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2000 MVA
1000
MVA
1150kV
100 1000kV
MVA
10
100kV
MVA
25kV
1
10kV
MVA
150kVA
100 1kV
kVA
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
By Dennis Allan
Rate of developments for 120 years
180 700
140 600
100 500
60 400
20 300
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
By Prof.Dennis Allan
Relative volume of oil over transformer
history
By Prof.Pahlavanpour
Historical design deficiencies
♦ Underestimation of stray loss impact (high
circulating currents in the windings)
81-90 32 40
91-100 17 21
> 100 7 9
>1,000 GVA
>25 years
Year of commissioning
By Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co
Transformer Population of single capacity over
100 MVA in the USSR
120
>600 GVA
100 >25 years
80
60
40
20
0
64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98
Year of commissioning
A challenge of present-day period
Transformer Life
CRITICAL
LEVEL
FAILED
Definitions
Condition Definition
connection
Contacts
Conditions of a transformer in the course of
life
Incomplete
Abnormal Catastrophic
event
Failures mode related to aging
phenomena
Ageing of transformer insulation systems is
a complex phenomenon
Total
Winding dielectric
70
60
50
16
40 14
30 12
20
10
10
0
8
0-3 3…5 5…10 10..15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40
6
4
2
0
0-3 3…5 5…10 10..15 15-20 20-25 25-30
ZTZ-Service statistics
Diagnostic methodology
Traditional Time-based methodology
Two Steps Condition based methodology
Condition based Functional methodology
Traditional Time-based methodology
e.g. IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing
of Electric Power Apparatus )
IEC 60 40 60 3-50
CIS,750kV 30 20 10 5
Disadvantages of traditional approach
No Yes
Is it Is it
Start 10%
Normal? Serious?
2%
Yes No
90% 8%
Do Do
Nothing something
else else
Condition Assessment
Condition Assessment flowchart
Condition Assessment
Transformer is gassing
What to do?