MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE 351 Drill or Drill Press @ machine tool which is used mainly to produce holes in metal parts by the use of a rotating dri bit Which acts on a securely held piece. MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE Machine Shop Practice Grinding Machine or Grinder - a machine tool which uses rotating abrasive wheels to smoothen metal parts and to sharpen or shape tools. Other operations performed in a crinder are polishing, buffing and honing. Machine Tools and Machining Operations Lathe Lathe - a machine tool in which the work revolves on i horizontal axis and acted upon by a cutting tool. Boring Machine - 2 machine tool purposely designed for finishing holes, Vertical boring machine is used to finish vertical holes using a tool that moves up and down. In a horizontal boring machine, the tool revolves in a horizontal axis land used for finishing holes in the horizontal direction. Other machining operations performed in a boring machine are reaming and honing. Machining Operations that are performed in a lathe: 1, Straight turning - the cutting tool is made to move al the horizontal axis to produce cylindrical shape m parts, 2, Facing or Squaring - the cut is at right angle with axis of rotation to produce fat surfaces. Tapering - the cutting tool is made to move at an an with the axis of rotation. 4, Drilling and Boring - using a ofl bit to produce oF enlarge a hole, 5. Threading - the horizontal feed is made automatic ana set fo produce the size of thread desired. Miling Machine - a machine tool which is used to produce a variely of surfaces by using a circular type cutter with multiple teeth Universal Milling Machine has a table which can be swiveled at an angle. Plain Milling Machine does not have the swivel table ‘construction. Vertical Spindle Milling Machine in which the axis of rotation of the spindle Is vertical, is used for end milling and face milling operations. Shaper - a machine tool in which the cutter moves in 2 reciprocating motion to produce flat or partly curved surfaces ‘on metal pieces which are held securely in a vise. Planer = 2 machine tool which is used to produce flat surfaces on pieces which are too large or too heavy to be worked in 2 shaper. The work is securely fastened to the table which moves in reciprocating motion while the tool head moves in either direction including down feed. Other operations performed in a planer are slotting and broaching, The machining operations which are performed in a milling machine , with the use of suitable milling cutters, are gear cutting, sprocket cutting, slotting, grooving and facing. Band Saw (for metal) - a machine tool which is used to cut metal parts by the use of an endless band with saw teeth ‘moving around two pulleys352 MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE Power Hacksaw - a machine tool which is used to cut paris of light, medium and large sections using a recipr hacksaw blade. Hydraulic Press - a machine tool which consists of 2 which is being actuated by the pressure of a hydraulic Which is used in various operations such as bending, drav forced fiting, or disassembling of parts. Mechanical Press - a machine tool which is driven by electric motor or mechanical power source and is used sheet metal work like punching, shearing, beni Grawing, and other sheet metal forming operations. Turret Lathe - a type of lathe which consists of mult station tool holders or turrets allowing the production ‘multiple cuts. PIPING SYSTEM 383 PIPING SYSTEM Pipe and Tube. The fundamental difference between pipe and tube is the dimension standard to which each is manufactured. A pipe is a tube with a round-cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements for nominal pipe size as tabulated in table for pipe schedules. A tube is a hollow product of round or any other cross section having a continuous periphery. Bell and Spigot Joint The commonly used joint in cast iron pipe. Each piece is made with an enlarged diameter or bell at fone ene into which the plain or spigot end of another piece is inserted when laying. The joint is then made tight by cement, ‘cakum, lead, or rubber calked into the bell around the spigot. Black Pipe. Steel pipe that has not been gaivanizes. Bonnet. Part of a valve used to guide and support the valve stem. Bull Head Tee. A tee the branch of which Is larger than the run. Butt Weld Joint. A welded pipe joint made with the ends of the two pipes butting each other, the weld being around the periphery. Carbon Steel Pipe. Steel pipe which owes its properties Chiefly to the carbon which it contains. Check Valve, A valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through one direction only. Compression Joint. A multi-piece joint witn 2 cup shaped threaded nuts which, when tightened, compress. tapered354 PIPING SYSTEM ‘sleeves so that they form a tight joint on the periphery of the: tubing they connect. Cross Over. A small fitting with 2 double offset, or shaped like the letter U with the ends tured out Itis only made in small sizes and used to pass the flow of one pipe past another when the pipes are in the same plane. Expansion Joint, A Joint whose primary purpose is not to joi pipe but to absorb longitudinal expansion in the pipe line due toneat Expansion Loop. A large radius bend in a pipe fine to absor longitudinal expansion in the line due to heat. Galvanized Pipe. Steel pipe coated with zine to resist corrosion. Gate Valve, A valve employing a gate, often wedge-shaped. allowing fiuid to flow when the gate is lifted from the seat Such valves have less resistance to flow than globes valves. Globe Valve. One with a somewhat globe shaped body with 2 manually raised or lowered disc which when closed rests on 2 seat So as to prevent passage of fluid. Header. A large pipe or drum into which each of a group of bollers is connected. Malleable Iron. Cast iron heat treated to reduce its brittleness. Manifold, A fitting with a number of branches in line connecting to smaller pipes. Medium Pressure, When applied to valves and fittings, implies they are sultable for a working pressure of from 862 to 1207 kPa. PIPING SYSTEM Mill Length. Also known as random length, Run-of-mll pipe 4850 mm to 6000 mm in length. Some pipe is made in Gout lengths of 9150 mm to 10875 mm. Relief Valve. One designed to open automatically to relieve excess pressure. . Run. Alength of pipe made of more than one piece of pipe. Saddle Flange. A flange curved to fita bollet or tank and to be attached to a threaded pipe. The flanged is riveted or welded to the boiler tank Screwed Flange. A flange screwed on the pipe which it is connecting to adjoining pipe. Socket Weld. A joint made by use of the socket weld fitting which has a prepared female end or socket for insertion of the pipe fo which itis welded, Standard Pressure. Formerly used to designate cast iron flanges, fittings, valves, efc., suitable for a maximum working steam pressure of 862 kPa ‘Street Elbow. An elbow with male thread on one end, and female thread on the other end. Stress Relieving. Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient tomperature fo relieve the major portion Of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling. Wrought Iron. ron refined to a plastic state in a pudding fumace, Wrought Pipe. Wrought in this sense means worked, as in the process of forming furnace welded pipe from skelp, or ‘seamless pipe from plates or billets.