Drug Name Type MoA Info 1 Info 2 Info 3 Info 4 Info 5 Info 6 Info 7 T1/2 Lipi Abso Bio

Info 3 Info 4 Info 5 Info 6 Info 7 T1/2 Lipi Abso Bio Pb Meta Excr
d
Abciximab Human-murine Irreversible Thrombocytopenia Bleeding time Needs loading
monoclonal glycoprotein IIb/IIIa risk proloned when dose
antibody inhibitor occupancy >90% 0.25mg/kg
Acarbose Diabetic competitive Raised liver Borborygmi,
inhibitor of a- transaminases flatulence,
glucosidase diarrhoea
Acebutolol BB Cardioselective B- ok good 40% hepatic bile and
blocker urine

Acetazolamide Carbonic H excretion mountain sickness, Proximal tubule Causes 95% high unchang
anhydrase inhibited and HCO3 glaucoma hyperchloraemi ed 100%
inhibitor in not reabsorbed c acidosis and
proximal tubule alkaline urine
Acyclovir Inhibits viral DNA for Herpes simplex does not thrombophlebi Seizures and poor 25% urine
polymerase and varicella zoster eradicate, give at tis coma if rapid IV
start
Adenosine Purine Opens adenosine 1 May induce Wheezing, SOB, CI in 2/3 HB deaminated in Potent Given as rapid Has cellular
nucleoside of K+ channels, AF/flutter chest discomfort, and SSS seconds coronary bolus protective
adenine and d- membrane bronchospasm, vasodilator + effects
ribose hyperpolarization flushing can cause during
(Gi) at SA and AV coronary hypoxia/isch
steal aemia
syndrome
Albumin Colloid Binds acidic drugs 50% intravascular 585 amino 69000Da Folded in α- accounts for
acids helices 50% of plasma
proteins
Alfentanyl Phenylpiperidin MOP receptors CYP3A4 (midaz) Prolonged by pKa 6.5 x90 lipid Hepatic
e derivative erythromycin soluble N-
demethy
Allopurinol Xanthine oxidase
inhibitor

Amethocaine Ester local LA Topical in 30mins Causes hepatic

vasodilation esterase

Amiloride K sparing Block Na/K Weak poor low 0

diuretic exchange in DCT

Aminophylline Methylxanthine Non-selective Increases CAMP CNS stimulant - Stimulates weak diuretic cimetidine, Phenytoin, Avoid SSRI's, 90% 50% hepatic urine
derivative phosphodiesterase and CGMP, release lowers threshold glucagon erythro, carbamaze, has toxicity p450
inhibitor 1-5 Norad, inhibits for arrhythmias, release cipro, OCP barbiturates,
mast cell decrease delays its rifampicin
degranulation, myocardial O2 elimination increase
postentiates requirement clearance
prostagladin
synthetase
Amiodarone Benzofuran Blocks K channel, Fibrosis, peripheral corneal deposits, Displaces other May precipitate IV should be Poor gut 50- 95% hepatic - lachyrm
derivative (Class slowing rate of neuropathy, photosensitive, protein binders torsades with via central absorption 70% active al, skin,
III) repolarization, thyroid, cirrhosis slate grey, metal (warfarin, other QT drugs vein bile
increased taste phenytoin, - prolongs QT
refractory period digoxin)
(AV node)
Amitriptyline TCA Competitive uptake Take 2 weeks to Anticholinergic Postural OD = sinus Lavage, high high hepatic
1 blockade (NA, effect side effects hypotension tachy, wide charcoal,
5HT) QRS, RBBB, avoid
seizures, inotropes
mydriasis,
hyperthermia
Amphotericin Antifungal Creates pores in Nephrotoxic IV only nephrotoxicity
B fungal cell
membrane, binds
to eergosterol
Apixaban NOAC Direct Xa inhibitor CYP3A4 metabolism

Aprepitant NK1 receptor Block action of CYP3A4 metabolism For 60% 97% hepatic urine
antagonist substance P in chemotherapy P450
(antiemetic) dorsal vagal N+V
complex
Aprotinin Antifibrinolytic Inhibits fibrinolytic Prolongs ACT high mortality
activity of and morbidity
streptokinase-
plaminogen
complex
Aspirin Antiplatelet Irreversible Reduced TXA2 In overdose pka 3 may undergo 0 Can cause Its cessation 15-20 good 85% intestine urine
inhibition of COX 1 ↑metabolic kinetics in OD urate doubles risk of mins , hepatic
[10-50x COX2] (by state: pul retention but death. esterase
acetylation) in oedema, not urea s
platelet hypothrombinae
mia
Atenolol Carioselective B1B (2nd gen) ok 45% 5% Renal unchang
B1B ed urine

Atipamezole Clonidine Alpha 2 antagonist Reverse sedation

reversal with
clonidine/dexemto
midine
Atracurium Benzylisoquinoli NDMR 10 stereoisomers, 4 stored at 4°C Causes critical ester hydrolysisHofmann Acidosis and hofman urine
nium chiral centres illness 60% (non- (40%) to hypothermia n, ester
myopathy specific laudanosine with slow
esterases) to and Hofmann
laudanosine quaternary
monoacrylate
Atropine Anticholinergic Only l-atropine is more sweating topically May cause Can cause 50% hepatic urine
active bronchodilatation inhibited increases ataxia via urinary esterase
(increase dead ocular pressure Central AC retention
space) syndrome
Azoles Antifungal Affects fungal Miconazole is not Potent P450 fluconazole fluconazole Ketoconazole 99% hepatic bile
(ketoconazole, ergosterol absorbed well orally inhibitors excreted good CSF = bile
micoconzole synthesis via 14-a (given IV) unchanged in excretion
demethylase (P450 urine
enzyme)
Aztreonam monocyclic B bacteriocidal Only gram negative Can be nebulised
lactam

Bendroflumet Sulphonamide Inhibit NaCl low K, low Na+ Cl, Can be used in DI High Ca, urea, Reduce insulin Blood Antagonised by
hiazide reabsorption in alkalosis, low Mg to increase bicarb, secretion dyscrasia and NSAIDs
DCT, exchange with sentivity of CDs cholesterol and prolong MR
K and H to ADH glucose
Bosentan Dual endothelin Used for Pulmonary CYP2CY and 50% hepatic bile
receptor antagonist artery hypertension CYP3A4 enzymes
at A and B
receptors
Bupivacaine Amide LA Na channel heavy has 80mg/L 95% hepatic
blockade - binds to glucose
internal surface of
Na preventing
opening
Buprenorphine Opioid Partial agonist, metabolised by N+V can be
MOP at low CYP3A4 severe and
concentration but prolonged
NOP effects at high
doses
Carbamazepin Antiepileptic Binds inactive, Also used in antidiuretic effect drug induced teratogenic Increases risk Can cause 25-65 good high 75% hepatic - urine
e refractory fast Na trigeminal neuralgia hepatitis and causes fetal of lupus by severe hrs active
Channels after induces P450 hydantoin 90% in thrombocytope
opening + syndrome women nia/ aplastic
enhances GABA anaemia
Carbapenems B-lactam Disrupt Mero has MRSA but Imi isn't good for
peptidoglycan cell not Imi pseudomonas
wall
Carbimazole Prevents synthesis Prodrug for agranulocytosis rashes, crosses good low
of new T3 and 4 be methimazole arthralgia and placenta
inhibiting oxidation pruritus
of iodide to iodine,
inhibits thyroid
peroxidase
Carboprost synthetic For post-partum CI in pregnancy, Can cause
prostaglandin haemorrhage cardiores disease cardiovascular
analogue of PGF resistnat to and PID collapse,
oxytocin and bronchospasm
ergometrine
Celecoxib COX2 inhibitor 30x metabolized by 97% hepatic urine
more for COX 2 CYP2C9
Cephalosporin B-lactam Disrupt dihydrothiazine ring readily cross
s peptidoglycan cell placenta, 3rd gen
wall penetrate CSF
Chlorpromazin Phenothiazine D2, Muscarinic, AKA largactil used in EPSE moderate weight gain sedation higher good 30% hepatic urine or
e a1+a2 adrenergic, schizophrenia for antichinergic bile
H1, 5HT receptor sedation, N+V in effects
antagonist. terminal care,
Membrane hiccup, PONV
stabilizer and
prevents uptake 1
Cimetidine Imidazole H2 receptor raised gastric pH increased inhibits P450 good 60% 20% hepatic 50%
antagonist at and volume nosocomial P450 unchang
parietal cells pulmonary ed
infections in
critically ill
Ciprofloxacin Fluoroquinolone Block Good CSF May precipitate Can prolong QT Damage Haemolytic cytochrome cover high
topoisemerase penetration seizures due to tendons reactions P450 inhibitor pseudomona
enzymes DNA GABA antagonism s
replication
Cisatracurium Benzylisoquinoli NDMR 3-4x more potent slower onset lower predominantly Safe in hofman
nium than atra histamine Hofmann children from n
release 2
Clindamycin Lincosamide bind to 50s good bone pseudomembran MRSA active
ribosomal subunit penetration ous colitis can
inhibited protein occur
synthesis
Clonidine (?Partial) a agonist Can be epidural Hypotension, PR rebound Ceiling effect No Inhibits ADH = Reduces good 100 20% hepatic 50%
a2 x200> a1. lengthened, hypertension if with increasing respiratory diuresis gastric % 50% unchang
Stimulates a2 in stabilises HR to stopped doses depression, motility, dry ed in
lateral reticular peri-op stimuli abruptly decreases mouth and urine
nucleus, augment cerebral depression
endogenous opiate blood flow
release, modulated
descending norad
pathways
Clopidogrel Antiplatelet Irreversible binding CYP3A4,3A5 2C19 = Omeprazole Prodrug hepatic
to P2Y receptor variable antiplatelet reduces its effect P450
(ADP) on platelets effect
preventing
glycoprotein Iib/IIIa
from becoming
active
CO2 Stored as liquid Boiling -78.5°C, Crit sympathetic raises minute >10kpa
at 51 bar at 20°C temp 31°C, stimulation volume and narcosis
pressure 73.8bar bronchodilation
(>10kpa resp
depression
Cocaine Ester LA Blocks uptake 1 and Provokes good mucous Moffatts 8% From leaves of 95% hepatic urine
MAO and hyperthermia membrane cocaine, 1% erythroxylon hydrolys
stimulates CNS absorption NaHCO3, coca is
1:1000
adrenaline
Codeine 3 methyl opioid Poor CYP2D6 IV causes >12yrs 50% 7% hepatic urine
morphine metabolizer have hypotension gluc
little pain relief
(9%UK, 30% HK)
Cyclizine Piperazine H1 antgaonist + prepared with lactic lowers LOS tone good 75%
derivative anticholinergic acid pH3.2 (painful
properties injection)
Dabigatran NOAC Competitive direct Prodrug converted avoid verapamil PPIs reduce GI upset in 35% plasma, urine
thrombin inhibitor by plasma and liver 2hr before, avoid absoprtion liver
esterases ketoconazole, esterase
rifampicin,
phenytoin and
carbamazepine
Dantrolene Direct acting Uncouple excitaton Orange powder in highly irritant and causes may produce Solution with 85% hepatic urine
skeletal muscle contraction process mannitol and diuretic hepatitis and respiratory pH 9.5
relaxant by binding to sodium hydroxide + pleural effusion failure
ryanodine receptor 60ml water
preventing Ca
release
Desflurane fluorinated ethyl Tec 6 heats to 39°C Worse greenhouse >1MAC produces 0.02% may react with 0.02%
methyl ether at 2 atm gas effect cardiovascular metabolised soda lime to hepatic
stimulation produce CO
Dexmedetomi a2 agonist only d isomer is More potent than
dine a2 >1600x a1 active clonidine

Dextran 70 polysaccharide Reduces platelet can impair cross

adhesiveness and matching
inhibits vWF
Diamorphine Diacylated Prodrug Should cause less most euphoria high low 40% hepatic, urine
morphine respiratory CNS,
derivative desprreesion plasma
ester
hydrolys
is -
active
Diazepam Benzo GABAa Liver failure and Lowest clearance gooo 95% hepatic - urine
cimetidine prolong of benzo's d active
actions
Diazoxide Vasodilator Altered levels of Causes fluid extrapyramidal Can cause good 90% 90% hepatic unchang
related to CAMP in arterioles, retention side effects + hyperglycaemia ed urine
thiazides inhibits insulin oculogyric crisis
secretion and
release of
catecholamines
Dibucaine Amide local Used in sux apnoea No assessment of thrombocytopeni heterozygous e=usual,
anaesthetic testing - inhibits quality a and 4%, sux block a=atypical,
normal plasma hyperuricaemia lasts 10minutes s=silent,
cholinesterase f=fluoride
resistant
Diclofenac Phenylacetic NSAID inceased risk of highly irritant IV Decreasees Avoid NSAIDs good 99% hepatic 60%urin
acid derivative coronary events with local lithium and in pregnancy as hydroxy e, 40%
thrombosis digoxin ductus and bile
arteriosus can cong
close
Digoxin Glycoside from inhibits Na/K AV blocks, Deranged red- Tox = Increased by Reduced by toxic 70% 25% unchang
foxglove ATPase (increases tachycardia. green colour, headache, amiodarone, antacids, at >2.5ug/L. ed urine
exchange with Prolonged PR, ST headache abdo pain, captopril, cholestyrami May need
extracellular Ca = depression, T wave convulsions, erythromycin, ne phenytoin, digoxin specific
inotropy), flatten, short QT gynaecomastia verapamil, ↓K nifedipine, Fab >20ug/l
refractory period metoclopram (also can be
increased, ide treated with
enhances Ach at phenytoin)
muscarinic
receptors
Dihydrocodein Opioid Less dependant on
e CYP2D6

Diltiazem Benzothiapine Prolongs av good 50% 75% hepatic urine

CCB conduciton and 40%
redcues unchang
contractility and ed
SVR
Dipyridamole Platelet Inhibits adnosine Directly stimulates Also inhibits inhibits Potent 15hrs hepatic Bile
phosphodiester uptake inhibiting protacyclin release thromboxane adhesion more coronary gluc
ase inhibitor platelet adhesion and potentiates it synthetase than platelet vasodilator
to vessal walls lowering TXA2 aggregation
Disopyramide Class 1a Reduces phase 0 2nd line agent Anticholinergic Causes Mat cause VT, Reduces good 75% renal urine
blocks Na channels, side effects hypotension VF, Torsades myocardial
prolongs refractory but not contractility
vasodilatation
Dobutamine Direct active B1 but some B2 Derivative of Used in stress Avoid in cardiac Decreases 2min
synthetic isoprenaline testing outflow LVEDP s
catecholamine obstruction
Domperidone Dopamine Does not cross BBB Increases No IV
antagonist prolactin levels preparation

Dopamine Lower β1, higher, α In solution with Attenuates Vasodilates Causes N+V Acts in 5mins Prolonged with 25% MAO urine
effects sodium reponse to mesenteric and reduces duration MAO-I converted to and
metabisulfite hypoxaemia, vessels, transit time 10mins norad COMT,
increased PVR improved UO hepatic,
kidney,
plasma
Dopexamine Synthetic β2 and D1 receptor No loading dose powerful UO increases, Causes N+V 7min Plasma
dopamine agonist (no α needed splanchnic bronchodilatio s
activity) vasodilator n
Doxycyclin Tetracycline inhibit tRNA amino Chelated by milk increase muscle worsen SLE Avoid in Avoid in
acid complex to weakness in children cause pregnancy
ribosome myasthenia gravis teeth staining and lactating
and dental women
hypoplasia
Droperidol Butryophenone D2 receptor more sedation, can cause hypotension can be given IM 90% hepatic urine
antagonist at CTZ EPSE also hyperprolactinae can occur from
mia a blockade
Edrophonium phenolic Forms a easily Not absorbed orally Does not cross Faster onset can distinguish low 0% hepatic 65%
quaternary reversible enzyme BBB/placenta than myasthenic Unchan
amine complex by neostigmine crisis ged
hydrogen bond at (improved) and urine,
esteratic site, also cholinergic 35% bile
increases Ach crisis
release (worsened)
Enalapril ACE inhibitor Prodrug to Has K sparing
enalaprilat effects

Enflurane halogenated high concentrations avoid in renal mild sensitization may react with Raises CBF 2%
ethyl methyl produced 3hz spike impairment due to to soda lime to more than N2O hepatic
ether and wave on EEG F- ions (reversible catecholamines produce CO
(like grand mal) nephropathy)
Enoxaparin Binds to ATIII Derived from reduced affinity Less Better at Needs factor
depolymerization of for vWF, less thrombocytope inhibited Xa Xa assays
heparin effect on nia but less at
platelets antithrombin-
thrombin
Enoximone imidazole selective Inodilator (via Myocardial o2 high 1st pass, infusion HL Tachycardia Redcues good 0% 70% hepatic urine
derivative phosphodiesterase CAMP and CGMP), extraction ratio useless oral 4.5hrs common afterload
III inhibitor ↑CO 30%, ↓EDFP unchanged (reducing
by 35% LVEDP)
Entonox Exhibits Stored at 137bar, In pipeline 4.1bar store sideways or
poynting effect pseudocritical temp crit temp -30°C mix
-7°C at 17bar
Ephedrine increased activity 4 isomers but only L poorer gas cord respiratory Not exhibits hepatic 65%
of norad on a and B isomer acive profile, crosses stimulant, metabolized by tachyphylaxis unchang
post-synaptic, placenta causes COMT or MAO ed urine
inhibits MAO on bronchodilatio
norad n, reduce RBF
Epoprostenol Natural Stimulated used in
prostaglandin adenylate cyclase haemofiltration
causing inhibition
of platelet
adhesion and
aggregation
Eptifibatide Peptide Glycoprotein Thrombocytopenia
IIb/IIIa receptor risk
antagonist
Ergometrine Ergot alkaloid Facilitates delivery Contraindicated in
(LSD like) of placenta to pre-eclampsia
prevent post- (headache,
partum bleeding hypertension)
Erythromycinn Macrolide bind to 50s Poor CSF Inhibits CYP3A4 Prokinetic Avoid in Prolonged QT reduce dose in hepatic
ribosomal subunit penetration porphyria renal failure
 inhibited protein
synthesis

Esmolol Cardioselective BB , no ISA Extravasation 10mi 60% RBC

but high dose B2 causes tissue ns esterase
(2nd gen) necrosis s
Etomidate Imidazole ester Acts on GABAa D- 35% propylene 11b and 11a epileptiform CI in porphria Hepatic high N N 75% hepatic urine
isomer glycol hydroxylase EEG esterases esterase
inhibitor s
Etoricoxib Methylsufone Highly selective Given orally CYP3A4 95% 90% hepatic
COX2 inhibitor P450
1:344
Fentanyl synthetic Opioid x600lipid soluble pka 8.4 high N N 83% hepatic
phenylpiperidin than morphine n
e demethy
l
Flecainide Amide LA, Class Prevents fast Na Good for WPW paradoxical rise Suppresses 90% 50% hepatic - urine
Ic flux and prolongs in rate in AF and ventricular active
phase 0 flutter ectopics
Flumazenil imidazobenzodi competitive BDZ can precipitate Short duration of No good poor 50% hepatic urine
azepine antagonist +agonist seizures (as agonist) action recommended
activity upper limit
Fluoxetine SSRI Inhibit neuronal less sedative, less GI Sideeffects Risk of 50-50 2 hepatic
reuptake of 5HT anticholinergic serotonergic isomers, both p450
effects syndrome active
(hyperreflexia,
agitation,
clonus,
hyperthermia)
Furosemide Loop diuretic Inhibits Na+Cl increase RBF and Lower Na, K, Mg, deafness with High uricaemia, 65% 95% unchang
resorption in thick low Ca unlike Cl alkalosis large dose and cholesterol ed urine
ascending limb, thiazides (less high and raises
reducing BM) lithium
hypertonicity of
medulla
Fusidic acid Complexes with good bone
elongation factor penetration
and GTP inhibiting
protein synthesis
Gabapentin GABA analogue Acts on presynaptic for focal seizures common viral Can cause 60% 0% 0 unchang
a2d subunit of and neuropathic infections drowsiness ed urine
voltage gated Ca pain
channels in cortical
neurones
increasing GABA
conc.
Gelatins not long lasting manufactured from has weight average risk of 95%
bovine gelatin or number average anaphylactic/ana unchang
for range of phylactoid ed in
molecular weights reactions urine
Gentamicin Aminoglycoside bind to 30s not lipid soluble nephrotoxicity muscle Covers prolong not unchang
ribosomal subunit must be IV (reversible), weakness pseudomonas NDMR as ed 100%
inhibited protein ototoxicity and gram -ve reduces pre-
synthesis (permanent) synap Ca,
avoid in
myasthenia
Gliclazide Sulphonylureas Displace insulin cimetidine and thiazides, Not safe in longer half life can cause protects B cells only useful high unchang
from B cells, induce sulphonamides corticosteroids pregnancy than pancytopenia from orally, no IV ed in
B cell hyperplasia, potentiates it and metformin hyperglycaemia urine
reduce glucagon phenothiazines damage and
secretion and antagonise it (as reduce
peripheral they increase atheromatous
resistance BM) buildup
Glucagon stimulates Occasionally used in
adenlyate cyclase BB overdose
and increases
intracellular CAMP
Glucocorticoid Metabolic - Anti-inflammatory: stimulate lipocortin Depress Fluid retention Permissive <10mg pred
s gluconeogenesis reduce tissue to suppressive macrophage action on do not
, glycogen transudate and cell inflammatory function and vascular SM so require
deposition, oedema. mediators by reduce T respond more supplementat
reduce Polymorphs and inhibiting lymphocytes. to ion. >10mg:
peripheral macrophages phospholipase a2 IL1+2 production catecholamines minor 25mg
uptake of prevented from inhibited (risk of hydrocortison
glucose, protein raching inflamed cardiovascular , major
catabolism tissue collapse if not 100mg +
given) 72hrs
Glycopyrollate Charged Antimuscarinic medium anti- poor 5% 80%
quaternary sialogogue, increase unchang
structure HR and ed
bronchdilator
GTN Aerosol, MR tablets Mainly Tolerance in Raised ICP and Hepatic Causes Causes poor
(buccally), venodilation 48hrs relaxes nitrate tocolysis headache
transdermal (depletion of sphincters reductase due to
sulfhydryl metabolises it meningeal
groups) needs to NO vasodilatatio
daily drug free n
period
Guanethidine adrenergic Displaces norad Gains access by Used for chronic Long term use poor 50% 0% hepatic urine
neurone from binding sites uptake 1 transport pain leads to
blockade and then prevent increased
release of whats sensitivity to
left direct acting
sympathomime
ticss
Halothane halogenated unstable in light stored with 0.01% 25% metabolised sensitization to Reduces Increases CBF potential for 20%
hydrocarbon and corrodes thymol to prevent to trifluoroacetic catecholamines splanchnic a lot, fulminant hepatic
metals, dissolves bromine liberation acid Br and Cl (by , myocardial blood flow Bronchodilat hepatic oxidativ
into rubber (and decomp by CYP2E1) in depressant and or necrosis due to e
light) oxidative increased vagal trifluoroacetyl
conditions stimulation chloride
mortality 50-
75%
HES Derivative of medium moecular increase AKI Reticuloendotheli Anaphylaxis 1
amylopectin weight provide best al system takes in 20000
balance up and stores HES
causing pruritus
HRT Oestrogen alone higher risk of breast
increases CA with Combined
endometrial CA
(used for
hysterectomies)
Hydralazine uncertain, more artery (no reduction in RBF N+V common Peripheral Lupus like crosses 1st pass good 25- 90% hepatic urine
increases CGMP effect on neuropathy syndrome placenta, fetal depends on 55% acetylati
(acts directly on capacitance vessels) and blood tachycardia but acelylator on
smooth muscle) dysrasias used in pre- status of
eclampsia patient
Hyoscine Natural occuring Antimuscarinic can cause central can be high anti- good 10- hepatic urine
tertiary amine anticholinergic transdermal sialogogue, 50% esterase
syndrome mydriasis and
(excitement,halluci sedation
nations,
behavioural)
Ibuprofen NSAID Chiral centre R weaker anti high hepatic urine
isomer converted inflammatory
to S in gut and liver
Insulin Increased by Decreased by Neutral has pH of 7 60-80% can be Endogenous formed of 2 Decreases Increases Secretion 80%
amino acids somatostatin, a lost due to insulin has half chains A+B. Is a CAMP in liver protein blocked by hepatic
(leucine), stimulation, binding to tubing life of 10- positive synthesis in atropine glutathio
glucagon, B thiazides, B 20mins inotrope ribosomes n
stimulation, blockers transhyd
theophylline ro
Intralipid Functions as lipid
sink for high lipid
solubility drugs to
bind to removing it
from organ
Iodides Reduce effect of large doses of iodid Used for short
TSH on the thyroid inhibit binding and periods
gland and inhibit reduces production
proteolysis of
thyroglobulin
Isoflurane Halogenated depresses some can cause <1 MAC 0.2% may react 0.2%
ethyl methyl ventilation more bronchodilation coronary steal cerebral metabolised by with soda hepatic
ether - than halothane syndrome autoregulation CYP2E1 lime to
structural is preserved produce CO
isomer of
enflurane
Isoprenaline Synthetic β1β2 agonist treat severe Increased RBF Raised BM and good low hepatic urine
catecholamine bradycardia with AV FFA COMT
block or BB (+ CHB
until pacing
arranged)
Isosorbide Prepped with good 100 hepatic
mononitrate lactose and %
mannitol to reduce
explosion risk
Ketamine Phencyclidine Non-competitive Myocardial Increases norad Demethylated 25% hepatic urine
derivative antagonism of depressant and adr demethy
NMDA receptors + and
modulate MAChR gluronid
and opioid e - active
receptors
Ketorolac acetic acid NSAID Potent analgesic Potent
derivative but limited anti- antipyretic
inflammatory
Labetalol a1 and non specific 4 stereoisomers, 2 HAS ISA causes causes postural Used in pre- 25% 50% hepatic
BB centres. SR is a1, RR retrograde hypotension eclampsia
for BB (ratio ejaculation due
dependant on route to alpha action
of administration)
Lamotrigine Antiepileptic Inactivation of as adjunct seizures, life threatening Can cause NMS 98% hepatic
voltage gated Na bipolar and mood skin reactions
channel of stabilizer
excitatory
neurotransmitters
(glutamate and
aspartate)
Levetiracetam Antiepileptic Unknown. Binds to Good for partial increased suicidal good 100 10% 66%
SV2A acting as seizures mainly but ideation + other % unchang
neuromodulator also used for neuropsychiatric ed
myoclonic/tonic- sx
clonic
Levobupivacai Amide LA Na channel S enantiomer of reduced toxicity
ne blockade - binds to bupivacaine
internal surface of
Na preventing
opening
Levosimendan Increases
myocardial
sensitivity to Ca,
relaxes smooth
muscle by opening
ATP K channels
Lidocaine Class 1b, amide reduces rate of >10ug/ml toxicity >5ug/ml >4ug/ml 70% hepatic urine
LA phase 0 by blocking with AV block, confusion, coma circumoral dealky
inactive Na, phase unresponsive tingling
3 shortened.
Lithium Imitates Na in lowers seizure Reduces ADH Raised Na, Mg, Prolongs NDMR Enlarges
excitable cells and threshold in Ca and decreases thyroid,
decreases release epileptics anaesthetics weight gain
of
neurotransmitters
Lorazepam Benzo GABAa allosteric Inactive metabolite 95% hepatic urine

Losartan Angiotensin 2 Prodrug no raised good 30% 99% hepatic bile and
receptor antagonist bradykinin urine

Magnesium Key role in Tocolytic Antagonized by Used in

neurotransmission calcium (ca eclampsia,
and neuromuscular gluconate to treat asthma,
excitability toxicity) torsades
Mannitol polyhydric Increases also used for low 0
alcohol osmolality of jaundiced peri-op
filtrate reducing renal fx
plasma osmolality preservation and
major vascular
surgery
Meloxicam COX 2 inhibitor 3- 90% 99% hepatic 50%
50x potency to cox urine
2 50% bile
Metaraminol synthetic amine direct and indirect Raised Pulmonary
mainly a1 but some artery pressure
B
Metformin biguanide delays gut glucose Diarrhoea, lactic Duration of Causes not slow 60% 0% unchang
uptake, increaes acidosis action 8-12hrs ketonuria in recommended ed in
peripheral insulin young so only in pregnancy urine
sensitivity, inhibit used in adults (not
gluconeogenesis teratogenic)
Methadone Opioid + antagonist Low first pass More is excreted 75% 90% hepatic 40%
at NMDA receptor in acidic unchang
conditions ed urine
Methyldopa adrenergic potent presynaptic Rebound sedation common Positive auto-immune darker urine urinary poor poor 20% hepatic 50%
neurone a2 agonist after hypertension can coombs test haemolytic catecholamines inchang
blockade crossing BBB to occur if stopped anaemia falseley high ed in
become a-methyl- suddenly urine
norad (reduces
central mediated
sympathetic tone)
Metirosine adrenergic competitive
neurone inhibitor of tyrosine
blockade hydroxylase
preventing
synthesis of
catecholamines
Metocloprami Benzamide D2 receptor Prokinetic at EPSE up to 72 hrs can cause NMS Avoid in good 30- hepatic urine
de antagonist at CTZ + stomach (akinesa and porphyria 90%
5HT3 receptor ocylogyric crisis in
blocker, and elderly and
stimulation of young)
gastric muscarinic
receptors
Metoprolol Cardioselective BB No ISF nightmares, crosses BBB 50- 20% hepatic
(2nd gen) depression, 70%
hallucinations
Metronidazole Acts as electron Enter via passive metallic taste and avoid in alcohol 100 hepatic urine
sink causing diffusion nausea (disulfiram %
cytotoxic reaction)
intermediates and
free radical causes
DNA strand
breakage
Mexiletine analogue of reduces rate of 40% N+V and 90% 65% hepatic 20%
lidocaine phase 0 by blocking altered bowel habit unchang
inactive Na, phase ed urine
3 shortened
Mianserin tetracyclic blocks presynaptic Agranulocytosis and
antidepressant a2 adrenoceptors, aplastic anaemia
reducing negative
feedback
(increasing synaptic
concentrations
Midazolam Benzo GABAa allosteric reduced hepatic CYP3A4 40% 95% hepatic - urine
and renal BF active

Milrinone Bypiridine selective increased mortality unchanged or hypotension reduce in ESRF Incompatible 70% 80%
derivative phosphodiesterase in severe heart reduced occurs with IV unchang
III inhibitor failure myocardial furosemide ed urine
oxygen
consumption
Minoxidil Similar to Preciptates good 90% 0% hepatic urine
hydralazine hypertrichosis
and breast
tenderness
Misoprostil Synthetic Inhibits gastric acid prevention of Increases uterine good
analogue of secretion and NSAID ulcers tone and causes
prostaglandin E1 increases mucous miscarriage
secretion
Mivacurium Benzylisoquinoli chiral mixture of 3 Edrophonium ph3-5 Prolonged in plasma
nium isomers, cis-cis 10% may be better for end stage liver cholines
potency (6%) reversal disease terase
Moclobemide RIMA Selective reversible can have tyramine withdraw for 14- avoid indirect 60- hepatic
MAO-A inhibition foods 21days before sympathomime 80% P450
surgery tics
Morphine phenanthrene opioid nausea stimulated ADH secretion No direct Causes vagal 2- ok 30% 35% hepatic urine
derivative by 5HT and increased myocardial stimulation and 3hrs gluronid
dopamine at CTZ depressant arteriolar e - active
effects dilation
N2O Can interefere Critical Gauge pressure avoid in 1st mild Inhibits Reduces can result in Increases
with DNA temperature 36.5°C 51bar at 20°C trimester myocardial methionine synthesis of megaloblastic CBF
synthesis pressure 72bar (teratogenic depressant, synthetase by methionine, changes in
maybe) increases thymidine, bone marrow
 sympathetic oxidizing cobalt tetrahydrofol or
activity ion in B12 ate and DNA agranulocytosis

Nalbuphine Partial opioid

agonist

Nalidixic acid synthetic 4 Block Good for aerobic

quinolone topoisemerase gram -ve
enzymes DNA
replication
Naloxone Opioid Reverses MOP, KAP Can cause HTN, Duration 30-
antagonist and DOP but pulmonary oedema 40mins
affinity most for and arrhthmias
MOP
Neostigmine Quaternary Forms a Known as acid Also inhibits Bradycardia, increased poor oral poor low low hepatic 55%
amine carbamylated transferring/time plasma bronchospams salivation and absorption unchang
enzyme complex at dependant AChE cholinesterase intestinal ed urine
esteratic site inhibitors (prolonged sux) motility
Nicorandil Potassium Activates ATP veno and artieral good for torsades inhibits ADP giant oral good 0% urine
channel sensitive K vasodilation with prolonged induced apthous ulcers
activator with channels in heart QT plateley and headache
nitrate moiety (normally closed in aggregation
ischaemia) and
arterioles +
venodilation via
CGMP
Nifedipine Dihydropyridine CCB more vasodilation, Also a tocolytic conpletely Inhibits Can reduce good 60% 95% hepatic urine
reflex tachycardia absorbed thromboxane MAC
sublingually production
Nimodipine Dihydropyridine CCB more lipid soluble For cerebral
than nifedipine vasospasm

Nitric oxide Formerly EDRF by product of nitric Stimulated by Inhibits platelet May reduce l-NMMA Hb has metabolised to urine
acid synthesis from CGMP aggregation V/Q inhibits NOS 15000x more nitrate
L-arginine catalysed mismatching in affinity to NO
by nitric oxide ARDS and than CO
synthase (in lung) pulmonary
hypertension in
neonates
Noradrenaline Mainly A1 Extravasation Uptake 1 = Fall in CO, Can result in half life 25% taken up Coronary Uptake 1 Urine
stimulation but causes tissue metabolization by myocardial O2 fetal 2mins by lungs vasodilatatio MAO,
some B necrosis MAO, Uptake 2 = increased bradycardia n U2
diffusion away COMT
from nerve then hepatic,
COMT lungs
O2 Boiling point - prolonged 100% Toxicity evident Hyperoxia -> On bleomycin High FiO2 Bert effect -
182°C, Crit temp will reduce CO and 100% 12hrs, 80% endothelial or mitomycin C promotes CNS changes
-119°C pressure cause coronary 24hrs 0.5% OK neutrophil + can have absorption in hyperbaric,
50bar vasocontriction inflammartion -> changes at atelectasis Smith effect -
reduction in normal pulmonary
surfactant ARDS + concentrations
 oedema -> changes in
pulmonary hyperbaric
fibrosis in 1 week
OCP COCP (7day break): POP (continuous) Cholestatic Increased TED, SE lower in POP
suppresses GnRH prevent ovulation in jaundice hirsutism and
and inhibits Gt 25% but produces depression
secretion unfavourable
endometrium
Omeprazole K/H ATPase (proton Complete reduced acidity mild inhibition Prodrug Reduces hepatic 80%urin
pump) inhibitor achlorhydria and volume of P450 clopidogrel P450 e 20%
effect bile
Ondansetron Carbazole Antagonizes 5HT3 good 60% 75% hepatic
peripherally and
centrally
Oxycodone Opioid 85% hepatic

Oxytocin Binds to oxytocin Weak antidiuretic Tachycardia and Facilitates Can be given in
G-coupled effects headache delivery of pre-eclampsia
receptors in uterus placenta or
and promotes Ca induces labour
release activating
contraction
Pancuronium Bisquaternary Causes tachycardia Indirect 10- hepatic bile
aminosteroid block cardiac sympathomimeti 40% deacetyl
muscarinic c actions - active
receptors
Paracetamol ?inhibition of N-acetyle p amino Toxicity causes Oral 80% 10% hepatic urine
prostaglandin bezoquinon imine is cell death and methionine or gluc
synthesis, inhibition toxic - saturates centrilobular IV NAC to
of COX3 hepatic glutathion hepatic necrosis replenish
in OD glutathione
Parecoxib COX 2 inhibitor prodrug of CYP2CY and reduce dose may cause hepatic hepatic
valecoxib CYP3A4 enzymes with stevens- gluc
fluconazole johnson P450
syndrome,
toxic dermal
necrolysis
Penicillins B-lactam Disrupt thiazolidine ring benpen is most ampicillin Broad because
peptidoglycan cell pro-convulsant causes of increased
wall penicillin maculopapular gram -ve not
rash in 10% for MRSA
Pentazocine Partial opioid little respiratory
agonist depression

Pethidine synthetic opioid + inhibits often used in labour duration 120- anticholinergic avoid with inhibits Hallucination chemically 3-5 goo 50% Hepatic
phenylpiperidin serotonin re-uptake 150mins and LA effects MAO-I (amine serotonin re- and granmal in related to hrs d N-
e breakdown = uptake accumulation atrophine demethy
coma, l - active
convulsions)
Phenelzine MAO-I, Non-selective hypertensive crisis sedation Interacts with
hydrazine irreversible MAO-A with tyramine food pethidine with
(5HT and catecho) (cheese, chicken, cerebral
and B (tyramine) liver, bovril, irritability
inhibition chocolate) and
indirect
sympathomimetics
Phenobarbitol Anticonvulsant Extremely long All seizures 50- 20-
acting except for 100 45%
absence seizures hrs
Phenoxybenza long acting inhibits neuronal irreversible sedation nasal effects for 3 oral or IV used for can cause 24hrs poor 25% hepatic urine
mine irreverible none- uptake of blockade via congestion, days (for new phaeochromoc tachycardia and bile
selective α- catecholamines reactive impotence, adrenoreceptor ytomas
blocker post-synaptically intermediate contact s production)
dermatitis
Phentolamine Competitive non- a1 3x a2 also used in Increased low BM 20% 50% urine
selective a-block chronic pain and secretions and
impotence motility of GI
tract
Phenylbutazon NSAID Used in akylosing agranulocytosis
e spondylitis only and aplastic
anaemia
Phenylephrine Direct-acting α1 agonist IV (5-10m nasal More hepatic
sympathomimet duration), IM or SC decongestant and favourable gas MAO
ic (1hr duration) mydrasis cord profile
Phenytoin Anti-epileptic, Binds inactive, Acne, hirsutism, also in trigeminal Hypotension + Inhibits Causes folate incompatible Metabolism 6-24 No slow 90% 90% hepatic Bile
1b refractory fast Na coarse facies, rash, neuralgia and HB if rapid intestinal deficiency, with 5% induced by hrs IM and 0 order, mostly
antiarrhythmic Channels after blurred vision, TCA overdose administration, conjugase, Teratogenic dextrose carbamazpin poor microso
opening + nystagmus, and dig toxicity often causes falsely low TFTs fetal e or alcohol mal
enhances GABA peripheral allergic (no thyroid hydantoin enzymes
neuropathy, brisk ereactions effect), ↑BM syndrome
tendon reflexes
Pioglitazone antidiabetic activates Causes fluid hepatic faeces
peroxisome retention P450 and
prolterator- urine
activated receptor
γ (PPARγ)
improving insulin
sensitivity
Pradiloxime + Organophospho Reactivates Phosphorylates
obidoxime rous compound phosphorylated esteractic site of
(Sarin, GB, TEPP) AChR by promoting AChE and inhibit
antidote hydrolysis plasma
cholinesterase
Prasugrel Antiplatelet Irreversible ADP prodrug
receptor blocker

Prazosin Quinazoline highly selective a1 also used in BPH improved UO produces false 50- high hepatic - bile
derivative antagonist and raynauds positive urine 80% active
metanaphrines
Pregabalin binds to a2d adjunct for partial does not alter 90% 0% 0 unchang
subunit of voltage seizures and anxiety GABA conc. ed urine
gated calcium
channels in cortical
neurones
Prilocaine Amide LA Na channel Can come in 2% 6mg/kg or most rapid O-toluidine 55% hepatic,
blockade - binds to hyperbaric for 8mg/kg with metabolism in may preciptate lung,
internal surface of spinal and 3% with felypressin (max liver , kidney methaemoglobi renal
Na preventing felypressin for dose) and lung naemia
opening dental
Procainamide Class 1a Reduces rate of rise May precipitate 20-30% drug Genetic 75% hepatic,
of phase 0 and hypotension, heart induced lupus polymorphism lung,
prolongs refractory block/torsades, erythematous in metabolism renal
prolong QT syndrome
Prochlorperazi Phenothiazine Dopamine EPSE high, acute low
ne antagonist dystonia, akathisia
in young
Propafenone Class 1c 2nd line well tolerated may worsen good 50% 95% hepatic
myasthenia
gravis
Propanolol Non-selective BB No ISA nightmares, S isomer > R good 30% high hepatic -
(1st gen) depression, (prevents active
hallucinations peripheral T4
to T3)
Propofol 2-6 Potentiates GABA Raised triglycerides, >16 only in ICU conjugation antiemetic via Vasodilates high N N 98% hepatic - urine
diisopropylphen and glycine bradycardia and dopamine via NO gluconir
ol acidosis (PIS) hydroxylation production de and
hydroxy
Propylthiourac blocks iodination of higher incidence of
il tyrosine and blocks agranulocytosis
peripheral
conversion of T4 to
T3
Protamine Neutralise forms and inactive hypotension Allergy risk of
heparin complex cleared by those allergic to
anticoagulation reticulo-endothelial fish
system
Pyridostigmine quaternary Forms a longer duration, more renal Increases rate 75%
amine carbamylated slower onset than elimination, of gastric unchang
enzyme complex at neostigmine fewer autonomic emptying and ed urine
esteratic site effects than motility
neostigmine
Quinidine Class 1a Reduce rate of and antagonizes SE in 30% and CNS toxicity Phenytoin will muscle 75% 90% hepatic - urine
phase 0, blocks Na - vagal tone common. (cinchonism) - reduces levels relaxant active
prolongs refractory tinnitus, effects
blurred vision, increased
headache
Ramipril Competitive ACE Prodrug to afterload reduced renal perfusion hyperkalaemia, slow onset of All ACE have good 50% urine
inhibitor ramiprilat by liver more than pressure falls hypoglycaemia chronic renal similar efficacy
esterases preload disease at equipotent
doses
Ranitidine H2 receptor more potent than avoid in porphria can cause good 50% 15% hepatic 50%
antagonist cimetidine leucopenia and unchang
thrombocytope ed urine
nia
Remifentanyl synthetic pure MOP agonist dilution stable for ET/2 = 3-10mins Duration high N N 70% non spec urine
phenylpiperidin 24hrs dependant on esterase
e elimination s
Repaglinide Meglitinide Block potassium CYP3A4 50% 98% hepatic
channels in B cells P450
pancrease opening
Ca channels. Ca
influx causes insulin
release
Reserpine Irreversible often used with nasal congestion
blockade of VMAT1 thiazides and gastric
and VMAT 2 ulceration
inhibiting uptake
and depleting store
of norad
Rifampicin Rifamycin Binds to B subunit Resistance readily Inducer of P450 Causes red high hepatic bile
RNA polymerase inducible discolouration P450
preventing of body fluids
transciption
Ritodrine Tocolytic b2 agonist Used to treat associated with low K, high BM vomiting and
premature labour maternal seizures
(tocolytic) pulmonary
oedema
Rivaroxaban NOAC Direct Xa inhibitor Avoid with P450 80- hepatic urine
inhibitors and 100
inducers %
Rocuronium Aminosteroid different to vec in 4 low potency increase in HR prolonged in hepatic bile,
positions hepatic and little
renal failure urine
Ropivacaine Amide LA Na channel As S enantiomer (R Improved toxic Motor block is aromatic 94% hepatic
blockade - binds to is toxic) profile and lower slower less hydroxylation
internal surface of lipid solubillity dense and metabolism
Na preventing shorter
opening duration
Salbutamol B2 agonist (high Can precipitate Raised BM Relaxes uterus 10% hepatic
dose B1) arrhythmias with
low K
Salmetarol B2 agonist Long polar side Prevents release 15 more potent anti-
chain of histamine, than inflammatory
leukotrienes and salbutamol, 4 effects also
prostaglandin D2 times less at B2
from mast cells
Sevoflurane polyfluorinated Susceptible to lewis store with more hepatic children may Compound A Inhibits 3.5%
isopropyl methyl acid release HF water 300ppm and metabolism more have more risk more likely pulmonary hepatic
ether polethylene than others post-op with dry KOH vasoconstricti CYP2E1
napthalate bottles producing on
 hexaflouroisopro agitation and
panol and F- delirium

Sildenafil potent CGMP type metabolised by good 40% 95% hepatic faeces
5 inhibitor CYP3A4 P450

Sodium Inorganix Production of NO, Prodrug Raised ICP, shifts Forms 5 CN Treatment - Arterial Impairs HPV RBC - Cni urine
nitroprusside complex activates CGMP cerebral ions to dicobalt (mainly) and
autoregulation cyanomethaem acetate, venoodilation
curve to right oglobin or sodium
thiocyanate thiosulfate,
(free CN is nitrites
toxic)
Sodium antiepileptic Stabilizes inactive Very teratogenic thrombocytopeni Can be used in hepatotoxic, (acid) is liquid Effective after Has been good 90% hepatic urine
valproate Na channels and a and reduced children >2yrs can cause fatty acid at 14days of used for p450
stimulates GABA platelet = liver tremors and room temp starting migraine in
pathways aggregation dysfunction + hair loss US
(need FBCs) paroxysmal
tonic upgaze
Sotalol Non-selective BB No ISA D isomer is Class Precipitates Prolongs QT good 90% 0% Renal unchang
(1st gen), class 1 III, L isomer Class torsades de ed urine
and 3 II + III pointes <2%
antiarrhthymic
Spironolacton Aldosterone Competetic limited diuresis gynaecomastia CI in Addisons poor high urine
e antagonist aldosterone
antagonist ↑ Na
excretion and ↓ K
excretion)
Streptokinase Fibrinolytic Forms complex Produced by group Ci in bleeding Reperfusion Very antigenic Needs
with plasminogen C B-haemolytic arrhthymia common loading dose
converted more to streptococci allergic
plasmin reactions
Succinylcholin Depolarizing MR Persistent Phase 1 TOFR >0.7, only 20% reaches bradycardias Burns (10%) at renal failure Myalga in Elimination plasma/ urine
e depolarization no tetanic, NMJ (due to stimulation of risk of ↑K ok young female, half life 4- pseudo 10%
renders Na augmented by plasma- MCh sinus from 24hrs to immediately ↑IOP by 5mins cholines
channels inactive neostigmine cholinesterases) node (worse in 18months, if K ok 10mmHg, IGP t
children and Paraplegia in by 10cmh20
2nd dose) 1st 6 months but LOS tone ↑
Sucralfate Cytoprotective None absorbed
barrier over gut
lumen protected
ulcerated regions
Sugammadex γ-Cyclodextrin, Encapsulates roc or Ring structure of May release the Reduces Vd 11-14L Hypersensitiv 100%
selective vec sugars, inside NDMR with progesterone ity + urine
relaxant binding hydrophobic, toremifene, or availble from bradycardia
agent outside, hydrophilic fusidic acid OCP for 1 day
Sumatriptan 5HT1 agonist Can cause cardiac Crosses BBB goo
arrhythmias d
Tapentadol MOP receptor 30% 20% hepatic urine
agonist but also
norad re-uptake
inhibitor (NARI)
Teicoplanin Glycopeptide Disrupt Nephrotoxic, longer duration better bone
peptidoglycan cell ototoxic than vancomycin and CSF than
wall and 2-4 more vanc
potent can be OD
dose
Temazepam benzo GABAa allosteric 8hrs good 75% 80%
unchang
ed
Tenoxicam NSAID can be given IV long duration of high 99% 66%
action urine,
33% bile
Terbutaline B2 agonist Tocolytic

Thiopental sulfur analogue reduced post- 6% sodium CI in porphyria Increases ADH Induces P450 More active high N N 80% Hepatic urine
of pentobarbitol synaptic activity to carbonate + in acidosis oxidatio
neurotransmitters nitrogen in vial n
Thyroxine positive increase raised MV good 99% hepatic 40%
inotropy and myocardial o2 urine
chronotropy demand unchang
ed
Ticagrelor Antiplateley Allosteric metabolised by
antagonist of ADP CYP3A4
binding to P2Y
receptor
Tirofiban Glycoprotein Thrombocytopenia
IIb/IIIa receptor risk
antagonist
Tolbutamide 1st generation
sulfonylureas

Tramadol Cyclohexanol Agonist at all Racemic mixture avoid in epilepsy weak affinity 70- hepatic urine
derivative opioids + inhibits TCA and SSRI's for mu opioid 90% gluc -
re-uptake of Norad active
and 5HT, stimulates
presynaptic 5HT
release
Tranexamic Antifibrinolytic Inhibits conversion synthetic derivative
acid of plasminogen to of lysine
plasmin
Triamterene K sparing diuretic
Trimetaphan Counteracts arteriolar and inactivated by Short acting histamine potentiates impotence 2min plasma
cholinergic venodilator plasma release sux s
transmission at cholinesterase
nicotinic autonomic
ganglia
Unfractionate anionic Increases non-immune based severe type II osteoporosis allopecia can cause Less risk of fetal low hepatic urine
d heparin mucopolysaccha formation of anti- thrombocytopenia immune hyperkalaemi death than
ride, organic thrombin-thrombin in 4 days (not dosemedicated a in DM and warfarin but
acid from antithrombin dependant) thrombocytopeni CRF still has
III, inhibits a in 4-14days
9/10/11/12a (complexes with
platelet factor 4)
Valdecoxib COX 2 inhibitor may cause stevens- inhibits CYP2D6 hepatic hepatic
johnson syndrome, and CYP2C19 gluc
toxic dermal P450
necrolysis
Vancomycin Glycopeptide Disrupt Nephrotoxic, Red man Trough levels CSF and bone bad Large polar
peptidoglycan cell ototoxic syndrome under 10- penetration absorption molecule
wall 15mg/L poor use in
pseudomemb
ranous…
Vecuronium Monoquaternar NDMR powder in mannitol Causes critical accumulates in different to roc differnet to hepatic bile
y aminosteroid and sodium illness myopathy infusion in 4 positions pan by single deactyl -
hydroxide methyl group active
Venlafaxine Blocks re-uptake of
both norad and
5HT
Verapamil phenylalkylamin L isomer Ca blocker Avoid in WPW Potentiates good 25% 90% hepatic urine
e, racemic at SA and AV, D NDMRs
synthetic isomer on fast Na
derivative of channels (LA
papaverine activity)
Vigabatrin irreversible adjunct for partial interacts with unchang
inhibition of GABA seizures phenytoin ed urine
transminase
Warfarin coumarin inhibits synthesis of teratogenic NSAIDs and Cholestyramine Reversed by S warfarin 100 95% hepatic urine
derivative 2,7,9,10 by heparin , FFP more potent % P450
preventing return potentiate effects phenylbutazon 100%
of vitamin K to e potentiates
reduced form +
inhibits Protein C
and S production
Xenon inert odourless slows RR increases CBF Analgesic also Cleared via the Lung
gas lung

Yohimbine Alkaloid bark of Selective a2 antidiuretic blocks CI in renal and

yohimbe tree antagonist hypotensiveness hepatic
of clonidine
Zidovudine Anti-HIV HIV Nucleoside Oral or IV hepatic urine
reverse
transcriptase
inhibitor causing
DNA chain
termination
Zopiclone act via BDZ
receptor but not a
benzo stucturally