Lec 15

EE-847: Microwave Networks &
Passive Components
Course Code: EE-847
Semester: Fall 2018
Credit Hours: 3+0
Prerequisite Codes: EE-241 Electromagnetic Field Theory (3+0),
or Equivalent
Instructor: Dr. Nosherwan Shoaib
Office: B-205, 1st floor, RIMMS
E-mail: nosherwan.shoaib@seecs.edu.pk
© Copyright Dr. Nosherwan Shoaib, 2018 Microwave Networks & Passive Components 1
Last Week
Signal Flow Graphs (4.5)
OHT-02 - Discussion
This week’s Social Ethics
This Week Lectures
Power Dividers and Directional Couplers (7.1, 7.2)
Wilkinson Power Divider (7.3)
Power Dividers and Directional Couplers
One of the most fundamental problems in microwave Networks &
Passive Components is how to divide signal power
Power dividers and directional couplers are passive microwave
components used for power division or power combining
Power division and combining. (a) Power division. (b) Power combining
Applications:
 Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) Systems
1-α
 Providing a signal sample for measurement or monitoring, feedback
 Combining feeds to and from antennas
 The coupler or divider may have three ports, four ports, or more, and may be (ideally)
lossless
 Three-port networks take the form of T-junctions and other power dividers, while four-
port networks take the form of directional couplers and hybrids
 Power dividers usually provide in-phase output signals with an equal power division
ratio (3 dB), but unequal power division ratios are also possible
 Directional couplers can be designed for arbitrary power division
 Hybrid junctions usually have equal power division
o Hybrid junctions have either a 90◦ or a 180◦ phase shift between the output ports
Ideally, a lossless, matched and reciprocal network is

required
This simplest microwave problem would seemingly be to divide a signal power in two
This divider would seemingly need to be matched and lossless, and would likely
be reciprocal.
Basic Properties of Dividers and Couplers
T junction = Simplest type of power divider  S11 S12 S13 

 
The S-parameter matrix for T-junction is
 S    S21 S22 S 23 
S S33 
 31 S32
For all ports matched, reciprocal, and lossless:
Lossless  [S] is unitary  0 S12 S13 

 
Matched  diagonal elements are zero
Reciprocal  [S] is Symmetric     S12
S  0 S23 
S 0 
 13 S23
For Lossless Device
 S12  S13  1
2 2
S12  S 23  1
2 2
S13  S 23  1
2 2
S13 S 23  0
S12 S 23  0
 At least 2 of S13, S12, S23 must be zero.
S12 S13  0 (If only one is zero (or none is zero), we cannot satisfy all three.)
For Lossless Device
 S12  S13  1
2 2
S12  S 23  1
2 2
S13  S 23  1
2 2
S13 S 23  0
S12 S 23  0
 At least 2 of S13, S12, S23 must be zero.
S12 S13  0 (If only one is zero (or none is zero), we cannot satisfy all three.)
A three-port network cannot be

simultaneously lossless, reciprocal,
and matched at all ports
Circulator
Consider a 3-port network that is non-reciprocal, all ports matched, and lossless:
 0 S12 S13  It generally relies on an anisotropic material,

 
  S    S21 0 S23  such as ferrite, to achieve nonreciprocal
S 0 
behavior
 31 S32
 S21  S31  1
2 2
1
S12  S23  S31  0
S12  S32  1
2 2
S21  S32  S13  1
S13  S23  1
2 2
or
“Circulator”
2

S S32  0
31
S21  S32  S13  0

S 21 S23  0 S12  S23  S31  1
S12 S13  0
Circulator
S 21
1 0 0 1 2
  Clockwise
  
S  1 0 0 
S32
(LH)
0 1 0 1
  circulator
S13
3
2
0 1 0 S 12
 
  
S  0 0 1  2
Counter
1 0 0
  1 S 23 clockwise
(RH)
S31 3 circulator
Basic Properties: Four-Port Networks (Directional Couplers)
 The S-matrix for 4-port reciprocal and network is :
 Solving for lossless case, we get 10 equations whose analysis concludes that a
reciprocal, matched and lossless 4-port network is possible
 Such a 4-port device is called ‘directional coupler’
 In a directional coupler, the power supplied at port 1 is coupled to port 3 (coupled port) and
rest of the signal is delivered to port 2 (through port)
 In ideal directional coupler, no power is delivered to port 4 (isolated port)
where,
|S13| = β
 The coupling factor indicates the fraction of the input power that is coupled to the output
port
 The directivity is a measure of the coupler’s ability to isolate forward and backward
waves (or the coupled and uncoupled ports)
 The isolation is a measure of the power delivered to the uncoupled port
 These quantities are related as:
 The insertion loss accounts for the input power delivered to the through port, diminished
by power delivered to the coupled and isolated ports
 The ideal coupler has infinite directivity and isolation (S14 = 0)
T-Junction Power Divider
 Simplest 3-port power divider / combiner

 T-junction can be implemented using any type of
transmission-line
Different type of power divider (a) E-plane waveguide T, (b) H-plane waveguide T,
(c) Microstrip based T-junction divider
T-Junction : Lossless Divider
 A lossless divider is modeled as a junction of

three transmission-lines
• In order for the divider to be matched to the
input line of characteristic impedance Z0, we
must have:
Transmission line model of a lossless T-junction

must have:
The output line impedances, Z1 and Z2, can

be selected to provide various power
division ratios

must have:
• There will be no isolation between the two

output ports
• There will be a mismatch looking into the
output ports
Example 7.1
T-Junction : Resistive Divider
 If a three-port divider contains lossy components, it can be made to be matched at all

ports, although the two output ports may not be isolated
Z0 4Z0 4Z0
Z in1  
3 3 3
Z0 2Z0
   Z0
3 3
Same for Zin1 and Zin2
 All ports are matched

 Because the network is
symmetric from all three
An equal-split three-port resistive power divider.
ports, the output ports are
also matched. Thus, S11 =
S22 = S33 = 0
 If the voltage at port 1 is V1, then by voltage
division the voltage V at the center of the
junction is
and the output voltages are, again by voltage

division,
⇒ S21 = S31 = S23 = 1/2 An equal-split three-port resistive

power divider
The network is reciprocal, so the scattering
matrix is symmetric
 If the voltage at port 1 is V1, then by voltage
division the voltage V at the center of the
junction is
and the output voltages are, again by voltage

division,
⇒ S21 = S31 = S23 = 1/2 An equal-split three-port resistive

power divider
The network is reciprocal, so the scattering
matrix is symmetric
All ports are matched, but half
of the supplied power is
⇒ dissipated in the resistors, and
the output ports are not isolated
Wilkinson Power Divider
Invented in 1960 by Ernest J. Wilkinson Jr
Presented in ‘IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Techniques’ as a paper titled ‘An N-way Hybrid Power Divider’
Wilkinson power divider splits an input signal into two equal phase
output signals, or combines two equal-phase signal into one in the
opposite direction
It relies on quarter-wave transformers to match the split ports to the
common port
/4
g
2 Z0
2Z
0
Z0 1 2Z 0
2Z
0
3 Z0
g
/4
The resistor does a lot more than allow all three ports to be
matched, it fully isolates port 2 from port 3 at the center frequency
Photograph of a four-way corporate power divider network using three microstrip

Wilkinson power dividers. Note the isolation chip resistors.
*Courtesy of M. D. Abouzahra, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Mass.

 Three port network
Popular power divider because it is easy to construct and has some
useful properties:
 Matched at all ports
 Large isolation between output ports
 Reciprocal
 Lossless when output ports are matched
- All ports matched (S11 = S22 = S33 = 0)

- Output ports are isolated (S23 = S32 = 0)
/4
g
2 Z0
0 1 1
0
2Z
1 2Z 0
j  
S    1 0 0
Z0
2Z
0
3 Z0 2 
g
/4  1 0 0 
 Power Divider can be made with equal or arbitrary power division
ratios
 We will first consider the equal split (3 dB) case
The Wilkinson power divider (a) An equal-split Wilkinson power divider in

microstrip line form (b) Equivalent transmission line circuit
Even-Odd Mode Analysis
 We will excite the circuit in two configurations (symmetrical and anti-
symmetrical), then will add both of them for getting total solution
 This mathematical process is known as “Even-Odd Mode Analysis”
 Used in many branches of science such as quantum mechanics,
antenna analysis etc.
 For Even-Odd Mode Analysis, the power divider will be simplified by:
 Normalize all impedances to Zo
 Return line for Transmission line will not be sketched
The Wilkinson power divider circuit in normalized and symmetric form
Even Mode
Bisection of the circuit for Even Mode Analysis
 Vg2=Vg3=2Vo
 I=0 due to the symmetrical excitation
 Looking into port 2, we see an impedance
Even Mode
 The transmission line looks like quarter wave transformer so,
 Applying Voltage Divider Rule at output Port 2
 The Transmission Line equation will be used for finding Ve1,
Even Mode
 The reflection coefficient is seen at Port 1 looking toward the resistor
of normalized value 2, so
 So the voltage for even mode is,
Odd Mode
Bisection of the circuit for Odd Mode Analysis

 Vg2=-Vg3=2Vo
For input impedance in case of odd mode analysis, notice that the
load is a short circuit and transmission line is λ/4
 This means that the input impedance is infinity. Therefore, to

match port 2 (and 3) for odd mode excitation, select:
Odd Mode
 In this case all power is delivered to resistor of r/2 and none power is
delivered to port 1.
Input Impedance
 Input Impedance of the Wilkinson Power Divider at Port 1
Analysis of the Wilkinson divider to find S11
Scattering Parameters
 The following Scattering parameters are established for Wilkinson
Power Divider,
Scattering Parameters
 The following Scattering parameters are established for Wilkinson
Power Divider,
0 1 1
j  
S    1 0 0
2 
 1 0 0 
Wilkinson Power Divider with Unequal Power Division
Wilkinson Power Divider with Unequal Power Division
A Wilkinson power divider in microstrip form having unequal power division
The Power ratio between Port 2 and 3 is given by
N-way Wilkinson Dividers
N-way Wilkinson Dividers
An N-way, equal-split Wilkinson power divider.
 N-way Wilkinson Power Divider can be matched at all ports with isolation
between all ports.
The disadvantage is that it requires crossovers for resistors for N>3 so it
makes fabrication difficult in planar circuits.


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EE-847: Microwave Networks &

One of the most fundamental problems in microwave Networks &

Passive Components is how to divide signal power

Power dividers and directional couplers are passive microwave

components used for power division or power combining

 Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) Systems

 Providing a signal sample for measurement or monitoring, feedback

 Combining feeds to and from antennas

port networks take the form of directional couplers and hybrids

 Directional couplers can be designed for arbitrary power division

 Hybrid junctions usually have equal power division

Ideally, a lossless, matched and reciprocal network is

T junction = Simplest type of power divider  S11 S12 S13 

Lossless  [S] is unitary  0 S12 S13 

For Lossless Device

For Lossless Device

A three-port network cannot be

 0 S12 S13  It generally relies on an anisotropic material,

 The S-matrix for 4-port reciprocal and network is :

waves (or the coupled and uncoupled ports)

 The isolation is a measure of the power delivered to the uncoupled port

 These quantities are related as:

by power delivered to the coupled and isolated ports

 The ideal coupler has infinite directivity and isolation (S14 = 0)

 Simplest 3-port power divider / combiner

 A lossless divider is modeled as a junction of

Transmission line model of a lossless T-junction

 A lossless divider is modeled as a junction of

The output line impedances, Z1 and Z2, can

Transmission line model of a lossless T-junction

 A lossless divider is modeled as a junction of

• There will be no isolation between the two

 If a three-port divider contains lossy components, it can be made to be matched at all

 All ports are matched

and the output voltages are, again by voltage

⇒ S21 = S31 = S23 = 1/2 An equal-split three-port resistive

and the output voltages are, again by voltage

⇒ S21 = S31 = S23 = 1/2 An equal-split three-port resistive

Presented in ‘IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and

Techniques’ as a paper titled ‘An N-way Hybrid Power Divider’

output signals, or combines two equal-phase signal into one in the

matched, it fully isolates port 2 from port 3 at the center frequency

Photograph of a four-way corporate power divider network using three microstrip

*Courtesy of M. D. Abouzahra, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Mass.

Popular power divider because it is easy to construct and has some

 Matched at all ports

 Large isolation between output ports

 Lossless when output ports are matched

- All ports matched (S11 = S22 = S33 = 0)

 We will first consider the equal split (3 dB) case

The Wilkinson power divider (a) An equal-split Wilkinson power divider in

 This mathematical process is known as “Even-Odd Mode Analysis”

 Used in many branches of science such as quantum mechanics,

antenna analysis etc.

The Wilkinson power divider circuit in normalized and symmetric form

Bisection of the circuit for Even Mode Analysis

 I=0 due to the symmetrical excitation

 Looking into port 2, we see an impedance

 Applying Voltage Divider Rule at output Port 2

 The Transmission Line equation will be used for finding Ve1,

 So the voltage for even mode is,

Bisection of the circuit for Odd Mode Analysis

 This means that the input impedance is infinity. Therefore, to