Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Where P and Q are the active and reactive power absorbed The black out happens in area 1, VSC-HVDC, functioned as
by the VSC respectively. From (1) and (2), it can be concluded “firewall”, prevents area 2 against outages expanding and
that P and Q can be controlled independently by δ and UC. propagating [4].
When pulse width modulation (PWM) is adopted, δ is the
phase angle of the fundamental component of PWM, and UC is
proportional to the modulation index M of PWM (shown in
(3)). So it is possible to control P and Q independently by δ
and M.
•
UC
•
US
synchronous, it can be synchronized connected to the island B. Soft energizing the long no load line and transformer
grid at a proper time, and then part of the load in area 1 can be Fig.7 shows the simulation of soft energizing the long no
restored. In the same way, after similar operations, G2 and the load line and transformers. Plot 1 shows the frequency of the
rest of the load can be reconnected into the grid. Details about VCS1 side AC voltage. Plot 2 shows that VpuR ascends from
simulation experiment are as follows. 0 to 1 along the appointed curve (Vacref represents), VpuR
A. Traditional black start experiment reaches its rated value at 1s. Plot 3 shows the DC voltage
(rated 56kV) of VSC2. Plot 4 and 5 show the active and
Fig.6 shows some key steps in traditional black start. Since
reactive power absorbed by VSC1. Plot 6 shows the voltage of
the black out happens in Area 1 refer to Fig.4, and the first
the long no load line, where Vlinebegin is the voltage of phase
restoration path is: Area 2 supply power though long line to
A at the start of the line, and Vlineend is the voltage of phase
G1’s auxiliary equipment, the long line include tie line , line
B at the end of the line. Plot 7 and 8 are the currents flow
between bus 5 and bus 7.
through T1 and T3. Plot 9, 10, and 11 are obtained by
Plot 1 is the voltages at the end of the line during the
zooming plot 6, 7, and 8.
process switching on the no-load long line, B1 was closed at
2s, switching over voltages is obvious. The highest over
voltage happened in phase B (green curve represents, and blue
is phase A, red is phase C), which is 359kV. Since the rated
voltage is 230kV (RMS, Line-Line), we can calculate the over
voltage rate is up to 1.9, which is impermissible.
Plot 2 shows the inrush currents while charging transformer
1(T1), B2 was closed at 3s. The biggest is in phase A (blue
curve), 0.75kA, which is much higher than its no-load current
(about 0.1kA).
Plot 3 displays the impact on the system while switching the
auxiliary equipment of G1.B4 was closed at 6s, the voltage
(RMS Line-Line) at the end of line dropped from 233 kV to
218 kV and increased until the moment synchronizing in G1 at
7s.
to 1 along the appointed curve, there were not any kinds of switching was satisfied, generator 1 was connected to the
over-voltage or inrush currents when energizing long no load island grid. Plot 4 in Fig.9 shows that stable system
line and transformers. The AC current in plot 10 during the performance was obtained. The frequency of the AC voltage
steady state was not zero, this was due to high frequency filter. was also kept stable close to 60HZ, refer to plot 1.
The filter was connected in between bus 7 and VSC1 and it is
not included in Fig.4.
C. Switching on the auxiliary equipment of G1
Station transformer with power rating of approximately
100MVA was energized at 2s, and a load of 56MW and
14MVar was switched simultaneously. The load represents
auxiliary equipment for G1, or called plant electric
consumption.
Fig.8 shows the recorded signals during the process. It can
be seen that the active power and reactive power absorbed by
VSC1 changed with the load switching, plot 4 and 5 show that
VSC1 provided the active and reactive power of the load. The
frequency was maintained at 60HZ from plot 1. A small
transient was initiated on the DC voltage, but it was
maintained at 56kV later, refer to plot 2. The AC voltage
magnitude experienced a small dip, but it was controlled to the Fig.9 Synchronizing in G1 rated 900MVA
reference value quickly after the transient. Plot 7 and 8 show
the currents flow through T1 and T3, the inrush currents were
inappreciable. E. Transition of control modes and load share between
G1and VSC1
Fig.10 shows the transition of control modes and load
transfer between G1 and VSC1.
At 4.4s, the control mode of VSC1 changed from Constant
AC voltage control to Constant AC voltage and active power
control. Since the reference value of active power is the on-
line measured value, the transient process is perfect refer to
plot 1~4 without any disturbance.
After the mode switching, the active power absorbed by
VSC1 can be adjusted to what is required. In this experiment,
we control its value change gradually along an oblique line,
that is: from 5s to 13s, the reference value of active power
ascended from -50 to -30 MW. Accordingly, the output power
of G1 ascended from 0 to 20 MW. The slope of the oblique
line can be adjusted by the premise of guaranteeing frequency
quality.
It can be seen in plot 4 that Pvsc1shiji and PG1 ascended
gradually from 5s. In plot 1, the frequency decreased with the
change of G1’ output, but recovered shortly refer to plot 5.
Plot 5 and 6 are the following of plot 1 and 4. The starting
point of time axis in plot 5 and 6 is equal to the ending point
of time axis in plot 1 and 4. PG1 and Pvsc1shiji stopped rising
at 3s (13s if plot 4 continues) seen in plot 6. The reason that
we adopted such load transfer is to ensure the smooth black
start process by making full use of VSC1’s flexible control
capability, thus avoided transient in each step.
DC capacitor 1500 μF
DC Circuit DC resistance 2.98 Ω
Length of DC Line 220 km
TABBLE Ⅱ
DEFINITION OF SIGNAL IN FIG6-FIG10
Value Unit
Papers from Conference Proceedings (Published):
VSC-HVDC Parameters [7] Ying Jing-Hafner, Hugo Duchen, Michael Karlsson, Leif Ronstrom,
Voltage Source(L-L,RMS) 230 kV Bernt Abrahamsson. “HVDC with Voltage Source Converter—A
Powerful Standby Black Start Facility,” IEEE T&D Conference,
Transformer Capacity 300 MVA Chicago, April 2008
VSC1/VSC2 [8] Guangkai Li, Chengyong Zhao, Xingran Zhang, Gengyin Li. “Research
Transformer Wiring Group Y/Δ on “Soft Start-up” of VSC-HVDC in Power System Restoration after
Blackouts,” 2007 Second IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics
Transformer Rated Voltage 230/20 kV
and Applications, pp.1939-1944, November 2008
6