1999 IEEE TENCON

Computer simulation of Purkinje-Sanson Images

for the Biofeedback therapy of myopia
Ichiro Fukumoto, MD.Ph.D.Prof.
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology,
Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaokacity, Niigata prefecture, JAPAN 940-2188
E-mail: ichiro@,vos. nagaokaut.ac.ip

A bsfrud too k b l e to observe and PS4 moves vey little during

In order to treat pseudo-nppia, we have proposed a accommodation. We consider it most eEztive to calculate
biofeedback therapy with real time feedback vstem of the change ofthickness oflens h m the location ofthe PS1
patient's eye-lens thickness using Purkinje-Sanson (PS) and PS3. (Fig. 1, Fig.2 & Fig.3)
images. The PS images are recorded with an infrared 0
A
video- camera during lightening by visible LED light.
Afer the images are digitized by personal computer, the
PSparameters (distances between the images or the area
of the images) are calculated in order to estimate the lens
thickness. The measured data show good coincidence with
the anatomical data of the extracted pigs ~JES. Several
clinical measurements on normal and nearsighted subjects
shows the good correlations with r=0.958 between the
real distances from the objects and the PS parameters.
-
B. Looking near
Fig. 1 The original Purkinje-Sanson Images
Computer simulations based on the optical model of the (a:PSl, b:PS3 and c:PS4) of a candle light.
PS images are executed too, which show relative good
coincidence with the real object's distances.

I. Introduction
The pseudo-myopia in youth becomes more and more
common according to the increase of computer games,
CRT jobs and Vimal Realitym) displays in the era of
rapid development of multimedia But the therapeutic
methods of the pseudo-myopia are very poor and often
cause side &s. Recently the biofkdback therapy has
become popular especially in the field of neuro-medicine,
which makes possible that patients by themselves can
control disorders of autonomic nerve, such as headache,
muscle tRmor, phobia or cheirospasm. We have tried to Fig.2 Schema ofthe Purkinje-Sanson Images with reflected
@Ply the blOkedb~% technique to the treatment of light courses showing the shapes of the candle images.
hctional nearsightedness (pseudo-myopia) . Though
some direct real time measuring methods of human
physiological data are needed 6 r the biokdback system,
there is vety little way to know the thickness ofthe human
eye's lens in real time. In the ophthalmologic field, the
simple Purkinie-Sanson images (PS images) have been
used to know the aphakia (inborn absence of the human
lens). The images are made by light Rflection at the h n t
Fig.3 The human lens thickness change during
and the back sides of the cornea (PS 1 and PS2) as well as
accommodation.
the lens(PS3 and PS 4). In the fiur PS images, PS2 is

0-7803-5739-6/99/$10.0001999 IEEE. - 1166 -

II. Calculation of the Purkinje-Sanson Image measured thickness o f pia lenses
There are several independent methods to calculate the lens
thickness fiom the Purkinje-Sanson images. The most
simple one is so called "angle method" as is shown in
Fig.4. In this method the location of the lens d3 can be
calculated by detecting h (the distance between the light
source and the central axis of the eye ) and two angles,
namely a (the angle from the light source to the front side
of the Cornea, relating to the PSI) and ,8 (the angle
difference of the front side of the lens during accommodation
, relating to the PS3). The simplified calculating formula
is shown below the Fig.4.

2 3 4 5 6
x [mm]
calculated thickness o f the pig lenses

Fig. 5 The relationship between the measured and calculated

thickness of the pig's lenses.

IV.Measurement on the normal subjects

Cornea
Fig.4 A calculating method of the change of thickness of
human lens by angle variation. ("angle method")
As the candle light is too weak to get clear PS images, we
adopt visible light fiom LED lamp which is installed on
the head mounted system.(Fig.6) The PS images are
detected by an infTared video camera and they are recorded
in a portable video recorder. The thickness of the subjects'
lenses are calculated by a personal computer fiom the
recorded images.

[Calculation o f d3j
( a , P , h , d ) -+ d3
dl+d2+d3=h tan ( a + , 8 )
dl +d2=h tan ( a
:. d3=h (tan ( a + P ) -tan ( a ))

III. Measurement on pig's lens

In order to evaluate the accuracy of Purkinje-Sanson
method, five pig's lenses are adopted. A LED visible lighl
is radiated into the pig's lenses and PS images are detected
and recorded by infrared CCD camera. Then the lenses are
Fig.6 A prototype head mounted system of the
h z e n by liquid nitrogen and they are sliced to measure the
Purkinje-Sanson Images detecting system.
lens thickness by a mechanical micrometer. The obtained
Fig.7 shows an example of the Purkinje-Sanson Images of a
data of lens thckness are calibrated by d a t i o n coefficient
normal subject. In the Fig.7 the PS3 as well as PS1 is
of 2.61% after freezing. The measured thickness of the pig
clearly visible and the moving direction of PS3 during
lens has good coincidence to the calculated thickness of the
accommodation is also shown as a single arrow.
lens.(FigS) The correlation coefficient is 0.958, which is
Clinical trials by 4 normal subjects are executed using the
accurate enough to be applied to the biofeedback treatment
measuring system as is shown in Fig.8. The subjects are
of human myopia.

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ordered to behold the object which is moved &om near to
hr position manually. Fig.9 shows a example of the
result, which suggests the usehlness of the Purkinje-
Sanson images as a simple detector of the accommodative
force.
Fig. 10 shows the accommodation curves of 4 subjects with
Merent acuity levels. The 2 subjects B and D have
normal sight. The subject C has a pair of contact lenses,
and the subject A only has uncorrected myopia.
[pixels]

by accomodation

moving according to the accommodation.

10 I
0 21 3 4 5 6 7[m]
distance o f the object
head-mou nted Fig.10 The accommodation curves of 4 subjects with
different sight levels.
The four subjects' lens thickness are measured at the
object's distance of 30cm and a good correlation between
object
the lens thickness and the subjects' acuity level is observed
as is shown in Fig. 11. Only the subject with sight level
1.2 wears a pair of contact lenses.
The relative thickness

L . . . . . . . - J

Fig. 8 The measuring system of PS-images during

accommodation on the normal subject.

1.2 \...+-)
1.1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
subjects' sight levels
Fig. 11 The comparison of lens thickness accordmg to the
subject's sight levels.
distance of the object These results show that the system is very simple but it
can detect lens thickness with enough accuracy and without
Fig.9 The measured result of the differences between PS 1
and PS3 during normal accommodation. any hazard.

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 V. Computer Simulation of the PS Images
In order to analyze the focusing mechanism of the PS
images, a mathematical model is constructed as is shown
in Fig. 12. In this model the cornea and the lens are
thought to be convex mirrors (the front side of the cornea
and lens) or a concave mirror(the back side of the lens).
has several advantages comparing to the other method.
The PS method has possibilities to be applied to the
biofeedback treatment.
VIL Acknowledgement
This research has been studied as one of project research in
our laboratory. Especially the experiments are executed by
the graduated students Hajime Onodera and Yuko Takane.
I would like to extend sincerely thanks to the two students
and the voluntary subjects in our university.
P-S images deviation by distance change

E5 5[

PS1
Y
-0
- -. ._ .
- _. - ._.- -.- - - - - _ _ _. ____
PS4

P-S imageoutput
loor a
PSI -PS3
o= measured data
subject= P S u
Fig.12 A mathematical model for the PS images. B .cnL I \ o 0

Applying the formula of lens, the location of PS 1 can be 0: 40 roo0 I500 2000
distance[mm]
2500 3000 200

expressed in the formula (1). Fig.13 An example ofcomputer simulation ofPS images

In the same way, PS3 and PS4can be expressed in the
formula (2) and (4). Here "la" is defined as the distance
between the center of the mirror and the front side of the
lens.
R;=la-Rs, a3=xo+lp-R3 (5)
Here "a," is defined to be the distance between the object
and the back side of the lens.
Computer simulations based on the mathematical model
are executed . An example of the simulation is shown in
the Fig. 13, which shows the relationship between the
measured and the simulated lens thickness. It shows the
REFERENCES
[ 11 1.Fukumoto:A fundamental study of measuring method of
human lens thickness by Purkinje-Sanson Images, the Jap. J. of
BiomedicalEngng., ~ 0 1 . 3 3pp317,1995.(in
, Japanese)
[2] 1.Fukumoto:A trial of simple detection ofhuman lens
thickness by Purkinje-Sanson Images, the Jap. J. of
Ergonomics., vo1.24, pp120-121,1994.(in Japanese)
[3] H.Onodera, N.Takahashi & 1.Fukumoto: A fundamental
study ofmeasuring method of human lens thickness by
Purkinje-Sanson Images, the Jap. J. ofElectrical Engng.,
No.95-81, pp41-46,1995.(in Japanese)
[4] H.Onodera, Y.Takane & 1.Fukumoto: A study of self
treatment of accommodation disorders by biofeedback method,
Bulletin ofNagaoka Univ. of Technology, Vo1.18, pp39-44,
1996.(in Japanese)
[S]Y.Takane, K.Ohgoshi & 1.Fukumoto:A basic study of
detection system ofPurkinje-Sanson Images for self treatment
ofpseudo-myopia, ME and Cybernetics, Vo1.97,No.292,
pp25-32, 1997(in Japanese)
[6]I,Fukumoto:A theoretical study of Purkinje-Sanson Images

same tendency of lens change during the accommodation.
VL Conclusion and discussion
A simple method to detect human lens thickness is
proposed, which is based on Purkinje-Sanson Images and
for diagnostic system ofaccommodation disorders, Jap.J.of
Ergonomics, Vo1.34 suppl. pp266-267,1998.(in Japanese)
[7]Y.Takane & 1.Fukumoto:The basic study ofself- treatment
system ofpseudo myopia, Bulletin ofNagaoka Univ. of
Technology, v01.20, pp57-64, 1998.(in Japanese)

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