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Abdurrahman Wahid was an Indonesian Muslim leader who served as president of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. He was the first president elected after Suharto's resignation in 1998. Wahid was born in 1940 in East Java to a prestigious Islamic family and was educated in Islamic boarding schools. He had a successful career as a journalist and academic before entering politics. As president, Wahid promoted democratic reforms and pursued a moderate form of Islam that was tolerant of other beliefs. However, his presidency was weakened by political instability and opposition, and he was impeached in 2001.
Abdurrahman Wahid was an Indonesian Muslim leader who served as president of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. He was the first president elected after Suharto's resignation in 1998. Wahid was born in 1940 in East Java to a prestigious Islamic family and was educated in Islamic boarding schools. He had a successful career as a journalist and academic before entering politics. As president, Wahid promoted democratic reforms and pursued a moderate form of Islam that was tolerant of other beliefs. However, his presidency was weakened by political instability and opposition, and he was impeached in 2001.
Abdurrahman Wahid was an Indonesian Muslim leader who served as president of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. He was the first president elected after Suharto's resignation in 1998. Wahid was born in 1940 in East Java to a prestigious Islamic family and was educated in Islamic boarding schools. He had a successful career as a journalist and academic before entering politics. As president, Wahid promoted democratic reforms and pursued a moderate form of Islam that was tolerant of other beliefs. However, his presidency was weakened by political instability and opposition, and he was impeached in 2001.
Abdurrahman Wahid, Born Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil 7 September 1940 – 30 December
2009), Colloquially Known As About This Sound Gus Dur (Help•info), Was An Indonesian Muslim Religious And Political Leader Who Served As The President Of Indonesia From 1999 To 2001. The Long-Time President Of The Nahdlatul Ulama And The Founder Of The National Awakening Party (PKB), Wahid Was The First Elected President Of Indonesia After The Resignation Of Suharto In 1998. His Popular Nickname Katak Gus Dur, Is Derived From Katak Meaning Frog,Gus, A Common Honorific For A Son Of Kyai, From Short-Form Of Bagus (‘Handsome Frog’ In Javanese Language And Dur, Short-Form Of His Name, Abdurrahman. Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil Wahid Was Born On The Fourth Day Of The Eighth Month Of The Islamic Calendar In 1940 In Jombang, East Java To Abdul Wahid Hasyim And Siti Solichah. This Led To A Belief That He Was Born On 4 August; Instead, Using The Islamic Calendar To Mark His Birth Date Meant That He Was Actually Born On 4 Sha’aban, Equivalent To 7 September 1940. He Was Named After Abd Ar-Rahman I Of The Umayyad Caliphate Who Brought Islam To Spain And Was Thus Nicknamed “Ad-Dakhil” (“The Conqueror”). His Name Is Stylized In The Traditional Arabic Naming System As “Abdurrahman, Son Of Wahid”. His Family Is Javanese Of Mixed Chinese-Arabic Origins With Some Native Blood. From His Paternal Line, He Is Descended From A Well-Known Moslem Missionary From China Known As Syekh Abdul Qadir Tan Kiem Han Who Was A Disciple Of Sunan Ngampel-Denta (Raden Rahmat Bong Swie Hoo) – One Of The Nine Wali (Holy Islamic Saints) Who Became One Of The First Islamic Kings On Java Who Islamicized Java In The 15-16th Centuries He Was The Oldest Of His Five Siblings, And Was Born Into A Very Prestigious Family In The East Java Muslim Community. His Paternal Grandfather, Hasyim Asy’ari Was The Founder Of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) While His Maternal Grandfather, Bisri Syansuri Was The First Muslim Educator To Introduce Classes For Women. Wahid’s Father, Wahid Hasyim, Was Involved In The Nationalist Movement And Would Go On To Be Indonesia’s First Minister Of Religious Affairs. In 1944, Wahid Moved From Jombang To Jakarta Where His Father Was Involved With The Consultative Council Of Indonesian Muslims (Masyumi), An Organization Established By The Imperial Japanese Army Which Occupied Indonesia At The Time. After The Indonesian Declaration Of Independence On 17 August 1945, Wahid Moved Back To Jombang And Remained There During The Fight For Independence From The Netherlands During The Indonesian National Revolution. At The End Of The War In 1949, Wahid Moved To Jakarta As His Father Had Been Appointed Minister Of Religious Affairs. He Was Educated In Jakarta, Going To KRIS Primary School Before Moving To Matraman Perwari Primary School. Wahid Was Also Encouraged To Read Non-Muslim Books, Magazines, And Newspapers By His Father To Further Broaden His Horizons.He Stayed In Jakarta With His Family Even After His Father’s Removal As Minister Of Religious Affairs In 1952. In April 1953, Wahid’s Father Died After Being Involved In A Car Crash. In 1954, Wahid Began Junior High School. That Year, He Failed To Graduate To The Next Year And Was Forced To Repeat. His Mother Then Made The Decision To Send Him To Yogyakarta To Continue His Education. In 1957, After Graduating From Junior High School, He Moved To Magelang To Begin Muslim Education At Tegalrejo Pesantren (Muslim School). He Completed The Pesantren Course In Two Years Instead Of The Usual Four. In 1959, He Moved Back To Jombang To Pesantren Tambakberas. There, While Continuing His Own Education, Wahid Also Received His First Job As A Teacher And Later On As Headmaster Of A Madrasah Affiliated With The Pesantren. Wahid Also Found Employment As A Journalist For Magazines Such As Horizon And Majalah Budaya Jaya. Wahid Returned To Jakarta Expecting That In A Year’s Time, He Would Be Abroad Again To Study At McGill University In Canada. He Kept Himself Busy By Joining The Institute For Economic And Social Research, Education And Information (LP3ES),An Organization Which Consisted Of Intellectuals With Progressive Muslims And Social- Democratic Views. LP3ES Established The Magazine Prisma And Wahid Became One Of The Main Contributors To The Magazine. Whilst Working As A Contributor For LP3ES, He Also Conducted Tours To Pesantren And Madrasah Across Java. It Was A Time When Pesantren Were Desperate To Gain State Funding By Adopting State-Endorsed Curricula And Wahid Was Concerned That The Traditional Values Of The Pesantren Were Being Damaged Because Of This Change. He Was Also Concerned With The Poverty Of The PesantrenWhich He Saw During His Tours. At The Same Time As It Was Encouraging Pesantren To Adopt State- Endorsed Curricula, The Government Was Also Encouraging Pesantren As Agents For Change And To Help Assist The Government In The Economic Development Of Indonesia. It Was At This Time That Wahid Finally Decided To Drop Plans For Overseas Studies In Favor Of Promoting The Development Of The Pesantren. Wahid Continued His Career As A Journalist, Writing For The Magazine Tempo And Kompas, A Leading Indonesian Newspaper. His Articles Were Well Received, And He Began To Develop A Reputation As A Social Commentator. Wahid’s Popularity Was Such That At This Time He Was Invited To Give Lectures And Seminars, Obliging Him To Travel Back And Forth Between Jakarta And Jombang, Where He Now Lived With His Family. Despite Having A Successful Career Up To That Point, Wahid Still Found It Hard To Make Ends Meet, And He Worked To Earn Extra Income By Selling Peanuts And Delivering Ice To Be Used For His Wife’s Es Lilin(Popsicle) Business. In 1974, He Found Extra Employment In Jombang As A Muslim Legal Studies Teacher At Pesantren Tambakberas And Soon Developed A Good Reputation. A Year Later, Wahid Added To His Workload As A Teacher Of Kitab Al-Hikam, A Classical Text Of Sufism. In 1977, Wahid Joined The Hasyim Asyari University As Dean Of The Faculty Of Islamic Beliefs And Practices. Again He Excelled In His Job And The University Wanted To Him To Teach Extra Subjects Such As Pedagogy, Sharia, And Missiology. However, His Excellence Caused Some Resentment From Within The Ranks Of University And He Was Blocked From Teaching The Subjects. Whilst Undertaking All These Ventures He Also Regularly Delivered Speeches During Ramadan To The Muslim Community In Jombang. ABDURRAHMAN WAHID (GUSDUR) Abdurrahman Wahid Lahir Abdurrahman Iklan-Dakhil 7 September 1940 – 30 Desember 2009), Bahasa Sehari-Hari Dikenal Sebagai Tentang Ini Suara Gus Dur (Help•info), Adalah Indonesia Muslim Agama Dan Politik Pemimpin Yang Menjabat Sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia Dari Tahun 1999 Hingga 2001. Presiden Nahdlatul Ulama Dan Pendiri NasionalKebangkitan Partai (PKB), Wahid Adalah Sebagai Presiden PertamaIndonesia Setelah Pengunduran Diri Soeharto Pada Tahun 1998. Nya Populer Julukan Kopaska Gus Dur, Berasal Dari Kopaska Makna Katak, Gus, Predikat Umum Untuk Anak Kyai, Dari Pendek-Bentuk Bagus(‘Tampan Kodok’ Dalam Bahasa Jawa Dan Dur, Bentuk Pendek DariNamanya, Abdurrahman. Iklan-Dakhil Abdurrahman Wahid Lahir Pada Hari Keempat Belas BulanKedelapan Dari Kalender Islam Tahun 1940 Di Jombang, Jawa TimurAbdul Wahid Hasyim Dan Solichah. Hal Ini Menyebabkan KeyakinanBahwa Ia Lahir Pada 4 Agustus; Sebaliknya, Menggunakan Kalender IslamUntuk Menandai Tanggal Lahir Berarti Bahwa Ia Benar-Benar DilahirkanPada Syakban 4, Setara Dengan 7 September 1940. Ia Dinamai Abd Ar-Rahman I Dari Khilafah Bani Umayyah Yang MembawaIslam Ke Spanyol Dan Dengan Demikian Dijuluki “Iklan-Dakhil” (“SangPenakluk”). Namanya Adalah Bergaya Dalam Arab Tradisional SistemPenamaan “Abdurrahman, Putra Wahid”. Keluarganya Adalah Jawa Cina-Arab Campuran Dengan Beberapa Darah Asli. Dari Garis Ayah, Ia AdalahKeturunan Dari Misionaris Muslim Terkenal Dari Cina Yang DikenalSebagai Syekh Abdul Qadir Tan Kiem Han Yang Adalah Seorang MuridDari Sunan Ngampel-Denta (Raden Rahmat Bong Swie Hoo) – Salah SatuDari Sembilan Wali (Suci Umat Kudus Islam) Yang Menjadi Salah Satu RajaIslam Pertama Di Jawa Yang Islamicized Jawa Di Abad 15-16 Dia Adalah Anak Tertua Dari Saudaranya Lima, Dan Dilahirkan DalamSebuah Keluarga Yang Sangat Bergengsi Di Komunitas Muslim JawaTimur. Kakeknya, Hasyim Asyari Adalah Pendiri Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Sementara Kakek Dari Pihak Ibu, Bisri Syansuri, Adalah Pendidik MuslimPertama Untuk Memperkenalkan Kelas Untuk Wanita. Ayah Wahid, WahidHasyim, Terlibat Dalam Gerakan Nasionalis Dan Akan Terus MenjadiIndonesia Pertama Menteri Agama. Pada Tahun 1944, Wahid Pindah Dari Jombang Ke Jakarta Mana AyahnyaTerlibat Dengan Penasehat Dewan Dari Muslim Indonesia (Masyumi),Sebuah Organisasi Yang Didirikan Oleh Tentara Kekaisaran Jepang YangMenduduki Indonesia Saat Itu. Setelah Deklarasi Kemerdekaan IndonesiaTanggal 17 Agustus 1945, Gus Dur Kembali Ke Jombang Dan Tetap Di Sana Selama Perjuangan Untuk Kemerdekaan Dari Belanda SelamaRevolusi Nasional Indonesia. Pada Akhir Perang Tahun 1949, WahidPindah Ke Jakarta Dan Ayahnya Pernah Ditunjuk Sebagai Menteri Agama.Ia Dididik Di Jakarta, Pergi Ke SD KRIS Sebelum Pindah Ke SD MatramanPerwari. Wahid Juga Diajarkan Membaca Buku Non-Muslim, Majalah, DanKoran Oleh Ayahnya Untuk Memperluas Pengetahuannya. Ia Tinggal DiJakarta Dengan Keluarganya Bahkan Setelah Penghapusan AyahnyaSebagai Menteri Agama Pada Tahun 1952. Pada April 1953, Ayah WahidMeninggal Setelah Terlibat Dalam Kecelakaan Mobil. Pada Tahun 1954, Gus Dur Memulai SMP. Tahun Itu, Ia Tidak Naik TahunDepan Dan Dipaksa Untuk Mengulangi. Ibunya Kemudian MembuatKeputusan Untuk Mengirimnya Ke Yogyakarta Untuk MeneruskanPendidikannya. Pada Tahun 1957, Setelah Lulus Dari SMP, Ia Pindah KeMagelang Untuk Memulai Muslim Pendidikan Di Tegalrejo Pesantren(Muslim Sekolah). Ia Menyelesaikan Kursus Pesantren Dalam Dua TahunEmpat Biasa. Pada Tahun 1959, Ia Pindah Kembali Ke Jombang KePesantren Tambakberas. Di Sana, Sementara Melanjutkan PendidikannyaSendiri, Abdurrahman Wahid Juga Menerima Pekerjaan PertamanyaSebagai Guru Dan Nantinya Sebagai Kepala Sekolah Madrasah BerafiliasiDengan Pesantren. Wahid Juga Dipekerjakan Sebagai Wartawati UntukMajalah Seperti Horizon Dan Majalah Budaya Jaya. Gus Dur Kembali Ke Jakarta Mengharapkan Bahwa Ia Akan Ke Luar NegeriLagi Untuk Belajar Di Universitas McGill Di Kanada. Ia Membuat DirinyaSibuk Dengan Bergabung Ke Lembaga Ekonomi Dan Penelitian Sosial,Pendidikan Dan Informasi (LP3ES) Organisasi Yg Terdiri Dari Kaum Intelektual Muslim Progresif Dan Sosial Demokrat. LP3ES MendirikanMajalah Prisma Dan Wahid Menjadi Salah Satu Kontributor UtamaMajalah Tersebut. Selain Bekerja Sebagai Kontributor LP3ES, Ia JugaMelakukan Wisata Ke Pesantren Dan Madrasah Di Seluruh Jawa. IniAdalah Waktu Ketika Pesantren Putus Asa Untuk Mendapatkan DanaNegara Oleh Mengadopsi Kurikulum Pemerintah Dan Wahid PrihatinBahwa Nilai-Nilai Tradisional Pesantren Yang Rusak Karena Perubahan Ini.Dia Adalah Juga Prihatin Dengan Kemiskinan Pesantren Yang Ia Lihat.Pada Saat Yang Sama Ketika Mereka Membujuk Pesantren MengadopsiKurikulum Pemerintah, Pemerintah Tidak Juga Membujuk PesantrenSebagai Agen Perubahan Dan Membantu Pemerintah DalamPerkembangan Ekonomi Indonesia. Itu Adalah Saat Ini Bahwa WahidAkhirnya Memutuskan Untuk Menjatuhkan Rencana Untuk Belajar Di Luar Negeri Mendukung Mempromosikan Perkembangan Pesantren. Abdurrahman Wahid Meneruskan Kariernya Sebagai Jurnalis, MenulisUntuk Majalah Tempo Dan Kompas, Sebuah Koran Indonesia Yang Terkemuka. Artikel–Artikelnya Diterima Dengan Baik, Dan Ia MulaiMengembangkan Reputasi Sebagai Komentator Sosial. Dengan Popularitas Itu Pada Saat Ini Dia Diundang Untuk Memberikan Kuliah DanSeminar, Mewajibkannya Untuk Perjalanan Bolak–Balik Antara Jakarta DanJombang, Tempat Ia Sekarang Tinggal Bersama Keluarganya. Meskipun Memiliki Karier Yang Sukses Sampai Saat Itu, Gusdur MasihMerasa Sulit Untuk Membuat Memenuhi, Dan Ia Bekerja UntukMendapatkan Pendapatan Tambahan Dengan Menjual Kacang DanMengantarkan Es Yang Digunakan Untuk Istrinya Es Lilin (Es Loli) Bisnis.Pada Tahun 1974, Dia Mendapat Pekerjaan Tambahan Di JombangSebagai Guru Di Pesantren Tambakberas Dan Segera MengembangkanReputasi Baik. Satu Tahun Kemudian Wahid Menambah PekerjaannyaMenjadi Guru Kitab Al-Hikam, Teks Klasik Tasawuf. Pada Tahun 1977, Gus Dur Bergabung Hasyim Asyari Universitas SebagaiDekan Fakultas Keyakinan Islam Dan Praktek. Sekali Lagi Ia MengungguliPekerjaannya Dan Universitas Ingin Agar Dia Mengajar Subyek TambahanSeperti Pedagogi, Syariat Islam Dan Misiologi. Namun, KelebihannyaMenyebabkan Beberapa Ketidaksenangan Dari Sebagian KalanganUniversitas Dan Ia Diblokir Dari Mengajar Mata Pelajaran. SementaraMenanggung Semua Beban Tersebut, Ia Juga Berpidato SelamaRamadhan Komunitas Muslim Di Jombang.
Perceptual Objective Listening Quality Assessment (POLQA), The Third Generation ITU-T Standard For End-to-End Speech Quality Measurement Part I-Temporal Alignment