Herbologia, Vol. 16, No.

2, 2017

DOl: lO.5644/Herb. 16.2.01

ALIEN GRAS SES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Semir Maslo
Primary School, Lundåkerskola, Södra Storgatan 45, 332 33 Gislaved, Sweden
E.mail: seinmas@edu.gislaved.se

Abstract
This paper contains a preliminary list of alien grass species recorded
in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Poaceae family in Bosnia and Herzego
vina is represented by 32 alien species. Thirteen alien Poaceae species
are naturalized (40.63%), of which four can be characterized as invasive
species (12.50%) and 19 are casuals (59.37%). Most of the alien grass
species originate in Asia 13 (40.63%), followed by those that originate in
the Arnericas 9 (28.13%), Eurasia 5(15.63%) and Africa 2 (6.26%). Three
species have unknown origins. Many of these species are important crop
plant and sorne are regarded as weeds.
Keywords: alien flora, grasses, crops, weeds, distribution, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Introduction
The grass family, Poaceae (Gramineae) is in many ways the world’s
most successful family of plants. Grasslands, such as savannas, prairies and
steppes, covers almost a quarter of the earth’s land surface. Many grass spe
cies are cosmopolitans, which means they have spread worldwide (Anthox
antum odoratum, Glyceriafluitans, Phragrnites australis, Poa annua, and
others). The most important cultural plants of the world belong to this group
(wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, rice, etc). Grass family, comprising around
11000 species distributed in about 700 genera. This makes the grass family
into the world’s fifth largest plant family after Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Aster
aceae and Rubiaceae. According to all acquired literature data (see Refer
ences) the grass flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises approximately
300 species. Among them, 32 species can be classified as alien which equals
ca 10% of the complete grass flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Materials and methods

This study is based on the author’s field observations from the spring
of 1998 to the end of 2016. Besides the field survey, the checking and

Copyright© 2017 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 S. Maslo

revision of herbarium material and relevant literature sources were used

for supplementation of the distribution records. In the list of alien grass
flora (Appendix 1), species were listed in alphabetic order. Designations
for: family, invasion status, history, mode of introduction, origin and first
records are provided. The distribution of 18 species in Bosnia and Herze
govina was mapped on a 10 x 10 sq. km area using the UTM grid system
(Fig. 2,5). Digital photographs were taken in the field. The taxonomy and
riomenciature of species have been adjusted according to Nikolié (2012).
The terminology presented below has been adapted from Richardson et al.,
(2000) and Pyek et al., (2004). All taxa are classified into three categories
depending on the degree of their naturalization: casual taxa (cas.), natu
ralized non-invasive taxa (nat.) and naturalized invasive taxa (mv.), and
archaeophytes and neophytes with respect to the residence time.
- ALIEN (NON-NATIVE, NON-INDIGENOUS, INTRODUCED)
PLANTS. Plarit taxa in a given area whose presence there is duc to inten
tional or accidental introduction as a result of human activity.
— CASUAL (TRANSIENT, EPHEMERAL) PLANTS. Alien plants
that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally in an area, but which do
not form seif-replacing populations, and which rely on repeated introduc
tions for their persistence.
— NATURALIZED PLANTS. Alien plants that reproduce consist
ently and sustain populations over many life cycies without direct inter
vention by humans; they often recruit offspring freely, usually close to
adult plants, and do not necessarily invade natural, serninatural or human-
made ecosystems.
- 1NVASIVE PLANTS (PLANT 1NVADERS). Naturalized plants
that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at con
siderable distances fl-om parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread
over a large area.
— archaeophytes, established non-native plants introduced intention
ally or unintentionally before 1500 A.D.
— neophytes, non-native plants introduced intentionally or uninten
tionally after 1500 A.D.
Origin, i.e. type and time of immigration, was mainly accepted after
Pyek et al. (2012). Modes in which species were introduced into the area
are arranged according to Pyek et al. (2012) and marked by the following
abbreviations: del deliberate (by planting) and acc accidental.
—
—

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 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Analysis of the alien grass flora

The preliminary list of the alien grass flora of Bosnia and Herzego
villa contains a total of 32 species, which is 10.67% of the complete grass
flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (300 species). Representatives of alien
grass belong to 17 genera. An analysis of the geographical origin of the
alien grass (Appendix 1) showed that most grass species originated from
Asia, 13 species (40.63%). Grasses that originate from the Americas are
also significantly represented (9 species, 28.13%). The alien grass flora of
Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 32 species, made up by 20 archaeo
phytes (62.50%) and 12 neophytes (37.50%), see Appendix 1. Of those 32
species, 19 (59.37%) are classified as casual, 9 (28.13%) as naturalized
but non-invasive, and four (12.50%), as invasive. Among casual species
26.32% are neophytes and 73.68% archaeophytes, the corresponding fig
ures being 44.44% and 55.56%, respectively, for naturalized, and 75.00%
and 25.00% for invasive species (Appendix 1). From this it follows that
invasive species are strongly over-represented among neophytes.
According to their modes of introduction (Appendix 1.) accidentaily
introduced species barely surpass those which are deliberate, with 15 spe
cies (46.87%) compared to 14 species (43.75%). The fewest species were
introduced in both ways, deliberately and accidentally (3 species, 9.38%).

Resuits and discussion

Arundo L inciudes three to five species distributed from the Mediter
ranean Basin to tropical Asia. In the flora of Europe, Anindo is represented
by three species (Vaidés et al., 2009). Only one species has been recorded
in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Beck, 1903).
Arundo donax L. Sp. Pi.: 81. 1753 (Syn Ärundo scritoria L. In
Amoen.Acad.4: 150. 1759)
A. donax, Giant Reed (Fig. 3) is largest grass species in Europe. It
was introduced into Europe and the Mediterranean region from Asia be
fore 1500 and is therefore considered as an archaeophyte in some Euro
pean countries: Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Monte
negro, Albania and Greece (Valdés et al., 2009). It is widely naturalised in
ditches and rivers, sometimes planted for shelter and for manufacture of
baskets and fishing poles. The first finding of this species for Bosnia and
Herzegovina is coming from the city of Mostar, on the banks of Neretva
river (Struschka, 1880). Several new localities have been recorded during
my field investigations in the southem part of the Neretva valley: Karaotok

3
 S. Maslo

(Maslo, 2014), Klepci, Trebiat, Ljubuki and Poöitelj. Significantly larger

stands were recently recorded in the Trebiat valley, between Ljubuki and
ap1jina (Fig. 2).

Figure 1.Some alien grass species in the flora of Bosnia & Herzegovina:
1. Brornus catharticus 2. Eletisine indica 3. Panicum capillare 4. Panicuin
dichotornfloru,n 5. Paspalurn dilatatuin 6. Paspalurn paspalodes 7. Phalaris
canariensis 8. Sorg/mm bicolor 9. Zea mays (Photos: Semir Maslo except
photo nr. 4 by emso arié).

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 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Avena L., a genus of approximately 30, mostly annual species, is

native to temperate and cold regions of Europe, North Africa, and central
Asia (Röser et al., 2009). It has become nearly cosmopolitan thiough the
cultivation of cereal oats and the inadvertent introduction of the weedy
species. In the flora of Europe, Avena is represented by 12 species (Rocha
Afonso, 1980). According to Beck (1903) only four species of the genus
Avena were recorded in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina, two of which
are not native, Avenafatva L. and Avena sativa L.

•
•. : 1 • ‘.-

• :
•
II •
1
• •
- ‘- —

1 • •• -S,

••
- .3 •\I
(J
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— 3
1
•
• .
•

•
•
•
-•• (
:. ,

•\___ 5 —.
N 6

4. •
—9’

7 ;---.;———;_=____ 8
Figure 2.The distribution of some alien grass species in the flora
of Bosnia & Herzegovina: 1. Arundo donax 2. Avenafatua 3. Brornus arvensis
4. Bromus catharticus 5. Bromus secalinus 6. Eleusine indica
7. Glyceria striata 8. Lo ljum temulentum 9. Pan icum capillare (Indication of
localities: red circie new chorological data;
-

black circie old literature data).

-

5
 S. Maslo

Åvenafatua L. Sp. Pi.: 80. 1753 (Syn Anelytrum avenaceum Hack.

In in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 519. 1910)
A. fatua, Wild-oat (Fig. 3) was introduced to the European region
from Asia prior to 1500 and is therefore considered an archaeophyte in
most European countries (Valdés et al., 2009). It was first mentioned in
Bosnia and Herzegovina in Tarin, Mostar and Nevesinje (Murbeck, 1891).
During the last century the species has been found in many other localities
(Brandis, 1891; Vandas, 1889; Koma, 1928; Maly, 1928; Vaskovié, 1931;
aric5 and Eiezovié, 1991; Maslo, 2015) and can be deseribed as a dan
gerous weed in Bosnia (Fig. 2). According to Sarié and Elezovié (1991)
Wild-oat was found in many locaiities, during their field research work
in West Bosnia carried out in 1986. Wild-oat in recent time has spread to
vast areas of Bosnia, particularly in the mountain valleys: Livanj sko, Du
vanjsko and G1amoko, and especially in the district of Livno. The most
numerous populations of Wild-oat was in spring small grains, especially in
barley, and much less in winter cereals, peas, potato and other crops (arié
and Elezovié, 1991).
Avena sativa L. Sp. Pi.: 79. 1753 (SynAvenafatua subsp. sativa (L.)
Thell. In Fl. Advent. Montpeilier: 110. 1912; Avena orientalis Schreb. In
Spic. Fl. Lips.: 52. 1771)
A. sativa, Cultivated Oat (Fig. 3) is native to Eurasia and it is widely
cultivated in most of Europe (Vaidés et al., 2009). The first record for Bos
nia comes from Banja Luka (Hofrnann, 1882). Cuitivated Oat is a common
crop in Bosnia and Herzegovina and it was found even like weed in barley
and maize fleids in some areas (Vaskovié, 1931). It is a common escape or
relic of cultivation on arable land (Maslo 2014, 2015). According to Ohta
and Furuta (1993) Cultivated Oat was found on 4 localities during their
fieidresearch work in Bosnia and Herzegovina carried out in 1991.
Bromus L. is a genus with approximately 150 annual or perennial
species (Watson et al, 1992). In the flora of Europe, Bromus is represented
by 37 species (Smith, 1980). According to Beck (1903) and Maslo (2012)
19 species of the genus Brornus were recorded in the flora of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, three of which are not native, Bromus arvensis L. Bromus
catharticus Vahi. and Bromus secalinus L.
Bromus arvensis L. Sp. Pi.: 77. 1753 (Syn Serrafaicus arvensis (L.)
Godr. In Fl. Lorraine 3: 185. 1844)
B. arvensis, Field Brome (Fig. 3) is an archaeophyte with Eurasian
origin and now widely naturalized in most of Europe (Smith, 1980). First
reported for Bosnia from Banja Luka (Hofmann, 1882). During the last

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 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

century the species has been found in many other localities, mostly like
weed in erop fleids (Fig. 2). According to my öwn field work during the
past 20 years as weil as herbarium and literature search it can be conciuded
that this species was previously frequent but is now rare and decreasing in
Bosnia and Herzegovina. It grows along roadsides and as weed in fleids.
Bromus catharticus Vahi., Symb. Bot. 2: 22. 1791. (syn. Bromus
unioloides (Willd.) Raspail, in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 439. 1825, Bromus
wildenowii Kunth in Révis. Gramin.: 134. 1829, Cei-atochloa cathartica
(Vahi) Herter, in Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 144. 1940
B.catharticus, Rescue Grass (Fig. 1), is a South American short-lived
perennial grass, widely introduced as winter forage and is found as an es
capee in most temperate regions. It is locally naturaiized in several Euro
pean countries (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Ger
many, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain,
Ukraine and the European part of Russia), (DAISIE, 2008). First reported
for Balkans from Zadar (Maly, 1928) as Brornus unioloides (Willd.) Ras
pail (Leg. Adamovié, 1887 as Brachypodiuni teneliwn). The first finding
of this species for Bosnia and Herzegovina is coming from 2005 in the
area of Hutovo blato in South Herzegovina (Fig. 2) (Maslo, 2012, 2014).
Bromus secalinus L. Sp. Pi.: 76. 1753 (Syn Serrafaicus secali,ws
(L.) Bab. In Man. Brit. Bot., ed. 1: 374. 1843)
B. secalinus, Rye Brome (Fig. 3) is an archaeophyte with Eurasian
origin and is now widely naturalized in most of Europe (Smith, 1980). It
is a noxious weed throughout much of Europe and North America. First
reported for Bosnia and Herzegovina from Banja Luka (Hofmann, 1882).
During the last century the species has been found in a few other iocalities
(Murbeck, 1891; Koma, 1928; Maly, 1928, 1948, 1952; Vaskovié, 1931;
Riter-Studnika, 1952; Ohta and Furuta, 1993; Maslo, 2015) but nowa
days, it cannot be described as a dangerous weed in Bosnia and Herzego
vina (Fig. 2). Previously it was fairiy common in Bosnia and Herzegovina
but is now very rare and decreasing.
Eleusine Gaertn. is a small genus consisting of eleven species, five
annual and six perennial. These species are widely distributed in the tropi
cal and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia and South America (Phillips,
1972). East Africa is considered to be the centre of diversity for the genus.
Three species occur in Europe (Valdés et al., 2009). Only one species has
been recorded in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Miié, 1998).
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. Sem. Pi. 1: 8 (1788) (Syn Cyno
surus indicus L. Sp. PI.: 72. 1753)

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 S. Maslo

E. indica, Wire Grass (Fig. 1) is a common weed in the warmer re

gions of the world. It was reported as alien in several European countries
(Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Serbia,
Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and the Ukraine) (Valdés et al., 2009). The
first finding of this species for the Former Yugoslavia is corning from 1955
in Kotor, Piran and Umag (Hodak, 1960). The only records of this species
for the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina were reported for the city of
Mostar (Mii6, 1998). The following 18 years this species was found in 12
localities in the southem part of the Neretva valley (Bijelo Polje, Blagaj,
Buna, Capijina, Doljani, Karaotok, Ljubuki, Mogorjelo, Neum, Poitelj,
Stolac and Zitomisliéi) (Fig. 2). The first finding of this species in the
continental part of Bosnia was recorded in the city of Banja Luka in 1999.
1 found only one specimen in this locality. Additional several new records
were recently reported from Central Bosnia, near Lukavac and Zavidoviéi,
on tips and waste ground, along road verges (personal communication,
Sarié, 2016). It was recently inciuded in the Preliminary list of invasive
alien plant species (lAS) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Maslo, 2016 c).
Glyceria R. 13r. inciudes approximately 35 species, all of which
grow in wet areas. Twelve species occur in Europe (Valdés et al., 2009) of
which three are not native. In the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina, until
now, Glyceria was represented by only three native species (Beck, 1903).
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 41: 157
(1928) (Syn Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.
Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 1: 365. 1831).
G. striata Fowi Mannagrass (Fig. 3) is a North American species
that has been naturalized locally in various parts of Europe: Austria, Czech
Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Lichtenstein, Poland, Russia,
Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the Ukraine (Piwowarski and Barto
szek, 2012). It grows on various types of wetlands: swampy meadows, wet
woods, bank of streams, ditches and roadsides. In the summer of 2009,
the species has been found in the Gorski Kotar region (NW Croatia), close
to the Slovenian border (egota et al., 2016). Recently it was found in
West Bosnia and Herzegovina on K1ekovaa Mountain, in ditches along
the road to Veliko vrelo (Milanovi5 et al., 2015) (Fig. 2).

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 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Figure 3.Some alien grass species in the flora of Bosnia & Herzegovina: 10.
Arundo donax 11. Avenafatua 12. Avena sativa 13. Brornzis arvensis 14. Brornus
secalinus 15. Glyceria striata 16. Panicum miliaceum 17. Setaria italica 18.
Sorghum halepense (Photos: Semir Maslo except photo nr. 15 by Dordije
Milanovié.

Hordeum L. is a genus of 32 annual or perennial species that grow in

temperate and adjacent subtropical areas. The genus is native to Eurasia, the
Americas, and Africa (Barkworth et al., 2007). In the flora of Europe, Hor

9
 S. Maslo

deum is represented by 11 species (Humphries, 1980). According to Beck

(1903), Maly (1908, 1928), Riter-Studnika (1954), seven species of the
genus Hordeum were recorded in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina, two
of which are not native, Hordeum distichon L. and Hordeum vulgare L.
Hordeum distichon L. Sp. Pi. 85 (1753) (Syn Hordeu,n vulgare sub
sp. distichon (L.) Körn. in Zeit. Ges. Brauw. 5: 125. 1882)
H. distichon, Two-rowed Barley (Fig. 4), cultivated as a cereal in
most of Europe (Humphries, 1980), origin obscure, probably SW Asia
(Ryves et al, 1996). First record for Bosnia and Herzegovina comes from
Travnik (Brandis, 1891). According to Kovaevié, cultivated only on a
small scale in Bosnia (Kovaevié, 1950). Recently found in Central Bos
nia as escape or relic of cultivation on arable land (personal communica
tion, arié, 2016).
Hordeurn vulgare L. Sp. Pi. 84 (1753) (Syn Hordeum hexastichurn L.
Sp. P1.: 85. 1753; Hordezimpolystichon Haller f. in Novi Comment. Soc.
Regiae Sci. Gott. 6: 5. 1776)
H vulgare, Six-rowed Barley (Fig. 4), cultivated as a cereal in most
of Europe (Hurnphries, 1980), origin obscure, probably SW Asia (Ryves
et al., 1996). The first record for Bosnia and Herzegovina comes from Mo-
star (Struschka, 1880). According to Kovaevié (1950), it was common in
cultivation already during the 1950s in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Accord
ing to Ohta and Furuta (1993) six-rowed Barley was found on 17 localities
during their field research work in Bosnia and Herzegovina carried out
in 1991. It was found also as a weed in fleids, roadsides and waste places
(Maslo, 2015, Maslo and Abadié, 2015).
Lolium L. is a relatively small genus inciuding only five species in
Europe and eight species in the whole world (Terreil 1968, Humphries,
1980). ). According to Beck (1903), Maly (1908, 1928), five species of the
genus Lolium were recorded in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Lolium ternulentum L. Sp. P1. 83 (1753) (Syn Loliuin arvense With.
InArr. Brit. P1., ed. 3, 2: 168).
L. temulentum, Damel. Perhaps native in the Mediterranean region,
formerly widespread in most of Europe as a weed of cereal crops, but now
only a casual ruderal in most of the N. &.C. Europe (Hurnphries, 1980).
During the last century the species has been found in many other locali
ties, mostly like weed in crop. The first record for Bosnia and Herzegovina
comes from Mostar (Struschka, 1880). Previously it was fairly common
in Bosnia and Herzegovina but is now rare and decreasing (arié et al.,
2000).(Fig. 2).

lo
 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Oryza L. is a tropical and subtropical genus of 23 species that grow

in shallow water, along streams, rivers, or lake edges (Vaughan et al.,
2003). Of these, two are cultivated in Europe, 0. rzfipogon Griff. and 0.
sativa L. (Valdés et al., 2009). Only one species has been recorded in the
flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Beck, 1903).
OryzasativaL.Sp.pl. 1:333. (1753)
0. sativa, Rice is one of the tbree most economically valuable cere
als. Origin obscure, probably SE Asia (Ryves et al., 1996). According to
Valdés et al. (2009) it is cultivated as a cereal (rice) in 5. & S.C. Europe.
During the 19’s, rice was still cultivated in Herzegovina, which probably
was brought to Balkans by the Turks. According Fiala (1982), Blau noted
cultivation of rice during his visit to Herzegovina in the late 1 9th century,
near the villages Trebiat and Luko in the vicinity of Ljubuki (Fiala,
1982). Later, however, rice cultivation has been completely abandoried
(Fiala 1892).
The genus Fan icitm L. is one of the largest genera of grasses, and
comprises approximately 300 species of worldwide distribution. The rna
jority of species are of tropical or subtropical origin (Zuloaga & Soder
strom, 1985). In the flora of Europe, Panicurn is represented by oniy elev
en species (Valdés et al, 2009).
In the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina only two species of the genus
Panicum have been recorded so far: Panicurn capillare L. and Pan icurn
miliaceum L. (Beck, 1903, Slavnié, 1960). Recently two new species were
found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Panicurn dichotomflorzirn Michx. (Ma
slo and Sarié, 2016) and Panicurn riparium H.Scholz (Nobis et al., 2015).
Fanicum capillare L. Sp. P1. 58 (1753)
F capillare Witch-grass (Fig. 1). A native of N America is locally
naturalized in C and S Europe. First record for Bosnia and Herzegovina
comes from Sarajevo (Slavnié, 1960). During the last 50 years the species
has been found in a few other localities, mostly in C l3osnia and Herzego-.
vina: Konjuh Zvijezda; Mala Maoöa, Olovo; Zupeljeva, Olovo.; Svatovac,
Lukavac; Ribnica, Zavidoviéi. Vozuéa Zavidoviéi; Stog, Zavidoviéi (Fig.
2) (personal conimunication, arié, 2016). It was recently inciuded in the
Preliminary list of invasive alien plant species (lAS) in Bosnia and Herze
govina (Maslo, 20l6c).
Panicum dichotomflorum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 48 (1803) (Syn
Pan icum chioroticum Nees ex Trin.)

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 S. Maslo

‘
\\ /

Figure 4. Some alien grass species in the flora of Bosnia & Herzegovina:
19. Hordeuin distichon 20. Hordeum vulgare 21. Secale cereale 22. Triticuni
aestivum 23. Triticum dicoccon 24. Triticurn monococcurn 25. Triticurn
polonicurn 26. Triticurn spelta 27. Triticum turgidum (Photos: Sernir Maslo).

P dichotom4floruin, Autunm Millet (Fig. 1). The native distribution

rarige is North and South America and has been naturalized locally in vari
ous parts of Europe: Azerbaijan, Albania, Austria, Belgium with Luxem
bourg, Czech Republic, Croatia, France, Germany, Georgia, Great Britain,
Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and Ukraine (Valdés & Scholz, 2009). The first
finding of this species for Bosnia and Herzegovina is coming from Central

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 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia 2015, in the village Hadine Vode in the vicinity of Zavidoviéi, on

the banks of Krivaja river (Fig. 5) (Maslo and arié, 2016).
Panicum miliaceum L. Sp. Pi. 58 (1753)
P miliaceurn, Proso Millet (Fig. 3) is native to Asia, where it has
been cultivated for thousands of years. It later spread into Europe and has
been found in agricultural settlements dating back about 3000 years. Its
popularity declined in Europe after the introduction of maize and it re
mains cuitivated sporadically, mainly in E Europe. Proso Millet is now
naturalized and fairly common as a weed of cereal crops, or a casual rud
eral in most of Europe (Valdés & Scholz, 2009). The first record for Bos
nia and Herzegovina comes from Mostar (Struschka, 1880). According to
Kovaevié (1950), it was common in cultivation in the late l9th century in
the vicinity of Banja Luka, W Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fig. 5).
Panicum riparium H.Scholz in Feddes Repert. 113: 275. 2002. (Syn
Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash, Mcm. New York Bot. Gard., 1: 21. 1900.
P riarium is a North American species that has been recentiy de
scribed as a new species from the Elbe Valicy in Germany (Scholz, 2002).
Its taxonomic status is debated, and according to Amarell (2013) P ri
parium is the sarne taxon as F barbzpulvinaturn. It was reported recently
as alien in several European countries: Austria, Belgiurn, Croatia, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy and Switzerland (Kiraly and Ale
gro, 2015). Recently described as a new neophyte to the flora of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, ruderal places in the vicinity of Bihaé (Fig. 5) (Nobis et
al., 2016).
The genus Paspalum L. inciudes about 160, mainly tropical species.
In the flora of Europe, Paspalum is represented by eight species (Valdés et
al, 2009). Only two species of genus Paspalurn has been recorded in the
flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely Paspalum dilataturn Poir. and
Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir., in Lam., Encyci. Meth. Bot. 5: 35 1804.
(syn Digitaria dilatata (Poir.) Coste, Fl. Descr. France 3: 553. 1906).
P dilatatum Dallis-grass (Fig. 1) is a South American tufted perenni
al grass which is native to the humid subtropics of southern Brazil, Argen
tina and Uruguay. It was reported as casual in several European countries
(Belgium, Croatia, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Swit
zerland and the European part of Turkey) (DAISIE, 2008). It was found
in the area of Former Yugoslavia in the Montenegrin coastal region for
the first time (Ilijanié and Topié, 1986).The first finding for Bosnia and
Herzegovina was recorded in the city of Mostar in 1996 (Silié & Abadié,

13
 S. Maslo

2000; Maslo, 2015). 1 found the species again in July 2011 in the area of
Mogorjelo near apljina (Maslo, 2016a). Additionally a new record was
recently reported from Sarajevo, in the city quarter Mejta (personal com
munication, Sarajlié, 2016).
Paspalztm paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn., in Mern. Torrey Bot. Club
5: 29. 1894. (syn Paspalum distichum L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10,2: 855. 1759)
P paspalodes Knotgrass (Fig. 1), this adventive species of neotropi
ca! origin was reported as alien in several European countries: Albania,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Portugal,
Slovenia, Spain and the European part of Turkey (Valdés & Scholz, 2009).
It was first found in the area of Former Yugoslavia in 1947 in the Ner
etva River valley, near Metkovié (Horvatié, 1949). The first finding of this
species for Bosnia and Herzegovina is coming from Hutovo blato (Bajié,
1954). Several new localities have been recorded during my field investi
gations in the southern part of the Neretva valley: Mostar (Maslo, 2015),
itomis1iéi, Mogorjelo and Poitelj (Fig 5). It was recently inciuded in the
Prelirninary list of invasive alien plant species in Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Maslo, 2016c).
The genus Phalaris L. inciudes 22 species (Anderson, 1961) of
which 11 have been recognized in the flora of Europe (Valdés & Scholz,
2009). There are only four species of Phalaris in the flora of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (Beck, 1903: Maslo, 2016b).
Phalaris canariensis L. Sp. Pi. 54 (1753)
Pcanariensis, Canary-grass (Fig. 1) is native to southern Europe
and the Canary Islands, but is now widespread in the rest of the world,
frequently being grown for birdseed (Anderson, 1961). First reported for
Bosnia and Herzegovina from Sarajevo (Hofmann, 1882). A casual of tips,
bird-seed and gram; possibly an escape from cultivation, sometimes per
sistent for a few years, mainly in the south Herzegovina (Fig. 5).
The genus Secale L. includes only three species distributed from the
Mediterranean Basin to western Asia, S. cereale, S. strictum and S. sylves
tre (Frederiksen & Petersen, 1998). In the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina
only two species of the genus Secale have been recorded so far: Secale
cereale L. and Secale strictum (C. Presi) C, Presi. (Beck, 1903).
Secale cereale L. Sp. P1. 84 (1753)
S. cereale L. Rye (Fig. 4) is native of W. Asia and it is widely culti
vated in most of Europe (Valdés et al., 2009). First reported by Struschk
in Herzegovina (Strusclika, 1880). During the last century the species
has been widely cultivated in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but rnight have

14
 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

decreased lately (Kovaevié, 1950). It was found also as a weed in fleids,

roadsides and waste places (Maslo, 2015, Maslö and Abadiä, 2015).

r\ (‘--J
r A
• 1

\_ •.
:
—_...

13

4
,.
.. • • • • S_.’•

• • •.a 5
.
*
• •‘
1

• , •

•N._ •
III
•
1
SI
5...

• .
16 17 18
Figure 5.The distribution of some alien grass species in the flora of Bosnia
& Herzegovina: 10. Panicum dichotornUlorum 11. Panicuin miliaceurn
12. Panicum r4iarium 13. Paspalum dilatatum 14. Faspalurn paspalodes
15. Phalaris canariensis 16. Sorghuin bicolor 17. Sorghum halepense 18.
Sporobolus vaginflorus (Indication of localities: red circie new chorological -

data; black circie old literature data). -

Setaria P. Beauv. is a cosmopolitan genus of grasses with 114 species

mostly from tropical and subtropical regions but inciuding severa! that oc
cur in cold regions of both hemispheres. In the flora of Europe, Setaria is
represented by 9 species (Valdés et al., 2009). There are on!y five species of
Setaria in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Beck, 1903: Maslo, 2016b).

15
 S. Maslo

Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrostogr.: 51.

1812 (Syn Pani
cum italicurn L. Sp. Pi.: 56. 1753)
S. italica (L.) P. Beauv. Foxtail Millet (Fig. 3) is
one of the world’ s
oldest cultivated crops. It is regarded as a nati
ve of China and it was re
ported as alien in several European countries
(Valdés & Scholz, 2009).
It is sometimes cultivated in South Europe, but
it is better known as a
weed in moist ditches. First reported for Bosnia
and Herzegovina in Banja
Laka (Hofmaiin, 1882). According to Kovaevié
it was cultivated only on
a small scale in Herzegovina (Kovaevié, 1950).
During the last century
the species has been found only in a few other
localities (Formanek, 1888:
Beck, 1903: Kovaevié, 1950: Maslo, 2015).
The genus Sorghum Moench inciudes approx
imately 25 species
mostly from tropical and subtropical regions
of the Eastern Hemisphere,
of which oniy six have been recognized in the flor
a of Europe (Valdés &
Scholz, 2009). In the flora of Bosnia and Herzeg
ovina only two species of
the genus Sorghurn have been recorded so far: Sorg
hum bicolor (L.) Moe
nch and Sorghurn halepense (L.) Pers. (Beck, 1903
).
Sorglnim bicolor (L.) Moench Methodus: 207.
1794 (Syn Andropo
gon sorghuin (L.) Brot. In Fl. Lusit. 1: 88. 1804)
3. bicolor (L.) Moench Durra (Fig. 1). It probab
ly originated in Ethi
opia and has spread to other parts of the world.
Durra is the world’ s fifth
most importarit cereal crop after rice, wheat, mai
ze and barley. It is now
cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical reg
ions and it is cultivated in
some parts of Europe (Valdés et al., 2009). Firs
t reported for Bosnia and
Herzegovina in Mostar (Struschka, 1880). During
the last century the spe
cies has been widely cultivated in Bosnia and Her
zegovina, but might have
decreased lately (Kovaevi5, 1950). It was also
found as a weed in fleids,
roadsides and waste places (Maslo, 2014, 2015).
Sorg/nim halepense (L.) Pers. Syn. Pi. 1: 101 (18
05) (Syn Andropo
gon halepensis (L.) l3rot. In Fl. Lusit.: 1. 1804)
S. halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson grass (Fig. 3) is
native of southern
Eurasia to India and occurs as a weed in most trop
ical and temperate areas
of the world. Listed as one of the world’ s worst
weeds in warmer parts of
the world. It invades riverbanks communities and
disturbed sites, fleids,
agronomic and vegetable crops. Also found in
orchards, vineyards and
ditchbanks. The species is, however, an importa
nt forage crop in many
areas of the world. Johnson grass is now naturali
zed and fairly common
as a weed of cereal crops, or a casual ruderal in
most of Europe (Valdés
& Scholz, 2009). First reported for Bosnia and
Herzegovina in Mostar

16
 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

(Struschka, 1880). During the last century the species has been found in
many other localities, mostly like weed in crop (Fig. 5). According to arié
et al. (2000) Johnson grass is fairly common as a weed of cereal crops to
vast areas of North Bosnia and spread to the south parts of the country,
in the last few decades. It was recently inciuded in the Preliminary list of
invasive alien plant species in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Maslo, 2016c).
The genus Sporobolus R.Br.is a cosmopolitan genus of grasses with
about 200 species (Simon et al., 2011), predominantly distributed in the
tropical and suptropical areas of the world. In the European vascular flora
five species have been recorded (Valdés and Scholz 2009), among which
three are present in neighboring Croatia: native S. pungens (Schreb.) Kunth.
and two alien species, S. neglectus Nash. and S. vagin4/lorus (A. Gray) A.
W. Wood (Nikolié 2012). So far, no species of the genus Sporobolus has
been registered for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Recently, a new species was
found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sporobolus vaginflorus (Torr.) Wood
(Nobis et al., 2015).
Sporobolus vaginflorus (Torr.) Wood Class-book, Bot, ed. 1861,
775 (1861) (Syn Vifi vaginfloraA. GrayN. Amer. Gram. 1: no. 3. 1834)
S. vaginorus (Torr.) Wood. Sheated Dropseed is a neophyte from
North America (Hansen, 1980), which was first reported in Europe (Italy)
in 1951 (Wilhalm, 1998). Due to its rapid expansion, it later reached more
European countries and it was recently reported as an alien species in Aus
tria, Croatia, France, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland (Valdés and Scholz
2009). Additionally a new record was recently reported from Montenegro
(Sreevié & Jogan, 2006). Recently described as a new neophyte to the
flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina in ruderal places in the vicinity of Bosan
ski Petrovac, 3 km west of Jasenovac, on the shoulders of an asphalt road
to Bosanski Petrovac (Fig. 5). (Nobis et al., 2016). The species has not
been previously noted to the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina, although it
probably was previously present, but it was overlooked. This is indicated
by the fact that the species has been present in the neighbouring areas of
Croatia since the 1 950s (Horvatié & Gospodarié, 1960).
Triticum L. is a genus of approximately 30 wild and domesticated
annual species (Hammer et al., 2011). Triticum is native to western and
central Asia. It was first cultivated in western Asia at least 9,000 years ago
and is now the world’ s most important crop. In the flora of Europe, Triti
cum is represented by nine species (Humphries, 1980). All of these species
have been recorded for the Balkans (Hayek, 1933). According to Beck

17
 S. Maslo

(1903) and Kovaevié (1950) seven species of the genus Triticum were
recorded in the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Triticum aestivurn L. In Sp. Pi. 85 (1753) (syn Triticum sativum
Lam., in Fl. Fran. 3: 625. 1779; Triticum vulgare Vill. In Hist. Pi. Dau
phine 2: 153. 1787).
T aestivum, Bread Wheat (Fig. 4). Origin obscure, probably SW
Asia. Probably of ancient hybrid origin involving species of Triticum and
Aegilops (Ryves et al., 1996). It is the most widespread wheat in cultiva
tion today. First reported by Struschka, Herzegovina (Struschka, 1880).
According to Pavievié (1970), Bread Wheat was common in cultivation
already during the 1 970s in SE Herzegovina. According to Ohta and Fu
ruta (1993) Bread Wheat was found on 20 localities during their field re
search work in Bosnia and Herzegovina carried out in 1991. It was found
also as a weed in fields, roadsides and waste places (Maslo, 2015, Maslo
and Abadié, 2015).
Triticum dicoccon Schrank In Bayer. Fl. 1: 389 (1789) (syn Triticum
turgidum subsp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell. in Naturwiss. Wochenschr., ser.
2, 17: 470. 1918).
T dicoccon, Emmer (Fig. 4). Origin obscure, probably SW Asia.
Emmer is one of the most ancient cultivated cereals. Cultivated as a cereal
locally in S.E. Europe and E.C. Russia (Humphries, 1980). First reported
by Kova&vi5, cuitivated oniy on a small scale (Kovaevié, 1950). Ac
cording to Percival (1921) Emmer was one of the main cultural plants in
southem Europe in the Neolithic Age, and this gram from the Neolithic pe
riod has been found at Ripa near Biha5 in. Bosnia. Emmer is almost com
pletely disappeared from the production in E Herzegovina and remained
in cultivation during the 1970s almost only in the vicinity of Trebinje on
the edge of Popovo Polje, together with T monococcum (Pavievié, 1972).
According to Ohta and Furuta (1993) Emmer was found on 9 localities
during their field research work in Bosnia and Herzegovina carried out in
1991 (eight fleids where emmer and einkorn grew together were found at
the village Soviéi, S Herzegovina).
Triticum durum Desf. In Fl. Ati. 1: 114 (1798) (syn Triticum turgi
dum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn. Graminées 4: 80. 1899)
T durum Pasta Wheat (Fig. 4) is domesticated wheat that is grown
in temperate climates throughout the world. Origin obscure (Ryves et al.,
1996). Cultivated as a cereal widely in the Mediterranean region (Hum
phries, 1980). First reported by Kova&vié, cultivated only on a small scale
(Kovaevié, 1950). It was formerly widespread in the Mediterranean re

18
 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

gion of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today in this area, Pasta Wheat is sown
very rarely. In Herzegovina the species is still grown in areas of Trebinj e,
Stolac and Dabar field (Pavievié, 1970).
Triticurn monococcum L. In Sp. P1. 86 (1753) (syn Crithodiurn mono
coccum (L.) A. Lövei n Feddes Repert. 95: 490. 1984)
T monococcum Einkorn (Fig. 4). Origin obscure, probably SW Asia
(Ryves et al., 1996), a staple food of early farmers for many thousand
years, today is cultivated only on a small scale in Balkans (Humphries,
1980). First reported by Beck, but without locality (Beck, 1903). Accord
ing to Kovaevié (1950) it was cultivated only on a small scale in the
area of Podveleje in the vicinity of Mostar. It was cultivated until the
1970s in SE Bosnia and East Herzegovina (Pavievié, 1972). Einkorn is
almost completely disappeared from the production of E Herzegovina and
remained in cultivation during the 1970s almost only in the vicinity of Tre
binje on the edge of Popovo Polje, together with T dicoccon (Pavievié,
1972). According to the same author Einkorn was still harbored in the area
of Posuje and in the vicinity of Domanoviéi. According to Ohta and Fn-
ruta (1993) Einkorn was found in 14 localities during their field research
work in Bosnia and Herzegovina carried out in 1991 (a pure cultivation
of einkorn and eight fields where emmer and einkorn grew together were
found at the village Soviéi, S Herzegovina).
7}iticum polonicurn L. In Sp. P1. ed. 2: 127 (1762) (syn 7}iticwn
turgidum subsp. polonicum (L.) Thell. in Naturwiss. Wochenschr., ser. 2,
17: 470. 1918)
T polonicum Polish Wheat (Fig. 4). Cultivated, but only locally and
on a small scale as a minor crop, in N. Spain, Baleares and Italy (Hum
phries, 1980). It differs from other domesticated wheats in its unusual
ly long, chartaceous glumes and lemmas. First reported for Bosnia and
Herzegovina from Banja Luka (Hofmann, 1882). Polish wheat, which is
unsuitable for bread-making, was formerly grown in Bosnia but, as with
many other “uneconomic” species, it has been replaced by T aestivu,n.
Triticum spelta L. Sp. Pi. 86 (1753) (syn Triticurn aestivum subsp.
spelta (L.) Thell. inNaturwiss. Wochenschr., ser. 2, 17: 471. 1918)
T spelta Spelt. A hybrid of obscure ancient origin, (Ryves et al,
1996). Cultivated as a cereal in C. & N.W. Europe, mainly in hill-country
(Humphries, 1980). First reported for Bosnia and Herzegovina from Banja
Luka (Hofmarin, 1882). According to Kova&vié (1950) Spelt grown only
sporadically in some parts of Bosnia.

19
 S. Maslo

Triticum turgidum L. Sp. Pi. 86 (1753) (syn Triticurn compositum L.

Sp. Pi., ed. 2: 126. 1762)
T turgidum Rivet Wheat (Fig. 4) is the tallest of the wheat, and dif
-spike
fers from other species of domesticated wheat in having branched
forms. Ahybrid of obscure origin, probably SW Asia (Ryves et al., 1996).
Cultivated as a cereal locally throughout a large part of Europe, but main
e
ly in the south (Humphries, 1980). First reported for Bosnia and Herz
d
govina from Banja Luka (Hofmann, 1882). It was formerly widesprea
to
in the Mediterranean region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. According
some
Kovaevié (1950) Rivet Wheat was cultivated only sporadicafly in
the
parts of Herzegovina. In Herzegovina the species is still grown in
to
areas of Trebinje, Stolac and Dabar field (Pavievié, 1970). According
area
Kovaevi6 (1950) Rivet Wheat was still harbored in the 1 950s in the
of the Central and W Bosnia and W Herzegovina.
Zea L. is an American genus of five species, four of which are na
flora
tive to Mexico and Central America (Barkworth et al., 2007). In the
L.
of Europe, Zea is represented by only one species, namely Zea mays
(Valdés and Scholz 2009).
Zea mays L. Sp. Pi. 971 (1753)
Z. inays L. Maize (Fig. 1) was first domesticated about 7000 years
in
ago and soon became widely planted in the Americas. It is now grown
ant
all warmer parts of the world and it is the world’s third most import
of
crop plant (Barkworth et al., 2007). It is also widely cultivated in most
ina
Europe (Valdés et al., 2009). First reported for Bosnia and Herzegov
has
in Mostar (Struschka, 1880). According to Kovaevié (1950) maize
been in cuitivation in Herzegovina since the 1800’s, which probably was
va
brought to Balkans by the Turks, and nowadays is common in culti
tion throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was found also as a casual
plant in fleids, roadsides and waste piaces (Maslo, 2014, 2015, Maslo and
Abadié, 2015).

Conciusion
The majority of alien grass species were introduced accidentally,
15 species (46.87%). The group of species introduced deliberately and
The
which later escaped from cuitivation, inciudes 14 species (43.75%).
remaining tbree species (9.38%) were introduced in Bosnia and Herzegov
ina in both ways, deliberately and accidentally. Cereal immigrants prevail
i
among deliberately introduced grass species. The maj ority of cereal imm
grants introduced were Asian, cereals (Avena sativa, Hordeum distichon,

20
 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

H. vulgare, Oryza sativa, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, T dicoccon,

T durum, T monococcum, T spelta and T turgidum). Only one cereal was
introduced to Bosnia and Herzegovina from the areas ofAmericas, namely
Zea mays. On the other hand, neophytes prevail among accidentally intro
duced grass species (60%). These inciude some dangerous weed species,
some of which appear to be in the initial stages of expansion: Eleusine
indica, Pan icum capillare, P dichotomWorum, Paspalum dilataturn and
P paspalodes, and three of these species were recently inciuded in the
Preliminary list of invasive alien plant species (TAS) in Bosnia and Herze
govina (Maslo, 2016c).
Only 10 species (31.25%) of the total number of all alien grasses in
Bosnia and Herzegovina are common or locally abundant; others are rare,
based on a single locality or no longer present. Fiala (1982) reported Oryza
sativa which is currently not grown in fleids in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
and it should be treated as extinct from the flora of the country.
Similar to some other Mediterranean countries, the number of alien
Poaceae is relatively low here. However, the Flora of Croatia list inciuded
only 41 alien grass species (Nikolié, 2015), Flora of Greece, 48 (Arianout
sou et al., 2010) and Flora of Italy, 88 (Celesti-Grapow et al., 2009). On
the other hand the vascular flora of the British Isles contains 580 taxa of
alien grasses (Ryves et al., 1996). In the whole territory of Europe there
has so far been 597 species of alien grasses recorded (Pyek et al., 2009).

Acknowledgements
1 would like to thank to Aldin Bokailo on the mapping of distribution of species as weil as my
colleague Jessica Andersson for improving the English of this paper.

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26
1 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Appendix 1 Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina

c -

—
Species st
1 record/author
d
z

1. Arundo donax L. NAT arc del-aec As STRUSCHKA 1880

2. Avenafatua L. CAS arc acc As-C. VÄNDAS 1889
3. Avena sativa L. CAS arc del EuAs HOFMANN 1882
4. Bromus arvensis L. NÄT arc acc EuAs HOFMANN 1882
5. Bromus catharticus Vahi. NÄT neo acc Arn-S MASLO 2005
6. Brornus secalinus L. NÄT are acc EuAs l-IOFMANN 1882
7. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. INV neo acc As M11 1987
8. Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. CAS neo acc Arn-N MILANOVIC et al. 2015
9. Hordeum distichon L. CAS arc del As-SW BECK 1903
10. Hordeum vulgare L. CÄS arc del As-SW BECK 1903
11. Loliu,n teniulentuni L. NAT arc acc EuAs STRUSCHKA 1880
12. Oiyza sativa L. CÄS arc del As-SE FIALA 1892
13. Panicum capillare L. INV neo acc Am-N SLAVNI 1960
14. Panicuin dicholom(/lorurn Michx NAT neo acc Am-N MASLO & ARK 2016
15. Panicum niiliaceum L. NÄT arc acc As-C STRUSCHKA 1880

1 16.
17.

18.

19.
Panicum riparium H. Seholz
Paspahirn dilatatum Poiret in
Lam.
Paspalumpaspalodes (Michx.)
Scribn.
Phalaris canariensis L.
CAS
NAT

INV

NAT
neo
neo

neo

neo
acc
acc

acc

del-acc
Am-N
Am-S

Am-N

Af
NOBIS et al. 2016
MASLO, 2014

BÄJIC 1954

HOFMANN 1882
20. Secale cereale L. CAS are del As-W BECK 1903
21. Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. CAS are del-acc As-E HOFMANN 1882
22. Sorghurn bicolor (L.) Moench CAS neo del Af STRUSCHKA 1880
23. Sorghzun halepense (L.) Pers. INY are acc EuAs STRUSCUKA 1880
24. Sporobolus vaginflorus (A. Gray) CAS neo ace Am-N NOBIS et al. 2016
A. W. Wood
25. Triticuin aestivum L. CAS are del As-SW BECK 1903
26. Tritjcurn dicoccon Schranlc CAS are del As-SW KOVAEVK 1950
27. Triticum dururn Desf. CAS are del Unknown KOVAEVIC 1950
28. Triticum ,nonococcu,n L. CAS are del As-SW MALY 1910
29. Triticu,n polonicum L CAS are del Unknown HOFMANN 1882
30. Triticum spelta L. CAS are del Unknown HOFMANN 1882
31. Triticum lurgidum L. CAS are del As-SW HOFMANN 1882
32. Zea mays L. CAS neo del Am-C STRUSCHKA 1880

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