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Question Asked 3 years ago
Dr. T. HariPrasad
13.7 · Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College Similar questions and discussions

What is the difference between implicit and explicit solutions of the numerical What do Dirichlet and Neumann boundary
solutions? conditions mean?
In CFD, we found Implicit and explicit solutions for the numerical methods. how to
differentiate the both. Question 23 answers
Asked 4 years ago
Numerical Methods CFD Simulation ThermoFluids Modeling using CFD
Hardik Vora
I do not understand what dirichlet and neuman
boundary condition mean? Additionally, I fail to
Share differentiate between essential and natural…
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Popular Answers (1) What is the difference between consistency,
stability and convergence for the numerical
treatment of any PDE?
Husam A. Alissa 3 years ago Question 26 answers
Microsoft
Asked 3 years ago
In the explicit solution, parameters are calculated based on previous levels *
Mithilesh Kumar Dewangan
(e.g.time level):
For a numerical approach to any practical
x(n+1) = x(n)+ z(n) problems which are framed by Partial Differential
Equations, we convert the PDE into any algebric
In the implicit scheme, parameters are dependent on each other at the same time
View
level:
What is the main difference between implicit
x(n+1) = x(n)+z(n+1) and explicit analysis ?
Question 17 answers
Implicit methods are more complicated to use but usually much more stable. And so
larger time steps can be implemented. Asked 5 years ago
Sudhakar Indurthi
18 Recommendations
I need a brief explanation on when we can
choose an explicit analysis
All Answers (18)
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What is difference between implicit and
Sylvio de Freitas 3 years ago explicit FEM in non-linear quasi-static
University of Hamburg
problems?
An explicit solution results from a method that is independent of other values (for the Question 14 answers
same level), a single equation is used to evaluate new nodal variables for a single
time step. Asked 5 years ago
Gajera Vijay
An implicit solution contains information obtained from solving simultaneous In finite element method the non-linear quasi-
equations for the full grid for each time step. This is computationally more static problems can solve by implicit method. I
demanding but allows for larger time steps and better stability. am wondering what the difference is between…
12 Recommendations View
Husam A. Alissa What is the difference between essential
3 years ago
Microsoft boundary conditions and natural boundary
conditions?
In the explicit solution, parameters are calculated based on previous levels * Question 53 answers
(e.g.time level):
Asked 5 years ago
x(n+1) = x(n)+ z(n) Abdullah Waseem
In the implicit scheme, parameters are dependent on each other at the same time What is the difference between essential
level: boundary conditions and natural boundary
conditions, and what is the difference between…
x(n+1) = x(n)+z(n+1) View
Implicit methods are more complicated to use but usually much more stable. And so What is the difference in Finite difference
larger time steps can be implemented. method, Finite volume method and Finite
element method?
18 Recommendations
Question 20 answers
Rajeev KUMAR 3 years ago Asked 3 years ago
Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi
Hassan Iftekhar
Hi Hari, What is the major difference in FVM, FDM and
FEM? Please explain in detail and in simple
Let me explain implicit /explicit stuff with a simple heat equation. words. Which method is used in softwares like…

Tt = Txx ............................................................................…(1) View

What is the difference between first order
(without mentioning the boundary conditions to keep it simple) upwind schemes and second order and
higher schemes?
Explicit Scheme: Is one in which the differential equation is discretized in such a
way that there is only one unknown (at new time level n+1) on the left hand side Question 13 answers
(LHS) of the difference equation and it is computed in terms of all other terms on Asked 4 years ago
the RHS which are known (at previous time level n+1). Let us write an Explicit
Scheme for eqn (1): Hassan Iftekhar
Please help me in understanding these upwind
Discretizing time derivative using forward difference and the second order derivative schemes in fluent?
using central difference we get:

(Tjn+1 - Tjn )/ ∆t = (Tj+1n – 2 Tjn + Tj-1n) / ∆x2 View

Can anyone tell me how to fix reverse flow in
This can be simplified as: fluent flow analysis using ansys 14.5?

Tjn+1 = (1-2r) Tjn + r(Tj-1n + Tj+1n) ………………………………………..(2) Question 33 answers

Asked 5 years ago
where r = ∆t/ ∆x2
Sumit Choudhary
This is an explicit scheme called FTCS (Forward differencing in Time and Central My project is temperature analysis of a double
differencing in Space at time level n) for solving a 1-D heat equation. Explicit as we pipe helical type heat exchanger using water as
see one unknown on LHS (Tjn+1) being calculated in terms on all the term fluid.
on RHS which are known as they are at previous time level n.
View
Explicit Schemes have to satisfy stability conditions in order for solution to converge. What is the purpose of dimensionless
For example above Explicit Scheme in eqn (2) will be stable if r ≤ ½. equations?
Question 27 answers
Implicit Scheme: Is one in which the differential equation is discretized in such a
way that there are multiple unknowns at n+1 time level on the LHS of the equation Asked 6 years ago
and the terms on RHS are known ones at n time level. Let us write Implicit Alfredo Hernández Rodríguez
Scheme for eqn (1):
Why is it neccesary?
(Tjn+1 - Tjn )/ ∆t = (Tj+1n+1 –2 Tjn+1 + Tj-1n+1) / ∆x2
View
(discretizing 2nd order derivative at time level n+1 unlike Explicit Scheme where
we discretized it at n level). We simplify it to:
(1+2r) Tjn+1 - rTj-1n+1 - rTj+1n+1 = Tjn …………………………………..(3)

Here we discretized time derivative term in backward differencing (Backward Got a technical question?
in Time) and discretized 2nd order term in Central differencing in Space both at time Get high-quality answers from experts.
level n+1. Therefore this implicit scheme is called BTCS scheme.
Ask a question
Implicit Schemes result in multiple simultaneous algebraic equations (here we’ll
have 3 equations corresponding to 3 unknowns at time n+1 level) that need to be
solved as a system of equations of the form [K]{T}n+1 = {F}n. In Our simple case here
we have [K]3x3 {T}3n+1 = {F}3n.
Related Publications
Good thing about Implicit Schemes is that they don’t have to satisfy any stability
conditions. They are unconditionally stable. But they are computationally
expensive as you need more storage space for [K] matrix and need sophisticated Investigation of the Acoustic Boundary
algorithms to solve. Conditions Used for the Entropy Wave
Generator Test Case
9 Recommendations
Conference Paper
Krishna Chandran 3 years ago
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Jan 2013
Jean-Michel Lourier · Andreas Huber ·
Explicit solution occurs when nodal points do not have any dependencies. If you Berthold Noll · Manfred Aigner
have n-nodal points or grid points then each equation is solved explicitly. For
The Entropy Wave Generator (EWG) experiment
example the unsteady heat equation can be solved explicitly. Implicit solution occurs
is a generic test case for indirect combustion
when the nodal point has other nodal dependencies. For example when you solve a
noise. This test case has been studied
laplacian equation. In general both these descretisations form a system of
extensively by means of experimental, analytical
equations Ax=b but in explicit solution A is transformed to an identity matrix I (as
and numerical methods. Numerical and
there are no node-node dependencies) and hence no matrix inversion is required.
analytical studies show the major importance of
Implicit methods are known to be more stable hence they are more popular in
modelling the acoustic boundary conditions to
industrial application problems in CFD. However, implicit methods are more time
obtain accurate results. So far, Navier-...
consuming (computationally expensive) than explicit methods in general.
View
4 Recommendations
CFD Simulation of Mixing and Reaction: The
Juan A. Sillero 3 years ago Relevance of the Micro-Mixing Model
McKinsey, Spain
Article
Instead of answering this question, that has been already answered couple of times Aug 2003
in this thread, I would strongly suggest you to start reading this book: "Fundamentals Daniele L Marchisio · Antonello A Barresi
of Engineering Numerical Analysis", from Parviz Moin (CTR Director at Stanford).
The aim of this work is to understand the role of
Is a very easy to go through book, giving you a first taste of numerical methods often the micro-mixing model in computational fluid
used in CFD. dynamics (CFD) simulations of fast reactions.
Using CFD, in fact, the reactor is modelled
through a computational grid and the governing
equations are discretised using numerical
methods. However, the mixing phenomena that
occur at scales that are smalle...
View
CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation
of Fluid Flow in Pre-distributor
Article
Oct 2011
Lühong ZHANG · Guohua GAO ·
Hong SUI · [...] · Li Xingang
Liquid distributor is a very import internal for
distillation columns. Pre-distributor is usually set
on the top of distributor for initial distribution.
Fluid flow in pre-distributor is a complex system
of variable mass flow with many orifices and sub-
branches. Consequently, the two phase
modeling of pre-distributors was carried out and
the homoge...

View
Screen Shot 2016-01-07 at 11.24.37.png · 319.69 KB
5 Recommendations

R. C. Mehta 3 years ago

Noorul Islam University

Implicit method - to get answer after inverting the matrix.

Explicit method - advancing the algorithm (no matrix)

2 Recommendations
Manoj Kumar Nellore 3 years ago
Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya
University
Implicit and explicit functions

The explicit function is a function in which the dependent variable has been given
“explicitly” in terms of the independent variable. Or it is a function in which the
dependent variable is expressed in terms of some independent variables.

It is denoted by:

y=f(x)

Examples of Explicit functions are:

y=axn+bx where a , n and b are constant.

y=5x3-3

The Implicit function is a function in which the dependent variable has not been
given “explicitly” in terms of the independent variable. Or it is a function in which the
dependent variable is not expressed in terms of some independent variables.

It is denoted by:

R(x,y) = 0

Some examples of Implicit Functions are:

x2 + y2 – 1 = 0

y4 + x3 +17 = 0

Although you can convert a Implicit function into Explicit function it is generally not
done because after conversion the new explicit function becomes very complex and
some times also gives two different function branch.

For example you can convert the first implicit function example above to a Explicit
function but after conversion it gives the following function:

And in the new function there are two branches of “y” one the positive branch and
another the negative branch.

2 Recommendations
 Alastair Barnett 3 years ago
HYDRA Software Ltd, New Zealand, Hamilton

The comments to date on implicit solutions relate only to the simplest systems of
equations. In more mathematically challenging hyperbolic problems such as fluid
dynamics, implicit solutions are no longer unconditionally stable.

Stability fundamentally relates to the propagation of waves of information through

the solution. Dynamic waves result from a balance between gravity and inertia, while
kinematic waves result from a balance between gravity and resistance.

1. Where kinematic waves travel faster than dynamic waves, the problems will be
inherently unstable at microscopic level (hydrodynamic instability). Under these
conditions both implicit and explicit solutions have been shown to be unstable.

2. Otherwise numerical stability depends on the relative scales of the control

element chosen for analyis. In the most general case this is a 4-dimensional finite
hypervolume or CELL, following the locus of a finite volume over a finite lifetime. The
distance travelled by a wave during the control element lifetime then relates to a
spatial dimension of the CELL by a ratio known as the Courant Number.

3. Boundary conditions can be viewed relativistically as a timewise extension of

initial conditions. This means that the spacewise direction in which the equations are
solved becomes important.

4. Explicit solutions for each CELL use information only from within that CELL. This
means they are stable only for Courant Numbers <1.

5. Implicit solutions solve simultaneously for groups of CELLS, so they are generally
still stable for Courant Numbers >1. However they may be unstable at low Courant
Numbers if they are solved in the wrong direction from the boundaries.

6. Stability is no guarantee of accuracy, which depends on a balance of influence

between boundary and initial conditions, reached at Courant Number = 1. Here both
explicit and implicit schemes are generally most accurate.

7. However there are as many Courant Numbers as there are wave types and
spatial dimensions, so solution schemes which perform well over a range of Courant
Numbers are needed. Here implicit solutions are much to be preferred, especially as
they can also be coded to run far faster than explicit solutions.

5 Recommendations

Vijay Raghavan 3 years ago

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

@Hariprasad, I see many good answers here. They are very useful to a person with
a good knowledge of mathematical/numerical analysis. I have given below a really
simple, physical explanation of the explicit and implicit methods which my students
have found to be very enlightening before embarking on deeper study. I have
attached it as a word file.

I begin from the simple countercurrent and co-current (often termed parallel flow)
heat exchangers. The known quantities are the two inlet temperatures, flow rates
and heat transfer coefficients (from the Nusselt number correlation). The unknowns
are outlet temperatures which are required to be determined by a numerical
approach. The flow passage is discretized into a number of elements. The figure
makes it clear.

(Please see attached file for figure)

In the above coflow example, we have three unknowns, Tout, tout and hear flow q.
We have the following three equations:

(please see attachment for equations)

This is easily solvable explicitly and we can “march” from cell 1 to cell 2…. Till we
reach the last cell.

The “out” temperatures from the first cell are the ‘known’ “in” temperatures in the
next cell.

(please see the second figure in the attached file)

In the counterflow example, in cell 1 we have the same three equations but four
unknowns. This is not solvable if we consider the first cell alone.

If we take that the heat exchanger is divided into two cells and take them together,
we have six unknowns. We also have three equations for each cell, thus six in all.

So this is solvable, but not explicitly. That is why we call this as implicit method.

Let us say there are 10 cells in the heat exchanger. If we write the equations for all
10 cells, we have 30 equations and 30 unknowns and we get a solvable system.
Here we cannot “march” from cell to cell but have to solve all cells simultaneously. To
solve a large number of simultaneous equations, we can use matrix methods.

I hope that the above example gives a physical feel to explicit and implicit
approaches and eases the understanding of the other answers given.

Explicit - Implicit.docx · 15.02 KB

Santosh Kumar Rana 3 years ago
University of Texas at Dallas

Rajeev KUMAR has explained your answer very nicely. I will suggest you to follow
implicit scheme more often (if possible for the particular problem) because it is
always consistent and most of the time implicit methods are stable.

3 Recommendations

João Oliveira 3 years ago

University of Minho

The explicit formulation needs the values from other nodes at a previous instant of
time to determine the node value of the present one, the computational calculation
method is very simple. However, the time step has to be really small in order to
maintain the stability of this approach, so it will require a huge number of iterations
that could increase significantly the calculation time.

The implicit formulation is much less time-consuming once that it does not need to
verify any stabilization criteria for the time step. Because the calculation of a node
value at a present instant depends on the values of neighbouring nodes at the same
time. All the nodes are calculated simultaneously.

1 Recommendation
Juan A. Sillero
McKinsey, Spain 3 years ago

@Joao_OLiveira I disagree. Explicit solvers are the simplest, and you can determine
the stability region of your scheme (eigenvalues) --a priori-- to compute at each step
the required time step once the CFL is fixed. The number of computations to achieve
 a solution at each time step is O(N) using a LU decomposition that can be
computed, once for all, if use an explicit scheme (further advantage can be taken if
the linear system of equations can be represented by a tridiagonal matrix, which
reduces the total number of computations to Nt=45*N for a NxN
matrix). http://goo.gl/VNO3Jw

If for some specific direction the physic of your problem imposes a time step that is
going to be "very small", then you can switch to an implicit algorithm to evolve those
terms. However, to solve for the implicit terms you must assemble a new matrix (a
dense matrix) and invert it, or to use some sort of iterative algorithm. In both cases
the number of computations are much higher than in the explicit case.

Since the original question is related to CFD numerics, I would suggest you to
anyone to read the paper attached that discuss with terms in the Direct Numerical
Simulation (DNS) of the NS equations can be treated explicitly, and which should be
treated implicitly (wall-normal strong gradients at the near-wall boundaries) once the
spatial discretization resolution is chosen. Because of the huge cost of solving such
implicit system, approximation are taken and the incurred errors quantified, so one
can evaluate the global spatial-temporal accuracy of the solver.

Correct me if wrong.

Simens_etal_JCP09.pdf · 3.20 MB
1 Recommendation

João Oliveira 3 years ago

University of Minho

@Juan A. Sillero That's right. Even if the implicit method is unconditionally stable
(depending on the time step and the problem), it is very costly compared to the
explicit formulation. However, when I said that the implicit method can be less time-
consuming it was because it can use large time steps and get the solution in a
shorter time than explicit approach (for some terms) with a reasonable accuracy.
That's the main goal, results with low computer costs and sufficient accuracy. It was
a general explanation.

Regarding to your last paragraph, that's why the CFD software usually uses a semi-
implicit approach.

Thank for your answer.

Best regards

1 Recommendation

Osama Marzouk 3 years ago

University of Buraimi

Explicit schemes have been popular in areas like computational aeroacoustics

because the resolution requirement on the time step is generally severer than the
stability requirements, so there is no time saving for using implicit schemes.

1 Recommendation

Osama Al-Habahbeh 3 years ago

University of Jordan

That depends on the numerical solution scheme. It could be implicit or explicit. Each
one has advantages and disadvantages and the choice depends on the
requirements of the problem at hand.

1 Recommendation

Sisay Debele 2 years ago

University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

In explicit integration methods information is used that already exists, particularly

concerning the derivatives: to calculate yt +dt you do use the derivative at point t but
not at t+dt.

In implicit methods you estimate derivatives which are not already calculated (cost
considerably more calculation time). Implicit methods are difficult to implement
.Many models consisting of partial differential equations can only be solved with
implicit methods because of stability demands. Although implicit methods often have
to be employed in many simulation models.

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