IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 28, NO.
1, FEBRUARY 2013
A Procedure to Study Sub-Synchronous Interactions
in Wind Integrated Power Systems
D. H. R. Suriyaarachchi, Student Member, IEEE, U. D. Annakkage, Senior Member, IEEE,
C. Karawita, Member, IEEE, and D. A. Jacobson, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of
sub-synchronous interactions in a wind integrated power system
to understand and mitigate them. The proposed procedure has
two steps. In the first step, a frequency scan is performed to
determine the presence of resonant frequencies in the sub-syn-
chronous range. In the second step, a detailed small signal analysis
is performed. Participation factors are used to identify the state
variables that are involved in the interaction, and the control-
lability indices are used to determine the mitigation method. It
is shown that the sub-synchronous interaction present in Type
3 wind turbine-generators connected to the grid through series
compensated lines is an electrical resonance between the generator
and the series compensated line which is highly sensitive to the
rotor side converter current controller gains.
Index Terms—Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), fre-
quency scan, linearized model, self-excitation, small signal
stability, sub-synchronous interactions.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HERE has been a significant growth in the integration of
wind power into power systems networks in recent years.
In year 2010, the total capacity of wind installations around
the globe has increased by 23.6% [1]. With this increased wind
power integration, the transmission network capacities need to
be increased either by building new transmission lines or by en-
hancing the power transfer capability of the existing lines. A
common approach for expanding transmission capacity is by
using series compensation.
It has been known for many years that the series capacitors
self-excite both synchronous and induction machines [2], but
only after the failure of an exciter shaft in one of the machines
at the Mohave power plant in October 1971, the severity of
the adverse effects of series capacitors on electrical machines
came into the forefront of attention [3]. Since then extensive re-
search has been performed to investigate the sub-synchronous
Manuscript received October 26, 2011; revised February 10, 2012; accepted
June 05, 2012. Date of publication July 16, 2012; date of current version January
17, 2013. This work was supported by Manitoba Hydro and the University of
Manitoba. Paper no. TPWRS-01011-2011.
D. H. R. Suriyaarachchi and U. D. Annakkage are with the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
R3T 5V6, Canada (e-mail: hiranya@ee.umanitoba.ca; annakkag@ee.umani-
toba.ca).
C. Karawita is with Trans Grid Solutions Inc., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2E1,
Canada (e-mail: ckarawita@transgridsolutions.com).
D. A. Jacobson is with Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2P4, Canada
(e-mail: dajacobson@hydro.mb.ca).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2204283
0885-8950/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE
377
resonance of synchronous generators with series compensated
transmission lines as well as other devices such as HVDC con-
verter terminals. [4] reports an incident in which some gener-
ators in a wind power plant and the series capacitors sustained
damages. Because of such incidents, it is important to under-
stand the phenomena of sub-synchronous interactions in a wind
integrated power system.
Among many types of generators used in wind farms, the
doubly fed induction generator or Type 3 wind turbine-gen-
erator [5] has been found to be most vulnerable to sub-syn-
chronous interactions [4]. In [6], sub-synchronous resonance
between a wind farm equipped with fixed speed induction gener-
ators and a series compensated line has been demonstrated using
electromagnetic transient simulations. A small signal stability
analysis is performed in [7] to analyze sub-synchronous reso-
nance between a doubly fed induction generator equipped wind
farm and a series compensated transmission line. A more re-
cent work [8] shows that the sub-synchronous resonance present
in a variable speed systems is mainly due to the self-excita-
tion rather than due to the torsional interactions. However, an-
other recent publication claims, using time domain simulations,
that the sub-synchronous interaction between Type 3 wind tur-
bine-generators and series compensated transmission systems
is due to controller interactions [9]. In summary, there is dis-
agreement in the industry on whether these oscillations are due
to self-excitation or due to controller interactions. This paper
presents a comprehensive analysis of this problem to eliminate
the doubts on the cause and nature of these oscillations.
Another objective of this paper is to propose an efficient and
effective procedure to identify and investigate sub-synchronous
oscillations. It is important to determine whether there are po-
tential sub-synchronous oscillation problems before carrying
out a detailed study. A simplified frequency scanning method
is proposed as the first step of the procedure of a detailed study.
If the frequency scanning indicates a potential risk, a detailed
eigenvalue type study is proposed to investigate the cause and
nature of the problem. The eigenvalue technique is proposed in-
stead of a time domain simulation for two reasons. Firstly, time
domain simulation of large systems is time consuming. Sec-
ondly, time domain simulations do not provide the information
necessary either to understand the root cause of the problem or
to design mitigation measures.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the
proposed frequency scan model. A brief description of the
linearized models used for the eigenvalue analysis is given in
Section III. In Section IV, the proposed procedure is described
with the aid of a small test system. Also, a comprehensive
378 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 28, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2013

Fig. 1. Induction generator frequency scan model. (a) Model I. (b) Model II.

analysis of the sub-synchronous interactions in the system is

presented in this section. The results obtained by applying
the proposed procedure to a multi-machine power system is
presented in Section V. Finally, the conclusions are given in Fig. 2. Rotor side converter controller.
Section VI.

II. FREQUENCY SCANNING

A frequency scanning method for induction generators is
not available in the literature. However, a frequency scanning
method for synchronous generators proposed in [10] and [11]
where the driving point impedance over the interested fre-
quency range is calculated as seen from the generator neutral is
widely used in the industry. In this technique, the synchronous
generator is modeled using its induction generator equivalent
shown in Fig. 1(b). In case of a fixed speed induction generator
the same equivalent circuit is applicable.
However, in case of a doubly fed induction generator the gen-
erator is operated at the desired operating point by controlling
its rotor voltage. For the purpose of frequency scanning, this
voltage source can be replaced by an equivalent impedance so
that the current flowing through the rotor circuit remains un-
changed. Therefore, the doubly fed induction generator equiva-
lent circuit for frequency scanning is obtained by replacing the
rotor voltage source with an equivalent impedance such that
(1)
where , , and are steady state values of rotor voltage, rotor
current, and slip, respectively. The modified circuit is shown in
Fig. 1(a). Since these quantities depend on the system frequency,
the value of is updated for every frequency in the range of
frequencies of interest.
For the remainder of this paper, the two induction generator
frequency scan models are identified as follows.
• Model I—Modified induction generator equivalent circuit.
• Model II—Conventional induction generator equivalent
circuit.
III. LINEARIZED MODEL
The traditional small signal stability assessment programs
and transient stability programs are valid for studying low
frequency electromechanical oscillations. The machine stator
dynamics as well as the ac network dynamics are ignored in
these programs as they produce fast transients that do not affect
the low frequency electromechanical oscillations. However, the
stator and ac network dynamics must be modeled for studies on
sub-synchronous oscillations as those dynamics directly con-
tribute to sub-synchronous oscillations [12]–[14]. The dynamic
model of the wind farm is developed as follows:
Fig. 3. Grid side converter controller.
• The doubly fed induction generator is modeled with differ-
ential equations for stator flux, rotor flux, and slip.
• The wind farm drive train is modeled using a three mass
model as in [15].
• The converter transformer dynamics and the dc link dy-
namics are included in the wind turbine-generator unit
model [16].
• The rotor side converter is controlled in the stator flux ref-
erence frame whereas the grid side converter is controlled
in the generator terminal reference frame. Controllers for
both converters have a faster inner loop for current con-
trol and a slower outer loop. The rotor side converter outer
loop controller regulates the generator speed and the stator
reactive power whereas the grid side converter outer loop
controller regulates the dc link voltage and the reactive
power absorbed from the network by the grid side con-
verter transformer. The rotor and grid side converter con-
trols are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
• The full aggregation method in [17] is used to model the
large number of turbine-generator units in the wind farm.
• Dynamic phasors are used to model the ac network dy-
namics as in [12].
The dynamic equations are linearized around an operating
point and the linearized dynamic equations are written in state
space form as
(2)
The state space model of the wind farm consists of 20 state vari-
ables and 4 inputs. The state variables include 4 generator states
SURIYAARACHCHI et al.: A PROCEDURE TO STUDY SUB-SYNCHRONOUS INTERACTIONS IN WIND INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEMS
Fig. 4. Simple test system.
(stator and rotor fluxes), 5 drive train states (rotating speeds of 3
masses and 2 relative angles between the masses), 4 controller
states for the rotor side converter, dc capacitor voltage, 4 con-
troller states for the grid side converter and 2 states for the con-
verter transformer current. The 4 inputs comprise of the refer-
ence values for the stator reactive power injection, rotor speed,
dc voltage and reactive power injected by the grid side con-
verter.
The linearized dynamic model of the network is of the form
(3)
State vector consists of transmission line currents and
bus voltages. The network dynamic device inputs are in .
The current injection equation for the wind farm
(4)
and a large fictitious resistor connected to the ground at the con-
nection point between the generator and the PCC transformer
are used to interface the wind farm state space model with
the network. Since the generator currents and the current flow
through the transformer can be represented as combinations
of states, the voltage terms in (2) and (3) can be eliminated
by applying Kirchhoff’s current law at the node where the
fictitious resistor is connected. Once the voltage terms are elim-
inated and the generator and network equations are combined,
the complete state space representation of the system can be
obtained as
(5)
with and . solid lines represent the results obtained when the wind farm is
When there are other dynamic devices connected to the net-
work, linearized dynamic models similar to the one shown in
(2) are combined with the network equations [14].
IV. SUB-SYNCHRONOUS INTERACTION STUDY PROCEDURE
The simple test system shown in Fig. 4 is used to demonstrate
the application of the proposed procedure to screen wind inte-
grated power systems for sub-synchronous interactions. This
system represents a wind farm with Type 3 turbine-generators
connected to a strong system via a long series compensated
transmission line. The wind farm parameters are given in
Appendix A. The study procedure involves 1) screening for
potential problems and 2) detailed eigenvalue analysis.
A. Screening for Potential Problems
1) Step 1—System Preparation for Frequency Scan: The po-
tential locations are first identified by inspection of the single
line diagram of the network. If wind farms are located close
379
to devices that are known to cause sub-synchronous interac-
tions such as series compensated transmission lines, and HVDC
converter terminals, they are selected as candidates for the fre-
quency scan study.
All the wind farms except for Type 4 are replaced with their
equivalent circuits (either Model I or Model II). The individual
generator-turbine units in the wind farm are aggregated using
the method described in [17]. Since the study of interactions of
Type 4 wind farms is not in the scope of this paper, they are
replaced with voltage sources. The synchronous generators in
the system are replaced with their sub-transient reactance.
All the static loads are represented by the corresponding load
models [18].
2) Step 2—Frequency Scan Study: If the wind farms are rep-
resented by Model I, the impedance is calculated using
steady state system equations for each frequency under inves-
tigation. The driving point impedance when looking in to the
system from the rotor terminals is calculated for all scanning
frequencies. The magnitude, resistive component and the phase
of the impedance obtained from the frequency scan are plotted
against the scanned frequency. A change in sign of the phase
and a dip in the impedance magnitude corresponds to a series
network resonance seen by the wind farm under study. The fre-
quency at which this is observed is the network resonant fre-
quency.
If a disturbance excites the network resonance, there will be
sub-synchronous currents induced in the stator at the comple-
mentary frequency with being the system frequency.
If a constant rotor speed is assumed, the rotor will be rotating
faster than the rotating magnetic field produced by the induced
sub-synchronous current. Therefore, the resistance to the in-
duced sub-synchronous currents is negative when viewed from
the rotor terminal. If the total resistance of the stator and the
network is less than this negative resistance, the generator will
get self-excited [19]. Therefore, a negative resistance at the net-
work resonance frequency yielding from the frequency scan re-
sults represent a self-excitation of wind farm generators.
For the small test system, the frequency scan results for dif-
ferent levels of series compensation are shown in Fig. 5. The
represented by using Model I. The frequency scan results indi-
cate an existence of a resonance condition at 25.34 Hz, 35.09
Hz, 42.11 Hz, and 45.63 Hz for 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% com-
pensation levels, respectively. If a disturbance excites the net-
work resonance, there will be sub-synchronous currents induced
in the stator at frequencies complementary to the nominal fre-
quency of 60 Hz; i.e., at 34.66 Hz, 24.91 Hz, 17.89 Hz, and
14.37 Hz, respectively.
Fig. 6 shows the resistance of the network seen from the
rotor terminal for the aforementioned compensation levels. The
equivalent resistance is positive for the tested cases indicating
no self-excitation issues for the generator.
Model I requires the calculation of the equivalent impedance
for all frequencies in the scanning range. This requires
solving steady state wind farm and network equations at all fre-
quencies in the scanning range. Although the solution of these
steady state equations is possible for a small test system, as the
system gets larger it becomes computationally demanding.
380
Fig. 5. Frequency scan results for small test system—impedance magnitude
and phase.
Fig. 6. Frequency scan results for small test system—resistance.
The broken lines in Figs. 5 and 6 represent the results obtained
with the conventional induction generator frequency scan model
(Model II). As seen in the figures, the results from the conven-
tional model closely follow those from Model I. This method
does not require simultaneous steady state equation solutions.
Based on these observations Model II is proposed for the pur-
pose of frequency scan.
3) Step 3—Detailed Analysis: If no network resonances are
found during the screening study the sub-synchronous interac-
tion study procedure can stop after Step 2. However, if a network
resonance is found during step 2, even if the net resistance seen
by the generator is positive there can still be sub-synchronous
interactions between the wind farm and the rest of the system
as will be shown later in this paper. It is proposed in this paper
that a detailed eigenvalue analysis is performed to obtain in-
formation about the oscillatory modes such as their frequency,
damping and participation factors. The linearized model of the
wind farm and the network explained in Section III is used to
obtain these information. Note that, the detailed model includes
the dynamics of the DFIG and its controllers. Therefore, infor-
mation on various oscillation modes present in the system can
be seen from such a study.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 28, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2013
Fig. 7. Participation factors of sub-synchronous modes with 50% compensa-
tion: States 1–4: Generator; 5–9: Drive train; 10–13: RSC controller; 14: DC
capacitor; 15–18: GSC controller; 19–20: Converter transformer; 21–28: Net-
work.
Fig. 7 shows the participation factors of the low damped sub-
synchronous oscillatory modes together with their frequency
and damping for the test system presented. These results are ob-
tained with 50% series compensation. In the figure, the system
states are grouped so that states 1 to 4 represent the generator,
5 to 9 represent the drive train, 10 to 13 represent the rotor side
converter controllers, 14 represents the dc capacitor, 15 to 18
represent the grid side converter controllers, 19 and 20 represent
the converter transformer. States from 21 onwards are network
states. Note that in Fig. 7, the network states are participating
heavily in the 24.76 Hz oscillatory mode. Therefore, it can be
identified as a network mode. Since the drive train states are par-
ticipating heavily in the 3.23 Hz mode it can be identified as a
torsional mode. Similarly, the other two modes at 6.74 Hz and
2.65 Hz are identified as an electromechanical mode and a con-
troller mode, respectively. Apart from the network states, the
generator states have a significant participation in the network
mode (24.76 Hz), indicating a sub-synchronous interaction be-
tween the generator and the series compensated transmission
line. Also, no participation of the network states in the torsional
mode reveals that there is no torsional interaction present in this
case. This analysis was performed for a wide range of shaft stiff-
ness values, inertias and compensation levels and no torsional
interactions with the network were observed.
Table I shows a comparison of the screening study results
obtained with Model I, Model II and detailed analysis. Both
frequency scan models can closely predict the network mode
frequency discovered from the detailed analysis. For example,
at 50% series compensation frequency scans performed using
Models I and II indicate a network mode at 24.91 Hz and 25.38
Hz, respectively, whereas the network mode frequency obtained
from the small signal analysis is 24.76 Hz. Since Model II does
not involve steady state calculations at each frequency, it is rec-
ommended to use Model II when screening large networks. The
difference in resonant frequency obtained with scanning per-
formed at PCC and those performed using Models I or II is
that the doubly fed induction generator is not taken into account
SURIYAARACHCHI et al.: A PROCEDURE TO STUDY SUB-SYNCHRONOUS INTERACTIONS IN WIND INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEMS
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY SCAN AND SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
in the former. Further, any self-excitation problems cannot be
identified when the frequency scan is performed at the PCC, be-
cause the doubly fed induction generator is not included. The in-
formation regarding the network mode damping is readily avail-
able from the small signal analysis.
These observation clarify any doubts as to the nature of these
sub-synchronous interactions. It is clearly demonstrated that this
sub-synchronous interaction involves the transmission network
and the generator. Control states do not significantly participate
in this sub-synchronous oscillatory mode.
B. Cause for the Generator-Series Compensated Line
Interaction
The screening study presented above revealed that there is a
network mode in the test system at sub-synchronous frequency
range and also, it ruled out that this sub-synchronous interaction
is not due to net negative resistance. The detailed small signal
analysis results revealed a presence of a low damped interaction
between the generator and the network.
Fig. 8(a) shows the sensitivity of the damping of network
mode to the rotor side converter controller current loop input
gains. As the input gains increase the damping of the network
mode decreases. This indicates the rotor side converter con-
troller has an adverse effect on the network mode damping. To
further strengthen this argument the system was studied with
the rotor controller being disabled. Participation factors of the
network mode when the converter controllers are disabled are
shown in Fig. 8(b). In this case the generator participation in
the network mode is not as high as with the controllers. Further-
more, disabling of controllers has increased the network mode
damping to 9.74%.
Fig. 8(c) shows the controllability of the network mode using
the five available inputs. As shown in the figure, the network
mode is highly controllable with the two orthogonal rotor volt-
ages. In general, if a mode can be controlled by a certain input a
controller can influence that mode either favorably or adversely.
In this case the controllers have an adverse effect on the net-
work mode. Further, the analysis of observability of this mode
revealed that this mode has a poor observability in controller
state variables. Since the participation factor indicates the com-
bined influence of controllability and observability, the poor ob-
servability leads to a poor participation.
The following conclusions can be drawn based on the above
analysis.
• The main participants of the sub-synchronous oscillation
mode are the state variables associated with the network
and the generator.
• The participation of state variables associated with the con-
trollers is relatively small.
381
Fig. 8. (a) Sensitivity of damping to the rotor side converter controller current
loop gains. (b) Participation factors of the network mode without the converter
controllers: States 1–4: Generator; 5–7: DC capacitor and the converter trans-
former 8–12: Drive train; 13–20: Network. (c) Controllability indices.
• State variables associated with the drive train do not par-
ticipate in this mode.
• This mode is highly controllable through the rotor voltage
control. Therefore, the damping of the sub-synchronous
mode is sensitive to the gains of the controllers.
• The sub-synchronous oscillation mode is not a torsional
oscillation mode.
• This mode represents an electrical resonance between the
network and the generator which is controllable through
the rotor controllers.
Note that the frequency scan is performed using a steady state
equivalent of the doubly fed induction generator. Although the
steady state voltage injected by the rotor side converter is in-
cluded in Model I, the frequency scan results do not take in
to account the dynamic effect of the converter controllers. As
shown in the previous analysis for some values of rotor side
converter current controller gains the network mode becomes
unstable. Since the sub-synchronous oscillatory mode is caused
by an electrical resonance between the network and the gener-
ator it can be concluded that for certain values of rotor side con-
verter controller gains the dynamics of the controller makes the
net resistance seen by the generator negative and hence self-ex-
cite the machine.
V. SUB-SYNCHRONOUS INTERACTION STUDY
USING A MULTI-MACHINE POWER SYSTEM
The test system shown in Fig. 9 is used as the multi-machine
power system. It is derived from the test system to validate
HVDC and FACTS models [20]. The following modifications
were made to the original test system.
• The generator connected to bus 12 was replaced with a 200
MW Type 3 wind turbine-generator.
• The transmission line between buses 6 and 4 was 75% se-
ries compensated at the middle of the line. Two additional
buses (bus 61 and 41) were introduced to connect the se-
ries capacitor.
• The bus shunts at buses 4 and 5 were removed.
382 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 28, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2013

Fig. 9. Multi-machine test system.

TABLE II Fig. 10. Participation factors of the network mode. (a) System intact condition.
FREQUENCY SCAN RESULTS FOR THE MULTI-MACHINE TEST SYSTEM (b) Outage of the line between buses 1 and 6.

• The wind farm data used in this study is same as used in

Section IV except the rotor converter controller gains
and were increased to 0.075.
A sub-synchronous screening was performed for the system
intact condition and for the system with transmission line be-
tween bus 1 and 6 is out of service. The frequency scans were
conducted at the wind farm terminal as well as at the rotor
terminal using Model II. For all the cases tested a dip in the
impedance magnitude was observed, indicating a presence of a
network resonance. The frequency of the network resonance is
given in Table II. For both cases the screening results did not
exhibit net negative resistance.
The detailed analysis performed on the system reveals a net-
work mode at 18.79 Hz with 2.89% damping and at 20.16 Hz
with damping for the system intact condition and the
Fig. 11. Electromagnetic transient simulation results for active power flow in
tested contingency, respectively. Fig. 10(a) and (b) shows the the series compensated line. (a) System intact. (b) Outage of the line between
participation factors for the network mode. The states related to buses 1 and 6.
the series capacitor and the series compensated line participate
heavily in the network mode. Also, the wind farm states, espe-
cially the generator stator flux participate in the network mode. given by the detailed analysis. For the system intact case, the
This indicates a sub-synchronous interaction between the gen- frequency of the initial transient is approximately 19.6 Hz.
erator and the network further confirming the conclusions made We have successfully applied this procedure to screen and
in Section IV-B. study sub-synchronous interactions in a large heavily meshed
Fig. 11 shows the active power flow through the series com- power system consisting of 59 buses, six wind farms with Type
pensated line obtained from an electromagnetic transient sim- 3 generators, and 5 series compensated transmission lines. The
ulation using PSCAD/EMTDC. A three phase solid short cir- wind farms were located in the near electrical proximity of the
cuit was applied on the transmission line between buses 1 and series capacitors. When frequency scans were performed using
6 at 2 s and it was cleared after 100 ms. For the system intact Model II, a resonance has been observed only at one wind farm
case, the fault was cleared without tripping the line. As shown in when the system is under an N-2 contingency. For this contin-
the figure, a sub-synchronous oscillation can be observed in the gency, although the wind farm is not radially connected to the
power flow through the series compensated line as predicted by series compensated line, a large portion of its power transfers
the detailed analysis. Also, as predicted the system is unstable through those lines. Also, no self-excitation (net negative re-
under the contingency. The frequency of the oscillation during sistance) of the wind farm generators was observed from the
the contingency is 20.4 Hz which is very close to the frequency screening study. A detailed analysis performed on the system for
SURIYAARACHCHI et al.: A PROCEDURE TO STUDY SUB-SYNCHRONOUS INTERACTIONS IN WIND INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEMS
TABLE III
WIND TURBINE AND DRIVE TRAIN PARAMETERS
TABLE IV
GENERATOR, DC CAPACITOR, AND CONVERTER TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS
the system intact and the aforementioned contingency exhibited
a sub-synchronous interaction between the wind farm generator
and the series compensated line only for the N-2 contingency.
The oscillatory mode frequency was 39.4 Hz and its damping
was 1.9%. These observations were confirmed by comparison
with electromagnetic transient simulations.
In summary, the detailed analysis performed on multi-ma-
chine power systems confirms that the sub-synchronous oscilla-
tions associated with wind farms with Type 3 turbine-generators
and series compensated networks are due to an electrical reso-
nance between the network and the generator.
VI. CONCLUSION
A comprehensive procedure to study sub-synchronous oscil-
lations in power systems with Type 3 wind turbine-generators
and series compensated transmission lines has been proposed in
this paper. In the initial step a frequency scanning is performed
to identify the presence of network resonances. The use of a con-
ventional induction generator equivalent circuit was compared
against a more accurate equivalent circuit and it was shown
that the conventional equivalent circuit is adequate. It has been
shown that, if a network resonance is revealed in the first step, it
is essential to perform a detailed eigenvalue analysis regardless
of whether the net resistance seen by the generator rotor is neg-
ative or positive. The proposed detailed analysis clearly iden-
tifies the participating state variables, and the controllability of
the sub-synchronous oscillation mode. Case studies performed
for a simple power system and two multi-machine power sys-
tems revealed that the sub-synchronous oscillations associated
with Type 3 wind turbine-generators and series compensated
383
TABLE V
CONVERTER CONTROLLER GAINS
TABLE VI
PCC TRANSFORMER AND TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
networks are due to an electrical resonance between the network
and the generator. The rotor voltage controllers can significantly
influence the damping of this mode. It has also been shown that
the observed sub-synchronous oscillations are not due to tor-
sional interactions.
APPENDIX
WIND FARM AND TEST SYSTEM PARAMETERS
The wind farm is operated at unity power factor at the point
of common coupling (PCC) and the wind speed is assumed to
be 12 m/s. Table III shows the wind turbine and drive train pa-
rameters for the wind farm. The wind farm generator, dc capac-
itor and converter transformer parameters are given in Table IV.
The rotor side converter and grid side converter controller gains
are given in Table V. Note that the integral gain is the ratio
between the proportional gain and the integral time constant.
For example, the integral gain for the rotor speed controller is
given by . Point of common coupling trans-
former and the transmission line parameters used for the small
test system are given in Table VI.
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D. H. R. Suriyaarachchi (S’11) received the B.Sc.
(Eng) degree from the University of Moratuwa,
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, in 2003 and the M.Sc. degree
from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB,
Canada, in 2008. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
degree at the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Manitoba.
His research interests include power system sta-
bility and control, power system simulation, and re-
newable energy.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 28, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2013
U. D. Annakkage (M’95–SM’04) received the B.Sc.
(Eng.) degree from the University of Moratuwa,
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, in 1982 and the M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees from the University of Manchester
Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST),
Manchester, U.K., in 1984 and 1987, respectively.
He is presently a Professor at the University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. His research
interests include power system stability and control,
security assessment and control, operation of restruc-
tured power systems, and power system simulation.
Dr. Annakkage is an editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS.
C. Karawita (S’04–M’09) received the B.Sc. (Eng)
degree from the University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa,
Sri Lanka, in 2002 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees
from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB,
Canada, in 2006 and 2009, respectively.
He is currently working at TransGrid Solutions
Inc., Winnipeg. His research interests include power
system stability and control and power system
simulation.
D. A. Jacobson (M’85–SM’05) received the B.Sc.
and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering and the
Ph.D. degree from the University of Manitoba, Win-
nipeg, MB, Canada.
He has been employed with Manitoba Hydro
in the System Planning Department for 20 years.
Since 2002, he has been involved with a variety of
groups in the wind industry. In addition to leading
interconnection or exploratory studies of wind
generators in Manitoba, he is also a stakeholder in
many U.S. studies that have investigated multi-GW
connections and major 765 kV overlays.
Dr. Jacobson is a contributing member of the NERC Interconnection of Vari-
able Generation Task Force. He is a steering committee member of the CanWEA
Pan-Canadian wind integration study. He is a Distinguished Member of Cigre
and has contributed to many working group reports over the years including:
Joint Study Committee C1/C2/C6.18 Coping with Limits for Very High Pene-
tration of Renewable Energy, C6.08 Integration of Large Share of Fluctuating
Generation, and C4.601 Power System Security Assessment. He is a member
of the IEEE Wind Power Coordinating Committee and is the current Technical
Committee Program Chair.