LPC modeling of vocal tract 1

LPC (Linear Predictor Coding) is a method to represent and analyze human speech. The
idea of coding human speech is to change the representation of the speech. Representation
when using LPC is defined with LPC coefficients and an errorsignal, instead of the original
speech signal. The LPC coefficients are found by LPC estimation which describes the inverse
transfer function of the human vocal tract.

A(z)
Impuls generator v(n) g u(n) + e(n)
/ white noise A(z)
-

u(n-1) y(n)
W
Z -1
FIR
Speech production Vocal tract model LPC - predictions error filter

Figure 1.1: Relationship between vocal tract model and LPC model.

The above figure 1.1 shows the relationship between vocal tract transfer function and the
LPC transfer function. Left part of the figure shows speech production model, while right-
hand side of figure shows LPC prediction error filter (LPC analysis filter) applied to output
of the vocal tract model. Vocal transfer function and LPC transfer function are defined as
follow:

g g
H(z) = = n (1.1)
A(z) 1 +
∑ ak z−k
k=1

½
n 1 k=0
A(z) = 1 + ∑ ak z−k ak = (1.2)
k=1 −wk k = 1, 2, .., M

The method to obtain the LPC coefficients included in the equation 1.2 is calculated using
LPC estimation. This method is described in next section. LPC analysis and LPC synthesis
is also describe in later sections, which has application in bandwidth expansion.

I
CHAPTER 1. LPC MODELING OF VOCAL TRACT

1.1 LPC-estimation

LPC estimation is used to constructing the LPC coefficients for the inverse transfer function
of the vocal tract. The standard methods for LPC coefficients estimation have the assump-
tion that the input signal is stationery. Quasi stationery signal is obtain by framing the input
signal which is often done in frames in length of 20 ms. A more stationery signal result in
a better LPC estimation because the signal is better described by the LPC coefficients and
therefore minimize the residual signal. The residual signal also called the error signal which
is described in next section.

S g, a
LPC - estimation

Figure 1.2: LPC-estimation blockdiagram

Figure 1.2 show a block diagram of a LPC estimation, where S is the input signal, g is the
gain of the residual signal (prediction error signal) and a is a vector containing the LPC
coefficients to a specific order. The size of vector depends on the order of the LPC estimation.
Bigger order means more LPC coefficients and therefore better estimation of the vocal tract.

Matlab LPC estimation:

1 [ autos , lags ] = xcorr ( s ) ;
2 a u t o s = a u t o s ( f i n d ( l a g s ==0) : end ) ;
3 [ a , g ] = l e v i n s o n ( a u t o s , N) ;
4
5 %a u t o s : A u t o c o r r e l a t i o n o f i n p u t s i g n a l [ v e c t o r ]
6 %s : I n p u t s i g n a l [ v e c t o r ]
7 %a : LPC c o e f f i c i e n t s
8 %g : P r e d i c t i o n e r r o r v a r i a n c e

The above Matlab code calculate a and g from a given input signal S.

Input signal − (frame: 38 of man_nb.wav) LPC coefficients − (LPC order: 12, frame: 38 of man_nb.wav)
1

0.5

0.2
Amplitude

−0.5
0.1
−1

−1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Amplitude

0
Coefficients [n]

LPC frequency response − (frame: 38 of man_nb.wav)

−20
−0.1
−30
Amplitude [dB]

−40
−0.2

−50

−0.3 −60

−70
0.925 0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time [s] Frequency [Hz]

(a) Input signal (b) LPC coefficients and its frequency response

Figure 1.3: LPC estimation

Figure 1.3(a) show the input signal and figure 1.3(b) show the LPC coefficients and the fre-
quency response of the LPC coefficients, which is found using above Matlab code.

II
 1.2. LPC-ANALYSIS

1.2 LPC-analysis

LPC analysis calculates an error signal from the LPC coefficients from LPC estimation. This
error signal is called the residual signal which could not be modeled by the LPC estimator.
It is possible to calculate this residual signal by filtering the original signal with the inverse
transfer function from LPC estimation. If the inverse transfer function from LPC estimation
is equal to the vocal tract transfer function then is the residual signal from the LPC analysis
equal to the residual signal which is put in to the vocal tract. In that case is the residual
signal equal to the impulses or noise from the human speech production (Se illustration
1.1).

g, a

s e
LPC-analysis

Figure 1.4: LPC-analysis.

Figure 1.4 show a block diagram of LPC analysis where S is the input signal, g and a is
calculated from LPC estimation and e is the residual signal for LPC analysis.

Matlab LPC analysis:

1 e = f i l t e r ( a , sqrt ( g ) , s ) ;
2
3 %e : E r r o r s i g n a l f r o m LPC a n a l y s i s [ v e c t o r ]
4 %a : LPC c o e f f i c i e n t s f r o m LPC e s t i m a t i o n [ v e c t o r ]
5 %g : Prediction error variance
6 %s : Input signal [ vector ]

The above Matlab code calculate e by filtering the input signal S with the inverse transfer
function which is found from LPC estimation.
Input signal − (frame: 38 of man_nb.wav) Error signal − (frame: 38 of man_nb.wav)

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

−0.1 −0.1

−0.2 −0.2

−0.3 −0.3

0.925 0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.925 0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95
Time [s] Time [s]

(a) Input signal (b) Error signal

Figure 1.5: LPC analysis

Figure 1.5(a) show the input signal and figure 1.5(b) show the error signal fra LPC analysis
using the above Matlab code.

III
CHAPTER 1. LPC MODELING OF VOCAL TRACT

1.3 LPC-synthesis

LPC synthesis is used to reconstruct a signal from the residual signal and the transfer func-
tion of the vocal tract. Because the vocal tract transfer function is estimated from LPC es-
timation can this be used combined with the residual / error signal from LPC analysis to
construct the original signal.

g, a

e s
LPC-systhesis

Figure 1.6: LPC-synthesis.

Figure 1.6 show a block diagram of LPC synthesis where e is the error signal found from
LPC analysis and g and a from LPC estimation. Reconstruction of the original signal s is
done by filtering the error signal with the vocal tract transfer function.

Matlab LPC synthesis:

1 s = f i l t e r ( sqrt ( g ) ,a , e ) ;
2
3 %s : Input signal [ vector ]
4 %g : Prediction error variance
5 %a : LPC c o e f f i c i e n t s f r o m LPC e s t i m a t i o n [ v e c t o r ]
6 %e : E r r o r s i g n a l f r o m LPC a n a l y s i s [ v e c t o r ]

The above Matlab code calculate the original signal S from a error signal e and vocal tract
transfer function represented with a and g.

Error signal − (frame: 38 of man_nb.wav) Reconstructed signal − (frame: 38 of man_nb.wav)

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

−0.1 −0.1

−0.2 −0.2

−0.3 −0.3

0.925 0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95 0.925 0.93 0.935 0.94 0.945 0.95
Time [s] Time [s]

(a) Error signal (b) Reconstructed signal

Figure 1.7: LPC synthesis

Figure 1.7(a) show the error signal and figure 1.7(b) show the original signal which is found
from LPC synthesis using the above Matlab code.

IV
 1.4. APPLICATION OF LPC

1.4 Application of LPC

Bandwidth expansion is a method to increase the frequency range of a signal. The increase
in frequency is done by adding information about the higher frequency components. The
original frequency components (LPC coefficients) is found by using LPC estimation. Then
by adding the higher frequency components using code book for envelope extension and
excitation extension is it possible to increase the bandwidth of the signal.

snb gnb , anb Envelope gwb , awb swb

LPC - estimation
extension

LPC - synthesis

enb Excitation ewb

LPC-analysis
extension

Figure 1.8: Bandwidth expansion.

Figure 1.8 show the block diagram of bandwidth expansion using LPC and codebook (en-
velope and excitation extension) with additional frequency information.

The matlab code in appendics implements all on the above blockdiagram besides excitation
and envelope extension.

V
CHAPTER 1. LPC MODELING OF VOCAL TRACT

1.5 Appendix

1.5.1 Wiener filter theory

d(n) + e(n)

-
u(n) y(n)
W

FIR

Figure 1.9: Linear discrete-time filter

Orthogonality

∞
y(n) = û(n|Un ) = ∑ w∗k u(n − k) n = 0, 1, 2, ... (1.3)
k=0

e(n) = d(n) − y(n) (1.4)

£ ¤
J = E e(n)e∗ (n)] = E[|e(n)|2 (1.5)

∇k J = −2E [u(n − k)e∗ (n)] (1.6)

∇k J = 0 ⇒ E [u(n − k)e∗o (n)] = 0 k = 0, 1, 2, ... (1.7)

Minimum mean-square error

eo (n) = d(n) − yo (n) (1.8)

ˆ
eo (n) = d(n) − d(n|Un) (1.9)

h i
Jmin = E |eo (n)|2 (1.10)

VI
 1.5. APPENDIX

Wiener hopf

· µ ¶¸
∞
∗ ∗
E u(n − k) d (n) − ∑ woi u (m − i) = 0 k = 0, 1, 2, ... (1.11)
i=0

∞
∑ woi E [u(n − k)u∗ (n − i)] = E [u(n − k)d ∗ (n)] k = 0, 1, 2, ... (1.12)
i=0

r(i − k) = E [u(n − k)u∗ (n − i)] (1.13)

p(−k) = E [u(n − k)d ∗ (n)] (1.14)

∞
∑ woi r(i − k) = p(−k) k = 0, 1, 2, ... (1.15)
i=0

Rwo = p (1.16)

Wiener hopf (Matrix Formulation)

 
r(0) r(1) ... r(M − 1)
£ ¤  r∗ (1) r(0) ... r(M − 2) 
R = u(n)uH (n) R = 


 (1.17)
. . .
∗ ∗
r (M − 1) r (M − 2) ... r(0)

p = E [u(n)d ∗ (n)] p = [p(0), p(−1), ..., p(1 − M)]T (1.18)

wo = [wo1 , wo2 , ...woM−1 ]T (1.19)

wo = R−1 p (1.20)

VII
 CHAPTER 1. LPC MODELING OF VOCAL TRACT

1.5.2 Prediction error filter

u(n) + e(n)

-
u(n-1) y(n)
W
Z -1
FIR

Figure 1.10: Prediction error filter

M
y(n) = û(n|Un−1 ) = ∑ w∗k u(n − k) (1.21)
k=1

e(n) = u(n) − û(n|Un−1 ) (1.22)

M
e(n) = u(n) − ∑ w∗k u(n − k) (1.23)
k=1

M
e(n) = ∑ a∗k u(n − k) (1.24)
k=0

½
M 1 k=0
e(n) = ∑ a∗k u(n − k) ak = (1.25)
k=0 −wk k = 1, 2, .., M

1.5.3 Application matlab code

1 clear ; close all
2
3 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
4 %I n i t i a l i z e − s t a r t
5 n u m b e r o f L P C c o e f f = 12 %o r d e r o f f o r w a r d l i n e a r p r e d i c t o r ( g i v e s N+1 c o e f f i c i e n t s )
6 o f f s e t = 2 0 ; %u s e d f r a m e i n i n p u t s i g n a l
7 f f t p o i n t s = 5 1 2 ; %number o f f f t p o i n t s ( u s e d f o r f f t and f r e q z a n a l y s i s )
8 hammingwindowed = 1 ; % i f t r u e , t h e i n p u t s i g n a l i s hamming windowed
9 w a v e _ a s _ i n p u t = 1 ; %i f t r u e , wave f i l e i s u s e d a s i n p u t s i g n a l
10
11 p l o t n u m b e r = 1 ; %u s e d f o r n u m b e r i n g t h e f i g u r e s ( i n c r e m e n t f o r e a c h f i g u r e )
12 plot_global = 1;
13 plot_estimation_analysis_input_signal = 1;
14 plot_LPC_estimation_frequency_response = 1;
15 plot_LPC_analysis_error_signal = 1;
16 plot_LPC_synthesis_signal_reconstruction = 1;
17 e p s f i l e s = 0;
18
19 f r a m e l e n g t h = 20∗10^ −3; %l e n g t h o f f r a m e f r o m i n p u t s i g n a l ( e v e n number ) [ u n i t : s e c o n d ]
20 f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p = 5∗10^ −3; %l e n g t h o f o v e r l a p b e t w e e n t o f r a m e s [ u n i t : s e c o n d ]
21 f r a m e l e n g t h w i n d o w = f r a m e l e n g t h + 2∗ f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p ; %t o t a l l e n g t h o f f r a m e s [ u n i t : s e c o n d ]
22
23 % I n i t i a l i z e − end

VIII
 1.5. APPENDIX

24 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
25
26 %L o a d i n g w a v f i l e − s t a r t
27 u s e d _ w a v _ f i l e = ’ man_nb . wav ’ ;
28 [ y , f s ] = wavread ( u s e d _ w a v _ f i l e ) ;
29 y = y(: ,1) ;
30
31 i f w a v e _ a s _ i n p u t == 0
32 y = s i n (2∗ p i ∗ 1 0 0 0 ∗ ( 0 : 4 0 0 0 0 ) ∗1/ f s ) ’ ;
33 end
34 %L o a d i n g w a v f i l e − end
35
36 %Downsample i n p u t s i g n a l − s t a r t
37 y = decimate (y , 2 ) ;
38 fs = fs /2
39 %Downsample i n p u t s i g n a l − end
40
41 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
42 %Pre i n i t a l i z e − s t a r t
43 f r a m e s a m p l e s = f r a m e l e n g t h w i n d o w / ( 1 / f s ) ; %l e n g t h o f f r a m e f r o m i n p u t s i g n a l [ u n i t : s a m p l e s ]
44 f r a m e s a m p l e s o v e r l a p = f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p / ( 1 / f s ) ; %l e n g t h o f o v e r l a p b e t w e e n t o f r a m e s [ u n i t : s a m p l e s ]
45
46 y = y ( 1 : l e n g t h ( y ) − mod ( l e n g t h ( y ) , f r a m e s a m p l e s ) ) ; %f i x t h e l e n g t h o f i n p u t s i g n a l f o r f r a m i n g
47 minmaxy = [ min ( y ) max ( y ) ] ; %min and max v a l u e s o f i n p u t s i g n a l ( u s e d f o r p l o t t i n g )
48 %Pre i n i t a l i z e − end
49 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
50
51 %Frameing − s t a r t
52 d i m e n s i o n y = s i z e ( y ) ; %u s e d f o r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n ( c o n t a i n t h e t r u e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e i n p u t s i g n a l )
53 d i m e n s i o n y f r a m e = [ f r a m e s a m p l e s l e n g t h ( y ) / f r a m e s a m p l e s ] ; %u s e d f o r f r a m e i n g [ s a m p l e s i n frame , number o f f r a m e s ]
54
55 %f r a m i n g t h e d a t a
56 for i = 1: dimensionyframe (2)
57 y f r a m e ( : , i ) = y ( 1 + ( f r a m e s a m p l e s −f r a m e s a m p l e s o v e r l a p ) ∗( i −1) : f r a m e s a m p l e s + ( f r a m e s a m p l e s −f r a m e s a m p l e s o v e r l a p ) ∗( i −1) ) ;
58 end
59 minmaxyframe = [ min ( y f r a m e ( : , o f f s e t ) ) max ( y f r a m e ( : , o f f s e t ) ) ] ;
60 %Frameing − end
61
62 %Window − s t a r t
63 i f hammingwindowed
64 yframewindow = y f r a m e . ∗ [ hamming ( d i m e n s i o n y f r a m e ( 1 ) ) ∗o n e s ( 1 , d i m e n s i o n y f r a m e ( 2 ) ) ] ;
65 else
66 yframewindow = y f r a m e ;
67 end
68 %Window − end
69
70 %M o d e l f i t t i n g − s t a r t
71 s i g n a l N B = yframewindow ;
72 %M o d e l f i t t i n g − end
73
74 %LPC e s t i m a t i o n − s t a r t
75 for i = 1: dimensionyframe (2)
76 [ autosignalNB ( : , i ) , l a g s ( i , : ) ] = x c o r r ( signalNB ( : , i ) ) ;
77 end
78 a u t o s i g n a l N B = a u t o s i g n a l N B ( f i n d ( l a g s ( i , : ) ==0) : end , : ) ;
79 [ a , g ] = l e v i n s o n ( autosignalNB , numberofLPCcoeff ) ;
80 %LPC e s t i m a t i o n − end
81
82 %F r e q u e n c y r e p o n s e o f LPC t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n − s t a r t
83 [H, F ] = f r e q z ( g ( o f f s e t ) ^ 0 . 5 , a ( o f f s e t , : ) , f f t p o i n t s , f s ) ;
84 %F r e q u e n c y r e p o n s e o f LPC t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n − end
85
86 %LPC p o l y t o LSF − s t a r t
87 lsf = poly2lsf (a( offset , : ) )
88 %LPC p o l y t o LSF − end
89
90 %F r e q u e n c y r e p o n s e o f LSF − s t a r t
91 [ H1 , F1 ] = f r e q z ( 1 , l s f , f f t p o i n t s , f s ) ;
92 %F r e q u e n c y r e p o n s e o f LSF − end
93
94 %LPC LSF t o p o l y − s t a r t
95 %a = l s f 2 p o l y ( l s f )
96 %LPC LSF t o p o l y − end
97
98 %LPC a n a l y s i s − s t a r t
99 errorNB = f i l t e r ( a ( o f f s e t , : ) , g ( o f f s e t ) . ^ 0 . 5 , signalNB ) ; % Error s i g n a l
100 %LPC a n a l y s i s − end
101
102 %LPC s y n t h e s i s − s t a r t
103 s i g n a l N B r e c o n s t r u c t e d = f i l t e r ( g ( o f f s e t ) ^ 0 . 5 , a ( o f f s e t , : ) , errorNB ) ;
104 %LPC s y n t h e s i s − end
105
106 if plot_global
107 figure ( plotnumber )
108 plotnumber = plotnumber + 1;
109
110 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
111 h o l d on

IX
 CHAPTER 1. LPC MODELING OF VOCAL TRACT

112 p l o t y f r a m e = p l o t ( [ 1 : framesamples ] , yframe ( : , o f f s e t ) , ’ r ’ )

113 i f hammingwindowed
114 p l o t ( [ 1 : f r a m e s a m p l e s ] , yframewindow ( : , o f f s e t ) , ’ g ’ ) , p l o t y f r a m e w i n d o w = p l o t ( [ 1 : 5 : f r a m e s a m p l e s ] , yframewindow ( 1 : 5 : end , o f f s e t ) ,
’ go ’ )
115 end
116 p l o t ( [ 1 : f r a m e s a m p l e s ] , r e a l ( e r r o r N B ( : , o f f s e t ) ) , ’ b ’ ) , p l o t e r r o r = p l o t ( [ 1 : 5 : f r a m e s a m p l e s ] , r e a l ( e r r o r N B ( 1 : 5 : end , o f f s e t ) ) , ’ bx ’ )
117 t i t l e ( s p r i n t f ( ’ I n p u t s i g n a l and e r r o r s i g n a l ( f r a m e : %d ) ’ , o f f s e t ) )
118 x l a b e l ( ’ Samples [ n ] ’ ) , y l a b e l ( ’ Amplitude ’ ) , grid , xlim ( [ 1 framesamples ] )
119 i f hammingwindowed
120 l e g e n d ( [ p l o t y f r a m e p l o t y f r a m e w i n d o w p l o t e r r o r ] , ’ I n p u t s i g n a l ’ , ’ I n p u t s i g n a l ∗hamming ’ , ’ E r r o r s i g n a l ’ )
121 else
122 legend ( [ plotyframe p l o t e r r o r ] , ’ I n p u t s i g n a l ’ , ’ E r r o r s i g n a l ’ )
123 end
124
125 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
126 minmaxdBscale = [ min (20∗ l o g 1 0 (2∗ abs (H) / f f t p o i n t s ) )−6 max(20∗ l o g 1 0 (2∗ abs (H) / f f t p o i n t s ) ) + 6 ] ;
127 h o l d on
128 p l o t f f t = p l o t ( [ 0 : f f t p o i n t s −1]∗ f s / ( f f t p o i n t s −1) ,20∗ l o g 1 0 ( 2∗ abs ( f f t ( yframewindow ( : , o f f s e t ) , f f t p o i n t s ) ) / f f t p o i n t s ) )
129 p l o t ( F , 2 0 ∗ l o g 1 0 ( 2 ∗ abs (H) / f f t p o i n t s ) , ’ r ’ ) , p l o t l p c = p l o t ( F ( 1 : 1 0 : end ) ,20∗ l o g 1 0 ( 2 ∗ abs (H ( 1 : 1 0 : end ) ) / f f t p o i n t s ) , ’ r x ’
)
130 stem ( ( l s f / p i ) ∗ f s /2 , −200+20∗ l o g 1 0 ( o n e s ( 1 , l e n g t h ( l s f ) ) ) , ’m’ )
131 t i t l e ( s p r i n t f ( ’ FFT o f i n p u t s i g n a l and f r e q u e n c y r e p o n s e o f LPC ( f r a m e : %d ) ’ , o f f s e t ) )
132 x l a b e l ( ’ F r e q u e n c y [ Hz ] ’ ) , y l a b e l ( ’ A m p l i t u d e [ dB ] ’ )
133 l e g e n d ( [ p l o t f f t p l o t l p c ] , s p r i n t f ( ’ FFT ( f f t p o i n t s : %d ) ’ , f f t p o i n t s ) , s p r i n t f ( ’LPC ( o r d e r : %d ) ’ , n u m b e r o f L P C c o e f f ’ ) ) , g r i d , y l i m
( [ minmaxdBscale ] ) , x l i m ( [ 0 f s / 2 ] )
134
135 if epsfiles
136 p r i n t −d e p s c − t i f f −r 3 0 0 e p s / l p c _ e s t i m a t i o n _ g l o b a l _ p l o t _ f f t _ l p c _ t i m e _ B J
137 end
138
139 end
140
141 if plot_estimation_analysis_input_signal
142 figure ( plotnumber )
143 plotnumber = plotnumber + 1;
144
145 p l o t ( [ 0 : f r a m e s a m p l e s −1]∗1/ f s + ( f r a m e l e n g t h w i n d o w − f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p ) ∗( o f f s e t −1) , yframewindow ( : , o f f s e t ) )
146 t i t l e ( t e x l a b e l ( s p r i n t f ( ’ I n p u t s i g n a l − ( f r a m e : %d o f %s ) ’ , o f f s e t , u s e d _ w a v _ f i l e ) , ’ l i t e r a l ’ ) )
147 x l i m ( [ 0 f r a m e s a m p l e s −1]∗1/ f s + ( f r a m e l e n g t h w i n d o w − f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p ) ∗( o f f s e t −1) )
148 x l a b e l ( ’ Time [ s ] ’ ) , y l a b e l ( ’ A m p l i t u d e ’ ) , y l i m ( [ minmaxyframe ] ) , g r i d
149
150 if epsfiles
151 p r i n t −d e p s c − t i f f −r 3 0 0 e p s / l p c _ e s t i m a t i o n _ i n p u t _ s i g n a l _ B J
152 end
153
154 end
155
156 i f plot_LPC_estimation_frequency_response
157 figure ( plotnumber )
158 plotnumber = plotnumber + 1;
159
160 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
161 stem ( [ 0 : n u m b e r o f L P C c o e f f ] , a ( o f f s e t , : ) )
162 t i t l e ( t e x l a b e l ( s p r i n t f ( ’LPC c o e f f i c i e n t s − ( LPC o r d e r : %d , f r a m e : %d o f %s ) ’ , n u m b e r o f L P C c o e f f , o f f s e t , u s e d _ w a v _ f i l e ) , ’
literal ’))
163 x l a b e l ( ’ C o e f f i c i e n t s [ n ] ’ ) , y l a b e l ( ’ Amplitude ’ )
164
165 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
166 p l o t ( F , 2 0 ∗ l o g 1 0 (2∗ abs (H) / f f t p o i n t s ) )
167 t i t l e ( t e x l a b e l ( s p r i n t f ( ’LPC f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e − ( f r a m e : %d o f %s ) ’ , o f f s e t , u s e d _ w a v _ f i l e ) , ’ l i t e r a l ’ ) )
168 x l i m ( [ 0 f s / 2 ] ) , x l a b e l ( ’ F r e q u e n c y [ Hz ] ’ ) , y l a b e l ( ’ A m p l i t u d e [ dB ] ’ ) , g r i d
169
170 if epsfiles
171 p r i n t −d e p s c − t i f f −r 3 0 0 e p s / l p c _ e s t i m a t i o n _ f r e q u e n c y _ r e s p o n s e _ o f _ l p c _ B J
172 end
173
174 end
175
176 if plot_LPC_analysis_error_signal
177 figure ( plotnumber )
178 plotnumber = plotnumber + 1;
179
180 p l o t ( [ 0 : f r a m e s a m p l e s −1]∗1/ f s + ( f r a m e l e n g t h w i n d o w − f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p ) ∗( o f f s e t −1) , e r r o r N B ( : , o f f s e t ) )
181 t i t l e ( t e x l a b e l ( s p r i n t f ( ’ E r r o r s i g n a l − ( f r a m e : %d o f %s ) ’ , o f f s e t , u s e d _ w a v _ f i l e ) , ’ l i t e r a l ’ ) )
182 x l i m ( [ 0 f r a m e s a m p l e s −1]∗1/ f s + ( f r a m e l e n g t h w i n d o w − f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p ) ∗( o f f s e t −1) )
183 x l a b e l ( ’ Time [ s ] ’ ) , y l a b e l ( ’ A m p l i t u d e ’ ) , y l i m ( [ minmaxyframe ] ) , g r i d
184
185 if epsfiles
186 p r i n t −d e p s c − t i f f −r 3 0 0 e p s / l p c _ a n a l y s i s _ e r r o r _ s i g n a l _ B J
187 end
188
189 end
190
191 if plot_LPC_synthesis_signal_reconstruction
192 figure ( plotnumber )
193 plotnumber = plotnumber + 1;
194
195 p l o t ( [ 0 : f r a m e s a m p l e s −1]∗1/ f s + ( f r a m e l e n g t h w i n d o w − f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p ) ∗( o f f s e t −1) , s i g n a l N B r e c o n s t r u c t e d ( : , o f f s e t ) )

X
 1.5. APPENDIX

196 t i t l e ( t e x l a b e l ( s p r i n t f ( ’ R e c o n s t r u c t e d s i g n a l − ( f r a m e : %d o f %s ) ’ , o f f s e t , u s e d _ w a v _ f i l e ) , ’ l i t e r a l ’ ) )
197 x l i m ( [ 0 f r a m e s a m p l e s −1]∗1/ f s + ( f r a m e l e n g t h w i n d o w − f r a m e l e n g t h o v e r l a p ) ∗( o f f s e t −1) )
198 x l a b e l ( ’ Time [ s ] ’ ) , y l a b e l ( ’ A m p l i t u d e ’ ) , y l i m ( [ minmaxyframe ] ) , g r i d
199
200 if epsfiles
201 p r i n t −d e p s c − t i f f −r 3 0 0 e p s / l p c _ s y n t h e s i s _ s i g n a l _ r e c o n s t r u c t i o n _ B J
202 end
203
204 end

XI