Unit 1.

- Connect
1.- Vocabulary: Language
1.- Meaning: Significat 12.- False Paraula o expressió que té una
friend: forma similar en la forma similar en
la llengua nativa de la persona,
però significat diferent
2.- Idiom: Modisme, 13.- Cognate: Una paraula que té la mateixa
locució derivació lingüística que una altra
3.- Translation: Traducció 14.- Chat: Xarrada
4.- Proverbs: Proverbi 15.- Discussion: Discussió (debatre)
5.- Saying: Refrany 16.- Argument: Discussió
6.- Bilingual: Bilingüe 17.- Dialogue: Diàleg
7.- Slang: Jerga 18.- Comment Comentar en
on:
8.- Accent: Accent 19.- Spread Difondre rumors
rumours:
9.- Fluently: Amb fluïdesa 20.- Mother Llengua materna
tongue:
10.- Synonym: Sinònim 21.- Second Segona llengua
language:
11.- Keep in Mantenir-se en
touch: contacte

2.- Vocabulary: On the phone

1.- Make a call: Fer una trucada 7.- Switch off: Apagar
2.- Cut off: Tallar-se una 8.- Run out of credit: Quedar-se sense saldo
cridada
3.- Turn down: Baixar el volum 9.- Top something Afegir més
up:
4.- Get through: Estar conectat 10.- Hang up: Acabar una trucada
5.- Rings up: Sonar el telèfon 11.- Quieten down: Estar més tranquil
6.- Call back: Tornar la cridada 12.- Listen in: Escoltar de “hurtadillas”

3.- Grammar: Reported speech (Indirect speech)

We use indirect speech to express what another person has said without using their
exact words. In formal language, we use that to begin the reported speech, but it can be
omitted in informal language.
She said: “I have a headache.”
The woman said (that) she had a headache.

3.1.- Verb tenses

When we change direct speech into reported speech, we change the tense of the main
verb by putting into a past tense.
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple Past simple
I walk I walked
Present continuous Past continuous
I am walking I was walking
Present perfect Past perfect
I have walked I had walked
Past simple Past perfect
I walked I had walked
Am / Is / Are going to Was / Were going to
 Will Would
I will walk I would walk
Can Could
I can walk I could walk
Must Had to
I must walk I had to walk

- We don’t change past perfect in reported speech

- Most modal and semi-modal verbs (should/could/would/might), don’t change in
reported speech.

3.2.- Pronouns
When we change direct speech to reported speech, we must change the words which
refers to who the speaker is talking about.
“We have already eaten”, he said --- He said that they had already eaten.

3.3.- Time and place adverbs

When we change direct speech to reported speech, we must change the words which
relate to where the speaker is and when he or she is speaking.
Direct speech Indirect speech
Time expressions
Now Then, at that time
Today That day
Tonight That night
This morning / week / month / year That morning / week / month / year
Yesterday The day before, the previous day
Tomorrow The day after, the following day
Next week / month / year The next week / month / year
Last week / month / year The week / month / year before
Two days / a year ago Two days / a year earlier
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
The day before yesterday Two days before
Place expressions
This That
These Those
Here There

3.4.- Reporting structures

Verb (tell (+object), say, announce, deny and admit) + that
Verb (offer, promise, agree, tell (+object), ask (+object), advice, (+object), order
(+object), warn (+object), remind (+object) + to + infinitive
Verb (apologize for, accuse of, suggest admit, congratulate) + verb +ing

3.5.- Reported questions

If we use an auxiliary verb to do the question in direct speech, we will use if in reported
speech.
“Will you be able to come with use next Thursday?”, they asked.
They asked us if we would able to come with them the following Thursday.
If we use a Wh question word to do the question in direct speech, we will use the same
Wh word in reported speech.
They wondered: “Why do we have to do it?”.
They wondered why they had to do it.
 3.6.- Orders, warning and advices
They follow the next structure subject (who told the order) + verb + object (who receive
the order. If the object exist, we use to tell, to warn or to advice.)
The teacher told us: “Close your books, please!”
The teacher told us to close our books.
3.7.- Suggestion
We use the structure: subject + suggested+ (that) + somebody + (should) + verb+ing
He said: “Shall we go to the cinema?”
He suggested going to the cinema

“Let’s go to the cinema?”

He suggested (that) we (should) go to the cinema.

3.8.- Requests
In direct speech, we use “could” and the verbs “ask, request or say”. In reported speech,
we use the structure:
“Could you pass me the salt?” I asked.
- I asked her to pass me the salt.
- I asked her if she could pass me the salt.