A Qualitative Analysis of Emotional

Effector Patterns and Their Feedback

Guy S A N T I B A N E Z - H . AND SUSANA BLOCH
Physiologisches Institut, H u m b o l d t Universitiit
Berlin, German D e m o c r a t i c Republic a n d
Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie Sensorielle
Universitk Pierre et Marie Curie
Paris, France

Abstract--This paper is devoted to the study of the relationship between the subjective
component (feelings) and the behavioral aspect of emotions. The following emotions
were studied: fear-anxiety, anger-aggression, joy-laughter, love-eroticism, love-tender-
ness, and sadness-tears. The observations were performed with three different groups of
people: patients with anxiety neurosis, students under hypnosis, and drama students.
Each emotion was characterized by a specific set of reactions in the respiratory pattern,
heart~ctivity, muscular activity, and facial expression. The feelings were correlated with
the behavioral patterns and each time the behavioral patterns were interfered with a
concomitant modification of the subjectivity component was observed. The direct per-
formance of the behavioral emotional patterns in the absence of the emotogenic stimulus
produced the feeling corresponding to the mimicked emotion. If the subjects were stimu-
lated with an emotogenic stimulus during the direct performance of the behavioral pat-
terns of another emotion, they confessed to have the feeling corresponding to the mim-
icked emotion, and not to the emotion belonging to the emotogenic stimulus. The role
played by the feedback from the effector organs in the determination of the subjective
emotional states is discussed.

EMOTIONS are reactions integrated in the neu-
roendocrine sys.tem (Candland 1971, Santibfifiez-
H. 1976, Panksepp 1982), triggered by a specific
stimulus (emotogenic stimulus), involving a par-
ticular area of the effector organs (visceral, hu-
moral, and muscular effectors), and evoking a
particular subjective activation (feelings). Bloch
and Santib~fiez-H. (1972) have proposed the con-
cept of"effector pattern of emotions" in order to
stress that each concrete emotogenic stimulus
activates a concrete effector pattern of muscles,
including facial muscles, viscera, and glands.
Schidlowski (1974), on the other hand, proposed
the concept of "vegetative portrait" to make
clear that the output of autonomic activation is
always a complex effect involving somato-vege-
tative reactions.
Ekman and co-workers, studying the facial
components of the effector patterns of some emo-
tions, have described some of the muscles in-
v o l v e d in d i f f e r e n t e m o t i o n a l e x p r e s s i o n s
(Ekman 1982, Ekman and Friesen 1972, 1975,
1982), and that emotional facial expressions are
correlated to different degrees of neurovegeta-
tive activations (Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen
1983).
James (1950) stressed the importance of the
peripheral factors in the determination of the
subjective component, while other authors (Bard
1934, 1942, Cannon 1929, Hess 1957) have
stressed the role played by different structures of
the brain in the control of emotional behavior.
Santib~ifiez-H. et al. (1973) suggested that the
effector pattern feedback information plays an
important role in the building up of subjective
phenomena.
This paper is devoted to the study of some
aspects of the effector configuration induced by
different emotogenic stimuli and the subjective
phenomena triggered by this effector feedback.
Material and Methods
General Procedure
Three sets of experiments were performed in a
soundproof chamber, in which the subject lay on
a couch. The recording instruments were in the

108
Volume 21
Number 3 EMOTIONAL EFFECTOR PATTERNS
prechamber. The following emotions were stud-
ied: fear-anxiety, anger-aggression,joy-laughter,
love-eroticism, love-tenderness, and sadness-
tears. The verbal information given by the subject
in relation with each emotion was recorded, as
well as EEG, ECG, respiratory movements, and
EMG (from rectus abdominis, rectus femoris,
masseter, orbicularis oris, and brachioradialis).
Information emerging from the history of the sub-
jects was used as the emotogenic stimulus. The
EMG activity observed could be either tonic or
phasic and was not quantified, but was estimated
at four levels: no activity, small, medium, and
large.
Experiments on Patients With
Anxiety Neurosis
Ten patients between 28 and 45 years of age
were submitted to a careful anamnesis to detect
the most intense episodes of anxiety in the pa-
tient's life. Once the episodes were well known,
the patients were taken into the experimental
room to record the different functions. They were
instructed to relax, to keep calm, and to breathe
deeply and slowly. In order to accustom them to
the experimental conditions, the subjects were
left for half an hour in the experimental room on 3
consecutive days. During this time, the resting
activity was controlled by polygraphic record-
ings. The experimental manipulation began on
the fourth day. The patients were asked to tell
about some dramatic, especially painful aspect of
their life history. Simultaneously, the different
functions were registered. The story was re-
corded on tape and synchronized with the phys-
iological events that were taking place at the time
in which the story was being told. After a period
of relaxation, the patients heard their own story
without receiving any other instructions; this was
again synchronized with the physiological rec-
ords. At the end of the story the patients were
once more instructed to relax, to breathe deep
and slowly, and to maintain this condition, inde-
pendent of what they might be told. Once they
understood the instructions well, the tape re-
corder was turned on once more, and the story
was again synchronized with the physiological
records. After each recording period, the patients
were asked to report that part of their story in
which they felt anxiety, and in which of these
parts the anxiety was most intense. These re-
sponses were recorded.
Experiments With Drama School Students
Twelve students of drama (eight men and four
women) between 20 and 28 years of age col-
109
laborated in this study. The subjects were trained
in different relaxation techniques, and when they
had mastered them, the work with emotions
began.
In individual sessions each subject's life his-
tory was studied in order to detect some episode
with clear emotogenic effects. Then, in a supine
position, each person was asked to be still, to
breathe deeply and slowly, and to remember as
vividly as possible the life experience related
with specific emotions. In some subjects respira-
tory and postural modifications coinciding with
the evoked emotions were recorded. These effec-
tor patterns were carefully studied. Once the pat-
terns were analysed in terms of respiratory mod-
els and body posture, they were directly taught to
the whole group during a minimum of 20 sessions.
In each session the subjects were asked about
their feelings.
Experiments'Performed With Students
Under Hypnosis
Twelve psychology students of both sexes (18
to 22 years of age) were trained to perform the
effector patterns of different emotions,just as the
actors in the preceeding experimental group.
Some of them were placed in a soundproof ex-
perimental chamber and submitted to hypnotic
sleep. While in the hypnotic state subjects were
first instructed to perform the respiratory and
postural pattern corresponding to the different
emotional behaviors and asked about concomi-
tant feelings and associations. This verbal infor-
mation was recorded and synchronized with the
physiological records. The next step was to stim-
ulate the subject with his own emotional associ-
ations and to correlate behavior and subjective
effect of the verbal emotional stimulation. Then,
the subjects were instructed to mimic the effector
pattern of one particular emotion, or to maintain
a relaxed posture. In this condition they again
heard their own e m o t o g e n i c material arousing
other emotions than the one whose effector pat-
tern was being mimicked.
Results
The Finding of the "Emotogenic Stimuli"
The anamnesis or life history allowed us to find
episodes in the life of our subjects whose verbal
reproduction induced in them effects similar to
those directly produced by the episodes them-
selves. These episodes were related or imagined
by the subjects, or were played back to the
subjects. In these three different situations the
subjects not only said they "felt" the emotions

110 SANTIBA.NEZ-H. AND BLOCH
they remembered, but the corresponding behav-
ior also appeared. Some examples follow.
A 28-year-old woman with a diagnosis of anxi-
ety neurosis recalled several anxious events in
her life. The description of these events was re-
corded, then played back to induce anxiety in the
patient. The emotional effect was similar when
the patient heard the events and when she
thought about them very intensely.
A 22-year-old student, under deep hypnosis,
was asked to remember and to tell about some
comic experiences. She told a joke in which a
Portuguese man was ridiculed, laughing heartily.
Afterwards, it was sufficient to tell her to "re-
member the j o k e of the Portuguese" for her to
begin laughing.
In these experiments the "'emotogenic stim-
uli" were represented by " i d e a s , " "succession
of ideas," or " v e r b a l information" reflecting the
"objective conditions" in which the original emo-
tion took place. In other words, the emotogenic
stimulus was able to induce effector and subjec-
tive reactions that were part of an emotional
response.
Phenomenology o f the Emotional
Effector Pattern
Heart Involvement in Emotional Behavior.
The analysis of the heart frequency resulted from
the comparison of the heart rate (HR) before and
during the action of the emotogenic stimuli. In the
hypnotized subjects the mean HR at rest was 66.6
-+ 4. l/min. The action of the emotogenic stimuli,
i.e., verbal and/or subjective stimuli able to acti-
vate emotions as fear, anxiety, sorrow, laughter,
erotic-love, and tenderness, induced an increase
btot/r~
l?O
I0#
+ emotogenic stimuli which activated memories re-
80
t-n
60.
~0
Zo
Fro. 1. Heart rate (HR) in different effector pat-
terns. Mean HR in relaxed conditions (control) and
during the consummatory phase of different emotions
in hypnotized subjects.
Pav. J. Biol. Sci.
July-September 1966
of the HR, except in the case of tenderness. The
emotogenic stimuli o f tenderness either did not
modify the resting cardiac activity or induced its
decrease (Figure 1). The same tendency was
found in the patients and the drama students.
Respiratory Pattern During Emotional Behav-
ior. Each emotion seems to have a specific respi-
ratory pattern, which we will try to describe. The
pattern triggered by the emotogenic stimuli was
compared with the resting respiratory pattern
in patients, normal, and hypnotized subjects.
The resting respiratory frequency varied between
10 and 18 c/min with a mean of 13.7 -+ 2.62
(Figure 2).
Fear-Anxiety. All the stimulations were per-
formed under a background o f relaxed, rhythmic,
and regular respiration. One element was con-
stant in the respiratory picture of the patients:
the tendency to present episodes o f inspiratory
hypopnoea during the time of action of the emo-
togenic stimulus. The baseline of respiratory
activity tended to be displaced toward the inspi-
ratory level. Phobogeneous stimuli triggered epi-
sodes o f hypopnoea modulated by a frequency of
3 to 3.5 times and an amplitude o f 0.25 to 0.5 times
the resting one, or by apnoea episodes o f the
same duration, about 3 to 20 seconds, irregularly
followed by quick and deep expiratory-inspira-
tory movements. In hypnotized subjects, the se-
quence o f episodes lasted as long as the emo-
togenic stimulation (30-50 sec). The after-effect
of the stimulation depended on the way in which,
the stimulation was handled. If no instruction
was given, the subject's respiration tended to
remain in hypopnoea or apnoea for longer peri-
ods, then slowly became more quiet and rhyth-
mic. On the contrary, if the subject was told that
the end of the stimulation had arrived, an intense
and slow expiration took place, followed by a
slow inspiration, then the rhythmic respiratory
movements were reassumed.
Anger-Aggression. The modification of the re-
spiratory pattern was studied in normal and hyp-
notized persons by the administration o f verbal
lated with the anger-aggression reaction. The
modification of the respiratory pattern can be
described as follows: at the beginning of the ac-
tion o f the emotogenic stimulus a large increase
of respiratory frequency was observed, without
modification of the intensity of the respiratory
movements. In this initial period, the respiratory
frequency increased up to between 30-40 c/min.
A second period was observed in which the fre-
quency did not increase any more, but the inten-
sity of the respiratory movements grew up to
three times in a waxing and waning pattern. In
this case, the respiratory baseline did not change.
Volume 21
Number 3
Control Anger-AgFe~ion Fear - onxielv
Respiratory
pot/erna
f " H clmm
E~-- llSs - -
HR -chonge .-
pr/nc~pu/ d~rcchon
8
FIG. 2. Respiratory pattern. I = inspiration; E = expiration. Pattern of respiratory movements during the
consummatory phase of different emotions. (HR) changes in main direction. T = tachycardia; B = bradycardia. The
arrows indicate the direction of HR frequency.
From time to time there were very intense ex-
piratory-inspiratory movements. The respiratory
modification lasted as long as the emotogenic
verbal stimulus was present in the hypnotized
subjects, but was longer in the normal subjects.
Erotic" Love. The respiratory pattern was re-
corded during the action of an emotogenic sub-
jective stimulus that was able to activate the
movements of the sexual consummatory reac-
tion, especially in hypnotized subjects. The pat-
tern showed a decrease of the respiratory rate
(8-9 c/min) at the beginning of the stimulation,
and then an increase up to 18-20 c/min, and a 2.5
times increase of the amplitude of the respiratory
cycles in a waxing and waning pattern.
Sadness-Sorrow-Tears. The modification of
the respiratory movements integrating the sad-
ness-sorrow-tears emotional reaction was also a
very characteristic one: the frequency of the re-
spiratory movements remained within the range
of the resting pattern, but the amplitude of the
respiratory cycle was greater than in the resting
one (about 1.5 to 2 times). However, the most
typical element was the modulation of the inspi-
ratory phase by saccadic movements of high fre-
quency and an abrupt expiratory phase, which
could either be modulated or not.
Joy-Laughter. Joy-laughter respiratory pat-
terns presented a frequency remaining within the
limits of the resting pattern; the amplitude was
1.2 to 1.5 times the resting one. This pattern was
in a certain way opposed to the pattern of sorrow-
tears because the high frequency modulation
mainly affected the expiratory phase of the respi-
ratory cycle.
EMOTIONAL EFFECTOR PATTERNS 111
JaUnts3- cr,vin9 Erotic- love Tenderness Joy-/uughter
AA
J S
Tenderness. The respiratory pattern of tender-
ness presented a frequency below the limits of the
resting pattern, between 6-12 c/min, and an am-
plitude 1.2 to 1.6 times the resting one.
Muscular Tonus Pattern
The changes of electromyographic activity
were used to study the effect of the emotogenic
stimuli, comparing this activity before and after
the administration of the stimulus (Figure 3).
Fear-Anxiety. While patients were hearing
their own verbal report about life experiences,
inducing fear-anxiety reactions, a tonus increase
of all the recorded muscles was observed, includ-
ing the inspiratory muscles, this last causing a
shift in the pneumographic baseline. This in-
crease of tonus achieved its maximum when the
stimulation evoked the most painful moments of
the patient's experience.
In normal and hypnotized subjects, the same
phenomenon was observed when they were
placed in similar conditions. The muscular area
involved, and the degree of the tonus increase,
were related with the intensity of the emotogenic
stimulus. However, stimuli of medium intensity
did not activate the recorded muscles at the same
level. For instance, the orbicularis otis presented
a small tonic increase of tension without large
variations; the masseter, a medium t o n i c in-
crease; the rectus abdominis, a large phasic in-
crease; and the brachioradialis and the rectus
femoris presented a large tonic increase during
the stimulation.

1 12 SANTIB,~NEZ-H. AND BLOCH
EM6 . Control Anler-A~lreulon Feor-enxir
Orb/culor/s otis
1"/osstlcr
8roch/orodialiJ
R:ctus obdomini
R:dus frmori
FIG. 3. Involvement of the different recorded muscles in the configuration of emotional reactions during the
consummatory phase of the emotion.
Anger-Aggression. The electromyogram indi-
cated a medium enlargement of the tonic activity
of the orbicularis oris, a large phasic increase of
the rectus femoris, a large tonic-phasic increase
of the rectus abdominis, and a medium phasic-
tonic increase of brachioradialis and masseter
activity. An increase of the tonus of the respira-
tory muscles was observed. Both hypnotized and
normal subjects presented these reactions.
Erotic-Love. The recorded electromyographic
activity presented the following characteristics:
orbicularis oris, a small tonic increase; brachio-
radialis, a medium increase of its tonic activity;
masseter showed no activity. The rectus ab-
dominis showed a medium increase of its phasic
activity modulated by a large phasic one. The
rectus femoris showed a medium phasic activity
increase.
Pav. J. Biol. Sci.
July-September1986
, r~st
srna//
medium
Ioc9:
3odnClS- crd/inI Erotic-/ovc Tendernes~r Jo,v- /ou~h/er
Sadness-Sorrow-Crying. The activity of the
different muscles recorded showed the following
characteristics: the orbicularis oris presented a
strong tonic activity; the masseter, a small tonic-
phasic activity; the brachioradialis, small tonic
activity; the rectus abdominis, a great phasic acti-
vation; and the rectus femoris, a medium tonic
increase.
Joy-Laughter. The orbicularis oris presented a
medium tonic increase of its electrical activity,
while the brachioradialis and the masseter
showed a small tonic increase. The behavior of
the rectus abdominis was characterized by a me-
dium tonic increase of its activity, modulated by a
large phasic contraction superimposed on the ba-
sic tonus. The tonus of the rectus femoris showed
a medium increase, mainly in the form of small
phasic discharges.
Volume 21
Number 3 EMOTIONAL EFFECTOR PATTERNS
Tenderness. During the action of the emo-
togenic stimulus, the muscles remained relaxed
or presented a very small increase of their tonic
activity.
Interaction Between Effector Patterns and
the Subjective Aspect of Emotions
Correlation Between the Behavioral and Sub-
jective Aspects of Emotions. The anxiety patients
chronically showed an effector pattern of anxiety.
However, the stimulation of the patients with
their own verbal material showed that certain
parts of the referred episodes produced an in-
creased contraction of the muscles, longer peri-
ods of hypopnoea, and an important increase of
heart rate. These segments of their history in-
duced at the same time an intensification of the
feeling of anxiety. This fact made it possible, just
by observing the records, to know when the pa-
tient had reached the peak intensity of the subjec-
tive experience level before asking the patient
what his feelings were.
On the other hand, hypnotized subjects, under
the influence of a certain emotogenic stimulus,
exhibited the pattern specifically belonging to the
emotogenic stimulus and the corresponding feel-
ings. Relaxation and slow respiration immedi-
ately changed the feeling. If the subjects were
asked to "increase their feeling," they automati-
cally increased the different parameters of the
effector patterns. On the contrary, slow and deep
respiration and muscular relaxation were imme-
diately correlated with feelings of quietness.
Effect of an Emotogenic Stimulus on the Back-
ground Behavioral Distension. Emotogenic stim-
uli were administered to anxiety patients and
to hypnotized subjects after instructing them to
maintain these basal relaxed conditions (respira-
tory frequency, 2-4 c/min; HR, 60-70 b/min; and
EMG, without activity) independent of the stim-
uli they received. As long as the subjects re-
mained in a relaxed posture, the emotogenic
stimulus was unable to induce a subjective emo-
tional process. However, as soon as this relaxed
behavior was interrupted by elements of the emo-
tional effector model, the corresponding subjec-
tive state appeared.
Effect of the Performance of a Given Emo-
tional Effector Pattern Without Participation of
Emotogenic Stimuli. A series of experiments
were performed in order to observe the effect on
the subjective contents (feelings) of the muscle-
respiratory pattern of a given emotion. Verbal
instructions were used to induce the patterns.
Hypnotized subjects, patients, and drama stu-
dents experienced the feeling corresponding to
the mimicked pattern, but in different manners.
1 13
Hypnotized subjects developed feelings in strict
parallelism with the performed pattern. Anxiety
patients experienced the anxiety pattern better
than the others, and drama students experienced
some patterns better than others, depending on
the perfection of the performance and on their
individual emotional experiences.
Interaction of Emotional Effector Patterns and
Emotogenic Stimuli Activating Different Emo-
tions. In order to gain insight into the significance
of the emotogenic, and of the effector feedback
stimuli on the determination of the feelings, hyp-
notized subjects were simultaneously exposed to
the influence of a specific emotogenic stimulus
and to the performance of an effector pattern not
related with this stimulus, e.g., the pattern of
anxiety during the action of a comic stimulus. As
long as the pattern was performed, the feelings
corresponded to it, and not to that of the emo-
togenic stimulus. Only if the pattern followed the
direction of the emotogenic stimulus did the feel-
ings change in the same direction.
Effect of the Repetition of the Emotogenic
Stimulus. The systematic repetition of a given
verbal emotogenic stimulus induced different ef-
fects in hypnotized subjects, drama students, and
patients. The former were able to react persist-
ently to the emotogenic stimulus up to more than
20 times. The reaction was facilitated by repeti-
tion. Patients, when stimulated with emotogenic
s t i m u l i - - o t h e r than those producing a n x i e t y - -
were able to respond three or five times before the
extinction of the reaction; but, if an anxiogenic
stimulus was used, the number of repetitions grew
up to 30 to 50 times. Drama students reacted two
or three times, then their reaction disappeared.
Effect of the Repetition of the Effector Pattern.
Hypnotized subjects were able to repeat the ef-
fector pattern of a given emotion without an im-
portant modification of their capacity to induce
the same subjective contents. The effects of the
repetition of a pattern in drama students de-
pended on the way in which this repetition took
place. If it followed the instruction to be aware of
respiration, contraction and relaxation of the dif-
ferent muscles, the subjects quickly inhibited the
subjective contents and concentrated on the mus-
cular performance. On the contrary, if the sub-
jects were asked to accurately observe the sub-
jective contents elicited by the pattern, the pattern
became more complex and the feelings stronger.
As it was repeated, not only the feelings of the
corresponding emotion became stronger, but the
subject began to r e m e m b e r experiences related
with this specific pattern. These associations
came very fast, and followed a specific course.
First, the most recent experiences appeared,
then the earliest ones.

114 SANTIBA'-NEZ-H. AND BLOCH
Discussion
The main result of our work is the finding that
an emotogenic stimulus activates bodily reac-
tions (Cannon 1929) organized in specific viscero-
muscular effector patterns, and that the feedback
generated by these patterns activates brain cir-
cuits inducing specific configurations of subjec-
tive processes (feelings). Bloch et al. (1972),
Santibfinez-H. et al. (1973), and Santibfinez-H.
(1976) suggested that emotogenic stimuli trigger
"specific effector models." Schidlowski (1974)
showed that the neurovegetative system con-
forms to a "peripheral integral effect." Bell
(1844) and Darwin (1872/1965) described patterns
of muscular activity during emotional reactions,
and recently, Fridlund (198,4) showed the partici-
pation of different facial muscles in the configura-
tion of the expressive pattern elicited by various
emotogenic stimuli.
Effector patterns are configurations of reac-
tions, including the posturo-respiratory-facial
muscles, viscera, and glands. The interrelation
among postural, facial, and respiratory move-
ments must be considered in order to understand
the dynamics of these patterns. The association
of cortical arousal, inspiratory, and postural
movements has been described in fetuses and in
premature and newborn babies (Trippenbach
1983, Dawes 1984). Already during the first
months, postural, respiratory, and facial muscles
are involved in the b a b y ' s emotional reactions. It
is not clear when postural muscles become disso-
ciated while facial and respiratory muscles re-
main functionally linked; e . g . , babies laugh
animatedly, cry with pouts and sobs, and express
fear accompanied by a marked hypopnoea and an
exaggerated facial expression. Recently, strong
evidence has appeared that postural and respira-
tory muscles interact (Hunter and Keaney 1981,
Druz and Sharp 1981, Haas e t al. 1982, Long-
hurst 1984, Tallarida et al. 1982, 1983, 1985,
Haxhiu et al. 1984). Further, it has been demon-
strated that muscles participating in facial ex-
pression are involved in respiratory functions
(Onal et al. 1981, van de Graaf et al. 1984, Strohl
et al. 1980, van Lunteren et al. 1984) and that
some of these muscles, for instance the alae nasi,
genioglossus, and posterior cricoaretynoid as
well as the diaphragm, are activated by direct
stimulation of the sciatic nerve (Haxhiu e t al.
1984). Strohl et al. (1980) showed that the alae
nasi muscle is activated just before the onset of
the expiratory flow and during erotic and aggres-
sive emotions. We have observed (nonpublished
data) that the facial expression follows the emo-
tional pattern initiated by the respiratory and/or
postural muscles. The activation of the facial-
Pav. J. Biol. Sci.
July-September 1986
emotional pattern can be correlated with some
respiratory parameters, or at least with tonus
changes of the upper airways muscles. The find-
ings of Glauss and Kotses (1983) seem to support
this hypothesis. On the other hand, the complete
emotional effector pattern can be considered to
be a consummatory reaction, while partial as-
pects of the patterns can be treated either as a
preparatory anticipation of the whole or of part of
it. Thus, the facial pattern activated by an
emotogenic stimulus of feeble intensity may be
considered, at least partially, to be a preparatory
element of an anticipatory postural adjustment of
the respiratory function before the rest of the
postural pattern is involved. A similar situation
was described by Woollacott et al. (1984), who
observed leg muscle reflexes activated by the
preparation of an arm movement in a standing
man.
Our second problem concerns the relationship
between bodily reaction and feelings. We sub-
scribe to the idea of James (1950, p. 459), who
stated that the subjective emotional content " i s
nothing but the feeling of a bodily s t a t e , " but we
would like to stress that this relation has a tempo-
ral development. At the beginning of the experi-
ence of certain concrete emotions, the fully
structurated effector pattern and its feedback in-
duces the corresponding feeling. As long as the
feedback of the effector pattern coincides with
feedforward stimuli--including the emotogenic
o n e - - t h e s e feedforward stimuli will acquire the
secondary property of activating subjective emo-
tional processes. The feedforward-feedback con-
ditioning will permit the emotogenic stimulus to
trigger a sequence of successive behavioral-sub-
jective interactions. On the other hand, as an
emotional effector pattern is a sequence of reac-
tions, sometimes a part of the pattern may play a
vicarious role, acquiring, by conditioning, the
property to anticipate the effects of the whole
pattern--pars pro toto--among others, the sub-
jective activation. Feedforward-feedback and
p a r s p r o t o t o conditioning are end products of the
ontogenic emotional development leading to the
subjectivization of the pattern. This process an-
ticipates and transforms the emotion into a vir-
tual and probabilistic phenomenon, producing an
important regulatory element in the adaptive in-
dividual-environment interaction.
The brain can process the emotional pattern
feedback information in an analytical or in a syn-
thetic manner. In order to process this informa-
tion synthetically, a critical mass o f feedback
effection must be integrated into a " p e r c e p t u a l
unit" and should be labelled as " a n x i e t y , " " s a d -
n e s s , " etc. If the patterns vary over a critical
mass, different unitary perceptions can result,
Volume 21
Number 3 EMOTIONAL EFFECTOR PATTERNS
a n d different t y p e s o f " s a d n e s s " o r " a n x i e t y "
m a y b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d . O n the c o n t r a r y , if t h e
r e a c t i o n i n c l u d e s less t h a n t h e " c r i t i c a l m a s s , " as
v a r i a t i o n of m u s c u l a r t o n u s a l o n e , or v a s o p r e s s o r
effect i n d u c e d b y a d r e n a l i n e ( M a r a n r n 1924, Si-
e r r a 1921, Cantril 1924, Cantril a n d H u n t 1922),
or i n c r e a s e in h e a r t r a t e , t h e b r a i n p r o c e s s e s t h e
effect in a n a n a l y t i c a l way, w i t h o u t a s s i m i l a t i n g it
into a n e m o t i o n a l c a t e g o r y . T h e s a m e h a p p e n s if
the p a t t e r n is n o t p r o c e s s e d as a " p e r c e p t u a l
u n i t , " b u t as i s o l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s o f r e s p i r a t i o n
or m u s c u l a r c o n t r a c t i o n . This o c c u r s , for in-
s t a n c e , in t h e t r a i n i n g o f a c t o r s w h e n b y s y s t e m -
atic r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e l e a r n e d e f f e c t o r p a t t e r n s
they c o n c e n t r a t e t h e i r a t t e n t i o n o n t h e m u s c u l a r
a c t i v a t i o n w i t h the r e s u l t i n g i n h i b i t i o n o f feelings
( B l o c h et al. 1986).
References
Bard, P. On emotional expression after decortication
with some remarks on certain theoretical views. Psy-
chological Review, 1934, 41, 427-449.
Bard, P. Neural mechanisms in emotion and sexual
b e h a v i o r . Psychosomatic Medicine, 1942, 4,
171-172.
Bell, C. Anatomy and Physiology of Expression. Lon-
don: Longmans Green, 1884.
Bitch, S., Orthous, P., and Santib~ifiez-H., G. Effector
patterns of emotions: A psychophysiological method
for training actors. Journal of Social and Biological
Structures (in press).
Bitch, S., and Santib~ifiez-H., G. Training of "emo-
tional effection" in humans: Significance of its feed-
back on subjectivity. In S. Bitch and R. Aneiro-Riba
(Eds.), Simposio Latinoamericano de Psicobiologia
del Aprendizaje, Publicaciones de ia Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 1972,
170-184.
Candland, D. K. The ontogenesis of emotional behav-
ior. In H. Moiz (Ed.), The Ontogenesis of Vertebrate
Behavior. New York: Academy Press, 1971.
Cantril, H. The role of the situation and adrenaline in
the induction of emotions. American Journal of Psy-
chology, 1924, 46, 568-579.
Cantril, H., and Hunt, W. A. Emotional effects pro-
duced by injection of adrenaline. American Journal
of Psychology, 1932, 54, 300-307.
Cannon, W. B. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and
rage. New York: Appleton, 1929.
Darwin, C. Expression of the Emotions in Man and
Animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
Dawes, G. S. The central control of fetai breathing and
skeletal muscle movements. Journal of Psychology
(London), 1984, 346, 1-18.
Druz, W. S., and Sharp, J. T. Activity of respiratory
muscles in upright and recumbent humans. Journal
of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environment
and Exercise Physiology, 1981, 31, 1552-1561.
Ekman, P. (Ed.), Emotion in Human Face (2nd Edi-
tion). New York: Cambridge, 1982.
115
Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. A guide to recognize
emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, N J:
Prentice Hall, 1975.
Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. Investigator's Guide:
Part Two. Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto,
CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978.
Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. Felt, false and miser-
able smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1982, 6,
238-252.
Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W., and Friesen, W. V. Auto-
nomic nervous system activity distinguishes among
emotions. Science, 1983, 221, 1208-1210.
Fridlund, A. J., Schwartz, G. E., and Fowler, S. C.
Pattern recognition of self reported emotional state
from multiple-site facial EMG activity during affec-
tive i m a g i n e r y . Psychophysiology, 1984, 21,
622-637.
Glauss, K. D., and Kotses, H. Facial muscle tension
influences lung airway resistance; limb muscle ten-
sion does not. Biological Psychology, 1983, 17,
105-120.
Haas, F., Simnowitz, M., Axen, K., Gandino, D., and
Haas, A. Effect of upper body posture on forced
inspiration and expiration. Journal of Applied Physi-
ology: Respiratory, Environmental and Excercise
Physiology, 1982, 52, 879-886.
Haxhiu, M. A., van Lunteren, E., Mitra, J., Cherniack,
N. S., and Strohl, K. S. Comparison of the responses
of the diaphragm and upper airways muscles to cen-
tral stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Respiration
Physiology, 1984, 58, 65-76.
Hess, W. R. The functional organization of the dien-
cephalon. New York: Grflne and Straton, 1957.
Hunter, I. W., and Kearney, R. E. Respiratory compo-
nent of human postural sway. Neuroscience Letters,
1981, 25, 155-159.
James, W. The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 2. New
York: Dover Publication Inc., 1950.
Longhurst, C. J. Static contraction of hind limb mus-
cles in cats reflexely relaxes tracheal smooth mus-
cles. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory,
Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 1984, 57,
380--387.
Maranrn, G. Contribution fi 1'rtude de I'action emotive
de l'adrenaline. Revue Franqaise d'Endocrinologie,
1924, 2, 301-325.
Onal, E., Lopata, M., and O'Connor, T. D. Diaphrag-
matic and genioglossal electromyogram responses to
isocapnic hypoxia in humans. American Review of
Respiratory Disease, 1981, 124, 215-217.
Panksepp, J. Toward a general psychobiological theory
of emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, 5,
407-467.
Santibfirez-H., G. Subjective-gnostic, specific, and
inspecific aspects of emotion and motivation: Emov-
ing reflexes. In W. Haschke (Ed.), Brain and Behav-
ior Research Monograph Series, 1976, 6, 191-212.
Santib~ifiez-H., G., Bitch, S., and Aneiro-Riba, R.
Determinacirn vivencial del modelo efector por ret-
roalimentacirn. Acta Physiologica Latinoameri-
cana 1973, 23, 30.
Schr0der, H., SchrOder, U, and Santib~i~ez-H., G.
Dentist phobia. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Sci-
ences, 1986, 21, 16-24.

116 SANTIB,~NEZ-H. AND BLOCH
Schidiowski, W. A. The Colour of the Vegetative Por-
trait as a Form of Expression of an Effector Integra-
tion (In Russian). XXV Congress of Physiological
Sciences USSR (Symposia), Moscow, 1974.
Strohl, K. P., Hensley, M. J., Hallet, M., Saunders,
N. S., and Ingrain Jr., R. H. Activation of upper
airway muscles before onset of inspiration in normal
humans. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respira-
tory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 1980,
49, 638-642.
Sierra, A. M. Estudio psicolrgico acerca de la
emoci6n experimental. Revista de Criminologla,
Psiquiatria y Medicina Legal (Madrid), 1921, 8,
445-461.
Tallarida, G., Baldoni, F., Peruzzi, G., et al. Different
patterns of respiratory responses to chemical stimu-
lation of muscle receptors in rabbit. The Journal
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,
1982, 223, 552-559.
Tallarida, G., Baldoni, F., Peruzzi, G., et al. Different
patterns of respiratory reflexes originating in exercis-
ing muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respi-
ratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology,
1983, 55, 84-91.
Future Meetings of the Pavlovian Society
The 1986 meetings are scheduled for O c t o b e r 2 - 4 in St. Louis, Missouri. F o r
information c o n t a c t J o h n A. Stern, B e h a v i o r R e s e a r c h L a b . , M a l c o l m Bliss
Mental H e a l t h Center, St. Louis, MO 63104. (314) 621-4211. The 1987 meetings
are scheduled for July in H i r o s h i m a , Japan.
Pay. J. Biol. Sei.
July-September 19~6
Tallarida, G. Baldoni, F., Peruzzi, G., et al. Cardiore-
spiratory reflexes from muscles during dynamic and
static exercise in the dog. Journal of Applied Physi-
ology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise
Physiology, 1985, 58, 844-852.
Trippenbach, T., Effects of drugs on the respiratory
control system in the perinatal period and during
postnatal development. Pharmacological Therapy,
1983, 20, 307-340.
van de Graaf, W. B., Gottfried, S. B., Mitra, J., van
Lunteren, E., Cherniack, N. S., and Strohi, K. P.
Respiratory function of hyoid muscles and hyoid
arch. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory,
Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 1984, 57,
197-204.
van Lunteren, E., van de Graaf, W. B., Parker, D. M.,
et al. Nasal and laryngeal reflex responses to nega-
tive upper airway pressure. Journal of Applied
Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exer-
cise Physiology, 1984, 56, 746-752.
WooUacott, M. H., Bonnet, M., and Yabe, K. Prepara-
tory process for anticipatory postural adjustment:
modulation of leg muscles reflex pathways during
preparation for arm movements in standing man. Ex-
perimental Brain Research, 1984, 55, 263-271.