Aircraft design project

(DESIGN OF 400 SEATED PASSENGER AIRCRAFT)

A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED BY

SIDHAREDDY MANIGANDAN (U14AEO76)

PALAKADA BHAVANA (U14AE054)

BALASUBRAMANIAM.P (U14AE014)

VENKATASUBRAMANIYAM.I (U14AE084)

RAJ PRAVEEN. K (U14AE501)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(2014-2018 BATCH)

JUNE 2017

BHARATH UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 073

 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified this report titled “(AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROJECT)

( DESIGN OF 400 SEATED PASSENGER AIRCRAFT)” is the

bonafide.

Work of

SIDHAREDDY MANIGANDAN (U14AEO76)

PALAKADA BHAVANA (U14AE054)

BALASUBRAMANIAM.P (U14AE014)

VENKATASUBRAMANIYAM.I (U14AE084)

RAJ PRAVEEN. K (U14AE501)

Who carried out the work under my supervision

Prof. Dr. S. Elangovan

DEAN AERONAUTICS DEPT.OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

BHARATH UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-600 073

 PREFACE

This aircraft design project 1, 2 is nothing

but designing our own imaginary aircraft with
appropriate data’s from the real existing aircrafts. This
project is more helpful in developing our innovative
mind and our knowledge about many aircrafts. This also
gives a clear picture about many concepts like
aerodynamics, propulsion, flight dynamics and design.
We are guided by,Prof. Dr. S. Elangovan, (DEAN AERONAUTICS)
for doing this project work. With his guidance we
gained many concepts and knowledge. We are
greatly thankful to him and the staff members who
helped us in completing this project.
 INDEX
PHASE -I
 Data for Existing Aircraft
 Graphs
 Weight Estimation and Engine Selection
 Calculation of Wing Dimensions
 Estimation of Runway Length
 Airfoil selection
 Calculation of Empennage Dimensions
 Positioning of Landing Gear and Tire Selection
 3‐View Diagram of the Aircraft
 Seating Configuration of the Aircraft
 Balance Diagram
 Neutral point
PHASE -II
 Drag Estimation of the Aircraft
 Performance Analysis of the Aircraft
 Analysis of Stability and Control of the Aircraft
 Drag Estimation of the Aircraft
 Performance Analysis of the Aircraft
 V-n diagram
 Structural Design of wing
 Structural Design of Fuselage
 Landing Gear Design
 3D Design in Isometric View
 3 View Drawing

 Conclusion

 References
PHASE-I
 SPECIFICATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS A330-300 A340-600 B777-300er Boeing 747-400

Length (m) 63.67 75.36 73.8 70.6
Wingspan (m) 60.3 63.45 60.93 64.4
Height (m) 16.83 17.22 18.51 19.41
Wing area (m2) 361.6 437.3 427.8 541.2
Maximum take-off
weight (kg) 242000 365000 299370 412770

Maximum landing
weight (kg) 187000 265000 237680 295743
Operating empty
weight (kg) 122370 177000 159570 184567
Maximum zero fuel
weight (kg) 175000 251000 224530 242670
Maximum payload
(kg) 67200 68570 61186
Standard fuel capacity
(liters) 97530 204500 171170 204350
Performance
Range with max
payload (km) 11750 14400 5605 13449
Maximum operating
altitude (m) 12500 33000 13136.88 13716

GECF6-80E1,RR ROLLS General

TRENT ROYCE Electric General Electric CF6-
Engines 700,PW400 TRENT 500 GE90-115B 80C2B1F
Turbo fan
Engine type engine TURBOFAN turbofan turbofan
No of engines 2 4 2 4
Thrust(kN) 300 260-275 513.9 254.3
Cruise speed(km/hr) 500 871 950 938.96
Maximum
speed(km/hr) 913 914 924.14 988
Mach no max 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.92
Aspect ratio 9.26 8.56 8.67 7.39
T/W 0.2819 0.2783 0.2881 0.2593
cruising altitude(m) 10058.4 10058.4 11887.4 10668
Wing loading(kg/m2) 597.63 834.67 699.79 755.87
fineness ratio 11.08 12.34 11.75 10.56
Taper ratio 0.251 0.221 0.149 0.275
fuselage width 5.64 5.64 6.2 6.2
SPECIFICATIONS BOEING777-200ER A340-200 A340-500 L1011-100
Length (m) 62.78 62.47 69.57 54.2
Wingspan (m) 60.9 58 58 47.35
Height (m) 6.2 5.64 5.64 6.06
Wing area (m2) 427.8 363.1 437..3 321.5
Weight

Maximum take-off weight (kg)

286897 300000 400000 211374

Maximum landing weight (kg)

208652 200000 200000 166922
Operating empty weight (kg)
138120 100000 200000 111795
Maximum zero fuel weight (kg)
195045 200000 200000 145150
Maximum payload (kg)
56925 49400 54635 33355
Standard fuel capacity (litres)
169208 100000 200000 100000
Performance
Range with max payload (km) 6393 7050 4963

Maximum operating altitude (m)

12500 16668000
Engines
R-R/GE/PW CFM-56-5C2 TRENT553 RB211-22B
Engine type
No of engines 2 4 3
Thrust(kN) 373.7 239 235.8 187

Cruise speed(km/hr)
900 1037.11 907.65 948.224

Maximum speed(km/hr)
950
Mach no max 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.95
Aspect ratio 8.67 9.26 8.56 6.97
T/W 0.2655 0.221 0.263 0.271

cruising altitude(m)
11887.2 10058.4 10058.4 10058.4
Wing loading(kg/m2) 670.63 462.2 834.7 657.46
fineness ratio 10.13 10.32 11.63 8.94
Taper ratio 0.149 0.251 0.22 0.259
fuselage width 6.2 5.64 5.64 6.02
 MC- DC10- MC
SPECIFICATIONS MC-MD 11 10 DC10-30
Length (m) 58.65 43 51.97
Wingspan (m) 51.77 50.4 50.4
Height (m) 6.02 6.02 6.02
Wing area (m2) 338.9 367.7 367.7
Weight
Maximum take-off weight (kg) 283720 190854 263636
Maximum landing weight (kg) 207744 164854 182798
Operating empty weight (kg) 134081 111344 121364
Maximum zero fuel weight (kg) 195043 151956 166922
Maximum payload (kg) 55566 48330 48330
Standard fuel capacity (liters) 152108 138165 138165
Performance
Range with max payload (km) 6787 3300 4000
Maximum operating altitude
(m) 5994

Engines GE CF6-
GE CF6- 50C2B
CF-80C2 D1F 50C2B
Engine type turbofan
No of engines 3 3 3
Thrust(kN) 274 178 236
Cruise speed(km/hr) 876 879.7 530
Maximum speed(km/hr) 945 982 982
Mach no max 0.88
Aspect ratio 7.91 6.91 6.91
T/W 0.295 0.285 0.274
cruising altitude(m) 9448.8 9948.8 9448.8
Wing loading(kg/m2) 837.18 519.05 716.99
fineness ratio 9.74 8.63 8.63
Taper ratio 0.239 0.22 0.22
fuselage width 6.02 6.02 6.02
 MC
SPECIFICATIONS MC-MD 11 MC- DC10-10 DC10-30
Length (m) 58.65 43 51.97
Wingspan (m) 51.77 50.4 50.4
Height (m) 6.02 6.02 6.02
Wing area (m2) 338.9 367.7 367.7
Weight
Maximum take-off weight (kg) 283720 190854 263636
Maximum landing weight (kg) 207744 164854 182798
Operating empty weight (kg) 134081 111344 121364
Maximum zero fuel weight (kg) 195043 151956 166922
Maximum payload (kg) 55566 48330 48330
Standard fuel capacity (liters) 152108 138165 138165
Performance
Range with max payload (km) 6787 3300 4000
Maximum operating altitude (m) 5994

Engines GE CF6-
GE CF6- 50C2B
CF-80C2 D1F 50C2B
Engine type turbofan
No of engines 3 3 3
Thrust(kN) 274 178 236
Cruise speed(km/hr) 876 879.7 530
Maximum speed(km/hr) 945 982 982
Mach no max 0.88
Aspect ratio 7.91 6.91 6.91
T/W 0.295 0.285 0.274
cruising altitude(m) 9448.8 9948.8 9448.8
Wing loading(kg/m2) 837.18 519.05 716.99
fineness ratio 9.74 8.63 8.63
Taper ratio 0.239 0.22 0.22
fuselage width 6.02 6.02 6.02
 CRUISE SPEED VS WF/WO
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
WF/WO

0.3
0.2 Series1
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CRUISE SPEED (KM/HR)
From the graph :

 Fuel = 159944.556 lit.

 Length = 60.85m
 Aspect Ratio = 9.5
 T/Weight Ratio = 0.269
 Wing Loading = 5971.6 N/m2
 Take Off Weight = 373056kg , 373tonns
 3659679.36 N
 Empty Weight = 159871.88kg ,159.8Tonns
 Taper ratio =0.23
 WEIGHT ESTIMATION AND ENGINE SELECTION

Crew=2+3=5×1200=6000 Newton’s
Passenger:
Economy Class -370×1200=444000 Newton’s
Business Class - 30×1900=57000newtons
Total=501000newtons
Weight Of The Crew (Wcrew)=6000 Newton’s
Weight Of The Passengers(Wpassengers)=501000 Newton’s

We Know

Wo =235 Tonnes Or 2304545.45newtons

 THRUST ESTIMATION

From Graph

T/W Ratio =0.270

T×1.15=Wo ×0.270
(Multiply .“T” With 1.15 for Safety Factor)
T= (2304545.45×0.270) × 1.15
=653338.63N
T=653338.63N

ENGINE SELECTION

Engine:(Trent XWB) :
 Type : Three-shaft high bypass ratio turbofan
 Length : 5,218 mm (205.4 in)
 Diameter: 2,997.2 mm (118.00 in) fan
 Dry weight: 7,277 kg (16,043 lb)
 TSFC = 0.557 lb/lbf/h
 Maximum thrust: 330 kN (74,000 lbf)-375 kN
 Overall pressure ratio: >52:1
 Bypass ratio: 9.3
 Air mass flow: ~3166lb/s
 FUEL WEIGHT ESTIMATION

No Of Engines = 2
Thrust = Thrust At Sea Level*1.2
= 376.76*1.2

= 95.40kN
Wf = (2*95.40*10000*1000*0.557*16*1.2)/250

W f = 81619.6608kg = 800688.872N

Now

(Wf/Wo)= 0.347
 CALCULATION OF WING DIMENSIONS

Length Of Fuselage, = 62.52 M

Span (B) = 60.55 M
From The Graph
• Wing Loading : W/S =Wo/S
• Wo/S = (234.91*1000*9.81)/385.9
= 5971.6 N/M2
Aspect Ratio = 9.5
60.55 = S*9.5
S = 385.9m2
We Know That (L/B)=1.103 [B=60.55]
Length = (L/B)*B = 66.786m
Fineness Ratio : (L/D) = 10.81
D=(L/D)*(1/L)
= 10.81*(1/66.786)
D = 6.25m
Mean Aerodynamic Chord: Span/AR
Mac=Span/AR
= 60.55/9.5

Mac = 6.37m
 Taper Ratio (ʎ )= 0.23
We know
S= Cr(1+ʎ)(0.5b)
385.9 = Cr(1.23)(30.275)

Cr = 10.36 m
We know ʎ = Ct / Cr
Ct = 0.23*10.36
= 2.38

Ct = 2.38 m
To Find (t/c) :

Assuming specific weight of fuel (aviation gasoline) to be

About 80% of fuel is accommodated in the wing and 20% of fuel is to
be accommodated in the fuselage
Now
Volume of the fuel (Vf) :

ĉ : Mean chord in m
b = span of the aircraft

Volume of the fuel (Vf )=

Now to find t/c

By using above formula we get

t/c =0.12
 Calculation of empennage dimension

HORIZONTAL TAIL:

𝐋𝐇𝐓=0.95L-𝐗𝐂.(from the nose)

𝐗𝐂.𝐆 = 24.162 m
Where

VHT : Horizontal tail volume ratio

SHT : Horizontal tail area in m2

LHT : Horizontal tail arm in m

S : Wing area in m2

c : Wing chord in m

now

𝐋𝐇𝐓 = 39.284 m
 By using above equation, now

= 0.6
SHT : Horizontal tail area in m2

We get

𝐒𝐇𝐓 = 37.515 m2

Aspect ratio of horizontal tail is 0.6 of wing aspect ratio,

ARH.T=0.6*𝐴𝑅𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔
= 0.6*9.5
=5.7
ARHT =5.7
now

Span Of Horizontal Tail 𝑩𝑯𝑻 =𝟏4.623 m

The symmetric airfoil NACA0010 is selected for the horizontal tail,

assuming 𝜆=0.23 as wing
 (𝐇𝐓) = 4.17 m

Since, 𝜆=𝐶𝑟 /𝐶𝑡

𝐂𝐭 = 0.959 m

Assuming HT = 0.3,
Cr (HT) = 4.17 m
Ct (HT) = 0.959 m
where
Y HT : Span‐wise location of mean chord

Vertical Tail:
Where
V ht: Vertical tail volume ratio
SVT : Vertical tail area in m2
L VT : Vertical tail arm in m
S : Wing area in m2
C : Wing chord in m
ARHT=aspect ratio of vertical tail
SVT : Vertical tail area in m2

SVT =25.044 m
𝐋𝐇𝐓 = 39.284 m
LVT : Vertical tail arm in m
LVT = 35.639 m

𝐇𝐕𝐓=𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥 :

𝐻𝑉𝑇=√𝐴𝑅𝑉𝑇∗ 𝑆𝑉𝑇

𝐇𝐕𝐓= 6.129M
ROOT CHORD OF VERTICAL TAIL(M)

=6.644 m

TIP CHORD OF VERTICAL TAIL(M)

C TVt= Cr∗0.3
C TVt =1.992 m
 ESTIMATION OF RUNWAY LENGTH

W/S = 5971.6 N/m2

Cl (max) = 1.5
Sea level density, ρo = 1.2256 kg/m3
Using above data,
Vstall = 74.58 m/s = 268.48 km/hr
VL = √2aSL
VL= 85.77 m/s
where a : deceleration value (= 0.25g with thrust reversers)
SL : take off distance
Using the above formula and data,
SL = 1500 m
Runway length = ST.O/0.6 = 2833 m = 9300 ft
CL(required)=2*(w/s)/ᵨv2s
= 2*(5971.6)/1.225*74.582
=1.75
CL(Required)= CL(required)- CL(available)
=1.75-1.5
=0.25
From the data on double slotted flaps,
Assuming flap width = 0.2c,
For a maximum flap deflection,
(δflap)max = 40˚,
For t/c = 0.12,
ΔCl (max) = 0.66
Flap length = 0.4b = 24.22m
=12.11m on each wing
POSITIONING OF LANDING GEAR AND TIRE SELECTION

For the aircraft, commonly tri-cycle landing gear

configuration is used. Usually in tri-cycle arrangement, 90% of the
total load of the aircraft is taken by the main landing gear remaining
10% of the total weight is taken by the nose wheel on the ground.

Total weight of the aircraft (WO) = 2304467.1 N

=518064.81 lbs
Load taken by the main landing gear =0.9* WO
= 2074020.39N
=466258.33 lbs
Load taken by the nose landing gear=0.1* WO
= 230446.71N
=51806.48 lbs
Nose landing gear :
Load on nose gear = 0.1*Wo
=230446.71N
=51806.48
Here two tyres are chosen , so load per tyre ,
W =51806.48/2
W = 25903.24 lbs
Wheel diameter = A*WB
A=1.51, B=0.349
=1.51*(25903.24)0.349
From the above empirical relation,
Nose wheel diameter =52.388inches
Wheel width = A* WB
A=0.715, B=0.312
Wheel width = 17.03inches
Now the tire is selected for the aircraft depending on the
load taken by the landing gears . From the “DUNLOP” tyre manual
the following data have been obtained.

Selected DUNLOP © Tyre 53x16.50-23,

Tire pressure = 90 psi

a= √ R2-r2 = √ 26.52-15.752 =21.162 inches

a=21.162 inches = 1.763 ft

b=16.50 inches = 1.37 ft

Contact area =ᴨab

= ᴨ*1.763*1.37
=7.57 ft2
Runway loading of nose landing gear = load (tons)/ ft2
=11.74/7.57
=1.55 tons/ ft2
Main landing gear:
Load taken by the main landing gear =0.9* WO
= 2074020.39N
=466258.33 lbs
Here twelve tyres are chosen , so load per tyre
W =466258.33/12
W = 38854.86 lbs
Wheel diameter = A*WB
A=1.51, B=0.349
=1.51*(38854.86)0.349
From the above empirical relation,
Nose wheel diameter =60.3522inches
Wheel width = A* WB
A=0.715, B=0.312
Wheel width = 19.329inches
Selected DUNLOP © Tyre 62x19.50-27,

Tire pressure = 90 psi

a= √ R2-r2 = √ 312-18.762 =24.76 inches

a=24.76 inches = 2.06 ft

b=19.50 inches = 1.625 ft
 Contact area =ᴨab
= ᴨ*2.06*1.625
=10.51 ft2
Runway loading of nose landing gear = load(tons)/ ft2
=17.624/10.51
=1.676 tons/ ft2