Axial Flux Permanent Magnet

Brushless Machines

Numerical example 5.2

V1 := 240.5 Phase voltage. V

f := 150 Input frequency, Hz

Bmg := 0.607 Airgap magnetic flux density, T

R1 := 1.122 Stator winding resistance per phase, Ω

Xsd := 3.532 d-axis synchronous reactance, Ω

Xsq := 3.506 q-axis synchronous reactance

Torque constant, Nm/A

k T := 2.192

Td := 19.97 Electromagnetic torque developed by the motor, Nm

rpm := 3000 Speed, rpm

cosφ := 0.993 Power factor

Dout := 0.22 PM outer diameter, m

Din := 0.127 PM inner diameter, m

Rsh := 0.015 Radius of shaft, m

Number of pole pairs

p := 3

2
α i := Pole width-to-pole pitch ratio α i = 0.637
π

h M := 0.006 Height of PM per pole, m

mr := 3.4 Mass of twin rotor without shaft, kg

msh := 0.64 Mass of shaft, kg

J.F. Gieras, R.J. Wang, M.J. 1

Kamper
 Axial Flux Permanent Magnet
Brushless Machines

ρ PM := 7700
Specific mass density pf PMs, kg/m 3

ρ Fe := 7850 Specific mass density of mild steel, kg/m3

−6
µ 0 := 0.4⋅ π ⋅ 10 Magnetic permeability of free space, H/m

g t := 0.0011

Calculations

1. Rotor moment of inertia

Dsh := 2 ⋅ Rsh Diameter of shaft, m

Dsh = 0.03

msh
lsh := Length of shaft, m
2 lsh = 0.115
ρ Fe⋅ π ⋅ Rsh

π
SPM := α i⋅ ⋅  Dout − Din 
2 2 Active surface area of PMs
SPM = 0.01614
4   (one side), m2

mPM := 2 ⋅ ρ PM⋅ SPM⋅ h M Mass of all PMs, kg mPM = 1.491

mFe := mr − mPM Mass of backing steel discs, kg mFe = 1.909

mFe
d Fe := d Fe = 0.00326
π Thickness of back iron, m
2ρ Fe⋅ ⋅  Dout − Dsh 
2 2
4  

2
Dsh −5
Jsh := msh ⋅ Moment of intertia of the shaft, kgm2 Jsh = 7.2 × 10
8

2 2
Dout + Din
JPM := mPM⋅ JPM = 0.012
8 Moment of inertia of PMs, kgm 2

J.F. Gieras, R.J. Wang, M.J. 2

Kamper
 Axial Flux Permanent Magnet
Brushless Machines

2 2
Dout + Dsh
JFe := mFe⋅ Moment of interia of backing steel discs, kgm 2 JFe = 0.0118
8

Jr := JPM + JFe + Jsh

Resultant moment of inertia of the rotor, kgm2 Jr = 0.02386

2. Mechanical and electromagnetic time constants

ψ := 0 Since Id = 0 (Numerical example 5.1), the angle

between the current and q-axis is also zero

φ := acos( 0.993 ) Angle between current and voltage, rad

φ = 0.118

180
φdeg := ⋅φ Angle between current and voltage, deg φdeg = 6.78
π

sin( φ) = 0.118
Sine and cosine of angle φ, rad
cos( φ) = 0.993

δ := φ − ψ Load angle between voltage and EMF, rad δ = 0.118

180
δ deg := δ ⋅ Load angle, deg δ deg = 6.78
π

Ef := 0
EMFat starting, V

Iad :=
( )
V1 ⋅ Xsq ⋅ cos( δ ) − R1 ⋅ sin( δ ) − Ef ⋅ Xsq
d-axis current at starting, A
2 Iad = 59.04
Xsd ⋅ Xsq + R1

Iaq :=
( )
V1 ⋅ R1 ⋅ cos( δ ) + Xsd ⋅ sin( δ ) − Ef ⋅ Xsq
q-axis current at starting, A
2 Iaq = 26.996
Xsd ⋅ Xsq + R1

J.F. Gieras, R.J. Wang, M.J. 3

Kamper
 Axial Flux Permanent Magnet
Brushless Machines

2 2
Iash := Iad + Iaq Stator (armature) current at starting, A Iash = 64.92

Starting torque at full voltage, Nm

Tdst := k T⋅ Iaq
(only q-axis current produces torque) Tdst = 59.2

rpm
n :=
60 Speed in rev/s n = 50

n
n 0 := No-load speed assuming linear torque-speed
Td n 0 = 75.47
characteristic, rev/s
1−
Tdst

No-load speed, rpm

rpm0 := 60⋅ n 0 rpm0 = 4528.1

2⋅ π ⋅ n0 Mechanical time constant, s

Tmech := Jr
Tdst Tmech = 0.191

Xsd
Lsd :=
2⋅ π ⋅ f d-axis synchronous inductance, H Lsd = 0.00375

Xsq
Lsq := q-axis synchronous inductance, H Lsq = 0.00372
2⋅ π ⋅ f

Lsd Electromagnetic time constant

Telm := Telm = 0.00334
R1 of teh stator winding, s

Tmech
Mechanical-to-electromagnetic = 57.2
time constant Telm

3. Axial attractive force between backing steel discs of the twin rotor

2
Bmg
Fz := ⋅ SPM Axial magnetic attractive force between
2⋅ µ 0 Fz = 2365.5
two backing steel discs, N

J.F. Gieras, R.J. Wang, M.J. 4

Kamper
 Axial Flux Permanent Magnet
Brushless Machines

Fz
p z := Magnetic pressure, N/m 2 p z = 146601
SPM

Thickness of the backing steel disc

d Fe = 0.0033
has been calculated in Section 1 of
this numerical example, m

J.F. Gieras, R.J. Wang, M.J. 5

Kamper