Chapter M

Chapter M
Harmonic management
1 The problem: why is it necessary to manage harmonics? M2
2 Definition and origin of harmonics

2.1 Definition............................................................................................................................. M3
M3
2.2 Origin of harmonics............................................................................................................ M5
Essential indicators of harmonic distortion

3 and measurement principles M7
3.1 Power factor........................................................................................................................ M7
3.2 Crest factor......................................................................................................................... M8
3.4 r.m.s. value.......................................................................................................................... M9
3.5 Usefulness of the various indicators.................................................................................. M9
4 Harmonic measurement in electrical networks

4.1 Procedures for harmonic measurement........................................................................... M10
M10
4.2 Harmonic measurement devices...................................................................................... M11

4.3 Which harmonic orders must be monitored and mitigated?............................................ M12
5 Main effects of harmonics in electrical installations

5.1 Resonance........................................................................................................................
M13
M13
5.2 Increased losses............................................................................................................... M13
5.3 Overload of equipment.................................................................................................... M15
5.4 Disturbances affecting sensitive loads............................................................................ M18
5.5 Economic impact.............................................................................................................. M19
6 Standards M20
7 Solutions to mitigate harmonics

7.1 Basic solutions.................................................................................................................. M21
M21
7.2 Harmonic filtering............................................................................................................. M22

7.3 The method....................................................................................................................... M24
M1
Electrical installation guide 2018

© Schneider Electric - all rights reserved
M - Harmonic management
The problem: why is it necessary to
manage harmonics?
Harmonic disturbances
Harmonics flowing in distribution networks represent disturbances in the flow of
electricity. The quality of electrical power is deteriorated, and the efficiency of
the system is decreased.
Here are the main risks linked to harmonics:
b Overload of distribution networks due to the increase of r.m.s. currents,
b Overload of neutral conductors, which current can exceed the phase currents,
b Overload, vibration and premature ageing of generators, transformers and
motors as well as increased transformer hum,
b Overload and premature ageing of Power Factor Correction capacitors,
b Distortion of the supply voltage that can disturb sensitive loads,
b Disturbance in communication networks and telephone lines.
Economic impact of disturbances

All these disturbances have an economic impact:
b Premature ageing of equipment means it must be replaced sooner, unless
oversized right from the start,
b Overload on the distribution network means higher equipment rating, increased
subscribed power level for the industrial customer, and increased power losses,
b Unexpected current distortion can lead to nuisance tripping and production halt.
A necessary concern for the design and management
of electrical installations
Harmonics are the result of the always expanding number of power electronic
devices. They have become abundant today because of their capabilities for
precise process control and energy saving benefits. Typical examples are
Variable Speed Drives in the Industry, and Compact Fluorescent Lamps in
commercial and residential areas.
International standards have been published in order to help the designers of
equipment and installations. Harmonic emission limits have been set, so that no
unexpected and negative impact of harmonics should be encountered. In parallel to
a better understanding of effects, solutions have been developed by the Industry.
Harmonic consideration is now a full part of the design of electrical installations.
M2

2.1 Definition
The presence of harmonics in electrical systems means that current and voltage
are distorted and deviate from sinusoidal waveforms.
Harmonic currents are caused by non-linear loads connected to the distribution
system. A load is said to be non-linear when the current it draws does not have
the same waveform as the supply voltage. The flow of harmonic currents through
system impedances in turn creates voltage harmonics, which distort the supply
voltage.
On Fig. M1 are presented typical current waveforms for single-phase (top) and
three-phase non-linear loads (bottom).
DB422610.eps
Fig. M1 Examples of distorted current waveforms
The Fourier theorem states that all non-sinusoidal periodic functions can be
represented as the sum of terms (i.e. a series) made up of:
b A sinusoidal term at the fundamental frequency,
b Sinusoidal terms (harmonics) whose frequencies are whole multiples of the
fundamental frequency,
b A DC component, where applicable.
M3
The harmonic of order h (commonly referred to as simply the hth harmonic) in a
signal is the sinusoidal component with a frequency that is h times the fundamental
frequency.
The equation for the harmonic expansion of a periodic function y (t) is presented
below:
h=∞
y(t )= Y0 + ∑ Yh 2sin(h ωt - ϕh )
h=1
where:
bY0: value of the DC component, generally zero and considered as such
hereinafter,
bYh: r.m.s. value of the harmonic of order h,
b ω: angular frequency of the fundamental frequency,.
b φh: displacement of the harmonic component at t = 0.

Fig. M2 shows an example of a current wave affected by harmonic distortion on a

50Hz electrical distribution system. The distorted signal is the sum of a number of
superimposed harmonics:
b The value of the fundamental frequency (or first order harmonic) is 50 Hz,
b The 3rd order harmonic has a frequency of 150 Hz, b The 5th order
harmonic has a frequency of 250 Hz,
Etc.
DB422611_EN.eps
peak
Total
(Ic)
I rms (IG)
Fundamental
50 Hz
I
h1
Harmonic
3 (150 Hz)
I
h3
Harmonic
5 (250 Hz) Ih5
Harmonic
7 (350 Hz)
Ih7
Harmonic
9 (450 Hz)
I
h8
Fig. M2 Example of a current containing harmonics and expansion of the overall current into
its harmonic orders 1 (fundamental), 3, 5, 7 and 9
Individual harmonic component (or harmonic component

of order h)
The individual harmonic component is defined as the percentage of
harmonics for order h with respect to the fundamental. Particularly:
Uh
uh (%) = 100 for harmonic voltages
M4 U1
ih (%) = 100 Ih for harmonic currents

I1
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is an indicator of the distortion of a signal.
It is widely used in Electrical Engineering and Harmonic management in particular.
For a signal y, the THD is defined as:
2 2 2
h=H Y 2 Y2 + Y3 + ... + YH
THD = ∑ Y
h
= Y
h=2 1 1
THD is the ratio of the r.m.s. value of all the harmonic components of the signal
y, to the fundamental Y1.
H is generally taken equal to 50, but can be limited in most cases to 25.
Note that THD can exceed 1 and is generally expressed as a percentage.

Current or voltage THD

For current harmonics, the equation is:
2
h=H
∑
I
h
THDi = I
h=2 1
I = h=H 2
By introducing the total r.m.s value of the current: rms ∑ Ih we obtain the
following relation: h=1
2 2
THD = Irms
−1 equivalent to: I
rms
= I 1+ THD
1 i
i I
1
Example: for THDi = 40%, we get:
2
Irms = I1 1+ (0.4) = I1 1+ 0.16 ≈ I1 ×1.08
For voltage harmonics, the equation is:

2
h=H
U
THDu = ∑ U
h
h=2 1
2.2 Origin of harmonics

Harmonic currents
Equipment comprising power electronics circuits are typical non-linear loads and
generate harmonic currents. Such loads are increasingly frequent in all industrial,
commercial and residential installations and their percentage in overall electrical
consumption is growing steadily.
Examples include:
b Industrial equipment (welding machines, arc and induction furnaces, battery
chargers),
b Variable Speed Drives for AC or DC motors [1],
b Uninterruptible Power Supplies,
b Office equipment (PCs, printers, servers, etc.),
b Household appliances (TV sets, microwave ovens, fluorescent lighting, light
dimmers).
Harmonic voltages M5
In order to understand the origin of harmonic voltages, let's consider the simplified
diagram on Fig. M3.
DB422612_EN.eps
Zh
A B Non-linear
load
Ih
Fig. M3 Single-line diagram showing the impedance of the supply circuit for a non-linear load
to know more about harmonics mitigation related to

Variable Speed Drives, please refer to our Schneider
Electric White Paper "Choose the best harmonic
mitigation solution for your drive"

The reactance of a conductor increases as a function of the frequency of the

current flowing through the conductor. For each harmonic current (order h), there is
therefore an impedance Zh in the supply circuit.
The total system can be split into different circuits:
b One circuit representing the flow of current at the fundamental frequency,
b One circuit representing the flow of harmonic currents.
DB422613_EN.eps
l
Non-linear
load
I 50 Hz
Zh Ih
Non-linear
load
Vh V = Harmonic voltage
h=Z xI
h h
Fig. M4 Split of circuit into fundamental and harmonic circuits
When the harmonic current of order h flows through impedance Z h, it

creates a harmonic voltage Uh, where Uh = Zh x Ih (by Ohm's law).
The voltage at point B is therefore distorted. All devices supplied via point B
receive a distorted voltage.
For a given harmonic current, the voltage distortion is proportional to the
impedance in the distribution network.
Flow of harmonic currents in distribution networks

The non-linear loads can be considered to inject the harmonic currents upstream into
the distribution network, towards the source. The harmonic currents generated by the
different loads sum up at the busbar level creating the harmonic distortion. Because of
the different technologies of loads, harmonic currents of the same order are generally
not in phase. This diversity effect results in a partial summation.
DB422614_EN.eps
Backup power Iha Rectifier

supply Arc furnace
Welding machine
G
Ihb Variable-speed drive

M6 Power-factor
correction
Ihd Fluorescent or
discharge lamps
MV/LV
A
Ih Devices drawing rectified
Σ Ih e current (televisions,
and distorted computer hardware, etc.)
voltage
Harmonic
disturbances to
distribution network Linear loads
and other users (do not create
harmonics)
Fig. M5 Flow of harmonic currents in a distribution network

and measurement principles
A number of indicators are used to quantify and evaluate the harmonic distortion
in current and voltage waveforms, namely:
b Power factor
b Crest factor
b Harmonic spectrum
b R.m.s. value
These indicators are indispensable in determining any necessary corrective action.
3.1 Power factor

The power factor λ is the ratio of the active power P (kW) to the apparent power
S (kVA). See Chapter L.
P ( kW )
= ( )
S kVA
The Power Factor must not be mixed-up with the Displacement Power
Factor (cosφ), relative to fundamental signals only.
As the apparent power is calculated from the r.m.s. values, the Power
Factor integrates voltage and current distortion.
When the voltage is sinusoidal or virtually sinusoidal (THDu ~ 0), it may be said
that the active power is only a function of the fundamental current. Then:
P ≈ P1 = U1I1cosϕ
Consequently: λ = P = U1I1cosϕ
S UI
1 rms
I cosϕ
As: 1 = 1 (see 2.1), hence: λ≈
I 2 2
rms 1+ THDi 1+ THDi
Fig. M6 shows a graph of λ/cosφ as a function of THDi, for THDu ~ 0.
λ/cos φ
DB422615.eps
1.2
M7
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

THDi (%)
Fig. M6 Variation of λ/cosφ as a function of THDi, for THDu ~ 0

3.2 Crest factor
The crest factor is the ratio between the value of the peak current or voltage
(IM or UM) and its r.m.s. value.
b For a sinusoidal signal, the crest factor is therefore equal to 2.
b For a non-sinusoidal signal, the crest factor can be either greater than or less
than 2.
The crest factor for the current drawn by non-linear loads is commonly much higher
than 2. It is generally between 1.5 and 2 and can even reach 5 in critical cases. A
high crest factor signals high current peaks which, when detected by protection
devices, can cause nuisance tripping.
Examples:
Fig. M7 represents the current absorbed by a compact fluorescent lamp.
Ir.m.s. : 0.16A
IM : 0.6A
THDi : 145%
Crest factor: 3.75
DB422616.eps
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0 0 0.0s 0.01s 0.02s 0.03s

Fig. M7 Typical current waveform of a compact fluorescent lamp
Fig. M8 represents the voltage supplying non-linear loads through a high

impedance line, with a typical "flat top" distorted waveform.
Vr.m.s. : 500V
VM : 670V
THDu : 6.2%
M8 Crest factor: 1.34
DB422617.eps
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
0.0s 0.02s 0.04s

Fig. M8 Typical voltage waveform in case of high impedance line supplying non-
linear loadsypical current waveform of a compact fluorescent lamp
3.3 Harmonic spectrum
U(t)
The harmonic spectrum is the representation of the amplitude of each harmonic
DB422618a.eps
order with respect to its frequency.

1 Fig. M9 shows an example of harmonic spectrum for a rectangular signal.
Each type of device causing harmonics draws a particular form of current, with
a particular harmonic content. This characteristic can be displayed by using the
t harmonic spectrum.
3.4 r.m.s. value

The r.m.s. value of voltage and current can be calculated as a function of the r.m.s.
value of the various harmonic components:
H%
DB422618b.eps
I = H2 2 2 2
100 rms ∑Ih = I1 + I2 + ... + IH
h=1
H
2 2 2 2
Vrms = ∑Vh = V1 + V2 + ... + VH
33
h=1
20 h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.5 Usefulness of the various indicators
THDu is an indicator of the distortion of the voltage wave. Below are given
indicative values of THDu and the corresponding consequences in an installation:
Fig. M9 Harmonic spectrum for a rectangular signal U(t)
b y 5%: normal situation, no risk of malfunctions,
b 5 to 8%: significant harmonic distortion, some malfunctions are possible,
b u 8%: major harmonic distortion, malfunctions are probable. In-depth analysis
and the installation of mitigation devices are required.
THDi is an indicator of the distortion of the current wave. The current distortion
can be different in the different parts of an installation. The origin of possible
disturbances can be detected by measuring the THDi of different circuits.
Below are given indicative values of THDi and the corresponding phenomena
for a whole installation:
b y 10%: normal situation, no risk of malfunctions,
b 10 to 50%: significant harmonic distortion with a risk of temperature rise and
the resulting need to oversize cables and sources,
b u 50%: major harmonic distortion, malfunctions are probable. In-depth analysis
and the installation of mitigation devices are required.
Power factor λ is used to determine the rating for the different devices of the M9
installation.
Crest factor is used to characterise the aptitude of a generator (or UPS) to supply
high instantaneous currents. For example, computer equipment draws highly
distorted current for which the crest factor can reach 3 to 5.
Harmonic spectrum provides a different representation of electrical signals
and can be used to evaluate their distortion.

4.1 Procedures for harmonic measurement

Harmonic measurements are carried out on industrial or commercial sites:
b Preventively, to obtain an overall idea on distribution-network status (network
mapping),
b In view of corrective action, to determine the origin of a disturbance and
determine the solutions required to eliminate it,
b To check the validity of a solution (following modifications in the
distribution network to check the reduction of harmonic disturbances)
The harmonic indicators can be measured:
b By an expert present on the site for a limited period of time (one day), giving
precise, but limited perception,
b By instrumentation devices installed and operating for a significant period of time
(at least one week) giving a reliable overview of the situation,
b Or by devices permanently installed in the distribution network, allowing a follow-
up of Power Quality.
One-shot or corrective actions
This kind of action is carried-out in case of observed disturbances, for which
harmonics are suspected. In order to determine the origin of the disturbances,
measurements of current and voltage are performed:
b At the supply source level,
b On the busbars of the main distribution switchboard (or on the MV busbars),
b On each outgoing circuit in the main distribution switchboard.
For accurate results, it is necessary to know the precise operating conditions of
the installation and particularly the status of the capacitor banks (operating or not,
number of connected steps).
The results of measurement will help the analysis in order to:
b Determine any necessary derating of equipment in the installation, or
b Quantify any necessary harmonic protection and filtering systems to be installed
in the distribution network, or
b Check the compliance of the electrical installation with the applicable standards
or Utility regulations (maximum permissible harmonic emission).
Long-term or preventive actions
For a number of reasons, the installation of permanent measurement devices in
the distribution network is very valuable.
b The presence of an expert on site is limited in time and it is not always possible
to observe all the possible situations. Only a number of measurements at different
points in the installation and over a sufficiently long period (one week to a month)
M10 provide an overall view of operation and take into account all the situations that can
occur following:
v Fluctuations in the supply source,
v Variations in the operation of the installation,
v The addition of new equipment in the installation.
b Measurement devices installed in the distribution network prepare and facilitate
the diagnosis of the experts, thus reducing the number and duration of their visits..
b Permanent measurement devices detect any new disturbances arising following
the installation of new equipment, the implementation of new operating modes or
fluctuations in the supply network.
b For an overall evaluation of network status (preventive analysis), this avoids:
v Renting of measurement equipment,
v Calling in experts,
v Having to connect and disconnect the measurement equipment. For the overall
evaluation of network status, the analysis on the main low-voltage distribution
switchboards (MLVS) can often be carried out by the incoming device and/or the
measurement devices equipping each outgoing circuit,
b For corrective actions, it is possible to:
v Determine the operating conditions at the time of the incident,
v Draw-up a map of the distribution network and evaluate the implemented
solution.
The diagnosis may be improved by the use of additional dedicated equipment in
case of specific problem.

4.2 Harmonic measurement devices

Measurement devices provide instantaneous and average information concerning
harmonics. Instantaneous values are used for analysis of disturbances linked to
harmonics. Average values are used for Power Quality assessment.
The most recent measurement devices are designed referring to IEC standard
61000-4-7: "Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-7: Testing and
measurement techniques – General guide on harmonics and interharmonics
measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment
connected thereto".
The supplied values include:
b The harmonic spectrum of currents and voltages (amplitudes and percentage of
the fundamental),
b The THD for current and voltage,
b For specific analysis: the phase angle between harmonic voltage and current
of the same order and the phase of the harmonics with respect to a common
reference (e.g. the fundamental voltage).
Average values are indicators of the long-term Power Quality. Typical and
relevant statistical data are for example measures averaged by periods of 10
minutes, during observation periods of 1 week.
In order to meet the Power Quality objectives, 95% of the measured values should
be less than specified values.
Fig. M10 gives the maximum harmonic voltage in order to meet the requirements
of standard EN50160: "Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public
distribution networks", for Low and Medium Voltage.
Odd harmonics Odd harmonics Even harmonic

Not multiples of 3 Multiples of 3
Order h Relative Order h Relative Order h Relative
amplitude Uh: % amplitude Uh: % amplitude Uh: %
5 6 3 5 2 2
7 5 9 1.5 4 1
11 3.5 15 0.5 6...24 0.5
13 3 21 0.5
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
Fig. M10 Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals for orders up to 25
given in percent of the fundamental voltage U1
M11
Portable instruments
The traditional observation and measurement methods include:
Oscilloscope
An initial indication on the distortion affecting a signal can be obtained by
viewing the current or the voltage on an oscilloscope.
The waveform, when it diverges from a sinusoidal, clearly indicates the presence of
harmonics. Current and voltage peaks can be observed.
PB116800.eps
Note, however, that this method does not offer precise quantification of
the harmonic components.
b Digital analyser
Only recent digital analysers can determine the values of all the
mentioned indicators with sufficient accuracy.
They are using digital technology, specifically a high performance algorithm
called Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Current or voltage signals are digitized and
the algorithm is applied on data relative to time windows of 10 (50 Hz systems)
or 12 periods (for 60 Hz systems) of the power frequency.
The amplitude and phase of harmonics up to the 40th or 50th order are calculated,
depending on the class of measurement.
Processing of the successive values calculated using the FFT (smoothing,
classification, statistics) can be carried out by the measurement device or by
Fig. M11 Implementation of a digital Power Quality external software.
recorder win a cabinet

Functions of digital analysers

b Calculate the values of the harmonic indicators (power factor, crest factor,
individual harmonic amplitude, THD)
b In multi-channel analysers, supply virtually in real time the simultaneous spectral
decomposition of the currents and voltages
b Carry out various complementary functions (corrections, statistical detection,
measurement management, display, communication, etc.)
b Storage of data
Fixed instruments
Panel instrumentation provides continuous information to the Manager of the
electrical installation. Data can be accessible through dedicated power monitoring
PB116801.eps devices or through the digital trip units of circuit breakers.
PB116184-45.eps
PB116047-4.eps
Fig. M12 Example of Power and Energy meter
4.3 Which harmonic orders must be monitored

and mitigated?
The most significant harmonic orders in three-phase distribution networks are the
odd orders (3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 ….)
Triplen harmonics (order multiple of 3) are present only in three-phase, four-wire
PB116804
systems, when single phase loads are connected between phase and neutral.
.eps
M12 Utilities are mainly focusing on low harmonic orders (5, 7, 11, and 13).
Generally speaking, harmonic conditioning of the lowest orders (up to 13) is
sufficient. More comprehensive conditioning takes into account harmonic orders
up to 25.
Harmonic amplitudes normally decrease as the frequency increases. Sufficiently
accurate measurements are obtained by measuring harmonics up to order 30.
Fig. M13 Example of electronic trip units of circuit

breakers providing harmonic related information

M - Manajemen harmonis
5 Efek utama harmonisa dalam instalasi listrik
5.1 Resonansi
Penggunaan simultan perangkat kapasitif dan induktif dalam jaringan distribusi
dapat menghasilkan resonansi paralel atau seri.Asal usul resonansi adalah nilai
DB422619_EN.eps
impedansi yang sangat tinggi atau sangat rendah pada tingkat busbar, pada
frekuensi yang berbeda. Variasi dalam impedansi memodifikasi arus dan
tegangan dalam jaringan distribusi.Di sini, hanya fenomena resonansi paralel,
yang paling umum, akan dibahas.Pertimbangkan diagram sederhana berikut ini
Ih
(lihat Gambar. M14) yang mewakili instalasi yang terdiri dari:
b transformator persediaan,b Beban linearb Beban non-linear yang menggambar
arus harmonikb Kapasitor koreksi faktor dayaUntuk analisis harmonik, diagram
ekivalen ditunjukkan pada Gambar. M15 di mana:LS = Pasokan induktansi
C
(jaringan hulu + transformator + garis)C = Kapasitansi kapasitor koreksi faktor
dayaR = Resistansi beban linierIh = Arus harmonikDengan mengabaikan R,
impedansi Z dihitung dengan rumus yang disederhanakan:
Non-linear kapasitor Linear
jLsω
beban bank beban
Z=
1-LsCω2
Gambar. M14 Diagram instalasi
dengan: ω = denyut arus harmonikResonansi terjadi ketika penyebut (1-L SCω²)
cenderung ke nol. Frekuensi yang sesuai disebut frekuensi resonansi rangkaian. Pada
DB422620.eps
frekuensi itu, impedans berada pada jumlah maksimum dan tingginya tegangan
harmonik muncul karena sirkulasi arus harmonik. Ini menghasilkan distorsi tegangan
Ls C R Ih utama. Distorsi tegangan disertai, dalam sirkuit LS + C, oleh aliran arus harmonik yang
lebih besar daripada yang ditarik oleh beban, seperti diilustrasikan pada Gambar.
M16.
Jaringan distribusi dan kapasitor koreksi faktor daya mengalami arus harmonik yang
Z
tinggi dan risiko kelebihan beban. Untuk menghindari resonansi, reaktor anti-harmonik
Gambar. M15 Diagram ekuivalen instalasi dapat dipasang secara seri dengan kapasitor. Fig. M17
ditunjukkan pada GambarM14
DB422601_EN.eps
DB422602_EN.eps
U U
h Jaringan pasokan h jaringan pasokan
M13
Ih I
h
V
h C
V
h C
beban beban kapasotorbank beban beban kapasitor bank

linier Non-linier Linier Non-linier +
Reaktor yang terputus
Fig. M16 ilustrasi resonansi paralel
Fig. M17 Mengurangi sirkulasi arus harmonik dengan reaktor yang terputus
5.2 Kerugian meningkat

Kerugian dalam konduktor Kerugian dalam konduktor
Daya aktif yang ditransmisikan ke beban adalah fungsi dari komponen dasar I1
dari arus.Ketika arus yang ditarik oleh muatan mengandung harmonisa, r.m.s.
nilai saat ini, Ir.m.s., lebih besar dari I1 fundamental.

The definition of THDi being:
I
THDi = r.m.s. 2 −1
I1
2
it may be deduced that: Ir.m.s.= I1. 1+ THDi
Fig. M18 shows, as a function of the harmonic distortion:

b The increase in the r.m.s. current Ir.m.s. for a load drawing a given
fundamental current
b The increase in Joule losses, not taking into account the skin effect
(the reference point in the graph is 1 for Ir.m.s. and Joules losses, the case
when there are no harmonics)
The harmonic currents cause an increase of the Joule losses in all conductors in
which they flow and additional temperature rise in transformers, switchgear, cables,
etc.
DB422623_EN.eps
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
THD
0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 (%)

Joules losses
Irms
Fig. M18 Increase in rms current and Joule losses as a function of the THD
M14
Losses in asynchronous machines
The harmonic voltages (order h) supplied to asynchronous machines cause the
flow of currents in the rotor with frequencies higher than 50 Hz that are the origin of
additional losses.
Orders of magnitude
b A virtually rectangular supply voltage causes a 20% increase in losses
b A supply voltage with harmonics u5 = 8% (of U1, the fundamental voltage),
u7 = 5%, u11 = 3%, u13 = 1%, i.e. total harmonic distortion THDu equal to 10%,
results in additional losses of 6%
Losses in transformers
Harmonic currents flowing in transformers cause an increase in the “copper” losses
due to the Joule effect and increased “iron” losses due to eddy currents.
The harmonic voltages are responsible for “iron” losses due to hysteresis.
It is generally considered that losses in windings increase as the square of the
THDi and that core losses increase linearly with the THDu.
In Utility distribution transformers, where distortion levels are limited, losses
increase between 10 and 15%.
Losses in capacitors
The harmonic voltages applied to capacitors cause the flow of currents proportional
to the frequency of the harmonics. These currents cause additional losses.

Example
A supply voltage has the following harmonics:
Fundamental voltage U1,
b harmonic voltages u5 = 8% (of U1),
b u7 = 5%,
u11 = 3%,
b u13 = 1%,
i.e. total harmonic distortion THDu equal to 10%. The amperage of the current
is multiplied by 1.19. Joule losses are multiplied by (1.19)², i.e. 1.4.
5.3 Overload of equipment

Generators
Generators supplying non-linear loads must be derated due to the additional losses
caused by harmonic currents.
The level of derating is approximately 10% for a generator where the overall load
is made up of 30% of non-linear loads. It is therefore necessary to oversize the
generator, in order to supply the same active power to loads.
Uninterruptible power systems (UPS)
The current drawn by computer systems has a very high crest factor. A UPS
sized taking into account exclusively the r.m.s. current may not be capable of
supplying the necessary peak current and may be overloaded.
Transformers
b The curve presented below (see Fig. M19) shows the typical derating required
for a transformer supplying electronic loads
kVA
DB422624_EN.eps
(%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30 M15
20
%
10 Electronic
0 load
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fig. M19 Derating required for a transformer supplying electronic loads
Example: If the transformer supplies an overall load comprising 40% of electronic

loads, it must be derated by 40%.
b Standard UTE C15-112 provides a derating factor for transformers as a function
of the harmonic currents.
1
k 
40
1 0.1 h1.6 Th2
h 2
Ih
T
h I
Typical values:
b Current with a rectangular waveform (1/h spectrum): k = 0.86
b Frequency-converter current (THD ≈ 50%): k = 0.80

Asynchronous machines
Standard IEC60034-1 ("Rotating electrical machines – Rating and performance")
defines a weighted harmonic factor (Harmonic voltage factor) for which the
equation and maximum value are provided below.
13 U
HVF   h i 0.02
2
h 2 h
Example
A supply voltage has a fundamental voltage U1 and harmonic voltages u3 = 2% of U1,
u5 = 3%, u7 = 1%. The THDu is 3.7% and the HVF is 0.018. The HVF value is very
close to the maximum value above which the machine must be derated.
Practically speaking, asynchronous machines must be supplied with a voltage
having a THDu not exceeding 10%.
Capacitors
According to IEC 60831-1 standard ("Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing
type for a.c. systems having a rated voltage up to and including 1 000 V – Part
General – Performance, testing and rating – Safety requirements – Guide for
installation"), the r.m.s. current flowing in the capacitors must not exceed 1.3
times the rated current.
Using the example mentioned above, the fundamental voltage U1, harmonic
voltages u5 = 8% (of U1), u7 = 5%, u11 = 3%, u13 = 1%, i.e. total harmonic
distortion THDu equal to 10%, the result is
Ir.m.s./I1 = 1.19, at the rated voltage. For a voltage equal to 1.1 times the
rated voltage, the current limit
Ir.m.s./I1 = 1.3 is reached and it is necessary to resize the capacitors.
Neutral conductors
Consider a system made up of a balanced three-phase source and three identical
single-phase loads connected between the phases and the neutral (see Fig. M20).
Fig. M21 shows an example of the currents flowing in the three phases and the
resulting current in the neutral conductor.
In this example, the current in the neutral conductor has a rms value that is higher than
the rms value of the current in a phase by a factor equal to the square root of 3.
DB422625 EN.eps
Ir
Load
M16
Is
Load
t
Load
Fig. M20 Flow of currents in the various conductors connected to a three-phase source

M - Manajemen harmonis
5 Efek utama harmonisa dalam instalasi listrik
(A)
Konduktor netral karenanya harus berukuran sesuai.
Oleh karena itu arus dalam netral dapat melebihi arus dalam setiap fase dalam
Ir
instalasi seperti yang memiliki sejumlah besar perangkat fase tunggal (peralatan
DB422626.eps
IT, lampu neon). Ini adalah kasus di gedung perkantoran, pusat komputer, Pusat
t
Data Internet, pusat panggilan, bank, pusat perbelanjaan, zona pencahayaan ritel,
dll.
Ini bukan situasi umum, karena kenyataan bahwa daya disuplai secara bersamaan
ke beban linier dan / atau tiga fase (pemanasan, ventilasi, lampu pijar, dll.), Yang
tidak menghasilkan arus harmonik urutan ketiga. Namun, kehati-hatian khusus
Is harus diambil ketika dimensi bidang penampang konduktor netral saat
merancang instalasi baru atau ketika memodifikasi mereka jika terjadi perubahan
pada beban yang disuplai dengan daya.Pendekatan yang disederhanakan dapat
t
digunakan untuk memperkirakan pemuatan konduktor netral.Untuk beban
seimbang, arus dalam IN netral sangat dekat dengan 3 kali ke-3arus harmonik
dari arus fase (I3), yaitu .: IN ≈ 3.I3Ini dapat dinyatakan sebagai: IN ≈ 3. i3. I1Untuk
nilai faktor distorsi rendah, r.m.s. nilai arus mirip dengan r.m.s.nilai fundamental,
It oleh karena itu: IN ≈ 3. i3 ILDan: IN / IL ≈ 3. i3 (%)Persamaan ini hanya
menghubungkan kelebihan muatan netral (IN / IL) ke rasio harmonik ketiga.
t Secara khusus, ini menunjukkan bahwa ketika rasio ini mencapai 33%, arus dalam
konduktor netral sama dengan arus dalam fase. Apa pun nilai distorsi,
dimungkinkan untuk menggunakan simulasi untuk mendapatkan hukum yang lebih
tepat, yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar. M22.
In
Rasio harmonik ketiga berdampak pada arus di netral dan karenanya pada
kapasitas semua komponen dalam instalasi:b Panel distribusib Perangkat
t perlindungan dan distribusib Kabel dan system pembagasian
DB422627.eps
N/IL
t
0 20 40 (ms)
2.0
Fig. M21 Example of the currents flowing in the various
conductors connected to a three-phase load (In = Ir + Is + It)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0 M17
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 I (%)
3
00 20 40 60 80 100
15 33
Fig. M22 Loading of the neutral conductor based on the 3rd harmonic ratio
According to the estimated third harmonic ratio, there are three possible scenarios:
ratio below 15%, between 15 and 33% or above 33%.

Third harmonic ratio below 15% (i3 y 15%):

The neutral conductor is considered not to be carrying current. The cross-sectional
area of the phase conductors is determined solely by the current in the phases.
The cross-sectional area of the neutral conductor may be smaller than the cross-
sectional area of the phases if the cross sectional area is greater than 16 mm 2
(copper) or 25 mm2 (aluminum).
Protection of the neutral is not obligatory, unless its cross-sectional area is smaller
than that of the phases.
Third harmonic ratio between 15 and 33% (15 < i 3 y 33%), or in the absence of
any information about harmonic ratios:
The neutral conductor is considered to be carrying current.
The operating current of the multi-pole trunking must be reduced by a factor of
0.84 (or, conversely, select trunking with an operating current equal to the current
calculated, divided by 0.84).
The cross-sectional area of the neutral MUST be equal to the cross-sectional area
of the phases.
Protection of the neutral is not necessary.
Third harmonic ratio greater than 33% (i3 > 33%)
This rare case represents a particularly high harmonic ratio, generating the
circulation of a current in the neutral, which is greater than the current in the
phases. Precautions therefore have to be taken when dimensioning the neutral
conductor.
Generally, the operating current of the phase conductors must be reduced by
a factor of 0.84 (or, conversely, select trunking with an operating current equal
to the current calculated, divided by 0.84). In addition, the operating current of
the neutral conductor must be equal to 1.45 times the operating current of the
phase conductors (i.e. 1.45/0.84 times the phase current calculated, therefore
approximately 1.73 times the phase current calculated).
The recommended method is to use multi-pole trunking in which the cross-
sectional area of the neutral is equal to the cross-sectional area of the phases.
The current in the neutral conductor is therefore a key factor in determining the
cross sectional area of the conductors. Protection of the neutral is not necessary,
although it should be protected if there is any doubt in terms of the loading of the
neutral conductor.
This approach is common in final distribution, where multi-pole cables have
identical cross sectional areas for the phases and for neutral.
With busbar trunking systems (busways), precise knowledge of the temperature
rises caused by harmonic currents enables a less conservative approach to be
adopted. The rating of a busbar trunking system can be selected directly as a
function of the neutral current calculated.
For more details, see chapter E paragraph 2.3 "Harmonic currents in the selection
of busbar trunking systems (busways)" and "Cahier Technique ECT212: The
M18 neutral: A live and unique conductor"
5.4 Disturbances affecting sensitive loads

Effects of distortion in the supply voltage
Distortion of the supply voltage can disturb the operation of sensitive devices:
b Regulation devices (temperature)
b Computer hardware
b Control and monitoring devices (protection relays)
Distortion of telephone signals

Harmonics cause disturbances in control circuits (low current levels). The level of
distortion depends on the distance that the power and control cables run in parallel,
the distance between the cables and the frequency of the harmonics.

5.5 Economic impact

Energy losses
Harmonics cause additional losses (Joule effect) in conductors and equipment.
Higher subscription costs

The presence of harmonic currents can require a higher subscribed power level
and consequently higher costs. What is more, Utilities will be increasingly inclined
to charge customers for major sources of harmonics.
Oversizing of equipment
b Derating of power sources (generators, transformers and UPSs) means they
must be oversized
b Conductors must be sized taking into account the flow of harmonic currents.
In addition, due the skin effect, the resistance of these conductors increases with
frequency. To avoid excessive losses due to the Joule effect, it is necessary to
oversize conductors
b Flow of harmonics in the neutral conductor means that it must be oversized as
well
Reduced service life of equipment

When the level of distortion THDu of the supply voltage reaches 10%, the duration
of service life of equipment is significantly reduced. The reduction has been
estimated at:
b 32.5% for single-phase machines
b 18% for three-phase machines
b 5% for transformers
To maintain the service lives corresponding to the rated load, equipment must be
oversized.
Nuisance tripping and installation shutdown

Circuit breakers in the installation are subjected to current peaks caused by
harmonics. These current peaks may cause nuisance tripping of old technology
units, with the resulting production losses, as well as the costs corresponding to
the time required to start the installation up again.
Examples
Given the economic consequences for the installations mentioned below, it was
necessary to install harmonic filters.
Computer centre for an insurance company

In this centre, nuisance tripping of a circuit breaker was calculated to have cost
100 k€ per hour of down time.
M19
Pharmaceutical laboratory
Harmonics caused the failure of a generator set and the interruption of a long
duration test on a new medication. The consequences were a loss estimated
at 17 M€.
Metallurgy factory
A set of induction furnaces caused the overload and destruction of three
transformers ranging from 1500 to 2500 kVA over a single year. The cost of the
interruptions in production were estimated at 20 k€ per hour.
Factory producing garden furniture

The failure of variable-speed drives resulted in production shutdowns estimated
at 10 k€ per hour.

6 Standards
Harmonic emissions are subject to various standards and regulations:

b Compatibility standards for distribution networks
b Emissions standards applying to the equipment causing harmonics
b Recommendations issued by Utilities and applicable to installations
In view of rapidly attenuating the effects of harmonics, a triple system of standards
and regulations is currently in force based on the documents listed below.
Standards governing compatibility between distribution networks and
products
These standards determine the necessary compatibility between
distribution networks and products:
b The harmonics caused by a device must not disturb the distribution network
beyond certain limits
b Each device must be capable of operating normally in the presence
of disturbances up to specific levels.
b Standard IEC 61000-2-2 is applicable for public low-voltage power supply
systems.
b Standard IEC 61000-2-4 is applicable for LV and MV industrial installations.
Standards governing the quality of distribution networks
b Standard EN 50160 stipulates the characteristics of electricity supplied by public
distribution networks.
b Standard IEEE 519 presents a joint approach between Utilities and customers to
limit the impact of non-linear loads. What is more, Utilities encourage preventive
action in view of reducing the deterioration of power quality, temperature rise and
the reduction of power factor. They will be increasingly inclined to charge
customers for major sources of harmonics.
Standards governing equipment
b Standard IEC 61000-3-2 for low-voltage equipment with rated current under 16 A.
b Standard IEC 61000-3-12 for low-voltage equipment with rated current higher
than 16 A and lower than 75 A.
Maximum permissible harmonic levels
International studies have collected data resulting in an estimation of typical
harmonic contents often encountered in electrical distribution networks.
Fig. M23 presents the levels that, in the opinion of many Utilities, should not be
exceeded.
LV MV HV
Odd harmonics 5 6 5 2
non-multiples 7 5 4 2
of 3 11 3.5 3 1.5
M20 13 3 2.5 1.5
17y h y 49
17 _ 17 _ 17
2.27 h 0.27 1.9 h 0.2 1.2 h
Odd harmonics 3 5 4 2
multiples of 3 9 1.5 1.2 1
15 0.4 0.3 0.3
21 0.3 0.2 0.2
21< h y 45 0.2 0.2 0.2
Even harmonics 2 2 1.8 1.4
4 1 1 0.8
6 0.5 0.5 0.4
8 0.5 0.5 0.4
10 y h y 50
10 10
0.25 10 + 0.25 0.25 + 0.22 0.19 +0.16
h h h
THDu 8 6.5 3
Fig. M23 Maximum admissible harmonic voltages and distortion (%)

There are three different types of solutions to attenuate harmonics:

b Modifications in the installation
b Special devices in the supply system
Filtering
7.1 Basic solutions

To limit the propagation of harmonics in the distribution network, different
solutions are available and should be taken into account particularly when
designing a new installation.
Position the non-linear loads upstream in the system
Overall harmonic disturbances increase as the short-circuit power decreases.
All economic considerations aside, it is preferable to connect the non-linear loads
as far upstream as possible (see Fig. M24).
Z2
DB422628_EN.eps
Sensitive
loads
Z
1
Non-linear
Where impedance
loads
Z1 < Z2
Fig. M24 Non-linear loads positioned as far upstream as possible (recommended layout)
Group the non-linear loads

When preparing the single-line diagram, the non-linear devices should be
separated from the others (see Fig. M25). The two groups of devices should
be supplied by different sets of busbars.
DB422629_EN.eps
Sensitive
loads
Yes Line impedances
No
Non-linear
load 1 M21
Non-linear
load 2
Fig. M25 Grouping of non-linear loads and connection as far upstream as possible
(recommended layout)
Create separate sources

In attempting to limit harmonics, an additional improvement can be obtained by
creating a source via a separate transformer as indicated in the Fig. M26.
The disadvantage is the increase in the cost of the installation.
Non-linear
DB422630_EN.eps
loads
MV
network
Linear
loads
Fig. M26 Supply of non-linear loads via a separate transformer

Transformers with special connections

Different transformer connections can eliminate certain harmonic orders, as
indicated in the examples below:
b A Dyd connection suppresses 5th and 7th harmonics (see Fig. M27)
b A Dy connection suppresses the 3rd harmonic
b A DZ 5 connection suppresses the 5th harmonic
h5, h7, h11, h13
DB422631.eps
h11, h13
h5, h7, h11, h13
Fig. M27 A Dyd transformer blocks propagation of the 5th and 7th harmonics to the upstream network
Install reactors
When variable-speed drives are supplied, it is possible to smooth the current by
installing line reactors. By increasing the impedance of the supply circuit,
the harmonic current is limited.
Installation of harmonic suppression reactors on capacitor banks increases the
impedance of the reactor/capacitor combination for high-order harmonics.
This avoids resonance and protects the capacitors.
Select the suitable system earthing arrangement

TNC system
In the TNC system, a single conductor (PEN) provides protection in the event of
an earth fault and the flow of unbalance currents.
Under steady-state conditions, the harmonic currents flow in the PEN. Because
of the PEN impedance, this results in slight differences in potential (a few volts)
between devices that can cause electronic equipment to malfunction.
The TNC system must therefore be reserved for the supply of power circuits at the
head of the installation and must not be used to supply sensitive loads.
TNS system
This system is recommended if harmonics are present.
The neutral conductor and the protection conductor PE are completely separate
and the potential throughout the distribution network is therefore more uniform.
Practically speaking, asynchronous machines must be supplied with a voltage
having a THDu not exceeding 10%.
M22 7.2 Harmonic filtering

In cases where the preventive action presented above is insufficient, it is necessary
to equip the installation with filtering systems.
DB422632_EN.eps
There are three types of filters:

Passive
b Active b
Hybrid
I
har
Passive filters
Typical applications
b Industrial installations with a set of non-linear loads representing more than
500 kVA (variable-speed drives, UPSs, rectifiers, etc.)
b Installations requiring power-factor correction
b Installations where voltage distortion must be reduced to avoid disturbing
sensitive loads
b Installations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads
Non-linear Filter
load Operating principle
An LC circuit, tuned to each harmonic order to be filtered, is installed in parallel
Fig. M28 Operating principle of a passive filter
with the non-linear load (see Fig. M28). This bypass circuit absorbs the
harmonics, thus avoiding their flow in the distribution network.
Generally speaking, the passive filter is tuned to a harmonic order close to the
order to be eliminated. Several parallel-connected branches of filters can be used if
a significant reduction in the distortion of a number of harmonic orders is required.

Active filters (active harmonic conditioner)

Typical applications
DB422633_EN.eps
b Commercial installations with a set of non-linear loads representing less than

500 kVA (variable-speed drives, UPSs, office equipment, etc.)
b Installations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads.
I har Is Operating principle
These systems, comprising power electronics and installed in series or parallel
with the non-linear load, compensate the harmonic current or voltage drawn by
the load. Fig. M29 shows a parallel-connected active harmonic conditioner
I (AHC) compensating the harmonic current (Ihar = -Iact).
act
The AHC injects in opposite phase the harmonics drawn by the non-linear load,
AHC
such that the line current Is remains sinusoidal.
Hybrid filters
Non-linear Linear Typical applications
load load b Industrial installations with a set of non-linear loads representing more than
Fig. M29 Operating principle of an active filter 500 kVA (variable-speed drives, UPSs, rectifiers, etc.)
b Installations requiring power-factor correction
b Installations where voltage distortion must be reduced to avoid disturbing
sensitive loads
b Installations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads
b Installations where strict limits on harmonic emissions must be met
Operating principle
Passive and active filters are combined in a single system to constitute a hybrid
filter (see Fig. M30). This new filtering solution offers the advantages of both
types of filters and covers a wide range of power and performance levels.
DB422634_EN.eps
Is
I
har
I
act
AHC
M23
Non-linear Linear
load Hybrid filter load
Fig. M30 Operating principle of a hybrid filter

Selection criteria
Passive filter (see Fig. M31)
It offers both power-factor correction and high current-filtering capacity. Passive
filters also reduce the harmonic voltages in installations where the supply voltage is
PB116805.eps
disturbed. If the level of reactive power supplied is high, it is advised to turn off the
passive filter at times when the percent load is low.
Preliminary studies for a filter must take into account the possible presence of
a power factor correction capacitor bank which may have to be eliminated.
Active harmonic conditioners (see Fig. M32)
They filter harmonics over a wide range of frequencies and can adapt to any type
of load. On the other hand, power ratings are limited.
Hybrid filters
They combine the performance of both active and passive filters.
Fig. M31 Example of MV passive filter equipment 7.3 The method

The best solution, in both technical and financial terms, is based on the results of
an in-depth study.
Harmonic audit of MV and LV networks
By calling on an expert, you are guaranteed that the proposed solution will produce
effective results (e.g. a guaranteed maximum THDu).
PB116806.eps
A harmonic audit is carried out by an engineer specialised in the disturbances

affecting electrical distribution networks and equipped with powerful analysis and
simulation equipment and software.
The steps in an audit are the following:
b Measurement of disturbances affecting current and phase-to-phase and phase
to neutral voltages at the supply source, the disturbed outgoing circuits and the
non-linear loads
b Computer modelling of the phenomena to obtain a precise explanation of the
causes and determine the best solutions
b A complete audit report presenting:
v The current levels of disturbances
v The maximum permissible levels of disturbances (refer to IEC 61000, IEEE 519,
etc.)
b A proposal containing solutions with guaranteed levels of performance
b Finally, implementation of the selected solution, using the necessary means and
M24 Fig. M32 Active Harmonic Conditionner (AccuSine range) resources.
The entire audit process should be certified ISO 9002.

Chapter M

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Chapter M

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Chapter M

1 The problem: why is it necessary to manage harmonics? M2

2 Definition and origin of harmonics

2.2 Origin of harmonics............................................................................................................ M5

Essential indicators of harmonic distortion

4 Harmonic measurement in electrical networks

4.2 Harmonic measurement devices...................................................................................... M11

5 Main effects of harmonics in electrical installations

7 Solutions to mitigate harmonics

7.2 Harmonic filtering............................................................................................................. M22

Electrical installation guide 2018

Economic impact of disturbances

Electrical installation guide 2018

Fig. M1 Examples of distorted current waveforms

Electrical installation guide 2018

Fig. M2 shows an example of a current wave affected by harmonic distortion on a

Individual harmonic component (or harmonic component

ih (%) = 100 Ih for harmonic currents

Electrical installation guide 2018

Current or voltage THD

Example: for THDi = 40%, we get:

For voltage harmonics, the equation is:

2.2 Origin of harmonics

to know more about harmonics mitigation related to

Electrical installation guide 2018

The reactance of a conductor increases as a function of the frequency of the

Fig. M4 Split of circuit into fundamental and harmonic circuits

When the harmonic current of order h flows through impedance Z h, it

Flow of harmonic currents in distribution networks

Backup power Iha Rectifier

Ihb Variable-speed drive

Fig. M5 Flow of harmonic currents in a distribution network

Electrical installation guide 2018

3.1 Power factor

Fig. M6 shows a graph of λ/cosφ as a function of THDi, for THDu ~ 0.

00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Electrical installation guide 2018

0 0 0.0s 0.01s 0.02s 0.03s

Fig. M8 represents the voltage supplying non-linear loads through a high

0.0s 0.02s 0.04s

order with respect to its frequency.

3.4 r.m.s. value

Electrical installation guide 2018

4.1 Procedures for harmonic measurement

Electrical installation guide 2018

4.2 Harmonic measurement devices

Odd harmonics Odd harmonics Even harmonic

Electrical installation guide 2018

Functions of digital analysers

Fig. M12 Example of Power and Energy meter

4.3 Which harmonic orders must be monitored

Fig. M13 Example of electronic trip units of circuit

Electrical installation guide 2018

beban beban kapasotorbank beban beban kapasitor bank

5.2 Kerugian meningkat

Electrical installation guide 2018

The definition of THDi being:

Fig. M18 shows, as a function of the harmonic distortion:

0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 (%)

Electrical installation guide 2018

5.3 Overload of equipment

Fig. M19 Derating required for a transformer supplying electronic loads

Example: If the transformer supplies an overall load comprising 40% of electronic