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Geological Society, London, Memoirs

Chapter 3 Circum-Arctic mapping project: new magnetic and gravity anomaly maps
of the Arctic
Carmen Gaina, Stephanie C. Werner, Richard Saltus, Stefan Maus and the CAMP-GM GROUP

Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2011, v.35; p39-48.

doi: 10.1144/M35.3

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Chapter 3

Circum-Arctic mapping project: new magnetic and gravity anomaly maps of the Arctic

CARMEN GAINA1,2 *, STEPHANIE C. WERNER2, RICHARD SALTUS3, STEFAN MAUS4 & THE CAMP-GM GROUP§
1
Geological Survey of Norway, Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
2
PGP, School of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
3
USGS, Denver, Colorado, USA
4
CIRES, University of Colorado and NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
§
S. Aaro (SGU), D. Damaske (BGR), R. Forsberg (DNSC), V. Glebovsky (VNIIO), K. Johnson (USGS), J. Jonberger (SGU), T. Koren
(VSEGEI), J. Korhonen (GTK), T. Litvinova (VSEGEI), G. Oakey, (NRCan), O. Olesen (NGU), O.Petrov (VSEGEI), M. Pilkington
(NRCan), T. Rasmussen (GEUS), B. Schreckenberger (BGR), M. Smelror (NGU)
*Corresponding author (e-mail: Carmen.Gaina@ngu.no)

Abstract: New Circum-Arctic maps of magnetic and gravity anomalies have been produced by merging regional gridded data. Satellite
magnetic and gravity data were used for quality control of the long wavelengths of the new compilations. The new Circum-Arctic digital
compilations of magnetic, gravity and some of their derivatives have been analyzed together with other freely available regional and
global data and models in order to provide a consistent view of the tectonically complex Arctic basins and surrounding continents.
Sharp, linear contrasts between deeply buried basement blocks with different magnetic properties and densities that can be identified
on these maps can be used, together with other geological and geophysical information, to refine the tectonic boundaries of the
Arctic domain.

Understanding the structure and the tectonic evolution of the High
Arctic basins (Fig. 3.1) is of fundamental importance to future
hydrocarbon exploration. Significant constraints could be placed
upon the development of the petroleum provinces of Alaska’s
North Slope, the Canadian Arctic Islands, the East Siberian plat-
form, Barents Sea and other less proven areas. Given that the
vast hydrocarbon potential of the entire Arctic region was esti-
mated to as much as ‘30% of the world’s undiscovered gas and
13% of the world’s undiscovered oil’ (Gautier 2008), the wild
cards posed by the Arctic basins must be addressed as fully as
possible.
Magnetic and gravity anomaly maps of the Arctic
Background
Numerous data collected in the early and mid twentieth century
constituted the basis for the first set of maps and analogue compi-
lation of the Arctic bathymetry and geophysical (magnetics and
gravity) maps, most of them presented in the two widely cited
volumes The Arctic (from The Ocean Basins and Margins series
edited by Nairn, Churkin and Stehli in 1981; Nairn et al. 1981)
and The Arctic Ocean Region (from the DNAG series, edited by
Grantz, Johnson and Sweeney in 1990; Grantz et al. 1990). Bathy-
metric maps preceded the potential field maps by more than a
decade (for example Heezen & Ewing 1961; Heezen & Tharp
1975; Jakobsson et al. 2003) and were updated on a regular
basis, particularly within the GEBCO initiative (www.gebco.
net), and later on as part of IBCAO (www.ibcao.org; (Jakobsson
et al. 2003, 2008)).
A major breakthrough in developing regional magnetic anomaly
maps was made by the release of the GAMMA-5 digital compi-
lation of magnetic anomaly data of the North Atlantic and Arctic
(Verhoef et al. 1996). This international effort, led by the Geologi-
cal Survey of Canada, managed to assemble almost all digital and
analogue magnetic data collected by early 1990s in the North
Atlantic (to 308 north) and Arctic regions. This compilation has
been widely used by the scientific community and resulted in
numerous publications revealing regional interpretation of the
structure and evolution of the crust in both continental and
oceanic domains.
The advent of satellite data collection led to the development of
self consistent models of the Arctic gravity and magnetic fields;
satellite altimetry data (ERS-1) have been used to derive the
gravity anomaly field and the first model for the Arctic region to
868 north was published in 1994 by Laxon & Mcadoo (1994).
Later on, the Arctic Gravity project initiative (ArcGP, http://
earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/agp/index.html) that started
in 1998 released a series of digital free air gravity anomaly datasets
for the Circum-Arctic region bounded by 648 northern latitude
(latest version by Kenyon et al. 2008).
In 2005, an agreement was signed by several national agen-
cies (Russia-VSEGEI and VNIIO, Sweden-SGU, Finland-GTK,
Denmark-GEUS, USA-USGS, Canada-GSC and Norway-NGU)
to develop a Circum-Arctic Atlas. This project aimed to produce
an atlas with geological and geophysical digital maps at a scale
of 1:5 million for the Arctic region bounded by 608 northern
latitude. The bedrock map was recently released by C. Harrison
and the respective international working group, and it is freely
available in digital format from NRCan’s MIRAGE web site (a
simplified version is presented in Fig. 3.2). In this contribution
we present the new Circum Arctic Magnetic Anomaly (2 km
gridded data, upward continued 1 km) and the Circum Arctic
Gravity Anomaly (Free Air and Bouguer corrected, 10 km
gridded data) compilations.
Circum-Arctic magnetic anomaly map (CAMP-M)
New public and proprietary magnetic and gravity anomaly gridded
data from each participant group were gathered and converted
to a common datum (WGS84) and format. The magnetic
anomaly compilation relies on 1 km gridded data for Canada
(based on the Canadian Aeromagnetic Data Base), Alaska (based
on Alaska USGS aeromagnetic database) and NW Europe

From: Spencer, A. M., Embry, A. F., Gautier, D. L., Stoupakova, A. V. & Sørensen, K. (eds) Arctic Petroleum Geology. Geological Society, London, Memoirs,
35, 39–48. 0435-4052/11/$15.00 # The Geological Society of London 2011. DOI: 10.1144/M35.3
 Downloaded from http://mem.lyellcollection.org/ at University of Manchester Library on October 26, 2014

40 C. GAINA ET AL.

Fig. 3.1. Topography and Bathymetry (ETOPO 1; Amante & Eakins 2008) of the Circum-Arctic Region (to 608 north).
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CHAPTER 3 CIRCUM-ARCTIC MAPPING PROJECT 41

Fig. 3.2. The Geological Map of the Arctic (Harrison et al. 2008) superimposed on the shaded relief of the topography and bathymetry (ETOPO 1; Amante & Eakins
2008).

(Fennoscandia compilation and the NGU NE Atlantic compi-
lation) regions, and 5 km gridded data for oceanic and Russian
regions (see Table 3.1 for a detailed description of original data
formats and extent and Fig. 3.3 for locations of the various contri-
butions). The Greenland region magnetic anomaly grid (Verhoef
et al. 1996) was updated with new aeromagnetic surveys per-
formed in West Greenland between 1992 and 2001 (Rasmussen
2002) and in the Nares Strait area (Damaske & Oakey 2006;
Oakey & Damaske 2006). The oceanic area east of Greenland
(NE Atlantic) contains most of the aeromagnetic data used in the
Verhoef et al. (1996) compilation (pre-1990) plus new aeromag-
netic surveys over offshore Norway collected up to 2007 (Olesen
et al. 1997, 2007; Gernigon et al. 2009).
The gridded data were upward continued to 1 km above ground
or sea-level and trimmed around the areas of major overlaps.
The Alaska USGS aeromagnetic compilation was used as
the ‘master grid’ for merging the major gridded datasets (see
Table 3.2 for a detailed merging order) and the downward-
continued lithospheric magnetic field model MF6 derived from
satellite data (Maus et al. 2008) was used as a regional reference
surface. We used a blending function over the area of overlap in
order to smooth the transition from one grid to the other
(GridKnit, GEOSOFT). The resulting grid was re-sampled to a
cell size of 2 km.
In order to construct the final Circum-Arctic magnetic anomaly
grid (CAMP-M) we have adopted the approach used by several
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42 C. GAINA ET AL.

Table 3.1. Original format of magnetic data sets

Original gridded Grid cell Upward continued Projection Datum Ellipsoid Ground clearance
dataset/author

NEATL NE ATLANTIC (NGU) 2 km 1 km UTM 33N ED50 International 1924 Mainly 300
O. Olesen
FENNOSC FENNOSCANDIA 1 km 1 km UTM 21E WGS84 WGS84 30–600
(compiled by GTK,
includes gridded data
from NGU, SGU and
GTK)
J. Korhonen
VSEGEI RUSSIA and RUSSIAN 5 km 5 km Equidistant Conic Pulkovo 1942 Krassovsky 1940 500
continental shelf
(VSEGEI and VNIIO)
T. Litvinova and
V. Glebovsky
AKM07 ALASKA (USGS) 1 km Albers Equal NAD27 Clarke 1866 305
R. Saltus Area Conic
CAN CANADA (GSC) 1 km Lambert Conic NAD83 GRS 1980 305
M. Pilkington Conformal
NAR Nares Strait (GSC) 1 km Geographic WGS84 WGS84 305
G. Oakey
NGRN North Greenland (BGR) 1 km Geographic WGS84 WGS84 2000?
D. Damaske
VNIIO ARCTIC OCEAN (VNIIO) 5 km Polar Stereographic 300–800
V. Glebovsky
WGRN WEST GREENLAND 3 min 5 km Geographic 5000
(GEUS)
T.M. Rasmussen
GAMMA 5 GAMMA 5 5 km Geographic WGS84 WGS84
Verhoef et al.

research groups for compiling the World Digital Magnetic squared taper to remove the wavelengths in the waveband
Anomaly Map (WDMAM) and used near-surface magnetic data between 307 and 333 km and larger, Fig. 3.5a) with the MF6
for the short-wavelength component of the compilation and the model (to degree 130, Fig. 3.5b). Model 1 has been selected for
satellite-derived magnetic anomalies for the long wavelengths the final map (Fig. 3.3) and is also used here for discussions
(Hemant et al. 2007; Maus et al. 2007). MF6 extends to spherical and derivatives.
harmonics degree 130 (333 km wavelength) and is therefore The new CAMP-M compilation is superior to similar gridded
able to provide consistent long wavelength information between data over the Circum-Arctic area due to its better coverage
300 and 400 km. This information is mainly related to regional (includes updated aeromagnetic data in the High Arctic, west and
deeper and/or thicker portions of the magnetic sources within north of Greenland and in the NE Atlantic), preserves smaller
the crust. wavelength structures by keeping the grid resolution at 2 km and
We have prepared two versions of the CAMP-M magnetic has a consistent regional long-wavelength component introduced
anomaly grid. The first one combines short wavelength com- by the MF6 satellite-based lithospheric magnetic model. Figure
ponents of regional grids (less than 400 km, Fig. 3.4a) with long 3.6 shows a comparison between magnetic anomaly compila-
wavelengths (400 km, Fig. 3.4b) inserted from the MF6 model tions (CAMP-M, WDMAM and GAMMA 5) in the Circum-
(Fig. 3.4). The second one (Fig. 3.5) combines short wave- Arctic region.
lengths of regional datasets (obtained by filtering with a cosine
Circum-Arctic gravity anomaly map (CAMP-G)
Table 3.2. Statistical parameters for original gridded data
The planned gravity anomaly compilation was supposed to pro-
duce one map of the Free Air gravity anomaly for the Circum-
STDEV Min Max Median Mean
Arctic region and one map of combined Free Air ( for oceanic
areas) and Bouguer ( for land), both at 10  10 km grid resol-
AKM07 185.7 221890 14950 226.3 22.3
CAN 234.59 24376 18931 220.56 15.4
ution. A new ArcGP free air gravity anomaly grid was completed
VSEGEI 208.9 2598.96 6931.16 238.88 27.2 and published by Kenyon et al. (2008), and they used the new free
NEATL 143.33 21273.68 2053.56 224.3 26.6 air data on the Siberian Shelf primarily available to the CAMP-GM
FENNOSC 247.03 22858.6 4956.76 242.14 5.41 project (Glebovsky, pers. comm. 2006). Therefore we have
VNIIO 132.8 21008 1516 211.63 2.26 restricted our compilation to the combined Free Air/Bouguer
GAMMA 5 (GRN) 176.36 21576.3 1807.71 211.61 1.96 corrected dataset to cover the Circum-Arctic region to 608 north
and used satellite gravity models (EIGEN GL04C; Foerste et al.
Grid merging order: 2008) for quality control of the long wavelengths.
Step 1: Extract Greenland polygon from GAMMA 5 grid and use it as a base for CAMP-GM participants have contributed gridded gravity data
adding NGRN and NAR smaller grids; as follows: free air (USGS, GSC, NGU, VNIIO for the Siberian
Step 2: Merge the main grids at 1 km altitude after trimming to reduce large Shelf ) and Bouguer-corrected (VSEGEI and Fennoscandia compi-
overalps: AKM07, VNIIO, CAN, newGRN, NEATL, FENNOSC, VSEGEI. lation by GTK). In order to construct a self-consistent compilation
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CHAPTER 3 CIRCUM-ARCTIC MAPPING PROJECT 43

Fig. 3.3. Circum-Arctic Mapping Project – Magnetic Anomaly. This gridded dataset (2 km grid cell upward continued to 1 km) was compiled from a number of regional
gridded data (left corner distribution map) and satellite-derived magnetic anomaly model (right corner map, see text for more details).

of Free Air/Bouguer-corrected gravity anomaly, we have first elevation, bedrock and ice thickness we used data supplied by the
computed the Bouguer anomalies for the continental area (to lati- National Snow and Ice Data Center (http://nsidc.org/data/dems/
tude 648 north) using ArcGP (Kenyon et al. 2008) and IBCAO v2 index.html). The ice thickness is recalculated to an ice-equivalent
(Jakobsson et al. 2008) grids. For the Greenland continental region rock height by multiplying the ice thickness by 0.97/2.67 (density
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44
Fig. 3.4. Circum-Arctic magnetic anomaly: model 1 combines short wavelengths (shorter than 400 km) of the regional compilation (a) with long wavelengths
(.400 km) of the MF6 satellite model (b).
ice/bouguer rock density kg m23) and adding the value to the
bedrock height. This ice equivalent topography is used for calcu-
lating the Bouguer anomaly over Greenland, which is subse-
quently merged into the regional compilation. Since the Bouguer
gravity anomaly supplied by VSEGEI for the Russian territory is
superior to the one derived by simply using ArcGP and IBCAO
v2 due to a better topography model used in the VSEGEI version
(T. Litvinova, pers. comm. 2007), we have replaced it in the
ArcGP/IBCAO-derived Bouguer anomaly grid. Free air gravity
for oceanic areas is identical to the ArcGP gravity anomaly grid
(including the detailed Siberian Shelf dataset). The grid was
extended to 608 latitude by adding Bouguer gravity anomaly
data from GSC, USGS and GTK and free air gravity anomaly
from the EIGEN GL04C model (to degree 360, Fig. 3.7).
Present day location of main tectonic features in the High
Arctic based on the new geophysical compilations
The contrast in density and degree of magnetization of various
crustal units allows the mapping of boundaries between continen-
tal and oceanic areas, oceanic blocks (with different magnetization
polarity) and other tectonic features (like fracture zones, active or
extinct plate boundaries or sutures) that help decipher the tectonic
history. In this respect, we have used the new gravity and magnetic
C. GAINA ET AL.
anomaly maps and their derivatives (Fig. 3.8) to refine the outlines
of some of the present day tectonic features in the High Arctic area.
Saltus et al. (2011) presents a series of upward continued and
derivatives of the new magnetic anomaly compilation in order to
characterize principal tectonic provinces in the Arctic. This study
briefly presents an interpretation of boundaries between continent
and oceanic domains (COBs), outlines of microcontinents and
Mesozoic sutures that will be used for refining the kinematic evol-
ution of the Arctic since the Jurassic.
A gravity residual map was obtained by subtracting a 40 km
upward-continued gravity anomaly from the Bouguer-corrected
CAMP-G grid, then computing the second derivative of its
upward-continued (20 km) resulting grid (Fig. 3.8). This technique
helps to enhance the sharp contrasts between domains of different
densities and therefore provides a good first order estimate of
COBs. The COBs are drawn as continuous lines (light green
dashed lines, Fig. 3.8), but we note at least two major ‘kinks’ (out-
lined by dashed ellipses, Fig. 3.8) that could indicate post-breakup
deformations (one possibly related to massive erosion along the
St Ann’s Trough, perpendicular to the Eurasian margin of
Eurasia Basin, and the second one related to the Cenozoic
Eurekan deformation of the Canadian margin of the Sverdrup
Basin). This map has also been used to delineate the boundaries
between different continental blocks (microcontinents, Fig. 3.8,
dark grey outlines) and active and extinct plate boundaries in the
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CHAPTER 3 CIRCUM-ARCTIC MAPPING PROJECT 45

Fig. 3.5. Circum-Arctic magnetic

anomaly: model 2 combines short
wavelengths (shorter than 330 km) of the
regional compilation (a) with long
wavelengths (.330 km) of the MF6
satellite model (b).

Fig. 3.6. Comparison of a selected

region of the new CAMP-M magnetic
anomaly grid (location shown by
rectangle in a, zoom in selected
location, b) with previous compilations
(c, WDMAM; and d, GAMMA 5).
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46 C. GAINA ET AL.

Fig. 3.7. Circum-Arctic Mapping Project – gravity Anomaly (Bouguer-corrected on land, Free Air on oceans). This gridded dataset (10 km grid cell) was compiled from
a number of regional grids and levelled with respect to a satellite-derived gravity model (see text for details).

oceanic High Arctic (yellow dashed lines). In addition, we have Circum-Arctic bedrock map (red and dark red curves on Fig. 3.8
digitized the linear trends following minima and maxima of the lower panel). Blue ellipses show areas with possible complex
most prominent linear gravity residuals in the vicinity of COBs COB or transitional zones prone to be re-interpreted in the light
and plate boundaries. They have been superimposed on the of new data.
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CHAPTER 3 CIRCUM-ARCTIC MAPPING PROJECT 47

Fig. 3.8. Gravity anomaly and residuals (left panels) and magnetic anomaly and derivatives (right panels) used to outline the tectonic boundaries (green, continent –ocean
boundaries; yellow, extinct and active plate boundaries; dark grey and light blue, possible limits of microcontinents and terranes; dark red, possible trace of the South
Anyui Suture; magenta, minimum extent of the Alpha Ridge block). Minimum and maximum values of the most prominent linear gravity residuals in the vicinity of
continent –ocean boundaries and plate boundaries have been digitized and superimposed on the Circum-Arctic bedrock map (red and dark red curves on the lower panel).
Blue ellipses show areas with possible complex continent– ocean boundary or transitional zones prone to be re-interpreted in the light of new data.
 Downloaded from http://mem.lyellcollection.org/ at University of Manchester Library on October 26, 2014
48 C. GAINA ET AL.
In order to infer the characteristic geometry of the internal base-
ment structure as expressed by magnetic anomalies, we have
upward-continued the CAMP-M gridded data to 50 km, then com-
puted a normalized derivative (tilt derivative; Miller & Singh
1994) to trace the major magnetic contacts (Fig. 3.8, right
middle panel). We used this derivative of the magnetic data to
outline the minimum extent of the Alpha Ridge (magenta
contour, Fig. 3.8), and the location of the South Anyui Suture
(dark red contour, Fig. 3.8 and Kuzmichev 2009). Other tectonic
contacts that are highlighted on this map are the southern extent
of the Ellesmere Islands (Canadian Margin) and the southern end
of the Arctic Alaska plate, Alaska (dark red lines in Fig. 3.8
middle panels).
New and improved tectonic block boundaries can be used as a
guideline for final interpretation of these blocks after inspecting
other data (seismic data for example). Finally, this information
can help unravel the complex tectonic history of the high Arctic.
Conclusions and future work
We have prepared two new maps of the Arctic region (to 608 north-
ern latitude): the magnetic and gravity anomaly maps based on a
compilation of recent gridded data. Besides the two new regional
compilations presented here and the newly released bedrock
map (Harrison et al. 2008), an updated bathymetric grid (IBCAO
v2, Jakobsson et al. (2008), an updated free Air Gravity (ArcGP;
Kenyon et al. 2008) and an older compilation of sediment thick-
ness (Laske et al. 1997) provide a solid basis for studies of
crustal structure and tectonic evolution of this remote region.
Derivatives of the two gridded datasets and edge enhancement
techniques reveal interesting features that should be taken into
account when refining the interpretation of the high Arctic. In par-
ticular, the transition from continent to oceanic regions and out-
lines of microcontinents and volcanic provinces can be better
defined using the new Arctic maps.
The regional datasets available for the High Arctic region are the
result of many decades of data collection, compilation and
interpretation. In addition, numerous other local or regional geo-
physical and geological data (including seismic, IODP and
dredge data) together with global data and models (such as satellite
data and seismic tomography) can help us to better understand
how basins formed and how continental masses were dispersed
and accreted. Although none of the regional datasets contain infor-
mation that alone will shed light on the formation of the High
Arctic, integrated studies based on recent data will lead to a new
generation of tectonic models of the Arctic.
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