INTRODUCTION:

DETERMINATION OF THE E.M.F AND THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL BATTERY

Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance. The

electromotive force (e) or e.m.f. is the energy provided by
a cell or battery per coulomb of charge passing through it, it is
measured in volts (V). It is equal to the potential difference across
the terminals of the cell when no current is flowing.
Emf and Internal Resistance. ... Incidentally, a pure voltage
source is usually referred to as an emf (which stands for
electromotive force). Of course, emf is measured in units of volts.
A battery can be modeled as an emf connected in series with a
resistor, which represents its internal resistance.
A slightly-more sophisticated model is as a voltage source
connected to a fixed resistor, called the battery's internal
resistance. A typical battery has an internal resistance of between
1 and 0.1 ohms, limiting its power output to a few watts.
Internal resistance, this impedance is termed the internal
resistance of the source. When the power source delivers
current, the measured voltage output is lower than the no-load
voltage; the difference is the voltage drop (the product of current
and resistance) caused by the internal resistance
Greater the conductivity of the electrolyte, lesser is the internal
resistance of the cell. i.e. internal resistance depends on the
nature of the electrolyte. iii) The internal resistance of a cell is
inversely proportional to the common area of the electrodes
dipping in the electrolyte.
 OMAR
DATA AHMED
EXP.#14
R(Ω) I(MA) 1/A (MA) 1/A (A -1 )
5O 29.3 0.034129 34.129
100 14.4 0.067116 67.11
150 10.0 0.1 100
200 7.5 0.133333 133.3
250 6.0 0.166666 166.6
300 5.0 0.2 200
350 4.3 0.232527 232.5
400 3.8 0.263128 263.1
450 3.4 0.294101 294.1
500 3 0.333333 333.3

R=RESISTANCE (Ω)
I=CURRENT (A)

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DISCUSSION
AIM OF EXPERIMENT :

To determine both the electromotive force (e.m.f) and the

internal resistance (Re) of a Battery using a simple graphic
method.
DATA DISCUSSION:

in order to get data in this experiment we had to connect a

switch, DC milli ammeter, connection wires and variable
resistance in series to the dry cell battery and Connect the Voltmeter
across the battery.

We set the rheostat to certain resistance as indicated we used resistance

ranging between [50Ω - 500Ω], we start with (50 Ω) then we close the
switch and increase the resistance in the rheostat step by step.

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We write down the ammeter recording step by step. After we write down
the ammeter recordings which consists of the current ( I ) data’s we divide
the current data’s over 1 to get the (mA-1) data’s.

the graph of this experiment consists of the R(Ω) values marked

on the y-axis and the 1/a (A-1) marked on the x-axis , the slope
of this graph consists of the electromotive force acquired by
multiplying the resistance (R) and the current (I) . our straight
line goes through (9 out of 10) dots.and part of the straight line
goes through the negative part of the graph.
CALCULATION AND ERROR DISCUSSION:

DEPEND ON FACTOR AND APPLICATION

Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance are the components which

complete the circuit and help the flow of electricity within the
circuit. Cells, emf and internal resistance are inter-related to
one another. Batteries i.e. Cells are possess internal resistance
and potential difference i.e. voltage
The three main EMF applications and areas of medicine using
EMF sources are:
MRI diagnostic imaging.
RF ablation
cardiology and cancer (tumor) therapy.