on the record as to whether it has been demonstrated, based on a preponderance of evidence, that the
applicant does not continue to meet the requirements for its current recognition.
b. Upon issuance of the decision, any party to the hearing may file exceptions within 20 days pursuant to 29
CFR 1905.28. If no exceptions are filed, this decision is the final decision of the Assistant Secretary. If objections are
filed, the Administrative Law Judge shall forward the decision, exceptions and record to the Assistant Secretary for
the final decision on the proposed revocation.
c. The Assistant Secretary will review the record, the decision by the Administrative Law Judge, and the
exceptions filed. Based on this, the Assistant Secretary shall issue the final decision as to whether it has been
demonstrated, by a preponderance of evidence, that the recognized NRTL has not continued to meet the
requirements for OSHA recognition. If the Assistant Secretary finds that the NRTL does not meet the NRTL
recognition requirements, the recognition will be revoked.
4. Public announcement. A copy of the Assistant Secretary's final decision will be provided to the applicant, and
a notification will be published in the FEDERAL REGISTER announcing the decision, and the availability of the complete
record of this proceeding at OSHA. The effective date of any revocation will be the date the final decision copy is sent
to the NRTL.
5. Review of final decision. There will be no further review activity available within the Department of Labor from
[53 FR 12120, Apr. 12, 1988; 53 FR 16838, May 11, 1988, as amended at 54 FR 24333, June 7, 1989; 65 FR 46818,
46819, July 31, 2000; 76 FR 10515, Feb. 25, 2011]
§1910.8 OMB control numbers under the Paperwork Reduction Act.
The following sections or paragraphs each contain a collection of information requirement

which has been approved by the Office of Management and Budget under the control number listed.
29 CFR citation OMB control No.
1910.7 1218-0147
1910.23 1218-0199
1910.27 1218-0199
1910.28 1218-0199
1910.66 1218-0121
1910.67(b) 1218-0230
1910.68 1218-0226
1910.95 1218-0048
1910.111 1218-0208
1910.119 1218-0200
1910.120 1218-0202
1910.132 1218-0205
1910.134 1218-0099
1910.137 1218-0190
1910.142 1218-0096
1910.145 1218-0132
1910.146 1218-0203
1910.147 1218-0150
1910.156 1218-0075
1910.157(e)(3) 1218-0210
1910.157(f)(16) 1218-0218
1910.177(d)(3)(iv) 1218-0219
1910.179(j)(2)(iii) and (iv) 1218-0224
1910.179(m)(1) and (m)(2) 1218-0224
1910.180(d)(6) 1218-0221
1910.180(g)(1) and (g)(2)(ii) 1218-0221
1910.181(g)(1) and (g)(3) 1218-0222
1910.184(e)(4), (f)(4) and (i)(8)(ii) 1218-0223
1910.217(e)(1)(i) and (ii) 1218-0229
1910.217(g) 1218-0070
1910.217(h) 1218-0143
1910.218(a)(2)(i) and (ii) 1218-0228
1910.252(a)(2)(xiii)(c) 1218-0207
1910.255(e) 1218-0207
1910.266 1218-0198
1910.268 1218-0225
1910.269 1218-0190
1910.272 1218-0206
1910.302 1218-0256
1910.303 1218-0256
1910.304 1218-0256
1910.305 1218-0256
1910.306 1218-0256
1910.307 1218-0256
1910.308 1218-0256
1910.420 1218-0069
1910.421 1218-0069
1910.423 1218-0069
1910.430 1218-0069
1910.440 1218-0069
1910.1001 1218-0133
1910.1003 1218-0085
1910.1004 1218-0084
1910.1006 1218-0086
1910.1007 1218-0083
1910.1008 1218-0087
1910.1009 1218-0089
1910.1010 1218-0082
1910.1011 1218-0090
1910.1012 1218-0080
1910.1013 1218-0079
1910.1014 1218-0088
1910.1015 1218-0044
1910.1016 1218-0081
1910.1017 1218-0010
1910.1018 1218-0104
1910.1020 1218-0065
1910.1024 1218-0267
1910.1025 1218-0092
1910.1026 1218-0252
1910.1027 1218-0185
1910.1028 1218-0129
1910.1029 1218-0128
1910.1030 1218-0180
1910.1043 1218-0061
1910.1044 1218-0101
1910.1045 1218-0126
1910.1047 1218-0108
1910.1048 1218-0145
1910.1050 1218-0184
1910.1051 1218-0170
1910.1052 1218-0179
1910.1053 1218-0266
1910.1096 1218-0103
1910.1200 1218-0072
1910.1450 1218-0131
[61 FR 5508, Feb. 13, 1996, as amended at 62 FR 29668, June 2, 1997; 62 FR 42666, Aug. 8, 1997; 62 FR 43581,
Aug. 14, 1997; 62 FR 65203, Dec. 11, 1997; 63 FR 13340, Mar. 19, 1998; 63 FR 17093, Apr. 8, 1998; 71 FR 38086,
July 5, 2006; 72 FR 40075, July 23, 2007; 81 FR 48710, July 26, 2016; 82 FR 31253, July 6, 2017; 83 FR 9702, Mar.
7, 2018]
§1910.9 Compliance duties owed to each employee.
(a) Personal protective equipment. Standards in this part requiring the employer to provide
personal protective equipment (PPE), including respirators and other types of PPE, because of
hazards to employees impose a separate compliance duty with respect to each employee covered
by the requirement. The employer must provide PPE to each employee required to use the PPE,
and each failure to provide PPE to an employee may be considered a separate violation.
(b) Training. Standards in this part requiring training on hazards and related matters, such as
standards requiring that employees receive training or that the employer train employees, provide
training to employees, or institute or implement a training program, impose a separate compliance
duty with respect to each employee covered by the requirement. The employer must train each
affected employee in the manner required by the standard, and each failure to train an employee
may be considered a separate violation.
Subpart D—Walking-Working Surfaces

AUTHORITY: 29 U.S.C. 653, 655, and 657; Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR
25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736), 1-90 (55 FR 9033), and 1-2012 (77 FR 3912), as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.
SOURCE: 81 FR 82981, Nov. 18, 2016, unless otherwise noted.
§1910.21 Scope and definitions.
(a) Scope. This subpart applies to all general industry workplaces. It covers all walking-working
surfaces unless specifically excluded by an individual section of this subpart.
(b) Definitions. The following definitions apply in this subpart:
Alternating tread-type stair means a type of stairway consisting of a series of treads that usually
are attached to a center support in an alternating manner such that an employee typically does not
have both feet on the same level while using the stairway.
Anchorage means a secure point of attachment for equipment such as lifelines, lanyards,
deceleration devices, and rope descent systems.
Authorized means an employee who the employer assigns to perform a specific type of duty, or
allows in a specific location or area.
Cage means an enclosure mounted on the side rails of a fixed ladder or fastened to a structure
behind the fixed ladder that is designed to surround the climbing space of the ladder. A cage also is
called a “cage guard” or “basket guard.”
Carrier means the track of a ladder safety system that consists of a flexible cable or rigid rail
attached to the fixed ladder or immediately adjacent to it.
Combination ladder means a portable ladder that can be used as a stepladder, extension
ladder, trestle ladder, or stairway ladder. The components of a combination ladder also may be used
separately as a single ladder.
Dangerous equipment means equipment, such as vats, tanks, electrical equipment, machinery,
equipment or machinery with protruding parts, or other similar units, that, because of their function or
form, may harm an employee who falls into or onto the equipment.
Designated area means a distinct portion of a walking-working surface delineated by a warning

line in which employees may perform work without additional fall protection.
Dockboard means a portable or fixed device that spans a gap or compensates for a difference
in elevation between a loading platform and a transport vehicle. Dockboards include, but are not
limited to, bridge plates, dock plates, and dock levelers.
Equivalent means alternative designs, equipment, materials, or methods, that the employer can
demonstrate will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees compared to the
designs, equipment, materials, or methods specified in this subpart.
Extension ladder means a non-self-supporting portable ladder that is adjustable in length.
Failure means a load refusal, breakage, or separation of component parts. A load refusal is the
point at which the ultimate strength of a component or object is exceeded.
Fall hazard means any condition on a walking-working surface that exposes an employee to a
risk of harm from a fall on the same level or to a lower level.
Fall protection means any equipment, device, or system that prevents an employee from falling
from an elevation or mitigates the effect of such a fall.
Fixed ladder means a ladder with rails or individual rungs that is permanently attached to a
structure, building, or equipment. Fixed ladders include individual-rung ladders, but not ship stairs,
step bolts, or manhole steps.
Grab bar means an individual horizontal or vertical handhold installed to provide access above
the height of the ladder.
Guardrail system means a barrier erected along an unprotected or exposed side, edge, or other
area of a walking-working surface to prevent employees from falling to a lower level.
Handrail means a rail used to provide employees with a handhold for support.
Hoist area means any elevated access opening to a walking-working surface through which
equipment or materials are loaded or received.
Hole means a gap or open space in a floor, roof, horizontal walking-working surface, or similar
surface that is at least 2 inches (5 cm) in its least dimension.
Individual-rung ladder means a ladder that has rungs individually attached to a building or
structure. An individual-rung ladder does not include manhole steps.
Ladder means a device with rungs, steps, or cleats used to gain access to a different elevation.
Ladder safety system means a system designed to eliminate or reduce the possibility of falling
from a ladder. A ladder safety system usually consists of a carrier, safety sleeve, lanyard,
connectors, and body harness. Cages and wells are not ladder safety systems.
Low-slope roof means a roof that has a slope less than or equal to a ratio of 4 in 12 (vertical to
horizontal).
Lower level means a surface or area to which an employee could fall. Such surfaces or areas
include, but are not limited to, ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks,
materials, water, equipment, and similar surfaces and structures, or portions thereof.
Manhole steps means steps that are individually attached to, or set into, the wall of a manhole
structure.
Maximum intended load means the total load (weight and force) of all employees, equipment,
vehicles, tools, materials, and other loads the employer reasonably anticipates to be applied to a
walking-working surface at any one time.
Mobile means manually propelled or moveable.
Mobile ladder stand (ladder stand) means a mobile, fixed-height, self-supporting ladder that
usually consists of wheels or casters on a rigid base and steps leading to a top step. A mobile ladder
stand also may have handrails and is designed for use by one employee at a time.
Mobile ladder stand platform means a mobile, fixed-height, self-supporting unit having one or
more standing platforms that are provided with means of access or egress.
Open riser means the gap or space between treads of stairways that do not have upright or
inclined members (risers).
Opening means a gap or open space in a wall, partition, vertical walking-working surface, or
similar surface that is at least 30 inches (76 cm) high and at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide, through
which an employee can fall to a lower level.
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a walking-
working surface. It consists of a body harness, anchorage, and connector. The means of connection
may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or a suitable combination of these.
Personal fall protection system means a system (including all components) an employer uses
to provide protection from falling or to safely arrest an employee's fall if one occurs. Examples of
personal fall protection systems include personal fall arrest systems, positioning systems, and travel
restraint systems.
Platform means a walking-working surface that is elevated above the surrounding area.
Portable ladder means a ladder that can readily be moved or carried, and usually consists of
side rails joined at intervals by steps, rungs, or cleats.
Positioning system (work-positioning system) means a system of equipment and connectors

that, when used with a body harness or body belt, allows an employee to be supported on an
elevated vertical surface, such as a wall or window sill, and work with both hands free. Positioning
systems also are called “positioning system devices” and “work-positioning equipment.”
Qualified describes a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or

professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience has successfully
demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the
project.
Ramp means an inclined walking-working surface used to access another level.
Riser means the upright (vertical) or inclined member of a stair that is located at the back of a
stair tread or platform and connects close to the front edge of the next higher tread, platform, or
landing.
Rope descent system means a suspension system that allows an employee to descend in a
controlled manner and, as needed, stop at any point during the descent. A rope descent system
usually consists of a roof anchorage, support rope, a descent device, carabiner(s) or shackle(s), and
a chair (seatboard). A rope descent system also is called controlled descent equipment or
apparatus. Rope descent systems do not include industrial rope access systems.
Rung, step, or cleat means the cross-piece of a ladder on which an employee steps to climb up
and down.
Runway means an elevated walking-working surface, such as a catwalk, a foot walk along
shafting, or an elevated walkway between buildings.
Scaffold means any temporary elevated or suspended platform and its supporting structure,
including anchorage points, used to support employees, equipment, materials, and other items. For
purposes of this subpart, a scaffold does not include a crane-suspended or derrick-suspended
personnel platform or a rope descent system.
Ship stair (ship ladder) means a stairway that is equipped with treads, stair rails, and open
risers, and has a slope that is between 50 and 70 degrees from the horizontal.
Side-step ladder means a type of fixed ladder that requires an employee to step sideways from
it in order to reach a walking-working surface, such as a landing.
Spiral stairs means a series of treads attached to a vertical pole in a winding fashion, usually
within a cylindrical space.
Stair rail or stair rail system means a barrier erected along the exposed or open side of
stairways to prevent employees from falling to a lower level.
Stairway (stairs) means risers and treads that connect one level with another, and includes any
landings and platforms in between those levels. Stairways include standard, spiral, alternating tread-
type, and ship stairs.
Standard stairs means a fixed or permanently installed stairway. Ship, spiral, and alternating
tread-type stairs are not considered standard stairs.
Step bolt (pole step) means a bolt or rung attached at intervals along a structural member used
for foot placement and as a handhold when climbing or standing.
Stepladder means a self-supporting, portable ladder that has a fixed height, flat steps, and a
hinged back.
Stepstool means a self-supporting, portable ladder that has flat steps and side rails. For
purposes of the final rule, stepstool includes only those ladders that have a fixed height, do not have
a pail shelf, and do not exceed 32 inches (81 cm) in overall height to the top cap, although side rails
may extend above the top cap. A stepstool is designed so an employee can climb and stand on all of
the steps and the top cap.
Through ladder means a type of fixed ladder that allows the employee to step through the side
rails at the top of the ladder to reach a walking-working surface, such as a landing.
Tieback means an attachment between an anchorage (e.g., structural member) and a

supporting device (e.g., parapet clamp or cornice hook).
Toeboard means a low protective barrier that is designed to prevent materials, tools, and
equipment from falling to a lower level, and protect employees from falling.
Travel restraint system means a combination of an anchorage, anchorage connector, lanyard

(or other means of connection), and body support that an employer uses to eliminate the possibility
of an employee going over the edge of a walking-working surface.
Tread means a horizontal member of a stair or stairway, but does not include landings or
platforms.
Unprotected sides and edges mean any side or edge of a walking-working surface (except at
entrances and other points of access) where there is no wall, guardrail system, or stair rail system to
protect an employee from falling to a lower level.
Walking-working surface means any horizontal or vertical surface on or through which an

employee walks, works, or gains access to a work area or workplace location.
Warning line means a barrier erected to warn employees that they are approaching an
unprotected side or edge, and which designates an area in which work may take place without the
use of other means of fall protection.
Well means a permanent, complete enclosure around a fixed ladder.
§1910.22 General requirements.
(a) Surface conditions. The employer must ensure:
(1) All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, service rooms, and walking-working
surfaces are kept in a clean, orderly, and sanitary condition.
(2) The floor of each workroom is maintained in a clean and, to the extent feasible, in a dry
condition. When wet processes are used, drainage must be maintained and, to the extent feasible,
dry standing places, such as false floors, platforms, and mats must be provided.
(3) Walking-working surfaces are maintained free of hazards such as sharp or protruding
objects, loose boards, corrosion, leaks, spills, snow, and ice.
(b) Loads. The employer must ensure that each walking-working surface can support the
maximum intended load for that surface.
(c) Access and egress. The employer must provide, and ensure each employee uses, a safe
means of access and egress to and from walking-working surfaces.
(d) Inspection, maintenance, and repair. The employer must ensure:
(1) Walking-working surfaces are inspected, regularly and as necessary, and maintained in a
safe condition;
(2) Hazardous conditions on walking-working surfaces are corrected or repaired before an

employee uses the walking-working surface again. If the correction or repair cannot be made
immediately, the hazard must be guarded to prevent employees from using the walking-working
surface until the hazard is corrected or repaired; and
(3) When any correction or repair involves the structural integrity of the walking-working
surface, a qualified person performs or supervises the correction or repair.
§1910.23 Ladders.
(a) Application. The employer must ensure that each ladder used meets the requirements of
this section. This section covers all ladders, except when the ladder is:
(1) Used in emergency operations such as firefighting, rescue, and tactical law enforcement
operations, or training for these operations; or
(2) Designed into or is an integral part of machines or equipment.
(b) General requirements for all ladders. The employer must ensure:
(1) Ladder rungs, steps, and cleats are parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is
in position for use;
(2) Ladder rungs, steps, and cleats are spaced not less than 10 inches (25 cm) and not more
than 14 inches (36 cm) apart, as measured between the centerlines of the rungs, cleats, and steps,
except that:
(i) Ladder rungs and steps in elevator shafts must be spaced not less than 6 inches (15 cm)
apart and not more than 16.5 inches (42 cm) apart, as measured along the ladder side rails; and
(ii) Fixed ladder rungs and steps on telecommunication towers must be spaced not more than
18 inches (46 cm) apart, measured between the centerlines of the rungs or steps;
(3) Steps on stepstools are spaced not less than 8 inches (20 cm) apart and not more than 12
inches (30 cm) apart, as measured between the centerlines of the steps;
(4) Ladder rungs, steps, and cleats have a minimum clear width of 11.5 inches (29 cm) on
portable ladders and 16 inches (41 cm) (measured before installation of ladder safety systems) for
fixed ladders, except that:
(i) The minimum clear width does not apply to ladders with narrow rungs that are not designed
to be stepped on, such as those located on the tapered end of orchard ladders and similar ladders;
(ii) Rungs and steps of manhole entry ladders that are supported by the manhole opening must
have a minimum clear width of 9 inches (23 cm);
(iii) Rungs and steps on rolling ladders used in telecommunication centers must have a
minimum clear width of 8 inches (20 cm); and
(iv) Stepstools have a minimum clear width of 10.5 inches (26.7 cm);
(5) Wooden ladders are not coated with any material that may obscure structural defects;
(6) Metal ladders are made with corrosion-resistant material or protected against corrosion;
(7) Ladder surfaces are free of puncture and laceration hazards;
(8) Ladders are used only for the purposes for which they were designed;
(9) Ladders are inspected before initial use in each work shift, and more frequently as
necessary, to identify any visible defects that could cause employee injury;
(10) Any ladder with structural or other defects is immediately tagged “Dangerous: Do Not Use”
or with similar language in accordance with §1910.145 and removed from service until repaired in
accordance with §1910.22(d), or replaced;
(11) Each employee faces the ladder when climbing up or down it;
(12) Each employee uses at least one hand to grasp the ladder when climbing up and down it;
and
(13) No employee carries any object or load that could cause the employee to lose balance and
fall while climbing up or down the ladder.
(c) Portable ladders. The employer must ensure:
(1) Rungs and steps of portable metal ladders are corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated with
skid-resistant material, or otherwise treated to minimize the possibility of slipping;
(2) Each stepladder or combination ladder used in a stepladder mode is equipped with a metal
spreader or locking device that securely holds the front and back sections in an open position while
the ladder is in use;
(3) Ladders are not loaded beyond the maximum intended load;
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (c)(3): The maximum intended load, as defined in §1910.21(b), includes the total load
(weight and force) of the employee and all tools, equipment, and materials being carried.
(4) Ladders are used only on stable and level surfaces unless they are secured or stabilized to
prevent accidental displacement;
(5) No portable single rail ladders are used;
(6) No ladder is moved, shifted, or extended while an employee is on it;
(7) Ladders placed in locations such as passageways, doorways, or driveways where they can
be displaced by other activities or traffic:
(i) Are secured to prevent accidental displacement; or
(ii) Are guarded by a temporary barricade, such as a row of traffic cones or caution tape, to
keep the activities or traffic away from the ladder;
(8) The cap (if equipped) and top step of a stepladder are not used as steps;
(9) Portable ladders used on slippery surfaces are secured and stabilized;
(10) The top of a non-self-supporting ladder is placed so that both side rails are supported,
unless the ladder is equipped with a single support attachment;
(11) Portable ladders used to gain access to an upper landing surface have side rails that
extend at least 3 feet (0.9 m) above the upper landing surface (see Figure D-1 of this section);
(12) Ladders and ladder sections are not tied or fastened together to provide added length
unless they are specifically designed for such use;
(13) Ladders are not placed on boxes, barrels, or other unstable bases to obtain additional
height.
(d) Fixed ladders. The employer must ensure:
(1) Fixed ladders are capable of supporting their maximum intended load;
(2) The minimum perpendicular distance from the centerline of the steps or rungs, or grab bars,
or both, to the nearest permanent object in back of the ladder is 7 inches (18 cm), except for elevator
pit ladders, which have a minimum perpendicular distance of 4.5 inches (11 cm);
(3) Grab bars do not protrude on the climbing side beyond the rungs of the ladder that they
serve;
(4) The side rails of through or side-step ladders extend 42 inches (1.1 m) above the top of the
access level or landing platform served by the ladder. For parapet ladders, the access level is:
(i) The roof, if the parapet is cut to permit passage through the parapet; or
(ii) The top of the parapet, if the parapet is continuous;
(5) For through ladders, the steps or rungs are omitted from the extensions, and the side rails
are flared to provide not less than 24 inches (61cm) and not more than 30 inches (76 cm) of
clearance. When a ladder safety system is provided, the maximum clearance between side rails of
the extension must not exceed 36 inches (91 cm);
(6) For side-step ladders, the side rails, rungs, and steps must be continuous in the extension
(see Figure D-2 of this section);
(7) Grab bars extend 42 inches (1.1 m) above the access level or landing platforms served by
the ladder;
(8) The minimum size (cross-section) of grab bars is the same size as the rungs of the ladder.
(9) When a fixed ladder terminates at a hatch (see Figure D-3 of this section), the hatch cover:
(i) Opens with sufficient clearance to provide easy access to or from the ladder; and
(ii) Opens at least 70 degrees from horizontal if the hatch is counterbalanced;
(10) Individual-rung ladders are constructed to prevent the employee's feet from sliding off the
ends of the rungs (see Figure D-4 of this section);
(11) Fixed ladders having a pitch greater than 90 degrees from the horizontal are not used;
(12) The step-across distance from the centerline of the rungs or steps is:
(i) For through ladders, not less than 7 inches (18 cm) and not more than 12 inches (30 cm) to
the nearest edge of the structure, building, or equipment accessed from the ladders;
(ii) For side-step ladders, not less than 15 inches (38 cm) and not more than 20 inches (51 cm)
to the access points of the platform edge;
(13) Fixed ladders that do not have cages or wells have:
(i) A clear width of at least 15 inches (38 cm) on each side of the ladder centerline to the
nearest permanent object; and
(ii) A minimum perpendicular distance of 30 inches (76 cm) from the centerline of the steps or
rungs to the nearest object on the climbing side. When unavoidable obstructions are encountered,
the minimum clearance at the obstruction may be reduced to 24 inches (61 cm), provided deflector
plates are installed (see Figure D-5 of this section).
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (d): Section 1910.28 establishes the employer's duty to provide fall protection for
employees on fixed ladders, and §1910.29 specifies the criteria for fall protection systems for fixed ladders.
(e) Mobile ladder stands and mobile ladder stand platforms—(1) General requirements. The
employer must ensure:
(i) Mobile ladder stands and platforms have a step width of at least 16 inches (41 cm);
(ii) The steps and platforms of mobile ladder stands and platforms are slip resistant. Slip-
resistant surfaces must be either an integral part of the design and construction of the mobile ladder
stand and platform, or provided as a secondary process or operation, such as dimpling, knurling,
shotblasting, coating, spraying, or applying durable slip-resistant tapes;
(iii) Mobile ladder stands and platforms are capable of supporting at least four times their
maximum intended load;
(iv) Wheels or casters under load are capable of supporting their proportional share of four
times the maximum intended load, plus their proportional share of the unit's weight;
(v) Unless otherwise specified in this section, mobile ladder stands and platforms with a top
step height of 4 feet (1.2 m) or above have handrails with a vertical height of 29.5 inches (75 cm) to
37 inches (94 cm), measured from the front edge of a step. Removable gates or non-rigid members,
such as chains, may be used instead of handrails in special-use applications;
(vi) The maximum work-surface height of mobile ladder stands and platforms does not exceed
four times the shortest base dimension, without additional support. For greater heights, outriggers,
counterweights, or comparable means that stabilize the mobile ladder stands and platforms and
prevent overturning must be used;
(vii) Mobile ladder stands and platforms that have wheels or casters are equipped with a
system to impede horizontal movement when an employee is on the stand or platform; and
(viii) No mobile ladder stand or platform moves when an employee is on it.
(2) Design requirements for mobile ladder stands. The employer must ensure:
(i) Steps are uniformly spaced and arranged, with a rise of not more than 10 inches (25 cm)
and a depth of not less than 7 inches (18 cm). The slope of the step stringer to which the steps are
attached must not be more than 60 degrees, measured from the horizontal;
(ii) Mobile ladder stands with a top step height above 10 feet (3 m) have the top step protected
on three sides by a handrail with a vertical height of at least 36 inches (91 cm); and top steps that
are 20 inches (51 cm) or more, front to back, have a midrail and toeboard. Removable gates or non-
rigid members, such as chains, may be used instead of handrails in special-use applications; and
(iii) The standing area of mobile ladder stands is within the base frame.
(3) Design requirements for mobile ladder stand platforms. The employer must ensure:
(i) Steps of mobile ladder stand platforms meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this
section. When the employer demonstrates that the requirement is not feasible, steeper slopes or
vertical rung ladders may be used, provided the units are stabilized to prevent overturning;
(ii) Mobile ladder stand platforms with a platform height of 4 to 10 feet (1.2 m to 3 m) have, in
the platform area, handrails with a vertical height of at least 36 inches (91 cm) and midrails; and
(iii) All ladder stand platforms with a platform height above 10 feet (3 m) have guardrails and
toeboards on the exposed sides and ends of the platform.
(iv) Removable gates or non-rigid members, such as chains, may be used on mobile ladder
stand platforms instead of handrails and guardrails in special-use applications.
§1910.24 Step bolts and manhole steps.
(a) Step bolts. The employer must ensure:
(1) Each step bolt installed on or after January 17, 2017 in an environment where corrosion
may occur is constructed of, or coated with, material that protects against corrosion;
(2) Each step bolt is designed, constructed, and maintained to prevent the employee's foot from
slipping off the end of the step bolt;
(3) Step bolts are uniformly spaced at a vertical distance of not less than 12 inches (30 cm) and
not more than 18 inches (46 cm) apart, measured center to center (see Figure D-6 of this section).
The spacing from the entry and exit surface to the first step bolt may differ from the spacing between
the other step bolts;
(4) Each step bolt has a minimum clear width of 4.5 inches (11 cm);
(5) The minimum perpendicular distance between the centerline of each step bolt to the nearest
permanent object in back of the step bolt is 7 inches (18 cm). When the employer demonstrates that
an obstruction cannot be avoided, the distance must be at least 4.5 inches (11 cm);
(6) Each step bolt installed before January 17, 2017 is capable of supporting its maximum
intended load;
(7) Each step bolt installed on or after January 17, 2017 is capable of supporting at least four
times its maximum intended load;
(8) Each step bolt is inspected at the start of the workshift and maintained in accordance with
§1910.22; and
(9) Any step bolt that is bent more than 15 degrees from the perpendicular in any direction is
removed and replaced with a step bolt that meets the requirements of this section before an
employee uses it.
(b) Manhole steps. (1) The employer must ensure that each manhole step is capable of
supporting its maximum intended load.
(2) The employer must ensure that each manhole step installed on or after January 17, 2017:
(i) Has a corrugated, knurled, dimpled, or other surface that minimizes the possibility of an
employee slipping;
(ii) Is constructed of, or coated with, material that protects against corrosion if the manhole step
is located in an environment where corrosion may occur;
(iii) Has a minimum clear step width of 10 inches (25 cm);
(iv) Is uniformly spaced at a vertical distance not more than 16 inches (41 cm) apart, measured
center to center between steps. The spacing from the entry and exit surface to the first manhole step
may differ from the spacing between the other steps.
(v) Has a minimum perpendicular distance between the centerline of the manhole step to the
nearest permanent object in back of the step of at least 4.5 inches (11 cm); and
(vi) Is designed, constructed, and maintained to prevent the employee's foot from slipping or
sliding off the end.
(3) The employer must ensure that each manhole step is inspected at the start of the work shift
and maintained in accordance with §1910.22.
§1910.25 Stairways.
(a) Application. This section covers all stairways (including standard, spiral, ship, and
alternating tread-type stairs), except for stairs serving floating roof tanks, stairs on scaffolds, stairs
designed into machines or equipment, and stairs on self-propelled motorized equipment.
(b) General requirements. The employer must ensure:

(1) Handrails, stair rail systems, and guardrail systems are provided in accordance with
§1910.28;
(2) Vertical clearance above any stair tread to any overhead obstruction is at least 6 feet, 8
inches (203 cm), as measured from the leading edge of the tread. Spiral stairs must meet the
vertical clearance requirements in paragraph (d)(3) of this section.
(3) Stairs have uniform riser heights and tread depths between landings;
(4) Stairway landings and platforms are at least the width of the stair and at least 30 inches (76
cm) in depth, as measured in the direction of travel;
(5) When a door or a gate opens directly on a stairway, a platform is provided, and the swing of
the door or gate does not reduce the platform's effective usable depth to:
(i) Less than 20 inches (51 cm) for platforms installed before January 17, 2017; and
(ii) Less than 22 inches (56 cm) for platforms installed on or after January 17, 2017 (see Figure
D-7 of this section);
(6) Each stair can support at least five times the normal anticipated live load, but never less
than a concentrated load of 1,000 pounds (454 kg) applied at any point;
(7) Standard stairs are used to provide access from one walking-working surface to another
when operations necessitate regular and routine travel between levels, including access to operating
platforms for equipment. Winding stairways may be used on tanks and similar round structures when
the diameter of the tank or structure is at least 5 feet (1.5 m).
(8) Spiral, ship, or alternating tread-type stairs are used only when the employer can
demonstrate that it is not feasible to provide standard stairs.
(9) When paragraph (b)(8) of this section allows the use of spiral, ship, or alternating tread-type
stairs, they are installed, used, and maintained in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.
(c) Standard stairs. In addition to paragraph (b) of this section, the employer must ensure
standard stairs:
(1) Are installed at angles between 30 to 50 degrees from the horizontal;
(2) Have a maximum riser height of 9.5 inches (24 cm);
(3) Have a minimum tread depth of 9.5 inches (24 cm); and
(4) Have a minimum width of 22 inches (56 cm) between vertical barriers (see Figure D-8 of
this section).
(5) Exception to paragraphs (c)(2) and (3) of this section. The requirements of paragraphs
(c)(2) and (3) do not apply to standard stairs installed prior to January 17, 2017. OSHA will deem
those stairs in compliance if they meet the dimension requirements specified in Table D-1 of this
section or they use a combination that achieves the angle requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this
section.
(d) Spiral stairs. In addition to paragraph (b) of this section, the employer must ensure spiral
stairs:
(1) Have a minimum clear width of 26 inches (66 cm);
(2) Have a maximum riser height of 9.5 inches (24 cm);
(3) Have a minimum headroom above spiral stair treads of at least 6 feet, 6 inches (2 m),
measured from the leading edge of the tread;
(4) Have a minimum tread depth of 7.5 inches (19 cm), measured at a point 12 inches (30 cm)
from the narrower edge;
(5) Have a uniform tread size;

(e) Ship stairs. In addition to paragraph (b) of this section, the employer must ensure ship stairs
(see Figure D-9 of this section):
(1) Are installed at a slope of 50 to 70 degrees from the horizontal;
(2) Have open risers with a vertical rise between tread surfaces of 6.5 to 12 inches (17 to 30
cm);
(3) Have minimum tread depth of 4 inches (10 cm); and
(4) Have a minimum tread width of 18 inches (46 cm).
(f) Alternating tread-type stairs. In addition to paragraph (b) of this section, the employer must
ensure alternating tread-type stairs:
(1) Have a series of treads installed at a slope of 50 to 70 degrees from the horizontal;
(2) Have a distance between handrails of 17 to 24 inches (51 to 61 cm);
(3) Have a minimum tread depth of 8.5 inches (22 cm); and
(4) Have open risers if the tread depth is less than 9.5 inches (24 cm);
(5) Have a minimum tread width of 7 inches (18 cm), measured at the leading edge of the tread
(i.e., nosing).
§1910.26 Dockboards.
The employer must ensure that each dockboard used meets the requirements of this section.
The employer must ensure:
(a) Dockboards are capable of supporting the maximum intended load in accordance with
§1910.22(b);
(b)(1) Dockboards put into initial service on or after January 17, 2017 are designed,
constructed, and maintained to prevent transfer vehicles from running off the dockboard edge;
(2) Exception to paragraph (b)(1) of this section. When the employer demonstrates there is no
hazard of transfer vehicles running off the dockboard edge, the employer may use dockboards that
do not have run-off protection.
(c) Portable dockboards are secured by anchoring them in place or using equipment or devices
that prevent the dockboard from moving out of a safe position. When the employer demonstrates
that securing the dockboard is not feasible, the employer must ensure there is sufficient contact
between the dockboard and the surface to prevent the dockboard from moving out of a safe position;
(d) Measures, such as wheel chocks or sand shoes, are used to prevent the transport vehicle
(e.g. a truck, semi-trailer, trailer, or rail car) on which a dockboard is placed, from moving while
employees are on the dockboard; and
(e) Portable dockboards are equipped with handholds or other means to permit safe handling of
dockboards.
§1910.27 Scaffolds and rope descent systems.
(a) Scaffolds. Scaffolds used in general industry must meet the requirements in 29 CFR part
1926, subpart L (Scaffolds).
(b) Rope descent systems—(1) Anchorages. (i) Before any rope descent system is used, the
building owner must inform the employer, in writing that the building owner has identified, tested,
certified, and maintained each anchorage so it is capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds (268
kg), in any direction, for each employee attached. The information must be based on an annual
inspection by a qualified person and certification of each anchorage by a qualified person, as
necessary, and at least every 10 years.
(ii) The employer must ensure that no employee uses any anchorage before the employer has
obtained written information from the building owner that each anchorage meets the requirements of
paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section. The employer must keep the information for the duration of the
job.
(iii) The requirements in paragraphs (b)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section must be implemented no
later than November 20, 2017.
(2) Use of rope descent systems. The employer must ensure:
(i) No rope descent system is used for heights greater than 300 feet (91 m) above grade unless
the employer demonstrates that it is not feasible to access such heights by any other means or that
those means pose a greater hazard than using a rope descent system;
(ii) The rope descent system is used in accordance with instructions, warnings, and design
limitations set by the manufacturer or under the direction of a qualified person;
(iii) Each employee who uses the rope descent system is trained in accordance with §1910.30;
(iv) The rope descent system is inspected at the start of each workshift that it is to be used. The
employer must ensure damaged or defective equipment is removed from service immediately and
replaced;
(v) The rope descent system has proper rigging, including anchorages and tiebacks, with
particular emphasis on providing tiebacks when counterweights, cornice hooks, or similar non-
permanent anchorages are used;
(vi) Each employee uses a separate, independent personal fall arrest system that meets the
requirements of subpart I of this part;
(vii) All components of each rope descent system, except seat boards, are capable of
sustaining a minimum rated load of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN). Seat boards must be capable of
supporting a live load of 300 pounds (136 kg);
(viii) Prompt rescue of each employee is provided in the event of a fall;
(ix) The ropes of each rope descent system are effectively padded or otherwise protected,
where they can contact edges of the building, anchorage, obstructions, or other surfaces, to prevent
them from being cut or weakened;
(x) Stabilization is provided at the specific work location when descents are greater than 130
feet (39.6 m);
(xi) No employee uses a rope descent system when hazardous weather conditions, such as
storms or gusty or excessive wind, are present;
(xii) Equipment, such as tools, squeegees, or buckets, is secured by a tool lanyard or similar
method to prevent it from falling; and
(xiii) The ropes of each rope descent system are protected from exposure to open flames, hot
work, corrosive chemicals, and other destructive conditions.
§1910.28 Duty to have fall protection and falling object protection.
(a) General. (1) This section requires employers to provide protection for each employee
exposed to fall and falling object hazards. Unless stated otherwise, the employer must ensure that
all fall protection and falling object protection required by this section meet the criteria in §1910.29,
except that personal fall protection systems required by this section meet the criteria of §1910.140.
(2) This section does not apply:
(i) To portable ladders;
(ii) When employers are inspecting, investigating, or assessing workplace conditions or work to
be performed prior to the start of work or after all work has been completed. This exemption does
not apply when fall protection systems or equipment meeting the requirements of §1910.29 have
been installed and are available for workers to use for pre-work and post-work inspections,
investigations, or assessments;
(iii) To fall hazards presented by the exposed perimeters of entertainment stages and the
exposed perimeters of rail-station platforms;
(iv) To powered platforms covered by §1910.66(j);
(v) To aerial lifts covered by §1910.67(c)(2)(v);
(vi) To telecommunications work covered by §1910.268(n)(7) and (8); and
(vii) To electric power generation, transmission, and distribution work covered by

§1910.269(g)(2)(i).
(b) Protection from fall hazards—(1) Unprotected sides and edges. (i) Except as provided
elsewhere in this section, the employer must ensure that each employee on a walking-working
surface with an unprotected side or edge that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is
protected from falling by one or more of the following:
(A) Guardrail systems;
(B) Safety net systems; or

(C) Personal fall protection systems, such as personal fall arrest, travel restraint, or positioning
systems.
(ii) When the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible or creates a greater hazard to use
guardrail, safety net, or personal fall protection systems on residential roofs, the employer must
develop and implement a fall protection plan that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926.502(k)
and training that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926.503(a) and (c).
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (b)(1)(ii) OF THIS SECTION: There is a presumption that it is feasible and will not create a
greater hazard to use at least one of the above-listed fall protection systems specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this
section. Accordingly, the employer has the burden of establishing that it is not feasible or creates a greater hazard to
provide the fall protection systems specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) and that it is necessary to implement a fall
protection plan that complies with §1926.502(k) in the particular work operation, in lieu of implementing any of those
systems.
(iii) When the employer can demonstrate that the use of fall protection systems is not feasible
on the working side of a platform used at a loading rack, loading dock, or teeming platform, the work
may be done without a fall protection system, provided:
(A) The work operation for which fall protection is infeasible is in process;
(B) Access to the platform is limited to authorized employees; and,
(C) The authorized employees are trained in accordance with §1910.30.
(2) Hoist areas. The employer must ensure:
(i) Each employee in a hoist area is protected from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level
by:
(A) A guardrail system;
(B) A personal fall arrest system; or
(C) A travel restraint system.
(ii) When any portion of a guardrail system, gate, or chains is removed, and an employee must
lean through or over the edge of the access opening to facilitate hoisting, the employee is protected
from falling by a personal fall arrest system.
(iii) If grab handles are installed at hoist areas, they meet the requirements of §1910.29(l).
(3) Holes. The employer must ensure:
(i) Each employee is protected from falling through any hole (including skylights) that is 4 feet
(1.2 m) or more above a lower level by one or more of the following:
(A) Covers;
(B) Guardrail systems;

(C) Travel restraint systems; or
(D) Personal fall arrest systems.
(ii) Each employee is protected from tripping into or stepping into or through any hole that is
less than 4 feet (1.2 m) above a lower level by covers or guardrail systems.
(iii) Each employee is protected from falling into a stairway floor hole by a fixed guardrail
system on all exposed sides, except at the stairway entrance. However, for any stairway used less
than once per day where traffic across the stairway floor hole prevents the use of a fixed guardrail
system (e.g., holes located in aisle spaces), the employer may protect employees from falling into
the hole by using a hinged floor hole cover that meets the criteria in §1910.29 and a removable
guardrail system on all exposed sides, except at the entrance to the stairway.
(iv) Each employee is protected from falling into a ladderway floor hole or ladderway platform
hole by a guardrail system and toeboards erected on all exposed sides, except at the entrance to the
hole, where a self-closing gate or an offset must be used.
(v) Each employee is protected from falling through a hatchway and chute-floor hole by:
(A) A hinged floor-hole cover that meets the criteria in §1910.29 and a fixed guardrail system
that leaves only one exposed side. When the hole is not in use, the employer must ensure the cover
is closed or a removable guardrail system is provided on the exposed sides;
(B) A removable guardrail system and toeboards on not more than two sides of the hole and a
fixed guardrail system on all other exposed sides. The employer must ensure the removable
guardrail system is kept in place when the hole is not in use; or
(C) A guardrail system or a travel restraint system when a work operation necessitates passing
material through a hatchway or chute floor hole.
(4) Dockboards. (i) The employer must ensure that each employee on a dockboard is protected
from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level by a guardrail system or handrails.
(ii) A guardrail system or handrails are not required when:
(A) Dockboards are being used solely for materials-handling operations using motorized
equipment;
(B) Employees engaged in these operations are not exposed to fall hazards greater than 10
feet (3 m); and
(C) Those employees have been trained in accordance with §1910.30.
(5) Runways and similar walkways. (i) The employer must ensure each employee on a runway
or similar walkway is protected from falling 4 feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level by a guardrail
system.
(ii) When the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible to have guardrails on both sides
of a runway used exclusively for a special purpose, the employer may omit the guardrail on one side
of the runway, provided the employer ensures:
(A) The runway is at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide; and
(B) Each employee is provided with and uses a personal fall arrest system or travel restraint
system.
(6) Dangerous equipment. The employer must ensure:
(i) Each employee less than 4 feet (1.2 m) above dangerous equipment is protected from falling
into or onto the dangerous equipment by a guardrail system or a travel restraint system, unless the
equipment is covered or guarded to eliminate the hazard.
(ii) Each employee 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above dangerous equipment must be protected from
falling by:
(A) Guardrail systems;
(B) Safety net systems;
(C) Travel restraint systems; or
(D) Personal fall arrest systems.
(7) Openings. The employer must ensure that each employee on a walking-working surface
near an opening, including one with a chute attached, where the inside bottom edge of the opening
is less than 39 inches (99 cm) above that walking-working surface and the outside bottom edge of
the opening is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by the use of:
(i) Guardrail systems;
(ii) Safety net systems;
(iii) Travel restraint systems; or,
(iv) Personal fall arrest systems.
(8) Repair pits, service pits, and assembly pits less than 10 feet in depth. The use of a fall
protection system is not required for a repair pit, service pit, or assembly pit that is less than 10 feet
(3 m) deep, provided the employer:
(i) Limits access within 6 feet (1.8 m) of the edge of the pit to authorized employees trained in
accordance with §1910.30;
(ii) Applies floor markings at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit in colors that contrast
with the surrounding area; or places a warning line at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit as
well as stanchions that are capable of resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least 16 pounds
(71 N) applied horizontally against the stanchion at a height of 30 inches (76 cm); or places a
combination of floor markings and warning lines at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the edge of the pit.
When two or more pits in a common area are not more than 15 feet (4.5m) apart, the employer may
comply by placing contrasting floor markings at least 6 feet (1.8 m) from the pit edge around the
entire area of the pits; and
(iii) Posts readily visible caution signs that meet the requirements of §1910.145 and state
“Caution—Open Pit.”
(9) Fixed ladders (that extend more than 24 feet (7.3 m) above a lower level). (i) For fixed
ladders that extend more than 24 feet (7.3 m) above a lower level, the employer must ensure:
(A) Existing fixed ladders. Each fixed ladder installed before November 19, 2018 is equipped
with a personal fall arrest system, ladder safety system, cage, or well;
(B) New fixed ladders. Each fixed ladder installed on and after November 19, 2018, is equipped
with a personal fall arrest system or a ladder safety system;
(C) Replacement. When a fixed ladder, cage, or well, or any portion of a section thereof, is
replaced, a personal fall arrest system or ladder safety system is installed in at least that section of
the fixed ladder, cage, or well where the replacement is located; and
(D) Final deadline. On and after November 18, 2036, all fixed ladders are equipped with a
personal fall arrest system or a ladder safety system.
(ii) When a one-section fixed ladder is equipped with a personal fall protection or a ladder
safety system or a fixed ladder is equipped with a personal fall arrest or ladder safety system on
more than one section, the employer must ensure:
(A) The personal fall arrest system or ladder safety system provides protection throughout the
entire vertical distance of the ladder, including all ladder sections; and
(B) The ladder has rest platforms provided at maximum intervals of 150 feet (45.7 m).
(iii) The employer must ensure ladder sections having a cage or well:
(A) Are offset from adjacent sections; and
(B) Have landing platforms provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet (15.2 m).
(iv) The employer may use a cage or well in combination with a personal fall arrest system or
ladder safety system provided that the cage or well does not interfere with the operation of the
system.
(10) Outdoor advertising (billboards). (i) The requirements in paragraph (b)(9) of this section,
and other requirements in subparts D and I of this part, apply to fixed ladders used in outdoor
advertising activities.
(ii) When an employee engaged in outdoor advertising climbs a fixed ladder before November
19, 2018 that is not equipped with a cage, well, personal fall arrest system, or a ladder safety system
the employer must ensure the employee:
(A) Receives training and demonstrates the physical capability to perform the necessary climbs
in accordance with §1910.29(h);
(B) Wears a body harness equipped with an 18-inch (46 cm) rest lanyard;
(C) Keeps both hands free of tools or material when climbing on the ladder; and
(D) Is protected by a fall protection system upon reaching the work position.
(11) Stairways. The employer must ensure:
(i) Each employee exposed to an unprotected side or edge of a stairway landing that is 4 feet
(1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected by a guardrail or stair rail system;
(ii) Each flight of stairs having at least 3 treads and at least 4 risers is equipped with stair rail
systems and handrails as follows:
(iii) Each ship stairs and alternating tread type stairs is equipped with handrails on both sides.
(12) Scaffolds and rope descent systems. The employer must ensure:
(i) Each employee on a scaffold is protected from falling in accordance 29 CFR part 1926,
subpart L; and
(ii) Each employee using a rope descent system 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is
protected from falling by a personal fall arrest system.
(13) Work on low-slope roofs. (i) When work is performed less than 6 feet (1.6 m) from the roof
edge, the employer must ensure each employee is protected from falling by a guardrail system,
safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system.
(ii) When work is performed at least 6 feet (1.6 m) but less than 15 feet (4.6 m) from the roof
edge, the employer must ensure each employee is protected from falling by using a guardrail
system, safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system. The employer may
use a designated area when performing work that is both infrequent and temporary.
(iii) When work is performed 15 feet (4.6 m) or more from the roof edge, the employer must:
(A) Protect each employee from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint
system, or personal fall arrest system or a designated area. The employer is not required to provide
any fall protection, provided the work is both infrequent and temporary; and
(B) Implement and enforce a work rule prohibiting employees from going within 15 feet (4.6 m)
of the roof edge without using fall protection in accordance with paragraphs (b)(13)(i) and (ii) of this
section.
(14) Slaughtering facility platforms. (i) The employer must protect each employee on the
unprotected working side of a slaughtering facility platform that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a
lower level from falling by using:
(A) Guardrail systems; or
(B) Travel restraint systems.
(ii) When the employer can demonstrate the use of a guardrail or travel restraint system is not
feasible, the work may be done without those systems provided:
(A) The work operation for which fall protection is infeasible is in process;
(B) Access to the platform is limited to authorized employees; and
(C) The authorized employees are trained in accordance with §1910.30.
(15) Walking-working surfaces not otherwise addressed. Except as provided elsewhere in this
section or by other subparts of this part, the employer must ensure each employee on a walking-
working surface 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by:
(i) Guardrail systems;
(ii) Safety net systems; or
(iii) Personal fall protection systems, such as personal fall arrest, travel restraint, or positioning
systems.
(c) Protection from falling objects. When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the
employer must ensure that each employee wears head protection that meets the requirements of
subpart I of this part. In addition, the employer must protect employees from falling objects by
implementing one or more of the following:
(1) Erecting toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems to prevent objects from falling to a lower
level;
(2) Erecting canopy structures and keeping potential falling objects far enough from an edge,
hole, or opening to prevent them from falling to a lower level; or
(3) Barricading the area into which objects could fall, prohibiting employees from entering the
barricaded area, and keeping objects far enough from an edge or opening to prevent them from
falling to a lower level.
§1910.29 Fall protection systems and falling object protection—criteria and practices.
(a) General requirements. The employer must:
(1) Ensure each fall protection system and falling object protection, other than personal fall
protection systems, that this part requires meets the requirements in this section. The employer must
ensure each personal fall protection system meets the requirements in subpart I of this part; and
(2) Provide and install all fall protection systems and falling object protection this subpart
requires, and comply with the other requirements in this subpart before any employee begins work
that necessitates fall or falling object protection.
(b) Guardrail systems. The employer must ensure guardrail systems meet the following
requirements:
(1) The top edge height of top rails, or equivalent guardrail system members, are 42 inches
(107 cm), plus or minus 3 inches (8 cm), above the walking-working surface. The top edge height
may exceed 45 inches (114 cm), provided the guardrail system meets all other criteria of paragraph
(b) of this section (see Figure D-11 of this section).
(2) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, or equivalent
intermediate members are installed between the walking-working surface and the top edge of the
guardrail system as follows when there is not a wall or parapet that is at least 21 inches (53 cm)
high:
(i) Midrails are installed at a height midway between the top edge of the guardrail system and
the walking-working surface;
(ii) Screens and mesh extend from the walking-working surface to the top rail and along the
entire opening between top rail supports;
(iii) Intermediate vertical members (such as balusters) are installed no more than 19 inches (48
cm) apart; and
(iv) Other equivalent intermediate members (such as additional midrails and architectural
panels) are installed so that the openings are not more than 19 inches (48 cm) wide.
(3) Guardrail systems are capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 200
pounds (890 N) applied in a downward or outward direction within 2 inches (5 cm) of the top edge, at
any point along the top rail.
(4) When the 200-pound (890-N) test load is applied in a downward direction, the top rail of the
guardrail system must not deflect to a height of less than 39 inches (99 cm) above the walking-
working surface.
(5) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, and other equivalent
intermediate members are capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 150 pounds
(667 N) applied in any downward or outward direction at any point along the intermediate member.
(6) Guardrail systems are smooth-surfaced to protect employees from injury, such as punctures
or lacerations, and to prevent catching or snagging of clothing.
(7) The ends of top rails and midrails do not overhang the terminal posts, except where the
overhang does not pose a projection hazard for employees.
(8) Steel banding and plastic banding are not used for top rails or midrails.
(9) Top rails and midrails are at least 0.25-inches (0.6 cm) in diameter or in thickness.
(10) When guardrail systems are used at hoist areas, a removable guardrail section, consisting
of a top rail and midrail, are placed across the access opening between guardrail sections when
employees are not performing hoisting operations. The employer may use chains or gates instead of
a removable guardrail section at hoist areas if the employer demonstrates the chains or gates
provide a level of safety equivalent to guardrails.
(11) When guardrail systems are used around holes, they are installed on all unprotected sides
or edges of the hole.
(12) For guardrail systems used around holes through which materials may be passed:
(i) When materials are being passed through the hole, not more than two sides of the guardrail
system are removed; and
(ii) When materials are not being passed through the hole, the hole must be guarded by a
guardrail system along all unprotected sides or edges or closed over with a cover.
(13) When guardrail systems are used around holes that serve as points of access (such as
ladderways), the guardrail system opening:
(i) Has a self-closing gate that slides or swings away from the hole, and is equipped with a top
rail and midrail or equivalent intermediate member that meets the requirements in paragraph (b) of
this section; or
(ii) Is offset to prevent an employee from walking or falling into the hole;
(14) Guardrail systems on ramps and runways are installed along each unprotected side or
edge.
(15) Manila or synthetic rope used for top rails or midrails are inspected as necessary to ensure
that the rope continues to meet the strength requirements in paragraphs (b)(3) and (5) of this
section.
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (b) OF THIS SECTION: The criteria and practices requirements for guardrail systems on
scaffolds are contained in 29 CFR part 1926, subpart L.
(c) Safety net systems. The employer must ensure each safety net system meets the
requirements in 29 CFR part 1926, subpart M.
(d) Designated areas. (1) When the employer uses a designated area, the employer must
ensure:
(i) Employees remain within the designated area while work operations are underway; and
(ii) The perimeter of the designated area is delineated with a warning line consisting of a rope,
wire, tape, or chain that meets the requirements of paragraphs (d)(2) and (3) of this section.
(2) The employer must ensure each warning line:
(i) Has a minimum breaking strength of 200 pounds (0.89 kN);
(ii) Is installed so its lowest point, including sag, is not less than 34 inches (86 cm) and not
more than 39 inches (99 cm) above the walking-working surface;
(iii) Is supported in such a manner that pulling on one section of the line will not result in slack
being taken up in adjacent sections causing the line to fall below the limits specified in paragraph
(d)(2)(ii) of this section;
(iv) Is clearly visible from a distance of 25 feet (7.6 m) away, and anywhere within the
designated area;
(v) Is erected as close to the work area as the task permits; and
(vi) Is erected not less than 6 feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge for work that is both temporary
and infrequent, or not less than 15 feet (4.6 m) for other work.
(3) When mobile mechanical equipment is used to perform work that is both temporary and
infrequent in a designated area, the employer must ensure the warning line is erected not less than
6 feet (1.8 m) from the unprotected side or edge that is parallel to the direction in which the
mechanical equipment is operated, and not less than 10 feet (3 m) from the unprotected side or
edge that is perpendicular to the direction in which the mechanical equipment is operated.
(e) Covers. The employer must ensure each cover for a hole in a walking-working surface:
(1) Is capable of supporting without failure, at least twice the maximum intended load that may
be imposed on the cover at any one time; and
(2) Is secured to prevent accidental displacement.
(f) Handrails and stair rail systems. The employer must ensure:
(1) Height criteria. (i) Handrails are not less than 30 inches (76 cm) and not more than 38
inches (97 cm), as measured from the leading edge of the stair tread to the top surface of the
handrail (see Figure D-12 of this section).
(ii) The height of stair rail systems meets the following:
(A) The height of stair rail systems installed before January 17, 2017 is not less than 30 inches
(76 cm) from the leading edge of the stair tread to the top surface of the top rail; and
(B) The height of stair rail systems installed on or after January 17, 2017 is not less than 42
inches (107 cm) from the leading edge of the stair tread to the top surface of the top rail.
(iii) The top rail of a stair rail system may serve as a handrail only when:
(A) The height of the stair rail system is not less than 36 inches (91 cm) and not more than 38
inches (97 cm) as measured at the leading edge of the stair tread to the top surface of the top rail
(see Figure D-13 of this section); and
(B) The top rail of the stair rail system meets the other handrail requirements in paragraph (f) of
this section.
(2) Finger clearance. The minimum clearance between handrails and any other object is 2.25
inches (5.7 cm).
(3) Surfaces. Handrails and stair rail systems are smooth-surfaced to protect employees from
injury, such as punctures or lacerations, and to prevent catching or snagging of clothing.
(4) Openings in stair rails. No opening in a stair rail system exceeds 19 inches (48 cm) at its
least dimension.
(5) Handhold. Handrails have the shape and dimension necessary so that employees can
grasp the handrail firmly.
(6) Projection hazards. The ends of handrails and stair rail systems do not present any
projection hazards.
(7) Strength criteria. Handrails and the top rails of stair rail systems are capable of
withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 200 pounds (890 N) applied in any downward or
outward direction within 2 inches (5 cm) of any point along the top edge of the rail.
(g) Cages, wells, and platforms used with fixed ladders. The employer must ensure:
(1) Cages and wells installed on fixed ladders are designed, constructed, and maintained to
permit easy access to, and egress from, the ladder that they enclose (see Figures D-14 and D-15 of
this section);
(2) Cages and wells are continuous throughout the length of the fixed ladder, except for access,
egress, and other transfer points;
(3) Cages and wells are designed, constructed, and maintained to contain employees in the
event of a fall, and to direct them to a lower landing; and
(4) Platforms used with fixed ladders provide a horizontal surface of at least 24 inches by 30
inches (61 cm by 76 cm).
NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (g): Section 1910.28 establishes the requirements that employers must follow on the use of
cages and wells as a means of fall protection.
(h) Outdoor advertising. This paragraph (h) applies only to employers engaged in outdoor
advertising operations (see §1910.28(b)(10)). Employers must ensure that each employee who
climbs a fixed ladder without fall protection:
(1) Is physically capable, as demonstrated through observations of actual climbing activities or

by a physical examination, to perform the duties that may be assigned, including climbing fixed
ladders without fall protection;
(2) Has successfully completed a training or apprenticeship program that includes hands-on
training on the safe climbing of ladders and is retrained as necessary to maintain the necessary
skills;
(3) Has the skill to climb ladders safely, as demonstrated through formal classroom training or
on-the-job training, and performance observation; and
(4) Performs climbing duties as a part of routine work activity.
(i) Ladder safety systems. The employer must ensure:
(1) Each ladder safety system allows the employee to climb up and down using both hands and
does not require that the employee continuously hold, push, or pull any part of the system while
climbing;
(2) The connection between the carrier or lifeline and the point of attachment to the body
harness or belt does not exceed 9 inches (23 cm);
(3) Mountings for rigid carriers are attached at each end of the carrier, with intermediate
mountings spaced, as necessary, along the entire length of the carrier so the system has the
strength to stop employee falls;
(4) Mountings for flexible carriers are attached at each end of the carrier and cable guides for
flexible carriers are installed at least 25 feet (7.6 m) apart but not more than 40 feet (12.2 m) apart
along the entire length of the carrier;
(5) The design and installation of mountings and cable guides does not reduce the design
strength of the ladder; and
(6) Ladder safety systems and their support systems are capable of withstanding, without
failure, a drop test consisting of an 18-inch (41-cm) drop of a 500-pound (227-kg) weight.
(j) Personal fall protection systems. Body belts, harnesses, and other components used in
personal fall arrest systems, work positioning systems, and travel restraint systems must meet the
requirements of §1910.140.
(k) Protection from falling objects. (1) The employers must ensure toeboards used for falling
object protection:
(i) Are erected along the exposed edge of the overhead walking-working surface for a length
that is sufficient to protect employees below.
(ii) Have a minimum vertical height of 3.5 inches (9 cm) as measured from the top edge of the
toeboard to the level of the walking-working surface.
(iii) Do not have more than a 0.25-inch (0.5-cm) clearance or opening above the walking-
working surface.
(iv) Are solid or do not have any opening that exceeds 1 inch (3 cm) at its greatest dimension.
(v) Have a minimum height of 2.5 inches (6 cm) when used around vehicle repair, service, or
assembly pits. Toeboards may be omitted around vehicle repair, service, or assembly pits when the
employer can demonstrate that a toeboard would prevent access to a vehicle that is over the pit.
(vi) Are capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds (222 N) applied in
any downward or outward direction at any point along the toeboard.
(2) The employer must ensure:
(i) Where tools, equipment, or materials are piled higher than the top of the toeboard, paneling
or screening is installed from the toeboard to the midrail of the guardrail system and for a length that
is sufficient to protect employees below. If the items are piled higher than the midrail, the employer
also must install paneling or screening to the top rail and for a length that is sufficient to protect
employees below; and
(ii) All openings in guardrail systems are small enough to prevent objects from falling through
the opening.
(3) The employer must ensure canopies used for falling object protection are strong enough to
prevent collapse and to prevent penetration by falling objects.
(l) Grab handles. The employer must ensure each grab handle:
(1) Is not less than 12 inches (30 cm) long;
(2) Is mounted to provide at least 3 inches (8 cm) of clearance from the framing or opening; and
(3) Is capable of withstanding a maximum horizontal pull-out force equal to two times the
maximum intended load or 200 pounds (890 N), whichever is greater.
§1910.30 Training requirements.
(a) Fall hazards. (1) Before any employee is exposed to a fall hazard, the employer must
provide training for each employee who uses personal fall protection systems or who is required to
be trained as specified elsewhere in this subpart. Employers must ensure employees are trained in
the requirements of this paragraph on or before May 17, 2017.
(2) The employer must ensure that each employee is trained by a qualified person.
(3) The employer must train each employee in at least the following topics:
(i) The nature of the fall hazards in the work area and how to recognize them;
(ii) The procedures to be followed to minimize those hazards;
(iii) The correct procedures for installing, inspecting, operating, maintaining, and disassembling
the personal fall protection systems that the employee uses; and
(iv) The correct use of personal fall protection systems and equipment specified in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, including, but not limited to, proper hook-up, anchoring, and tie-off techniques,
and methods of equipment inspection and storage, as specified by the manufacturer.
(b) Equipment hazards. (1) The employer must train each employee on or before May 17, 2017
in the proper care, inspection, storage, and use of equipment covered by this subpart before an
employee uses the equipment.
(2) The employer must train each employee who uses a dockboard to properly place and
secure it to prevent unintentional movement.
(3) The employer must train each employee who uses a rope descent system in proper rigging
and use of the equipment in accordance with §1910.27.
(4) The employer must train each employee who uses a designated area in the proper set-up
and use of the area.
(c) Retraining. The employer must retrain an employee when the employer has reason to
believe the employee does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraphs (a) and (b)
of this section. Situations requiring retraining include, but are not limited to, the following:
(1) When changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete or inadequate;
(2) When changes in the types of fall protection systems or equipment to be used render
previous training obsolete or inadequate; or
(3) When inadequacies in an affected employee's knowledge or use of fall protection systems
or equipment indicate that the employee no longer has the requisite understanding or skill necessary
to use equipment or perform the job safely.
(d) Training must be understandable. The employer must provide information and training to
each employee in a manner that the employee understands.
Subpart F—Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work

Platforms
AUTHORITY: 29 U.S.C. 653, 655, and 657; Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR
25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736), 1-90 (55 FR 9033), 5-2007 (72 FR 31159), or 1-2012 (77 FR 3912), as applicable; and
29 CFR part 1911.
§1910.66 Powered platforms for building maintenance.
(a) Scope. This section covers powered platform installations permanently dedicated to interior
or exterior building maintenance of a specific structure or group of structures. This section does not
apply to suspended scaffolds (swinging scaffolds) used to service buildings on a temporary basis
and covered under subpart D of this part, nor to suspended scaffolds used for construction work and
covered under subpart L of 29 CFR part 1926. Building maintenance includes, but is not limited to,
such tasks as window cleaning, caulking, metal polishing and reglazing.
(b) Application—(1) New installations. This section applies to all permanent installations
completed after July 23, 1990. Major modifications to existing installations completed after that date
are also considered new installations under this section.
(2) Existing installations. (i) Permanent installations in existence and/or completed before July
23, 1990 shall comply with paragraphs (g), (h), (i), (j) and appendix C to subpart I of this part.
(ii) In addition, permanent installations completed after August 27, 1971, and in existence
and/or completed before July 23, 1990, shall comply with appendix D of this section.
(c) Assurance. (1) Building owners of new installations shall inform the employer before each
use in writing that the installation meets the requirements of paragraphs (e)(1) and (f)(1) of this
section and the additional design criteria contained in other provisions of paragraphs (e) and (f) of
this section relating to: required load sustaining capabilities of platforms, building components,
hoisting and supporting equipment; stability factors for carriages, platforms and supporting
equipment; maximum horizontal force for movement of carriages and davits; design of carriages,
hoisting machines, wire rope and stabilization systems; and design criteria for electrical wiring and
equipment.
(2) Building owners shall base the information required in paragraph (c)(1) of this section on the
results of a field test of the installation before being placed into service and following any major
alteration to an existing installation, as required in paragraph (g)(1) of this section. The assurance
shall also be based on all other relevant available information, including, but not limited to, test data,
equipment specifications and verification by a registered professional engineer.
(3) Building owners of all installations, new and existing, shall inform the employer in writing
that the installation has been inspected, tested, and maintained in compliance with the requirements
of paragraphs (g) and (h) of this section and that all anchorages meet the requirements of
§1910.140(c)(13).
(4) The employer shall not permit employees to use the installation prior to receiving assurance
from the building owner that the installation meets the requirements contained in paragraphs (c)(1)
and (c)(3) of this section.
(d) Definitions.
Anemometer means an instrument for measuring wind velocity.
Angulated roping means a suspension method where the upper point of suspension is inboard
from the attachments on the suspended unit, thus causing the suspended unit to bear against the
face of the building.
Building face roller means a rotating cylindrical member designed to ride on the face of the
building wall to prevent the platform from abrading the face of the building and to assist in stabilizing
the platform.
Building maintenance means operations such as window cleaning, caulking, metal polishing,
reglazing, and general maintenance on building surfaces.
Cable means a conductor, or group of conductors, enclosed in a weatherproof sheath, that may
be used to supply electrical power and/or control current for equipment or to provide voice
communication circuits.
Carriage means a wheeled vehicle used for the horizontal movement and support of other
equipment.
Certification means a written, signed and dated statement confirming the performance of a
requirement of this section.
Combination cable means a cable having both steel structural members capable of supporting
the platform, and copper or other electrical conductors insulated from each other and the structural
members by nonconductive barriers.
Competent person means a person who, because of training and experience, is capable of
identifying hazardous or dangerous conditions in powered platform installations and of training
employees to identify such conditions.
Continuous pressure means the need for constant manual actuation for a control to function.
Control means a mechanism used to regulate or guide the operation of the equipment.
Davit means a device, used singly or in pairs, for suspending a powered platform from work,
storage and rigging locations on the building being serviced. Unlike outriggers, a davit reacts its
operating load into a single roof socket or carriage attachment.
Equivalent means alternative designs, materials or methods which the employer can
demonstrate will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than the methods,
materials or designs specified in the standard.
Ground rigging means a method of suspending a working platform starting from a safe surface
to a point of suspension above the safe surface.
Ground rigged davit means a davit which cannot be used to raise a suspended working
platform above the building face being serviced.
Guide button means a building face anchor designed to engage a guide track mounted on a
platform.
Guide roller means a rotating cylindrical member, operating separately or as part of a guide
assembly, designed to provide continuous engagement between the platform and the building
guides or guideways.
Guide shoe means a device attached to the platform designed to provide a sliding contact
between the platform and the building guides.
Hoisting machine means a device intended to raise and lower a suspended or supported unit.
Hoist rated load means the hoist manufacturer's maximum allowable operating load.
Installation means all the equipment and all affected parts of a building which are associated
with the performance of building maintenance using powered platforms.
Interlock means a device designed to ensure that operations or motions occur in proper
sequence.
Intermittent stabilization means a method of platform stabilization in which the angulated

suspension wire rope(s) are secured to regularly spaced building anchors.
Lanyard means a flexible line of rope, wire rope or strap which is used to secure the body belt
or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline or anchorage.
Lifeline means a component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one
end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline), or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch
horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a means for connecting other components of a
personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.
Live load means the total static weight of workers, tools, parts, and supplies that the equipment
is designed to support.
Obstruction detector means a control that will stop the suspended or supported unit in the
direction of travel if an obstruction is encountered, and will allow the unit to move only in a direction
away from the obstruction.
Operating control means a mechanism regulating or guiding the operation of equipment that
ensures a specific operating mode.
Operating device means a device actuated manually to activate a control.
Outrigger means a device, used singly or in pairs, for suspending a working platform from work,
storage, and rigging locations on the building being serviced. Unlike davits, an outrigger reacts its
operating moment load as at least two opposing vertical components acting into two or more distinct
roof points and/or attachments.
Platform rated load means the combined weight of workers, tools, equipment and other
material which is permitted to be carried by the working platform at the installation, as stated on the
load rating plate.
Poured socket means the method of providing wire rope terminations in which the ends of the
rope are held in a tapered socket by means of poured spelter or resins.
Primary brake means a brake designed to be applied automatically whenever power to the
prime mover is interrupted or discontinued.
Prime mover means the source of mechanical power for a machine.
Rated load means the manufacturer's recommended maximum load.
Rated strength means the strength of wire rope, as designated by its manufacturer or vendor,
based on standard testing procedures or acceptable engineering design practices.
Rated working load means the combined static weight of men, materials, and suspended or
supported equipment.
Registered professional engineer means a person who has been duly and currently registered
and licensed by an authority within the United States or its territories to practice the profession of
engineering.
Roof powered platform means a working platform where the hoist(s) used to raise or lower the
platform is located on the roof.
Roof rigged davit means a davit used to raise the suspended working platform above the
building face being serviced. This type of davit can also be used to raise a suspended working
platform which has been ground-rigged.
Rope means the equipment used to suspend a component of an equipment installation, i.e.,
wire rope.
Safe surface means a horizontal surface intended to be occupied by personnel, which is so

protected by a fall protection system that it can be reasonably assured that said occupants will be
protected against falls.
Secondary brake means a brake designed to arrest the descent of the suspended or supported
equipment in the event of an overspeed condition.
Self powered platform means a working platform where the hoist(s) used to raise or lower the
platform is mounted on the platform.
Speed reducer means a positive type speed reducing machine.
Stability factor means the ratio of the stabilizing moment to the overturning moment.
Stabilizer tie means a flexible line connecting the building anchor and the suspension wire rope
supporting the platform.
Supported equipment means building maintenance equipment that is held or moved to its
working position by means of attachment directly to the building or extensions of the building being
maintained.
Suspended equipment means building maintenance equipment that is suspended and raised or
lowered to its working position by means of ropes or combination cables attached to some
anchorage above the equipment.
Suspended scaffold (swinging scaffold) means a scaffold supported on wire or other ropes,
used for work on, or for providing access to, vertical sides of structures on a temporary basis. Such
scaffold is not designed for use on a specific structure or group of structures.
Tail line means the nonsupporting end of the wire rope used to suspend the platform.
Tie-in guides means the portion of a building that provides continuous positive engagement
between the building and a suspended or supported unit during its vertical travel on the face of the
building.
Traction hoist means a type of hoisting machine that does not accumulate the suspension wire
rope on the hoisting drum or sheave, and is designed to raise and lower a suspended load by the
application of friction forces between the suspension wire rope and the drum or sheave.
Transportable outriggers means outriggers designed to be moved from one work location to
another.
Trolley carriage means a carriage suspended from an overhead track structure.
Verified means accepted by design, evaluation, or inspection by a registered professional

engineer.
Weatherproof means so constructed that exposure to adverse weather conditions will not affect
or interfere with the proper use or functions of the equipment or component.
Winding drum hoist means a type of hoisting machine that accumulates the suspension wire
rope on the hoisting drum.
Working platform means suspended or supported equipment intended to provide access to the
face of a building and manned by persons engaged in building maintenance.
Wrap means one complete turn of the suspension wire rope around the surface of a hoist drum.
(e) Powered platform installations—Affected parts of buildings—(1) General requirements. The
following requirements apply to affected parts of buildings which utilize working platforms for building
maintenance.
(i) Structural supports, tie-downs, tie-in guides, anchoring devices and any affected parts of the
building included in the installation shall be designed by or under the direction of a registered
professional engineer experienced in such design;
(ii) Exterior installations shall be capable of withstanding prevailing climatic conditions;
(iii) The building installation shall provide safe access to, and egress from, the equipment and
sufficient space to conduct necessary maintenance of the equipment;
(iv) The affected parts of the building shall have the capability of sustaining all the loads
imposed by the equipment; and,
(v) The affected parts of the building shall be designed so as to allow the equipment to be used
without exposing employees to a hazardous condition.
(2) Tie-in guides. (i) The exterior of each building shall be provided with tie-in guides unless the
conditions in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) or (e)(2)(iii) of this section are met.
NOTE: See figure 1 in appendix B of this section for a description of a typical continuous stabilization system
utilizing tie-in guides.
(ii) If angulated roping is employed, tie-in guides required in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section
may be eliminated for not more than 75 feet (22.9 m) of the uppermost elevation of the building, if
infeasible due to exterior building design, provided an angulation force of at least 10 pounds (44.4 n)
is maintained under all conditions of loading.
(iii) Tie-in guides required in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section may be eliminated if one of the
guide systems in paragraph (e)(2)(iii)(A), (e)(2)(iii)(B) or (e)(2)(iii)(C) of this section is provided, or an
equivalent.
(A) Intermittent stabilization system. The system shall keep the equipment in continuous
contact with the building facade, and shall prevent sudden horizontal movement of the platform. The
system may be used together with continuous positive building guide systems using tie-in guides on
the same building, provided the requirements for each system are met.
(1) The maximum vertical interval between building anchors shall be three floors or 50 feet
(15.3 m), whichever is less.
(2) Building anchors shall be located vertically so that attachment of the stabilizer ties will not
cause the platform suspension ropes to angulate the platform horizontally across the face of the
building. The anchors shall be positioned horizontally on the building face so as to be symmetrical
about the platform suspension ropes.
(3) Building anchors shall be easily visible to employees and shall allow a stabilizer tie
attachment for each of the platform suspension ropes at each vertical interval. If more than two
suspension ropes are used on a platform, only the two building-side suspension ropes at the
platform ends shall require a stabilizer attachment.
(4) Building anchors which extend beyond the face of the building shall be free of sharp edges
or points. Where cables, suspension wire ropes and lifelines may be in contact with the building
face, external building anchors shall not interfere with their handling or operation.
(5) The intermittent stabilization system building anchors and components shall be capable of
sustaining without failure at least four times the maximum anticipated load applied or transmitted to
the components and anchors. The minimum design wind load for each anchor shall be 300 (1334 n)
pounds, if two anchors share the wind load.
(6) The building anchors and stabilizer ties shall be capable of sustaining anticipated horizontal
and vertical loads from winds specified for roof storage design which may act on the platform and
wire ropes if the platform is stranded on a building face. If the building anchors have different
spacing than the suspension wire rope or if the building requires different suspension spacings on
one platform, one building anchor and stabilizer tie shall be capable of sustaining the wind loads.
NOTE: See figure 2 in appendix B of this section for a description of a typical intermittent stabilization system.
(B) Button guide stabilization system.
(1) Guide buttons shall be coordinated with platform mounted equipment of paragraph (f)(5)(vi)
of this section.
(2) Guide buttons shall be located horizontally on the building face so as to allow engagement
of each of the guide tracks mounted on the platform.
(3) Guide buttons shall be located in vertical rows on the building face for proper engagement
of the guide tracks mounted on the platform.
(4) Two guide buttons shall engage each guide track at all times except for the initial
engagement.
(5) Guide buttons which extend beyond the face of the building shall be free of sharp edges or
points. Where cables, ropes and lifelines may be in contact with the building face, guide buttons
shall not interfere with their handling or operation.
(6) Guide buttons, connections and seals shall be capable of sustaining without damage at
least the weight of the platform, or provision shall be made in the guide tracks or guide track
connectors to prevent the platform and its attachments from transmitting the weight of the platform to
the guide buttons, connections and seals. In either case, the minimum design load shall be 300
pounds (1334 n) per building anchor.
NOTE: See paragraph (f)(5)(vi) of this section for relevant equipment provisions.
NOTE: See figure 3 in appendix B of this section for a description of a typical button guide stabilization system.
(C) System utilizing angulated roping and building face rollers. The system shall keep the
equipment in continuous contact with the building facade, and shall prevent sudden horizontal
movement of the platform. This system is acceptable only where the suspended portion of the
equipment in use does not exceed 130 feet (39.6 m) above a safe surface or ground level, and
where the platform maintains no less than 10 pounds (44.4 n) angulation force on the building
facade.
(iv) Tie-in guides for building interiors (atriums) may be eliminated when a registered
professional engineer determines that an alternative stabilization system, including systems in
paragraphs (e)(2)(iii) (A), (B) and (C), or a platform tie-off at each work station will provide equivalent
safety.
(3) Roof guarding. (i) Employees working on roofs while performing building maintenance shall
be protected by a perimeter guarding system which meets the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of
§1910.23 of this part.
(ii) The perimeter guard shall not be more than six inches (152 mm) inboard of the inside face
of a barrier, i.e. the parapet wall, or roof edge curb of the building being serviced; however, the
perimeter guard location shall not exceed an 18 inch (457 mm) setback from the exterior building
face.
(4) Equipment stops. Operational areas for trackless type equipment shall be provided with
structural stops, such as curbs, to prevent equipment from traveling outside its intended travel areas
and to prevent a crushing or shearing hazard.
(5) Maintenance access. Means shall be provided to traverse all carriages and their suspended
equipment to a safe area for maintenance and storage.
(6) Elevated track. (i) An elevated track system which is located four feet (1.2 m) or more above
a safe surface, and traversed by carriage supported equipment, shall be provided with a walkway
and guardrail system; or
(ii) The working platform shall be capable of being lowered, as part of its normal operation, to
the lower safe surface for access and egress of the personnel and shall be provided with a safe
means of access and egress to the lower safe surface.
(7) Tie-down anchors. Imbedded tie-down anchors, fasteners, and affected structures shall be
resistant to corrosion.
(8) Cable stabilization. (i) Hanging lifelines and all cables not in tension shall be stabilized at
each 200 foot (61 m) interval of vertical travel of the working platform beyond an initial 200 foot (61
m) distance.
(ii) Hanging cables, other than suspended wire ropes, which are in constant tension shall be
stabilized when the vertical travel exceeds an initial 600 foot (183 m) distance, and at further
intervals of 600 feet (183 m) or less.
(9) Emergency planning. A written emergency action plan shall be developed and implemented
for each kind of working platform operation. This plan shall explain the emergency procedures which
are to be followed in the event of a power failure, equipment failure or other emergencies which may
be encountered. The plan shall also explain that employees inform themselves about the building
emergency escape routes, procedures and alarm systems before operating a platform. Upon initial
assignment and whenever the plan is changed the employer shall review with each employee those
parts of the plan which the employee must know to protect himself or herself in the event of an
emergency.
(10) Building maintenance. Repairs or major maintenance of those building portions that
provide primary support for the suspended equipment shall not affect the capability of the building to
meet the requirements of this standard.
(11) Electrical requirements. The following electrical requirements apply to buildings which
utilize working platforms for building maintenance.
(i) General building electrical installations shall comply with §§1910.302 through 1910.308 of
this part, unless otherwise specified in this section;
(ii) Building electrical wiring shall be of such capacity that when full load is applied to the
equipment power circuit not more than a five percent drop from building service-vault voltage shall
occur at any power circuit outlet used by equipment regulated by this section;
(iii) The equipment power circuit shall be an independent electrical circuit that shall remain
separate from all other equipment within or on the building, other than power circuits used for hand
tools that will be used in conjunction with the equipment. If the building is provided with an
emergency power system, the equipment power circuit may also be connected to this system;
(iv) The power circuit shall be provided with a disconnect switch that can be locked in the “OFF”
and “ON” positions. The switch shall be conveniently located with respect to the primary operating
area of the equipment to allow the operators of the equipment access to the switch;
(v) The disconnect switch for the power circuit shall be locked in the “ON” position when the
equipment is in use; and
(vi) An effective two-way voice communication system shall be provided between the
equipment operators and persons stationed within the building being serviced. The communications
facility shall be operable and shall be manned at all times by persons stationed within the building
whenever the platform is being used.
(f) Powered platform installations—Equipment—(1) General requirements. The following

requirements apply to equipment which are part of a powered platform installation, such as
platforms, stabilizing components, carriages, outriggers, davits, hoisting machines, wire ropes and
electrical components.
(i) Equipment installations shall be designed by or under the direction of a registered

professional engineer experienced in such design;
(ii) The design shall provide for a minimum live load of 250 pounds (113.6 kg) for each
occupant of a suspended or supported platform;
(iii) Equipment that is exposed to wind when not in service shall be designed to withstand
forces generated by winds of at least 100 miles per hour (44.7 m/s) at 30 feet (9.2 m) above grade;
and
(iv) Equipment that is exposed to wind when in service shall be designed to withstand forces
generated by winds of at least 50 miles per hour (22.4 m/s) for all elevations.
(2) Construction requirements. Bolted connections shall be self-locking or shall otherwise be

secured to prevent loss of the connections by vibration.
(3) Suspension methods. Elevated building maintenance equipment shall be suspended by a
carriage, outriggers, davits or an equivalent method.
(i) Carriages. Carriages used for suspension of elevated building maintenance equipment shall
comply with the following:
(A) The horizontal movement of a carriage shall be controlled so as to ensure its safe
movement and allow accurate positioning of the platform for vertical travel or storage;
(B) Powered carriages shall not exceed a traversing speed of 50 feet per minute (0.3 m/s);
(C) The initiation of a traversing movement for a manually propelled carriage on a smooth level
surface shall not require a person to exert a horizontal force greater than 40 pounds (444.8 n);
(D) Structural stops and curbs shall be provided to prevent the traversing of the carriage
beyond its designed limits of travel;
(E) Traversing controls for a powered carriage shall be of a continuous pressure weatherproof
type. Multiple controls when provided shall be arranged to permit operation from only one control
station at a time. An emergency stop device shall be provided on each end of a powered carriage for
interrupting power to the carriage drive motors;
(F) The operating controls(s) shall be so connected that in the case of suspended equipment,
traversing of a carriage is not possible until the suspended portion of the equipment is located at its
uppermost designed position for traversing; and is free of contact with the face of the building or
building guides. In addition, all protective devices and interlocks are to be in the proper position to
allow traversing of the carriage;
(G) Stability for underfoot supported carriages shall be obtained by gravity, by an attachment to
a structural support, or by a combination of gravity and a structural support. The use of flowing
counterweights to achieve stability is prohibited.
(1) The stability factor against overturning shall not be less than two for horizontal traversing of
the carriage, including the effects of impact and wind.
(2) The carriages and their anchorages shall be capable of resisting accidental over-tensioning
of the wire ropes suspending the working platform, and this calculated value shall include the effect
of one and one-half times the stall capacity of the hoist motor. All parts of the installation shall be
capable of withstanding without damage to any part of the installation the forces resulting from the
stall load of the hoist and one half the wind load.
(3) Roof carriages which rely on having tie-down devices secured to the building to develop the
required stability against overturning shall be provided with an interlock which will prevent vertical
platform movement unless the tie-down is engaged;
(H) An automatically applied braking or locking system, or equivalent, shall be provided that will
prevent unintentional traversing of power traversed or power assisted carriages;
(I) A manual or automatic braking or locking system or equivalent, shall be provided that will
prevent unintentional traversing of manually propelled carriages;
(J) A means to lock out the power supply for the carriage shall be provided;
(K) Safe access to and egress from the carriage shall be provided from a safe surface. If the
carriage traverses an elevated area, any operating area on the carriage shall be protected by a
guardrail system in compliance with the provisions of paragraph (f)(5)(i)(F) of this section. Any
access gate shall be self-closing and self-latching, or provided with an interlock;
(L) Each carriage work station position shall be identified by location markings and/or position
indicators; and
(M) The motors shall stall if the load on the hoist motors is at any time in excess of three times
that necessary for lifting the working platform with its rated load.
(ii) Transportable outriggers. (A) Transportable outriggers may be used as a method of

suspension for ground rigged working platforms where the point of suspension does not exceed 300
feet (91.5 m) above a safe surface. Tie-in guide system(s) shall be provided which meet the
requirements of paragraph (e)(2) of this section.
(B) Transportable outriggers shall be used only with self-powered, ground rigged working
platforms.
(C) Each transportable outrigger shall be secured with a tie-down to a verified anchorage on
the building during the entire period of its use. The anchorage shall be designed to have a stability
factor of not less than four against overturning or upsetting of the outrigger.
(D) Access to and egress from the working platform shall be from and to a safe surface below
the point of suspension.
(E) Each transportable outrigger shall be designed for lateral stability to prevent roll-over in the
event an accidental lateral load is applied to the outrigger. The accidental lateral load to be
considered in this design shall be not less than 70 percent of the rated load of the hoist.
(F) Each transportable outrigger shall be designed to support an ultimate load of not less than
four times the rated load of the hoist.
(G) Each transportable outrigger shall be so located that the suspension wire ropes for two
point suspended working platforms are hung parallel.
(H) A transportable outrigger shall be tied-back to a verified anchorage on the building with a
rope equivalent in strength to the suspension rope.
(I) The tie-back rope shall be installed parallel to the centerline of the outrigger.
(iii) Davits. (A) Every davit installation, fixed or transportable, rotatable or non-rotatable shall be
designed and installed to insure that it has a stability factor against overturning of not less than four.
(B) The following requirements apply to roof rigged davit systems:
(1) Access to and egress from the working platform shall be from a safe surface. Access or
egress shall not require persons to climb over a building's parapet or guard railing; and
(2) The working platform shall be provided with wheels, casters or a carriage for traversing
horizontally.
(C) The following requirements apply to ground rigged davit systems:
(1) The point of suspension shall not exceed 300 feet (91.5 m) above a safe surface. Guide
system(s) shall be provided which meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(2) of this section;
(2) Access and egress to and from the working platform shall only be from a safe surface below
the point of suspension.
(D) A rotating davit shall not require a horizontal force in excess of 40 pounds (177.9 n) per
person to initiate a rotating movement.
(E) The following requirements shall apply to transportable davits:
(1) A davit or part of a davit weighing more than 80 pounds (36 kg) shall be provided with a
means for its transport, which shall keep the center of gravity of the davit at or below 36 inches (914
mm) above the safe surface during transport;
(2) A davit shall be provided with a pivoting socket or with a base that will allow the insertion or
removal of a davit at a position of not more than 35 degrees above the horizontal, with the complete
davit inboard of the building face being serviced; and
(3) Means shall be provided to lock the davit to its socket or base before it is used to suspend
the platform.
(4) Hoisting machines. (i) Raising and lowering of suspended or supported equipment shall be
performed only by a hoisting machine.
(ii) Each hoisting machine shall be capable of arresting any overspeed descent of the load.
(iii) Each hoisting machine shall be powered only by air, electric or hydraulic sources.
(iv) Flammable liquids shall not be carried on the working platform.
(v) Each hoisting machine shall be capable of raising or lowering 125 percent of the rated load
of the hoist.
(vi) Moving parts of a hoisting machine shall be enclosed or guarded in compliance with
paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of §1910.212 of this part.
(vii) Winding drums, traction drums and sheaves and directional sheaves used in conjunction
with hoisting machines shall be compatible with, and sized for, the wire rope used.
(viii) Each winding drum shall be provided with a positive means of attaching the wire rope to
the drum. The attachment shall be capable of developing at least four times the rated load of the
hoist.
(ix) Each hoisting machine shall be provided with a primary brake and at least one independent
secondary brake, each capable of stopping and holding not less than 125 percent of the lifting
capacity of the hoist.
(A) The primary brake shall be directly connected to the drive train of the hoisting machine, and
shall not be connected through belts, chains, clutches, or set screw type devices. The brake shall
automatically set when power to the prime mover is interrupted.
(B)(1) The secondary brake shall be an automatic emergency type of brake that, if actuated
during each stopping cycle, shall not engage before the hoist is stopped by the primary brake.
(2) When a secondary brake is actuated, it shall stop and hold the platform within a vertical
distance of 24 inches (609.6 mm).
(x) Any component of a hoisting machine which requires lubrication for its protection and proper
functioning shall be provided with a means for that lubrication to be applied.
(5) Suspended equipment—(i) General requirements. (A) Each suspended unit component,
except suspension ropes and guardrail systems, shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at
least four times the maximum intended live load applied or transmitted to that component.
(B) Each suspended unit component shall be constructed of materials that will withstand
anticipated weather conditions.
(C) Each suspended unit shall be provided with a load rating plate, conspicuously located,
stating the unit weight and rated load of the suspended unit.
(D) When the suspension points on a suspended unit are not at the unit ends, the unit shall be
capable of remaining continuously stable under all conditions of use and position of the live load,
and shall maintain at least a 1.5 to 1 stability factor against unit upset.
(E) Guide rollers, guide shoes or building face rollers shall be provided, and shall compensate
for variations in building dimensions and for minor horizontal out-of-level variations of each
suspended unit.
(F) Each working platform of a suspended unit shall be secured to the building facade by one or
more of the following methods, or by an equivalent method:
(1) Continuous engagement to building anchors as provided in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this

section;
(2) Intermittent engagement to building anchors as provided in paragraph (e)(2)(iii)(A) of this

section;
(3) Button guide engagement as provided in paragraph (e)(2)(iii)(B) of this section; or
(4) Angulated roping and building face rollers as provided in paragraph (e)(2)(iii)(C) of this
section.
(G) Each working platform of a suspended unit shall be provided with a guardrail system on all
sides which shall meet the following requirements:
(1) The system shall consist of a top guardrail, midrail, and a toeboard;
(2) The top guardrail shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) high and shall be able to
withstand at least a 100-pound (444 n) force in any downward or outward direction;
(3) The midrail shall be able to withstand at least a 75-pound (333 n) force in any downward or
outward direction; and
(4) The areas between the guardrail and toeboard on the ends and outboard side, and the area
between the midrail and toeboard on the inboard side, shall be closed with a material that is capable
of withstanding a load of 100 pounds (45.4 KG.) applied horizontally over any area of one square
foot (.09 m2). The material shall have all openings small enough to reject passage of life lines and
potential falling objects which may be hazardous to persons below.
(5) Toeboards shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds
(222 n) applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along the toeboard.
(6) Toeboards shall be three and one-half inches (9 cm) minimum in length from their top edge
to the level of the platform floor.
(7) Toeboards shall be securely fastened in place at the outermost edge of the platform and
have no more than one-half inch (1.3 cm) clearance above the platform floor.
(8) Toeboards shall be solid or with an opening not over one inch (2.5 cm) in the greatest
dimension.
(ii) Two and four-point suspended working platforms. (A) The working platform shall be not less
than 24 inches (610 mm) wide and shall be provided with a minimum of a 12 inch (305 mm) wide
passage at or past any obstruction on the platform.
(B) The flooring shall be of a slip-resistant type and shall contain no opening that would allow
the passage of life lines, cables and other potential falling objects. If a larger opening is provided, it
shall be protected by placing a material under the opening which shall prevent the passage of life
lines, cables and potential falling objects.
(C) The working platfrom shall be provided with a means of suspension that will restrict the
platform's inboard to outboard roll about its longitudinal axis to a maximum of 15 degrees from a
horizontal plane when moving the live load from the inboard to the outboard side of the platform.
(D) Any cable suspended from above the platform shall be provided with a means for storage to
prevent accumulation of the cable on the floor of the platform.
(E) All operating controls for the vertical travel of the platform shall be of the continuous-
pressure type, and shall be located on the platform.
(F) Each operating station of every working platform shall be provided with a means of
interrupting the power supply to all hoist motors to stop any further powered ascent or descent of the
platform.
(G) The maximum rated speed of the platform shall not exceed 50 feet per minute (0.3 ms) with
single speed hoists, nor 75 feet per minute (0.4 ms) with multi-speed hoists.
(H) Provisions shall be made for securing all tools, water tanks, and other accessories to
prevent their movement or accumulation on the floor of the platform.
(I) Portable fire extinguishers conforming to the provisions of §§1910.155 and 1910.157 of this
part shall be provided and securely attached on all working platforms.
(J) Access to and egress from a working platfrom, except for those that land directly on a safe
surface, shall be provided by stairs, ladders, platforms and runways conforming to the provisions of
subpart D of this part. Access gates shall be self-closing and self-latching.
(K) Means of access to or egress from a working platform which is 48 inches (1.2 m) or more
above a safe surface shall be provided with a guardrail system or ladder handrails that conform to
the provisions of subpart D of this part.
(L) The platform shall be provided with a secondary wire rope suspension system if the platform
contains overhead structures which restrict the emergency egress of employees. A horizontal lifeline
or a direct connection anchorage shall be provided as part of a personal fall arrest system that
meets the requirements of subpart I of this part for each employee on such a platform.
(M) A vertical lifeline shall be provided as part of a personal fall arrest system that meets the
requirements of subpart I of this part for each employee on a working platform suspended by two or
more wire ropes, if the failure of one wire rope or suspension attachment will cause the platform to
upset. If a secondary wire rope suspension is used, vertical lifelines are not required for the personal
fall arrest system, provided that each employee is attached to a horizontal lifeline anchored to the
platform.
(N) An emergency electric operating device shall be provided on roof powered platforms near
the hoisting machine for use in the event of failure of the normal operating device located on the
working platform, or failure of the cable connected to the platform. The emergency electric operating
device shall be mounted in a secured compartment, and the compartment shall be labeled with
instructions for use. A means for opening the compartment shall be mounted in a break-glass
receptable located near the emergency electric operating device or in an equivalent secure and
accessible location.
(iii) Single point suspended working platforms. (A) The requirements of paragraphs (f)(5)(ii) (A)
through (K) of this section shall also apply to a single point working platform.
(B) Each single point suspended working platform shall be provided with a secondary wire rope
suspension system which will prevent the working platform from falling should there be a failure of
the primary means of support, or if the platform contains overhead structures which restrict the
egress of the employees. A horizontal life line or a direct connection anchorage shall be provided as
part of a personal fall arrest system that meets the requirements of subpart I of this part for each
employee on the platform.
(iv) Ground-rigged working platforms. (A) Groundrigged working platforms shall comply with all
the requirements of paragraphs (f)(5)(ii) (A) through (M) of this section.
(B) After each day's use, the power supply within the building shall be disconnected from a
ground-rigged working platform, and the platform shall be either disengaged from its suspension
points or secured and stored at grade.
(v) Intermittently stabilized platforms. (A) The platform shall comply with paragraphs (F)(5)(ii)
(A) through (M) of this section.
(B) Each stabilizer tie shall be equipped with a “quick connect-quick disconnect” device which
cannot be accidently disengaged, for attachment to the building anchor, and shall be resistant to
adverse environmental conditions.
(C) The platform shall be provided with a stopping device that will interrupt the hoist power
supply in the event the platform contacts a stabilizer tie during its ascent.
(D) Building face rollers shall not be placed at the anchor setting if exterior anchors are used on
the building face.
(E) Stabilizer ties used on intermittently stabilized platforms shall allow for the specific
attachment length needed to effect the predetermined angulation of the suspended wire rope. The
specific attachment length shall be maintained at all building anchor locations.
(F) The platform shall be in continuous contact with the face of the building during ascent and
descent.
(G) The attachment and removal of stabilizer ties shall not require the horizontal movement of
the platform.
(H) The platform-mounted equipment and its suspension wire ropes shall not be physically
damaged by the loads from the stabilizer tie or its building anchor. The platform, platform mounted
equipment and wire ropes shall be able to withstand a load that is at least twice the ultimate strength
of the stabilizer tie.
NOTE: See figure II in appendix B of this section for a description of a typical intermittent stabilization system.
(vi) Button-guide stabilized platforms. (A) The platform shall comply with paragraphs (f)(5)(ii)
(A) through (M) of this section.
(B) Each guide track on the platform shall engage a minimum of two guide buttons during any
vertical travel of the platform following the initial button engagement.
(C) Each guide track on a platform that is part of a roof rigged system shall be provided with a
storage position on the platform.
(D) Each guide track on the platform shall be sufficiently maneuverable by platform occupants
to permit easy engagement of the guide buttons, and easy movement into and out of its storage
position on the platform.
(E) Two guide tracks shall be mounted on the platform and shall provide continuous contact
with the building face.
(F) The load carrying components of the button guide stabilization system which transmit the
load into the platform shall be capable of supporting the weight of the platform, or provision shall be
made in the guide track connectors or platform attachments to prevent the weight of the platform
from being transmitted to the platform attachments.
NOTE: See figure III in appendix B of this section for a description of a typical button guide stabilization system.
(6) Supported equipment. (i) Supported equipment shall maintain a vertical position in respect
to the face of the building by means other than friction.
(ii) Cog wheels or equivalent means shall be incorporated to provide climbing traction between
the supported equipment and the building guides. Additional guide wheels or shoes shall be
incorporated as may be necessary to ensure that the drive wheels are continuously held in positive
engagement with the building guides.
(iii) Launch guide mullions indexed to the building guides and retained in alignment with the
building guides shall be used to align drive wheels entering the building guides.
(iv) Manned platforms used on supported equipment shall comply with the requirements of
paragraphs (f)(5)(ii)(A), (f)(5)(ii)(B), and (f)(5)(ii) (D) through (K) of this section covering suspended
equipment.
(7) Suspension wire ropes and rope connections. (i) Each specific installation shall use
suspension wire ropes or combination cable and connections meeting the specification
recommended by the manufacturer of the hoisting machine used. Connections shall be capable of
developing at least 80 percent of the rated breaking strength of the wire rope.
(ii) Each suspension rope shall have a “Design Factor” of at least 10. The “Design Factor” is the
ratio of the rated strength of the suspension wire rope to the rated working load, and shall be
calculated using the following formula:
Where:
F = Design factor
S = Manufacturer's rated strength of one suspension rope
N = Number of suspension ropes under load
W = Rated working load on all ropes at any point of travel
(iii) Suspension wire rope grade shall be at least improved plow steel or equivalent.
(iv) Suspension wire ropes shall be sized to conform with the required design factor, but shall
not be less than 5⁄16 inch (7.94 mm) in diameter.
(v) No more than one reverse bend in six wire rope lays shall be permitted.
(vi) A corrosion-resistant tag shall be securely attached to one of the wire rope fastenings when
a suspension wire rope is to be used at a specific location and will remain in that location. This tag
shall bear the following wire rope data:
(A) The diameter (inches and/or mm);

(B) Construction classification;
(C) Whether non-preformed or preformed;
(D) The grade of material;
(E) The manufacturer's rated strength;
(F) The manufacturer's name;
(G) The month and year the ropes were installed; and
(H) The name of the person or company which installed the ropes.
(vii) A new tag shall be installed at each rope renewal.
(viii) The original tag shall be stamped with the date of the resocketing, or the original tag shall
be retained and a supplemental tag shall be provided when ropes are resocketed. The supplemental
tag shall show the date of resocketing and the name of the person or company that resocketed the
rope.
(ix) Winding drum type hoists shall contain at least three wraps of the suspension wire rope on
the drum when the suspended unit has reached the lowest possible point of its vertical travel.
(x) Traction drum and sheave type hoists shall be provided with a wire rope of sufficient length
to reach the lowest possible point of vertical travel of the suspended unit, and an additional length of
the wire rope of at least four feet (1.2 m).
(xi) The lengthening or repairing of suspension wire ropes is prohibited.
(xii) Babbitted fastenings for suspension wire rope are prohibited.
(8) Control circuits, power circuits and their components. (i) Electrical wiring and equipment
shall comply with subpart S of this part, except as otherwise required by this section.
(ii) Electrical runway conductor systems shall be of a type designed for use in exterior locations,
and shall be located so that they do not come into contact with accumulated snow or water.
(iii) Cables shall be protected against damage resulting from overtensioning or from other
causes.
(iv) Devices shall be included in the control system for the equipment which will provide
protection against electrical overloads, three phase reversal and phase failure. The control system
shall have a separate method, independent of the direction control circuit, for breaking the power
circuit in case of an emergency or malfunction.
(v) Suspended or supported equipment shall have a control system which will require the
operator of the equipment to follow predetermined procedures.
(vi) The following requirements shall apply to electrical protection devices:

(A) On installations where the carriage does not have a stability factor of at least four against
overturning, electrical contact(s) shall be provided and so connected that the operating devices for
the suspended or supported equipment shall be operative only when the carriage is located and
mechanically retained at an established operating point.
(B) Overload protection shall be provided in the hoisting or suspension system to protect
against the equipment operating in the “up” direction with a load in excess of 125 percent of the
rated load of the platform; and
(C) An automatic detector shall be provided for each suspension point that will interrupt power
to all hoisting motors for travel in the “down” direction, and apply the primary brakes if any
suspension wire rope becomes slack. A continuous-pressure rigging-bypass switch designed for use
during rigging is permitted. This switch shall only be used during rigging.
(vii) Upper and lower directional switches designed to prevent the travel of suspended units
beyond safe upward and downward levels shall be provided.
(viii) Emergency stop switches shall be provided on remote controlled, roof-powered manned
platforms adjacent to each control station on the platform.
(ix) Cables which are in constant tension shall have overload devices which will prevent the
tension in the cable from interfering with the load limiting device required in paragraph (f)(8)(vi)(B) of
this section, or with the platform roll limiting device required in paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(C) of this section.
The setting of these devices shall be coordinated with other overload settings at the time of design of
the system, and shall be clearly indicated on or near the device. The device shall interrupt the
equipment travel in the “down” direction.
(g) Inspection and tests—(1) Installations and alterations. All completed building maintenance
equipment installations shall be inspected and tested in the field before being placed in initial service
to determine that all parts of the installation conform to applicable requirements of this standard, and
that all safety and operating equipment is functioning as required. A similar inspection and test shall
be made following any major alteration to an existing installation. No hoist in an installation shall be
subjected to a load in excess of 125 percent of its rated load.
(2) Periodic inspections and tests. (i) Related building supporting structures shall undergo
periodic inspection by a competent person at intervals not exceeding 12 months.
(ii) All parts of the equipment including control systems shall be inspected, and, where
necessary, tested by a competent person at intervals specified by the manufacturer/supplier, but not
to exceed 12 months, to determine that they are in safe operating condition. Parts subject to wear,
such as wire ropes, bearings, gears, and governors shall be inspected and/or tested to determine
that they have not worn to such an extent as to affect the safe operation of the installation.
(iii) The building owner shall keep a certification record of each inspection and test required
under paragraphs (g)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section. The certification record shall include the date of the
inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and the number, or other
identifier, of the building support structure and equipment which was inspected. This certification
record shall be kept readily available for review by the Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant
Secretary's representative and by the employer.
(iv) Working platforms and their components shall be inspected by the employer for visible
defects before every use and after each occurrence which could affect the platform's structural
integrity.
(3) Maintenance inspections and tests. (i) A maintenance inspection and, where necessary, a
test shall be made of each platform installation every 30 days, or where the work cycle is less than
30 days such inspection and/or test shall be made prior to each work cycle. This inspection and test
shall follow procedures recommended by the manufacturer, and shall be made by a competent
person.
(ii) The building owner shall keep a certification record of each inspection and test performed
under paragraph (g)(3)(i) of this section. The certification record shall include the date of the
inspection and test, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and/or test, and an
identifier for the platform installation which was inspected. The certification record shall be kept
readily available for review by the Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant Secretary's
representative and by the employer.
(4) Special inspection of governors and secondary brakes. (i) Governors and secondary brakes
shall be inspected and tested at intervals specified by the manufacturer/supplier but not to exceed
every 12 months.
(ii) The results of the inspection and test shall confirm that the initiating device for the
secondary braking system operates at the proper overspeed.
(iii) The results of the inspection and test shall confirm that the secondary brake is functioning
properly.
(iv) If any hoisting machine or initiating device for the secondary brake system is removed from
the equipment for testing, all reinstalled and directly related components shall be reinspected prior to
returning the equipment installation to service.
(v) Inspection of governors and secondary brakes shall be performed by a competent person.
(vi) The secondary brake governor and actuation device shall be tested before each day's use.
Where testing is not feasible, a visual inspection of the brake shall be made instead to ensure that it
is free to operate.
(5) Suspension wire rope maintenance, inspection and replacement. (i) Suspension wire rope
shall be maintained and used in accordance with procedures recommended by the wire rope
manufacturer.
(ii) Suspension wire rope shall be inspected by a competent person for visible defects and
gross damage to the rope before every use and after each occurrence which might affect the wire
rope's integrity.
(iii) A thorough inspection of suspension wire ropes in service shall be made once a month.
Suspension wire ropes that have been inactive for 30 days or longer shall have a thorough
inspection before they are placed into service. These thorough inspections of suspension wire ropes
shall be performed by a competent person.
(iv) The need for replacement of a suspension wire rope shall be determined by inspection and
shall be based on the condition of the wire rope. Any of the following conditions or combination of
conditions will be cause for removal of the wire rope:
(A) Broken wires exceeding three wires in one strand or six wires in one rope lay;
(B) Distortion of rope structure such as would result from crushing or kinking;
(C) Evidence of heat damage;
(D) Evidence of rope deterioration from corrosion;
(E) A broken wire within 18 inches (460.8 mm) of the end attachments;
(F) Noticeable rusting and pitting;
(G) Evidence of core failure (a lengthening of rope lay, protrusion of the rope core and a
reduction in rope diameter suggests core failure); or
(H) More than one valley break (broken wire).
(I) Outer wire wear exceeds one-third of the original outer wire diameter.
(J) Any other condition which the competent person determines has significantly affected the
integrity of the rope.
(v) The building owner shall keep a certification record of each monthly inspection of a
suspension wire rope as required in paragraph (g)(5)(iii) of this section. The record shall include the
date of the inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and a number, or
other identifier, of the wire rope which was inspected. This record of inspection shall be made
available for review by the Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant Secretary's representative
and by the employer.
(6) Hoist inspection. Before lowering personnel below the top elevation of the building, the hoist
shall be tested each day in the lifting direction with the intended load to make certain it has sufficient
capacity to raise the personnel back to the boarding level.
(h) Maintenance—(1) General maintenance. All parts of the equipment affecting safe operation
shall be maintained in proper working order so that they may perform the functions for which they
were intended. The equipment shall be taken out of service when it is not in proper working order.
(2) Cleaning. (i) Control or power contactors and relays shall be kept clean.
(ii) All other parts shall be kept clean if their proper functioning would be affected by the
presence of dirt or other contaminants.
(3) Periodic resocketing of wire rope fastenings. (i) Hoisting ropes utilizing poured socket
fastenings shall be resocketed at the non-drum ends at intervals not exceeding 24 months. In
resocketing the ropes, a sufficient length shall be cut from the end of the rope to remove damaged or
fatigued portions.
(ii) Resocketed ropes shall conform to the requirements of paragraph (f)(7) of this section.
(iii) Limit switches affected by the resocketed ropes shall be reset, if necessary.
(4) Periodic reshackling of suspension wire ropes. The hoisting ropes shall be reshackled at the
nondrum ends at intervals not exceeding 24 months. When reshackling the ropes, a sufficient length
shall be cut from the end of the rope to remove damaged or fatigued portions.
(5) Roof systems. Roof track systems, tie-downs, or similar equipment shall be maintained in
proper working order so that they perform the function for which they were intended.
(6) Building face guiding members. T-rails, indented mullions, or equivalent guides located in
the face of a building shall be maintained in proper working order so that they perform the functions
for which they were intended. Brackets for cable stabilizers shall similarly be maintained in proper
working order.
(7) Inoperative safety devices. No person shall render a required safety device or electrical
protective device inoperative, except as necessary for tests, inspections, and maintenance.
Immediately upon completion of such tests, inspections and maintenance, the device shall be
restored to its normal operating condition.
(i) Operations—(1) Training. (i) Working platforms shall be operated only by persons who are
proficient in the operation, safe use and inspection of the particular working platform to be operated.
(ii) All employees who operate working platforms shall be trained in the following:
(A) Recognition of, and preventive measures for, the safety hazards associated with their
individual work tasks.
(B) General recognition and prevention of safety hazards associated with the use of working
platforms, including the provisions in the section relating to the particular working platform to be
operated.
(C) Emergency action plan procedures required in paragraph (e)(9) of this section.
(D) Work procedures required in paragraph (i)(1)(iv) of this section.
(E) Personal fall arrest system inspection, care, use and system performance.
(iii) Training of employees in the operation and inspection of working platforms shall be done by
a competent person.
(iv) Written work procedures for the operation, safe use and inspection of working platforms
shall be provided for employee training. Pictorial methods of instruction, may be used, in lieu of
written work procedures, if employee communication is improved using this method. The operating
manuals supplied by manufacturers for platform system components can serve as the basis for
these procedures.
(v) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained in operating and inspecting a
working platform by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained,
the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training and the date that training
was completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of the training required
in paragraph (i)(1)(ii) of this section, and shall be maintained in a file for the duration of the
employee's employment. The certification record shall be kept readily available for review by the
Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant Secretary's representative.
(2) Use. (i) Working platforms shall not be loaded in excess of the rated load, as stated on the
platform load rating plate.
(ii) Employees shall be prohibited from working on snow, ice, or other slippery material covering
platforms, except for the removal of such materials.
(iii) Adequate precautions shall be taken to protect the platform, wire ropes and life lines from
damage due to acids or other corrosive substances, in accordance with the recommendations of the
corrosive substance producer, supplier, platform manufacturer or other equivalent information
sources. Platform members which have been exposed to acids or other corrosive substances shall
be washed down with a neutralizing solution, at a frequency recommended by the corrosive
substance producer or supplier.
(iv) Platform members, wire ropes and life lines shall be protected when using a heat producing
process. Wire ropes and life lines which have been contacted by the heat producing process shall be
considered to be permanently damaged and shall not be used.
(v) The platform shall not be operated in winds in excess of 25 miles per hour (40.2 km/hr)
except to move it from an operating to a storage position. Wind speed shall be determined based on
the best available information, which includes on-site anemometer readings and local weather
forecasts which predict wind velocities for the area.
(vi) On exterior installations, an anemometer shall be mounted on the platform to provide

information of on-site wind velocities prior to and during the use of the platform. The anemometer
may be a portable (hand held) unit which is temporarily mounted during platform use.
(vii) Tools, materials and debris not related to the work in progress shall not be allowed to
accumulate on platforms. Stabilizer ties shall be located so as to allow unencumbered passage
along the full length of the platform and shall be of such length so as not to become entangled in
rollers, hoists or other machinery.
(j) Personal fall protection. Employees on working platforms shall be protected by a personal
fall arrest system meeting the requirements of subpart I of this part and as otherwise provided by this
standard.
APPENDIX A TO §1910.66, GUIDELINES (ADVISORY)
1. Use of the Appendix. Appendix A provides examples of equipment and methods to assist the employer in
meeting the requirements of the indicated provision of the standard. Employers may use other equipment or
procedures which conform to the requirements of the standard. This appendix neither adds to nor detracts from the
mandatory requirements set forth in §1910.66.
2. Assurance. Paragraph (c) of the standard requires the building owner to inform the employer in writing that
the powered platform installation complies with certain requirements of the standard, since the employer may not
have the necessary information to make these determinations. The employer, however, remains responsible for
meeting these requirements which have not been set off in paragraph (c)(1).
3. Design Requirements. The design requirements for each installation should be based on the limitations
(stresses, deflections, etc.), established by nationally recognized standards as promulgated by the following
organizations, or to equivalent standards:
AA—The Aluminum Association, 818 Connecticut Avenue, NW., Washington, DC, 20006
Aluminum Construction Manual
Specifications For Aluminum Structures
Aluminum Standards and Data
AGMA—American Gear Manufacturers Association, 101 North Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 1000, Arlington, VA 22209
AISC—American Institute of Steel Construction, 400 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
ANSI—American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018
ASCE—American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017
ASME—American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017
ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103
AWS—American Welding Society, Inc., Box 351040, 550 NW. LeJeunne Road, Miami, FL 33126
JIC—Joint Industrial Council, 2139 Wisconsin Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20007
NEMA—National Electric Manufacturers Association, 2101 L Street, NW., Washington, DC 20037
4. Tie-in-guides. Indented mullions, T-rails or other equivalent guides are acceptable as tie-in guides in a
building face for a continuous stabilization system. Internal guides are embedded in other building members with only
the opening exposed (see Figure 1 of appendix B). External guides, however, are installed external to the other
building members and so are fully exposed. The minimum opening for tie-in guides is three-quarters of an inch (19
mm), and the minimum inside dimensions are one-inch (25 mm) deep and two inches (50 mm) wide.
Employers should be aware of the hazards associated with tie-in guides in a continuous stabilization system
which was not designed properly. For example, joints in these track systems may become extended or discontinuous
due to installation or building settlement. If this alignment problem is not corrected, the system could jam when a
guide roller or guide shoe strikes a joint and this would cause a hazardous situation for employees. In another
instance, faulty design will result in guide rollers being mounted in a line so they will jam in the track at the slightest
misalignment.
5. Building anchors (intermittent stabilization system). In the selection of the vertical distance between building
anchors, certain factors should be given consideration. These factors include building height and architectural design,
platform length and weight, wire rope angulation, and the wind velocities in the building area. Another factor to
consider is the material of the building face, since this material may be adversely affected by the building rollers.
External or indented type building anchors are acceptable. Receptacles in the building facade used for the
indented type should be kept clear of extraneous materials which will hinder their use. During the inspection of the
platform installation, evidence of a failure or abuse of the anchors should be brought to the attention of the employer.
6. Stabilizer tie length. A stabilizer tie should be long enough to provide for the planned angulation of the
suspension cables. However, the length of the tie should not be excessive and become a problem by possibly
becoming entangled in the building face rollers or parts of the platform machinery.
The attachment length may vary due to material elongation and this should be considered when selecting the
material to be used. Consideration should also be given to the use of ties which are easily installed by employees,
since this will encourage their use.
7. Intermittent stabilization system. Intermittent stabilization systems may use different equipment, tie-in
devices and methods to restrict the horizontal movement of a powered platform with respect to the face of the
building. One acceptable method employs corrosion-resistant building anchors secured in the face of the building in
vertical rows every third floor or 50 feet (15.3 m), whichever is less. The anchors are spaced horizontally to allow a
stabilization attachment (stabilizer tie) for each of the two platform suspension wire ropes. The stabilizer tie consists
of two parts. One part is a quick connect-quick disconnect device which utilizes a corrosion-resistant yoke and
retainer spring that is designed to fit over the building anchors. The second part of the stabilizer tie is a lanyard which
is used to maintain a fixed distance between the suspension wire rope and the face of the building.
In this method, as the suspended powered platform descends past the elevation of each anchor, the descent is
halted and each of the platform occupants secures a stabilizer tie between a suspension wire rope and a building
anchor. The procedure is repeated as each elevation of a building anchor is reached during the descent of the
powered platform.
As the platform ascends, the procedure is reversed; that is, the stabilizer ties are removed as each elevation of
a building anchor is reached. The removal of each stabilizer tie is assured since the platform is provided with stopping
devices which will interrupt power to its hoist(s) in the event either stopping device contacts a stabilizer during the
ascent of the platform.
Figure 2 of appendix B illustrates another type of acceptable intermittent stabilization system which utilizes
retaining pins as the quick connect-quick disconnect device in the stabilizer tie.
8. Wire Rope Inspection. The inspection of the suspension wire rope is important since the rope gradually loses
strength during its useful life. The purpose of the inspection is to determine whether the wire rope has sufficient
integrity to support a platform with the required design factor.
If there is any doubt concerning the condition of a wire rope or its ability to perform the required work, the rope
should be replaced. The cost of wire rope replacement is quite small if compared to the cost in terms of human
injuries, equipment down time and replacement.
No listing of critical inspection factors, which serve as a basis for wire rope replacement in the standard, can be
a substitute for an experienced inspector of wire rope. The listing serves as a user's guide to the accepted standards
by which ropes must be judged.
Rope life can be prolonged if preventive maintenance is performed regularly. Cutting off an appropriate length
of rope at the end termination before the core degrades and valley breaks appear minimizes degradation at these
sections.
9. General Maintenance. In meeting the general maintenance requirement in paragraph (h)(1) of the standard,
the employer should undertake the prompt replacement of broken, worn and damaged parts, switch contacts,
brushes, and short flexible conductors of electrical devices. The components of the electrical service system and
traveling cables should be replaced when damaged or significantly abraded. In addition, gears, shafts, bearings,
brakes and hoisting drums should be kept in proper alignment.
10. Training. In meeting the training requirement of paragraph (i)(1) of the standard, employers should use both
on the job training and formal classroom training. The written work procedures used for this training should be
obtained from the manufacturer, if possible, or prepared as necessary for the employee's information and use.
Employees who will operate powered platforms with intermittent stabilization systems should receive instruction
in the specific ascent and descent procedures involving the assembly and disassembly of the stabilizer ties.
An acceptable training program should also include employee instruction in basic inspection procedures for the
purpose of determining the need for repair and replacement of platform equipment. In addition, the program should
cover the inspection, care and use of the personal fall protection equipment required in paragraph (j)(1) of the
standard.
In addition, the training program should also include emergency action plan elements. OSHA brochure
#1B3088 (Rev.) 1985, “How to Prepare for Workplace Emergencies,” details the basic steps needed to prepare to
handle emergencies in the workplace.
Following the completion of a training program, the employee should be required to demonstrate competency in
operating the equipment safely. Supplemental training of the employee should be provided by the employer, as
necessary, if the equipment used or other working conditions should change.
An employee who is required to work with chemical products on a platform should receive training in proper
cleaning procedures, and in the hazards, care and handling of these products. In addition, the employee should be
supplied with the appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and eye and face protection.
11. Suspension and Securing of Powered Platforms (Equivalency). One acceptable method of demonstrating
the equivalency of a method of suspending or securing a powered platform, as required in paragraphs (e)(2)(iii), (f)(3)
and (f)(5)(i)(F), is to provide an engineering analysis by a registered professional engineer. The analysis should
demonstrate that the proposed method will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than any one
of the methods specified in the standard.
APPENDIX B TO §1910.66—EXHIBITS (ADVISORY)
The three drawings in appendix B illustrate typical platform stabilization systems which are addressed in the
standard. The drawings are to be used for reference purposes only, and do not illustrate all the mandatory
requirements for each system.
APPENDIX C TO §1910.66 [RESERVED]
APPENDIX D TO §1910.66—EXISTING INSTALLATIONS (MANDATORY)
Use of the Appendix
Appendix D sets out the mandatory building and equipment requirements for applicable permanent installations
completed after August 27, 1971, and no later than July 23, 1990 which are exempt from the paragraphs (a), (b)(1),
(b)(2), (c), (d), (e), and (f) of this standard. The requirements in appendix D are essentially the same as unrevised
building and equipment provisions which previously were designated as 29 CFR 1910.66 (a), (b), (c) and (d) and
which were effective on August 27, 1971.
NOTE: All existing installations subject to this appendix shall also comply with paragraphs (g), (h), (i), (j) and
appendix C of the standard 29 CFR 1910.66.
(a) Definitions applicable to this appendix—(1) Angulated roping. A system of platform suspension in which the
upper wire rope sheaves or suspension points are closer to the plane of the building face than the corresponding
attachment points on the platform, thus causing the platform to press against the face of the building during its
vertical travel.
(2) ANSI. American National Standards Institute.
(3) Babbitted fastenings. The method of providing wire rope attachments in which the ends of the wire strands
are bent back and are held in a tapered socket by means of poured molten babbitt metal.
(4) Brake—disc type. A brake in which the holding effect is obtained by frictional resistance between one or
more faces of discs keyed to the rotating member to be held and fixed discs keyed to the stationary or housing
member (pressure between the discs being applied axially).
(5) Brake—self-energizing band type. An essentially undirectional brake in which the holding effect is obtained
by the snubbing action of a flexible band wrapped about a cylindrical wheel or drum affixed to the rotating member to
be held, the connections and linkages being so arranged that the motion of the brake wheel or drum will act to
increase the tension or holding force of the band.
(6) Brake—shoe type. A brake in which the holding effect is obtained by applying the direct pressure of two or
more segmental friction elements held to a stationary member against a cylindrical wheel or drum affixed to the
rotating member to be held.
(7) Building face rollers. A specialized form of guide roller designed to contact a portion of the outer face or wall
structure of the building, and to assist in stabilizing the operators' platform during vertical travel.
(8) Continuous pressure. Operation by means of buttons or switches, any one of which may be used to control
the movement of the working platform or roof car, only as long as the button or switch is manually maintained in the
actuating position.
(9) Control. A system governing starting, stopping, direction, acceleration, speed, and retardation of moving
members.
(10) Controller. A device or group of devices, usually contained in a single enclosure, which serves to control in
some predetermined manner the apparatus to which it is connected.
(11) Electrical ground. A conducting connection between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or
some conducting body which serves in place of the earth.
(12) Guide roller. A rotating, bearing-mounted, generally cylindrical member, operating separately or as part of
a guide shoe assembly, attached to the platform, and providing rolling contact with building guideways, or other
building contact members.
(13) Guide shoe. An assembly of rollers, slide members, or the equivalent, attached as a unit to the operators'
platform, and designed to engage with the building members provided for the vertical guidance of the operators'
platform.
(14) Interlock. A device actuated by the operation of some other device with which it is directly associated, to
govern succeeding operations of the same or allied devices.
(15) Operating device. A pushbutton, lever, or other manual device used to actuate a control.
(16) Powered platform. Equipment to provide access to the exterior of a building for maintenance, consisting of
a suspended power-operated working platform, a roof car, or other suspension means, and the requisite operating
and control devices.
(17) Rated load. The combined weight of employees, tools, equipment, and other material which the working
platform is designed and installed to lift.
(18) Relay, direction. An electrically energized contactor responsive to an initiating control circuit, which in turn
causes a moving member to travel in a particular direction.
(19) Relay, potential for vertical travel. An electrically energized contactor responsive to initiating control circuit,
which in turn controls the operation of a moving member in both directions. This relay usually operates in conjunction
with direction relays, as covered under the definition, “relay, direction.”
(20) Roof car. A structure for the suspension of a working platform, providing for its horizontal movement to
working positions.
(21) Roof-powered platform. A powered platform having the raising and lowering mechanism located on a roof
car.
(22) Self-powered platform. A powered platform having the raising and lowering mechanism located on the
working platform.
(23) Traveling cable. A cable made up of electrical or communication conductors or both, and providing
electrical connection between the working platform and the roof car or other fixed point.
(24) Weatherproof. Equipment so constructed or protected that exposure to the weather will not interfere with
its proper operation.
(25) Working platform. The suspended structure arranged for vertical travel which provides access to the
exterior of the building or structure.
(26) Yield point. The stress at which the material exhibits a permanent set of 0.2 percent.
(27) Zinced fastenings. The method of providing wire rope attachments in which the splayed or fanned wire
ends are held in a tapered socket by means of poured molten zinc.
(b) General requirements. (1) Design requirements. All powered platform installations for exterior building
maintenance completed as of August 27, 1971, but no later than [insert date, 180 days after the effective date], shall
meet all of the design, construction and installation requirements of part II and III of the “American National Standard
Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance ANSI A120.1-1970” and of this
appendix. References shall be made to appropriate parts of ANSI A120.1-1970 for detail specifications for equipment
and special installations.
(2) Limitation. The requirements of this appendix apply only to electric powered platforms. It is not the intent of
this appendix to prohibit the use of other types of power. Installation of powered platforms using other types of power
is permitted, provided such platforms have adequate protective devices for the type of power used, and otherwise
provide for reasonable safety of life and limb to users of equipment and to others who may be exposed.
(3) Types of powered platforms. (i) For the purpose of applying this appendix, powered platforms are divided
into two basic types, Type F and Type T.
(ii) Powered platforms designated as Type F shall meet all the requirements in part II of ANSI A 120.1-1970,
American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance. A basic
requirement of Type F equipment is that the work platform is suspended by at least four wire ropes and designed so
that failure of any one wire rope will not substantially alter the normal position of the working platform. Another basic
requirement of Type F equipment is that only one layer of hoisting rope is permitted on winding drums. Type F
powered platforms may be either roof-powered or self-powered.
(iii) Powered platforms designated as Type T shall meet all the requirements in part III of ANSI A120.1-1970
American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance, except
for section 28, Safety Belts and Life Lines. A basic requirement of Type T equipment is that the working platform is
suspended by at least two wire ropes. Failure of one wire rope would not permit the working platform to fall to the
ground, but would upset its normal position. Type T powered platforms may be either roof-powered or self-powered.
(iv) The requirements of this section apply to powered platforms with winding drum type hoisting machines. It is
not the intent of this section to prohibit powered platforms using other types of hoisting machines such as, but not
limited to, traction drum hoisting machines, air powered machines, hydraulic powered machines, and internal
combustion machines. Installation of powered platforms with other types of hoisting machines is permitted, provided
adequate protective devices are used, and provided reasonable safety of life and limb to users of the equipment and
to others who may be exposed is assured.
(v) Both Type F and Type T powered platforms shall comply with the requirements of appendix C of this
standard.
(c) Type F powered platforms—(1) Roof car, general. (i) A roof car shall be provided whenever it is necessary
to move the working platform horizontally to working or storage positions.
(ii) The maximum rated speed at which a power traversed roof car may be moved in a horizontal direction shall
be 50 feet per minute.
(2) Movement and positioning of roof car. (i) Provision shall be made to protect against having the roof car
leave the roof or enter roof areas not designed for travel.
(ii) The horizontal motion of the roof cars shall be positively controlled so as to insure proper movement and
positioning of the roof car.
(iii) Roof car positioning devices shall be provided to insure that the working platform is placed and retained in
proper position for vertical travel and during storage.
(iv) Mechanical stops shall be provided to prevent the traversing of the roof car beyond its normal limits of
travel. Such stops shall be capable of withstanding a force equal to 100 percent of the inertial effect of the roof car in
motion with traversing power applied.
(v)(a) The operating device of a power-operated roof car for traversing shall be located on the roof car, the
working platform, or both, and shall be of the continuous pressure weather-proof electric type. If more than one
operating device is provided, they shall be so arranged that traversing is possible only from one operating device at a
time.
(b) The operating device shall be so connected that it is not operable until:
(1) The working platform is located at its uppermost position of travel and is not in contact with the building face
or fixed vertical guides in the face of the building; and
(2) All protective devices and interlocks are in a position for traversing.
(3) Roof car stability. Roof car stability shall be determined by either paragraph (c)(3) (i) or (ii) of this appendix,
whichever is greater.
(i) The roof car shall be continuously stable, considering overturning moment as determined by 125 percent
rated load, plus maximum dead load and the prescribed wind loading.
(ii) The roof car and its anchorages shall be capable of resisting accidental over-tensioning of the wire ropes
suspending the working platform and this calculated value shall include the effect of one and one-half times the value.
For this calculation, the simultaneous effect of one-half wind load shall be included, and the design stresses shall not
exceed those referred to in paragraph (b)(1) of this appendix.
(iii) If the load on the motors is at any time in excess of three times that required for lifting the working platform
with its rated load the motor shall stall.
(4) Access to the roof car. Safe access to the roof car and from the roof car to the working platform shall be
provided. If the access to the roof car at any point of its travel is not over the roof area or where otherwise necessary
for safety, then self-closing, self-locking gates shall be provided. Access to and from roof cars must comply with the
requirements of subpart D of this part.
(5) Means for maintenance, repair, and storage. Means shall be provided to run the roof car away from the roof
perimeter, where necessary, and to provide a safe area for maintenance, repairs, and storage. Provisions shall be
made to secure the machine in the stored position. For stored machines subject to wind forces, see special design
and anchorage requirements for “wind forces” in part II, section 10.5.1.1 of ANSI A120.1-1970 American National
Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance.
(6) General requirements for working platforms. The working platform shall be of girder or truss construction
and shall be adequate to support its rated load under any position of loading, and comply with the provisions set forth
in section 10 of ANSI A120.1-1970, American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for
Exterior Building Maintenance.
(7) Load rating plate. Each working platform shall bear a manufacturer's load rating plate, conspicuously
posted; stating the maximum permissible rated load. Load rating plates shall be made of noncorrosive material and
shall have letters and figures stamped, etched, or cast on the surface. The minimum height of the letters and figures
shall be one-fourth inch.
(8) Minimum size. The working platform shall have a minimum net width of 24 inches.
(9) Guardrails. Working platforms shall be furnished with permanent guard rails not less than 36 inches high,
and not more than 42 inches high at the front (building side). At the rear, and on the sides, the rail shall not be less
than 42 inches high. An intermediate guardrail shall be provided around the entire platform between the top guardrail
and the toeboard.
(10) Toeboards. A four-inch toeboard shall be provided along all sides of the working platform.
(11) Open spaces between guardrails and toeboards. The spaces between the intermediate guardrail and
platform toeboard on the building side of the working platform, and between the top guardrail and the toeboard on
other sides of the platform, shall be filled with metalic mesh or similar material that will reject a ball one inch in
diameter. The installed mesh shall be capable of withstanding a load of 100 pounds applied horizontally over any
area of 144 square inches. If the space between the platform and the building face does not exceed eight inches, and
the platform is restrained by guides, the mesh may be omitted on the front side.
(12) Flooring. The platform flooring shall be of the nonskid type, and if of open construction, shall reject a 9⁄16 -
inch diameter ball, or be provided with a screen below the floor to reject a 9⁄16 -inch diameter ball.
(13) Access gates. Where access gates are provided, they shall be self-closing and self-locking.
(14) Operating device for vertical movement of the working platform. (i) The normal operating device for the
working platform shall be located on the working platform and shall be of the continuous pressure weatherproof
electric type.
(ii) The operating device shall be operable only when all electrical protective devices and interlocks on the
working platform are in position for normal service and, the roof car, if provided, is at an established operating point.
(15) Emergency electric operative device. (i) In addition, on roof-powered platforms, an emergency electric
operating device shall be provided near the hoisting machine for use in the event of failure of the normal operating
device for the working platform, or failure of the traveling cable system. The emergency operating device shall be
mounted in a locked compartment and shall have a legend mounted thereon reading: “For Emergency Operation
Only. Establish Communication With Personnel on Working Platform Before Use.”
(ii) A key for unlocking the compartment housing the emergency operating device shall be mounted in a break-
glass receptacle located near the emergency operating device.
(16) Manual cranking for emergency operation. Emergency operation of the main drive machine may be
provided to allow manual cranking. This provision for manual operation shall be designed so that not more than two
persons will be required to perform this operation. The access to this provision shall include a means to automatically
make the machine inoperative electrically while under the emergency manual operation. The design shall be such
that the emergency brake is operative at or below governor tripping speed during manual operation.
(17) Arrangement and guarding of hoisting equipment. (i) Hoisting equipment shall consist of a power-driven
drum or drum contained in the roof car (roof-powered platforms) or contained on the working platform (self-powered
platform).
(ii) The hoisting equipment shall be power-operated in both up and down directions.
(iii) Guard or other protective devices shall be installed wherever rotating shafts or other mechanisms or gears
may expose personnel to a hazard.
(iv) Friction devices or clutches shall not be used for connecting the main driving mechanism to the drum or
drums. Belt or chain-driven machines are prohibited.
(18) Hoisting motors. (i) Hoisting motors shall be electric and of weather-proof construction.
(ii) Hoisting motors shall be in conformance with applicable provisions of paragraph (c)(22) of this appendix,
Electric Wiring and Equipment.
(iii) Hoisting motors shall be directly connected to the hoisting machinery. Motor couplings, if used, shall be of
steel construction.
(19) Brakes. The hoisting machine(s) shall have two independent braking means, each designed to stop and
hold the working platform with 125 percent of rated load.
(20) Hoisting ropes and rope connections. (i) Working platforms shall be suspended by wire ropes of either 6 ×
19 or 6 × 37 classification, preformed or nonpreformed.
(ii) [Reserved]
(iii) The minimum factor of safety shall be 10, and shall be calculated by the following formula:
F = S × N/W
Where
S = Manufacturer's rated breaking strength of one rope.
N = Number of ropes under load.
W = Maximum static load on all ropes with the platform and its rated load at any point of its travel.
(iv) Hoisting ropes shall be sized to conform with the required factor of safety, but in no case shall the size be
less than 5⁄16 inch diameter.
(v) Winding drums shall have at least three turns of rope remaining when the platform has landed at the lowest
possible point of its travel.
(vi) The lengthening or repairing of wire rope by the joining of two or more lengths is prohibited.
(vii) The nondrum ends of the hoisting ropes shall be provided with individual shackle rods which will permit
individual adjustment of rope lengths, if required.
(viii) More than two reverse bends in each rope is prohibited.
(21) Rope tag data. (i) A metal data tag shall be securely attached to one of the wire rope fastenings. This data
tag shall bear the following wire rope data:
(a) The diameter in inches.
(b) Construction classification.
(c) Whether nonpreformed or preformed.
(d) The grade of material used.
(e) The manufacturer's rated breaking strength.
(f) Name of the manufacturer of the rope.
(g) The month and year the ropes were installed.
(22) Electrical wiring and equipment. (i) All electrical equipment and wiring shall conform to the requirements of
subpart S of this Part, except as modified by ANSI A120.1—1970 “American National Standard Safety Requirements
for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance” (see §1910.6). For detail design specifications for electrical
equipment, see part 2, ANSI A120.1-1970.
(ii) All motors and operation and control equipment shall be supplied from a single power source.
(iii) The power supply for the powered platform shall be an independent circuit supplied through a fused
disconnect switch.
(iv) Electrical conductor parts of the power supply system shall be protected against accidental contact.
(v) Electrical grounding shall be provided.
(a) Provisions for electrical grounding shall be included with the power-supply system.
(b) Controller cabinets, motor frames, hoisting machines, the working platform, roof car and roof car track
system, and noncurrent carrying parts of electrical equipment, where provided, shall be grounded.
(c) The controller, where used, shall be so designed and installed that a single ground or short circuit will not
prevent both the normal and final stopping device from stopping the working platform.
(d) Means shall be provided on the roof car and working platform for grounding portable electric tools.
(e) The working platform shall be grounded through a grounding connection in a traveling cable. Electrically
powered tools utilized on the working platform shall be grounded.
(vi) Electrical receptacles located on the roof or other exterior location shall be of a weatherproof type and shall
be located so as not to be subject to contact with water or accumulated snow. The receptacles shall be grounded and
the electric cable shall include a grounding conductor. The receptacle and plug shall be a type designed to avoid
hazard to persons inserting or withdrawing the plug. Provision shall be made to prevent application of cable strain
directly to the plug and receptacle.
(vii) Electric runway conductor systems shall be of the type designed for use in exterior locations and shall be
located so as not to be subject to contact with water or accumulated snow. The conductors, collectors, and
disconnecting means shall conform to the same requirements as those for cranes and hoists in subpart S of this Part.
A grounded conductor shall parallel the power conductors and be so connected that it cannot be opened by the
disconnecting means. The system shall be designed to avoid hazard to persons in the area.
(viii) Electrical protective devices and interlocks of the weatherproof type shall be provided.
(ix) Where the installation includes a roof car, electric contact(s) shall be provided and so connected that the
operating devices for the working platform shall be operative only when the roof car is located and mechanically
retained at an established operating point.
(x) Where the powered platform includes a powered-operated roof car, the operating device for the roof car
shall be inoperative when the roof car is mechanically retained at an established operating point.
(xi) An electric contact shall be provided and so connected that it will cause the down direction relay for vertical
travel to open if the tension in the traveling cable exceeds safe limits.
(xii) An automatic overload device shall be provided to cut off the electrical power to the circuit in all hoisting
motors for travel in the up direction, should the load applied to the hoisting ropes at either end of the working platform
exceed 125 percent of its normal tension with rated load, as shown on the manufacturer's data plate on the working
platform.
(xiii) An automatic device shall be provided for each hoisting rope which will cut off the electrical power to the
hoisting motor or motors in the down direction and apply the brakes if any hoisting rope becomes slack.
(xiv) Upper and lower directional limit devices shall be provided to prevent the travel of the working platform
beyond the normal upper and lower limits of travel.
(xv) Operation of a directional limit device shall prevent further motion in the appropriate direction, if the normal
limit of travel has been reached.
(xvi) Directional limit devices, if driven from the hoisting machine by chains, tapes, or cables, shall incorporate a
device to disconnect the electric power from the hoisting machine and apply both the primary and secondary brakes
in the event of failure of the driving means.
(xvii) Final terminal stopping devices of the working platform:
(a) Final terminal stopping devices for the working platform shall be provided as a secondary means of
preventing the working platform from over-traveling at the terminals.
(b) The device shall be set to function as close to each terminal landing as practical, but in such a way that
under normal operating conditions it will not function when the working platform is stopped by the normal terminal
stopping device.
(c) Operation of the final terminal stopping device shall open the potential relay for vertical travel, thereby
disconnecting the electric power from the hoisting machine, and applying both the primary and secondary brakes.
(d) The final terminal stopping device for the upper limit of travel shall be mounted so that it is operated directly
by the motion of the working platform itself.
(xviii) Emergency stop switches shall be provided in or adjacent to each operating device.
(xix) Emergency stop switches shall:
(a) Have red operating buttons or handles.
(b) Be conspicuously and permanently marked “Stop.”
(c) Be the manually opened and manually closed type.
(d) Be positively opened with the opening not solely dependent on springs.
(xx) The manual operation of an emergency stop switch associated with an operating device for the working
platform shall open the potential relay for vertical travel, thereby disconnecting the electric power from the hoisting
machine and applying both the primary and secondary brakes.
(xxi) The manual operation of the emergency stop switch associated with the operating device for a power-
driven roof car shall cause the electrical power to the traverse machine to be interrupted, and the traverse machine
brake to apply.
(23) Requirements for emergency communications. (i) Communication equipment shall be provided for each
powered platform for use in an emergency.
(ii) Two-way communication shall be established between personnel on the roof and personnel on the stalled
working platform before any emergency operation of the working platform is undertaken by personnel on the roof.
(iii) The equipment shall permit two-way voice communication between the working platform and
(a) Designated personnel continuously available while the powered platform is in use; and
(b) Designated personnel on roof-powered platforms, undertaking emergency operation of the working platform
by means of the emergency operating device located near the hoisting machine.
(iv) The emergency communication equipment shall be one of the following types:
(a) Telephone connected to the central telephone exchange system; or
(b) Telephones on a limited system or an approved two-way radio system, provided designated personnel are
available to receive a message during the time the powered platform is in use.
(d) Type T powered platforms—(1) Roof car. The requirements of paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(5) of this
appendix shall apply to Type T powered platforms.
(2) Working platform. The requirements of paragraphs (c)(6) through (c)(16) of this appendix apply to Type T
powered platforms.
(i) The working platform shall be suspended by at least two wire ropes.
(ii) The maximum rated speed at which the working platform of self-powered platforms may be moved in a
vertical direction shall not exceed 35 feet per minute.
(3) Hoisting equipment. The requirements of paragraphs (c) (17) and (18) of this appendix shall apply to Type T
powered platforms.
(4) Brakes. Brakes requirements of paragraph (c)(19) of this appendix shall apply.
(5) Hoisting ropes and rope connections. (i) Paragraphs (c)(20) (i) through (vi) and (viii) of this appendix shall
apply to Type T powered platforms.
(ii) Adjustable shackle rods in subparagraph (c)(20)(vii) of this appendix shall apply to Type T powered
platforms, if the working platform is suspended by more than two wire ropes.
(6) Electrical wiring and equipment. (i) The requirements of paragraphs (c)(22) (i) through (vi) of this appendix
shall apply to Type T powered platforms. “Circuit protection limitation,” “powered platform electrical service system,”
all operating services and control equipment shall comply with the specifications contained in part 2, section 26, ANSI
A120.1-1970.
(ii) For electrical protective devices the requirements of paragraphs (c)(22) (i) through (viii) of this appendix
shall apply to Type T powered platforms. Requirements for the “circuit potential limitation” shall be in accordance with
specifications contained in part 2, section 26, of ANSI A120.1-1970.
(7) Emergency communications. All the requirements of paragraph (c)(23) of this appendix shall apply to Type
T powered platforms.
§1910.67 Vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms.
(a) Definitions applicable to this section—(1) Aerial device. Any vehicle—mounted device,
telescoping or articulating, or both, which is used to position personnel.
(2) Aerial ladder. An aerial device consisting of a single- or multiple-section extensible ladder.
(3) Articulating boom platform. An aerial device with two or more hinged boom sections.
(4) Extensible boom platform. An aerial device (except ladders) with a telescopic or extensible
boom. Telescopic derricks with personnel platform attachments shall be considered to be extensible
boom platforms when used with a personnel platform.
(5) Insulated aerial device. An aerial device designed for work on energized lines and
apparatus.
(6) Mobile unit. A combination of an aerial device, its vehicle, and related equipment.
(7) Platform. Any personnel-carrying device (basket or bucket) which is a component of an

aerial device.
(8) Vehicle. Any carrier that is not manually propelled.
(9) Vertical tower. An aerial device designed to elevate a platform in a substantially vertical
axis.
(b) General requirements. (1) Unless otherwise provided in this section, aerial devices (aerial
lifts) acquired on or after July 1, 1975, shall be designed and constructed in conformance with the
applicable requirements of the American National Standard for “Vehicle Mounted Elevating and
Rotating Work Platforms,” ANSI A92.2—1969, including appendix, which is incorporated by
reference as specified in §1910.6. Aerial lifts acquired for use before July 1, 1975 which do not meet
the requirements of ANSI A92.2—1969, may not be used after July 1, 1976, unless they shall have
been modified so as to conform with the applicable design and construction requirements of ANSI
A92.2—1969. Aerial devices include the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial devices used to
elevate personnel to jobsites above ground: (i) Extensible boom platforms, (ii) aerial ladders, (iii)
articulating boom platforms, (iv) vertical towers, and (v) a combination of any of the above. Aerial
equipment may be made of metal, wood, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), or other material; may
be powered or manually operated; and are deemed to be aerial lifts whether or not they are capable
of rotating about a substantially vertical axis.
(2) Aerial lifts may be “field modified” for uses other than those intended by the manufacturer,
provided the modification has been certified in writing by the manufacturer or by any other equivalent
entity, such as a nationally recognized testing laboratory, to be in conformity with all applicable
provisions of ANSI A92.2—1969 and this section, and to be at least as safe as the equipment was
before modification.
(3) The requirements of this section do not apply to firefighting equipment or to the vehicles
upon which aerial devices are mounted, except with respect to the requirement that a vehicle be a
stable support for the aerial device.
(4) For operations near overhead electric lines, see §1910.333(c)(3).
(c) Specific requirements—(1) Ladder trucks and tower trucks. Before the truck is moved for
highway travel, aerial ladders shall be secured in the lower traveling position by the locking device
above the truck cab, and the manually operated device at the base of the ladder, or by other equally
effective means (e.g., cradles which prevent rotation of the ladder in combination with positive acting
linear actuators).
(2) Extensible and articulating boom platforms. (i) Lift controls shall be tested each day prior to
use to determine that such controls are in safe working condition.
(ii) Only trained persons shall operate an aerial lift.
(iii) Belting off to an adjacent pole, structure, or equipment while working from an aerial lift shall
not be permitted.
(iv) Employees shall always stand firmly on the floor of the basket, and shall not sit or climb on
the edge of the basket or use planks, ladders, or other devices for a work position.
(v) A personal fall arrest or travel restraint system that meets the requirements in subpart I of
this part shall be worn and attached to the boom or basket when working from an aerial lift.
(vi) Boom and basket load limits specified by the manufacturer shall not be exceeded.
(vii) The brakes shall be set and outriggers, when used, shall be positioned on pads or a solid
surface. Wheel chocks shall be installed before using an aerial lift on an incline.
(viii) An aerial lift truck may not be moved when the boom is elevated in a working position with
men in the basket, except for equipment which is specifically designed for this type of operation in
accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of this section.
(ix) Articulating boom and extensible boom platforms, primarily designed as personnel carriers,
shall have both platform (upper) and lower controls. Upper controls shall be in or beside the platform
within easy reach of the operator. Lower controls shall provide for overriding the upper controls.
Controls shall be plainly marked as to their function. Lower level controls shall not be operated
unless permission has been obtained from the employee in the lift, except in case of emergency.
(x) Climbers shall not be worn while performing work from an aerial lift.
(xi) The insulated portion of an aerial lift shall not be altered in any manner that might reduce its
insulating value.
(xii) Before moving an aerial lift for travel, the boom(s) shall be inspected to see that it is
properly cradled and outriggers are in stowed position, except as provided in paragraph (c)(2)(viii) of
this section.
(3) Electrical tests. Electrical tests shall be made in conformance with the requirements of ANSI
A92.2—1969, Section 5. However, equivalent DC voltage tests may be used in lieu of the AC
voltage test specified in A92.2—1969. DC voltage tests which are approved by the equipment
manufacturer or equivalent entity shall be considered an equivalent test for the purpose of this
paragraph (c)(3).
(4) Bursting safety factor. All critical hydraulic and pneumatic components shall comply with the
provisions of the American National Standards Institute standard, ANSI A92.2—1969, Section 4.9
Bursting Safety Factor. Critical components are those in which a failure would result in a free fall or
free rotation of the boom. All noncritical components shall have a bursting safety factor of at least
two to one.
(5) “Welding standards.” All welding shall conform to the following American Welding Society
(AWS) Standards which are incorporated by reference as specified in §1910.6, as applicable:
(i) Standard Qualification Procedure, AWS B3.0—41.
(ii) Recommended Practices for Automotive Welding Design, AWS D8.4-61.
(iii) Standard Qualification of Welding Procedures and Welders for Piping and Tubing, AWS
D10.9-69.
(iv) Specifications for Welding Highway and Railway Bridges, AWS D2.0-69.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40 FR 13439, Mar. 26, 1975; 55 FR 32014, Aug. 6, 1990; 61 FR 9235,
Mar. 7, 1996; 79 FR 37190, July 1, 2014; 81 FR 82999, Nov. 18, 2016]
§1910.68 Manlifts.
(a) Definitions applicable to this section—(1) Handhold (Handgrip). A handhold is a device

attached to the belt which can be grasped by the passenger to provide a means of maintaining
balance.
(2) Open type. One which has a handgrip surface fully exposed and capable of being encircled
by the passenger's fingers.
(3) Closed type. A cup-shaped device, open at the top in the direction of travel of the step for
which it is to be used, and closed at the bottom, into which the passenger may place his fingers.
(4) Limit switch. A device, the purpose of which is to cut off the power to the motor and apply
the brake to stop the carrier in the event that a loaded step passes the terminal landing.
(5) Manlift. A device consisting of a power-driven endless belt moving in one direction only, and
provided with steps or platforms and handholds attached to it for the transportation of personnel from
floor to floor.
(6) Rated speed. Rated speed is the speed for which the device is designed and installed.
(7) Split-rail switch. An electric limit switch operated mechanically by the rollers on the manlift
steps. It consists of an additional hinged or “split” rail, mounted on the regular guide rail, over which
the step rollers pass. It is springloaded in the “split” position. If the step supports no load, the rollers
will “bump” over the switch; if a loaded step should pass over the section, the split rail will be forced
straight, tripping the switch and opening the electrical circuit.
(8) Step (platform). A step is a passenger carrying unit.
(9) Travel. The travel is the distance between the centers of the top and bottom pulleys.
(b) General requirements—(1) Application. This section applies to the construction,

maintenance, inspection, and operation of manlifts in relation to accident hazards. Manlifts covered
by this section consist of platforms or brackets and accompanying handholds mounted on, or
attached to an endless belt, operating vertically in one direction only and being supported by, and
driven through pulleys, at the top and bottom. These manlifts are intended for conveyance of
persons only. It is not intended that this section cover moving stairways, elevators with enclosed
platforms (“Paternoster” elevators), gravity lifts, nor conveyors used only for conveying material. This
section applies to manlifts used to carry only personnel trained and authorized by the employer in
their use.
(2) Purpose. The purpose of this section is to provide reasonable safety for life and limb.
(3) Design requirements. All new manlift installations and equipment installed after the effective
date of these regulations shall meet the design requirements of the “American National Safety
Standard for Manlifts ANSI A90.1-1969”, which is incorporated by reference as specified in §1910.6,
and the requirements of this section.
(4) Reference to other codes and subparts. The following codes and subparts of this part are
applicable to this section: Safety Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus, ANSI B15.1-
1953 (R 1958); Safety Code for Fixed Ladders, ANSI A14.3-1956; and subparts D, O, and S. The
preceding ANSI standards are incorporated by reference as specified in §1910.6.
(5) Floor openings—(i) Allowable size. Floor openings for both the “up” and “down” runs shall
be not less than 28 inches nor more than 36 inches in width for a 12-inch belt; not less than 34
inches nor more than 38 inches for a 14-inch belt; and not less than 36 inches nor more than 40
inches for a 16-inch belt and shall extend not less than 24 inches, nor more than 28 inches from the
face of the belt.
(ii) Uniformity. All floor openings for a given manlift shall be uniform in size and shall be
approximately circular, and each shall be located vertically above the opening below it.
(6) Landing—(i) Vertical clearance. The clearanace between the floor or mounting platform and
the lower edge for the conical guard above it required by subparagraph (7) of this paragraph shall
not be less than 7 feet 6 inches. Where this clearance cannot be obtained no access to the manlift
shall be provided and the manlift runway shall be enclosed where it passes through such floor.
(ii) Clear landing space. The landing space adjacent to the floor openings shall be free from
obstruction and kept clear at all times. This landing space shall be at least 2 feet in width from the
edge of the floor opening used for mounting and dismounting.
(iii) Lighting and landing. Adequate lighting, not less than 5-foot candles, shall be provided at
each floor landing at all times when the lift is in operation.
(iv) Landing surface. The landing surfaces at the entrances and exits to the manlift shall be
constructed and maintained as to provide safe footing at all times.
(v) Emergency landings. Where there is a travel of 50 feet or more between floor landings, one
or more emergency landings shall be provided so that there will be a landing (either floor or
emergency) for every 25 feet or less of manlift travel.
(a) Emergency landings shall be accessible from both the “up” and “down” rungs of the manlift
and shall give access to the ladder required in subparagraph (12) of this paragraph.
(b) Emergency landings shall be completely enclosed with a standard railing and toeboard.
(c) Platforms constructed to give access to bucket elevators or other equipment for the purpose
of inspection, lubrication, and repair may also serve as emergency landings under this rule. All such
platforms will then be considered part of the emergency landing and shall be provided with standard
railings and toeboards.
(7) Guards on underside of floor openings—(i) Fixed type. On the ascending side of the manlift
floor openings shall be provided with a bevel guard or cone meeting the following requirements:
(a) The cone shall make an angle of not less than 45° with the horizontal. An angle of 60° or
greater shall be used where ceiling heights permit.
(b) The lower edge of this guard shall extend at least 42 inches outward from any handhold on
the belt. It shall not extend beyond the upper surface of the floor above.
(c) The cone shall be made of not less than No. 18 U.S. gauge sheet steel or material of
equivalent strength or stiffness. The lower edge shall be rolled to a minimum diameter of one-half
inch and the interior shall be smooth with no rivets, bolts or screws protruding.
(ii) Floating type. In lieu of the fixed guards specified in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph a
floating type safety cone may be used, such floating cones to be mounted on hinges at least 6
inches below the underside of the floor and so constructed as to actuate a limit switch should a force
of 2 pounds be applied on the edge of the cone closest to the hinge. The depth of this floating cone
need not exceed 12 inches.
(8) Protection of entrances and exits—(i) Guard rail requirement. The entrances and exits at all
floor landings affording access to the manlift shall be guarded by a maze (staggered railing) or a
handrail equipped with self-closing gates.
(ii) Construction. The rails shall be standard guardrails with toeboards that meet the
requirements in subpart D of this part.
(iii) Gates. Gates, if used, shall open outward and shall be self-closing. Corners of gates shall
be rounded.
(iv) Maze. Maze or staggered openings shall offer no direct passage between enclosure and
outer floor space.
(v) Except where building layout prevents, entrances at all landings shall be in the same
relative position.
(9) Guards for openings—(i) Construction. The floor opening at each landing shall be guarded
on sides not used for entrance or exit by a wall, a railing and toeboard or by panels of wire mesh of
suitable strength.
(ii) Height and location. Such rails or guards shall be at least 42 inches in height on the up-
running side and 66 inches on the down-running side.
(10) Bottom arrangement—(i) Bottom landing. At the bottom landing the clear area shall be not
smaller than the area enclosed by the guardrails on the floors above, and any wall in front of the
down-running side of the belt shall be not less than 48 inches from the face of the belt. This space
shall not be encroached upon by stairs or ladders.
(ii) Location of lower pulley. The lower (boot) pulley shall be installed so that it is supported by
the lowest landing served. The sides of the pulley support shall be guarded to prevent contact with
the pulley or the steps.
(iii) Mounting platform. A mounting platform shall be provided in front or to one side of the uprun
at the lowest landing, unless the floor level is such that the following requirement can be met: The
floor or platform shall be at or above the point at which the upper surface of the ascending step
completes its turn and assumes a horizontal position.
(iv) Guardrails. To guard against persons walking under a descending step, the area on the
downside of the manlift shall be guarded in accordance with subparagraph (8) of this paragraph. To
guard against a person getting between the mounting platform and an ascending step, the area
between the belt and the platform shall be protected by a guardrail.
(11) Top arrangements—(i) Clearance from floor. A top clearance shall be provided of at least
11 feet above the top terminal landing. This clearance shall be maintained from a plane through
each face of the belt to a vertical cylindrical plane having a diameter 2 feet greater than the diameter
of the floor opening, extending upward from the top floor to the ceiling on the up-running side of the
belt. No encroachment of structural or machine supporting members within this space will be
permitted.
(ii) Pulley clearance. (a) There shall be a clearance of at least 5 feet between the center of the
head pulley shaft and any ceiling obstruction.
(b) The center of the head pulley shaft shall be not less than 6 feet above the top terminal
landing.
(iii) Emergency grab rail. An emergency grab bar or rail and platform shall be provided at the
head pulley when the distance to the head pulley is over 6 feet above the top landing, otherwise only
a grab bar or rail is to be provided to permit the rider to swing free should the emergency stops
become inoperative.
(12) Emergency exit ladder. A fixed metal ladder accessible from both the “up” and “down” run
of the manlift shall be provided for the entire travel of the manlift. Such ladders shall meet the
requirements in subpart D of this part.
(13) Superstructure bracing. Manlift rails shall be secured in such a manner as to avoid
spreading, vibration, and misalinement.
(14) Illumination—(i) General. Both runs of the manlift shall be illuminated at all times when the
lift is in operation. An intensity of not less than 1-foot candle shall be maintained at all points.
(However, see subparagraph (6)(iii) of this paragraph for illumination requirements at landings.)
(ii) Control of illumination. Lighting of manlift runways shall be by means of circuits permanently
tied in to the building circuits (no switches), or shall be controlled by switches at each landing. Where
separate switches are provided at each landing, any switch shall turn on all lights necessary to
illuminate the entire runway.
(15) Weather protection. The entire manlift and its driving mechanism shall be protected from
the weather at all times.
(c) Mechanical requirements—(1) Machines, general—(i) Brakes. Brakes provided for stopping
and holding a manlift shall be inherently self-engaging, by requiring power or force from an external
source to cause disengagement. The brake shall be electrically released, and shall be applied to the
motor shaft for direct-connected units or to the input shaft for belt-driven units. The brake shall be
capable of stopping and holding the manlift when the descending side is loaded with 250 lb on each
step.
(ii) Belt. (a) The belts shall be of hard-woven canvas, rubber-coated canvas, leather, or other
material meeting the strength requirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this section and having a
coefficient of friction such that when used in conjunction with an adequate tension device it will meet
the brake test specified in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph.
(b) The width of the belt shall be not less than 12 inches for a travel not exceeding 100 feet, not
less than 14 inches for a travel greater than 100 feet but not exceeding 150 feet and 16 inches for a
travel exceeding 150 feet.
(c) A belt that has become torn while in use on a manlift shall not be spliced and put back in
service.
(2) Speed—(i) Maximum speed. No manlift designed for a speed in excess of 80 feet per
minute shall be installed.
(ii) [Reserved]
(3) Platforms or steps—(i) Minimum depth. Steps or platforms shall be not less than 12 inches
nor more than 14 inches deep, measured from the belt to the edge of the step or platform.
(ii) Width. The width of the step or platform shall be not less than the width of the belt to which it
is attached.
(iii) Distance between steps. The distance between steps shall be equally spaced and not less
than 16 feet measured from the upper surface of one step to the upper surface of the next step
above it.
(iv) Angle of step. The surface of the step shall make approximately a right angle with the “up”
and “down” run of the belt, and shall travel in the approximate horizontal position with the “up” and
“down” run of the belt.
(v) Surfaces. The upper or working surfaces of the step shall be of a material having inherent
nonslip characteristics (coefficient of friction not less than 0.5) or shall be covered completely by a
nonslip tread securely fastened to it.
(vi) Strength of step supports. When subjected to a load of 400 pounds applied at the
approximate center of the step, step frames, or supports and their guides shall be of adequate
strength to:
(a) Prevent the disengagement of any step roller.
(b) Prevent any appreciable misalinement.
(c) Prevent any visible deformation of the steps or its support.
(vii) Prohibition of steps without handholds. No steps shall be provided unless there is a
corresponding handhold above or below it meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(4) of this
section. If a step is removed for repairs or permanently, the handholds immediately above and below
it shall be removed before the lift is again placed in service.
(4) Handholds—(i) Location. Handholds attached to the belt shall be provided and installed so
that they are not less than 4 feet nor more than 4 feet 8 inches above the step tread. These shall be
so located as to be available on the both “up” and “down” run of the belt.
(ii) Size. The grab surface of the handhold shall be not less than 41⁄2 inches in width, not less
than 3 inches in depth, and shall provide 2 inches of clearance from the belt. Fastenings for
handholds shall be located not less than 1 inch from the edge of the belt.
(iii) Strength. The handhold shall be capable of withstanding, without damage, a load of 300
pounds applied parallel to the run of the belt.
(iv) Prohibition of handhold without steps. No handhold shall be provided without a

corresponding step. If a handhold is removed permanently or temporarily, the corresponding step
and handhold for the opposite direction of travel shall also be removed before the lift is again placed
in service.
(v) Type. All handholds shall be of the closed type.
(5) Up limit stops—(i) Requirements. Two separate automatic stop devices shall be provided to
cut off the power and apply the brake when a loaded step passes the upper terminal landing. One of
these shall consist of a split-rail switch mechanically operated by the step roller and located not more
than 6 inches above the top terminal landing. The second automatic stop device may consist of any
of the following:
(a) Any split-rail switch placed 6 inches above and on the side opposite the first limit switch.
(b) An electronic device.
(c) A switch actuated by a lever, rod, or plate, the latter to be placed on the “up” side of the
head pulley so as to just clear a passing step.
(ii) Manual reset location. After the manlift has been stopped by a stop device it shall be
necessary to reset the automatic stop manually. The device shall be so located that a person
resetting it shall have a clear view of both the “up” and “down” runs of the manlift. It shall not be
possible to reset the device from any step or platform.
(iii) Cut-off point. The initial limit stop device shall function so that the manlift will be stopped
before the loaded step has reached a point 24 inches above the top terminal landing.
(iv) Electrical requirements. (a) Where such switches open the main motor circuit directly they
shall be of the multipole type.
(b) Where electronic devices are used they shall be so designed and installed that failure will
result in shutting off the power to the driving motor.
(c) Where flammable vapors or combustible dusts may be present, electrical installations shall
be in accordance with the requirements of subpart S of this part for such locations.
(d) Unless of the oil-immersed type controller contacts carrying the main motor current shall be
copper to carbon or equal, except where the circuit is broken at two or more points simultaneously.
(6) Emergency stop—(i) General. An emergency stop means shall be provided.
(ii) Location. This stop means shall be within easy reach of the ascending and descending runs
of the belt.
(iii) Operation. This stop means shall be so connected with the control lever or operating
mechanism that it will cut off the power and apply the brake when pulled in the direction of travel.
(iv) Rope. If rope is used, it shall be not less than three-eights inch in diameter. Wire rope,
unless marlin-covered, shall not be used.
(7) Instruction and warning signs—(i) Instruction signs at landings or belts. Signs of
conspicuous and easily read style giving instructions for the use of the manlift shall be posted at
each landing or stenciled on the belt.
(a) [Reserved]
(b) The instructions shall read approximately as follows:
Face the Belt.
Use the Handholds.
To Stop—Pull Rope.
(ii) Top floor warning sign and light. (a) At the top floor an illuminated sign shall be displayed
bearing the following wording:
“TOP FLOOR—GET OFF”

Signs shall be in block letters not less than 2 inches in height. This sign shall be located within easy
view of an ascending passenger and not more than 2 feet above the top terminal landing.
(b) In addition to the sign required by paragraph (c)(7)(ii)(a) of this section, a red warning light
of not less than 40- watt rating shall be provided immediately below the upper landing terminal and
so located as to shine in the passenger's face.
(iii) Visitor warning. A conspicuous sign having the following legend—AUTHORIZED

PERSONNEL ONLY—shall be displayed at each landing.
(d) Operating rules—(1) Proper use of manlifts. No freight, packaged goods, pipe, lumber, or
construction materials of any kind shall be handled on any manlift.
(2) [Reserved]
(e) Periodic inspection—(1) Frequency. All manlifts shall be inspected by a competent

designated person at intervals of not more than 30 days. Limit switches shall be checked weekly.
Manlifts found to be unsafe shall not be operated until properly repaired.
(2) Items covered. This periodic inspection shall cover but is not limited to the following items:
Steps.
Step Fastenings.
Rails.
Rail Supports and Fastenings.
Rollers and Slides.
Belt and Belt Tension.
Handholds and Fastenings.
Floor Landings.
Guardrails.
Lubrication.
Limit Switches.
Warning Signs and Lights.
Illumination.
Drive Pulley.
Bottom (boot) Pulley and Clearance.
Pulley Supports.
Motor.
Driving Mechanism.
Brake.
Electrical Switches.
Vibration and Misalignment.
“Skip” on up or down run when mounting step (indicating worn gears).
(3) Inspection record. A certification record shall be kept of each inspection which includes the
date of the inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and the serial
number, or other identifier, of the manlift which was inspected. This record of inspection shall be
made available to the Assistant Secretary of Labor or a duly authorized representative.

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PART 1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

§1910.1 Purpose and scope.

As used in this part, unless the context clearly requires otherwise:

(d) Employee means an employee of an employer who is employed in a business of his

§1910.3 Petitions for the issuance, amendment, or repeal of a standard.

§1910.4 Amendments to this part.

§1910.5 Applicability of standards.

(c)(1) If a particular standard is specifically applicable to a condition, practice, means, method,

§1910.6 Incorporation by reference.

(23) ANSI B31.1-67, IBR approved for §1910.253(d)(1)(i)(A)

(32) ANSI B175.1-1991, Safety Requirements for Gasoline-Powered Chain Saws

(60) ANSI Z41-1999, American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective

(61) ANSI Z41-1991, American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective

(1) U.S. Pharmacopeia, IBR approved for §1910.134(d)(1).

(iii) Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112;

(2) UN ST/SG/AC.10/Rev.4, The UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods,

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974]

§1910.7 Definition and requirements for a nationally recognized testing laboratory.

(4) The NRTL maintains effective procedures for:

(e) Implementation. A testing organization desiring recognition by OSHA as an NRTL shall

(i) Processing of applications for initial recognition, expansion of recognition, or renewal of

(ii) Audits of sites.

Milestones/Dates Action required

I. Periodic Review of Fee Schedule

II. Application Processing Fees

APPENDIX A TO §1910.7—OSHA RECOGNITION PROCESS FOR NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED TESTING

I. Procedures for Initial OSHA Recognition

B. Review and Decision Process; Issuance or Renewal.

II. Supplementary Procedures.

A. Test standard changes.

B. Expansion of current recognition

C. Renewal of OSHA recognition

D. Voluntary termination of recognition.

E. Revocation of recognition by OSHA.

§1910.8 OMB control numbers under the Paperwork Reduction Act.

The following sections or paragraphs each contain a collection of information requirement

29 CFR citation OMB control No.

1910.179(m)(1) and (m)(2) 1218-0224

1910.180(g)(1) and (g)(2)(ii) 1218-0221

1910.181(g)(1) and (g)(3) 1218-0222

1910.184(e)(4), (f)(4) and (i)(8)(ii) 1218-0223

1910.217(e)(1)(i) and (ii) 1218-0229

1910.218(a)(2)(i) and (ii) 1218-0228

§1910.9 Compliance duties owed to each employee.

Subpart D—Walking-Working Surfaces

SOURCE: 81 FR 82981, Nov. 18, 2016, unless otherwise noted.

§1910.21 Scope and definitions.

(b) Definitions. The following definitions apply in this subpart:

Designated area means a distinct portion of a walking-working surface delineated by a warning

Extension ladder means a non-self-supporting portable ladder that is adjustable in length.

Mobile means manually propelled or moveable.

Positioning system (work-positioning system) means a system of equipment and connectors

Qualified describes a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or

Ramp means an inclined walking-working surface used to access another level.

Tieback means an attachment between an anchorage (e.g., structural member) and a

Travel restraint system means a combination of an anchorage, anchorage connector, lanyard

Walking-working surface means any horizontal or vertical surface on or through which an

Well means a permanent, complete enclosure around a fixed ladder.

§1910.22 General requirements.

(a) Surface conditions. The employer must ensure:

(d) Inspection, maintenance, and repair. The employer must ensure:

(2) Hazardous conditions on walking-working surfaces are corrected or repaired before an

(2) Designed into or is an integral part of machines or equipment.