2013

YEAR 12 HSC COURSE

HALF – YEARLY EXAM

STUDENT NAME: __________________________

Chemistry – 2 Unit

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Part A
 Working time – 2 hours Total marks (15)
(includes 5 minutes reading time) Attempt questions 1 – 15
 Write your name on your question and Allow about 25 minutes for this part answer
papers.
 Topics examined in this paper are
- The Production of Materials Part B
- The Acidic Environment Total marks (60)
 Attempt ALL questions Attempt questions 16 - 26
 You will require a calculator for this exam. Allow about 1 hr. and 35 mins. for this part
 Write all answers in the spaces provided in
the answer booklet using a blue or black pen.
 Draw diagrams using pencil. A copy of the Periodic Table of the Elements
 Anything written in the question book will and Data Sheet is supplied.
not be marked. Please return it at the end of the exam.
 If you require scrap paper for working ask
your supervising teacher.

Part A: Multiple Choice Questions

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question.
Place a cross in the space that matches the best answer on your answer sheet.
1. The main industrial source of ethylene is from the

(A) dehydration of ethanol

(B) yeast fermentation of sugar from sugar cane
(C) distillation of petroleum
(D) cracking of fractions from petroleum refining

2. A structural formula of a common monomer is shown below.

The common name of this molecule is

(A) styrene (B) phenylbenzene (C) ethenylbenzene (D) PVC

3. Which of the following pairs of compounds would react to form a condensation polymer?

4. Ethanol can be converted to ethene using a catalyst. What is this type of reaction called?

(A) Polymerisation (B) Hydration (C) Neutralisation (D) Dehydration

5. Which of the following lists contain metals which will all displace lead from a solution
of lead (II) nitrate?

(A) Copper, silver, zinc

(B) Zinc, magnesium, copper
(C) Silver, iron, zinc’
(D) Iron, zinc, magnesium

6. The anode in an electrochemical cell is

(A) the site at which oxidation occurs

(B) the electrode towards which anions migrate
(C) the electrode to which electrons flow in an external circuit
(D) the electrode that increases its mass during an electrochemical reaction

7. The dissolving of carbon dioxide in water is an exothermic process.

CO2 (g) CO2 (aq)
The concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide can be increased by

(A) increasing both the temperature and the pressure

(B) decreasing both the temperature and the pressure.
(C) increasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure.
(D) decreasing the temperature and increasing the pressure.

8. In Sydney as in most major cities in the world, the major source of emissions of nitrogen oxides
comes from

(A) transport (B) industry (C) houses (D) waste

9. Identify the set that contains an acidic oxide, an amphoteric oxide and a basic oxide.

(A) Al2O3, CaO, CuO

(B) Na2O, ZnO, FeO
(C) Cl2O7, ZnO, BaO,
(D) CO2, SO2, Al2O3
10. The acid 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic is most likely to be found in

(A) vinegar (B) lemons (C) the stomach (D) fertiliser

11. Weak acids

(A) do not ionise in water

(B) ionise almost completely in water
(C) ionise less as water is added
(D) ionise more as water is added

12. What volume of water must be added to 20 mL of a 0.01 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid solution
to change the pH to 4.0?

(A) 60 mL (B) 200 mL (C) 1980 mL (D) 2000 mL

13. The conjugate acid of the hydroxide ion is

(A) O2- (B) H2O (C) H3O+ (D) OH-

14. According to Arrhenius’ theory of acids and bases, an acid is a substance that

(A) is capable of accepting electrons

(B) contains oxygen atoms.
(C) increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution.
(D) can produce hydrogen gas when reacting with an active metal

15. A student pipetted 10.0 mL of a sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask, added a few drops
of phenolphthalein indicator and titrated this with a 0.015 mol L-1 solution of hydrochloric acid.
The volume of hydrochloric acid required was 19.25 mL.
What is the concentration of sodium hydroxide (to the correct number of significant figures)?
(A) 7.8 x 10-2 mol L-1 (B) 2.9 x 10-2 mol L-1
(C) 2.89 x 10-2 mol L-1 (D) 5.78 x 10-2 mol L-1

Part B Short Answer Questions

Answer all questions in the spaces provided in your answer booklet.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Question 16 (3 marks)
(a) Name a commercially significant addition polymer. (1 mark)

(b) Clearly describe a property of this polymer that makes it suitable for a particular use. (2 marks)

Question 17 (3 marks)

Cellulose is a natural biopolymer

(a)Where is cellulose commonly found in nature? (1 mark)

(b) Identify the monomer units from which cellulose is formed? (1 mark)

(c) Scientists are producing polymers from the bacterial breakdown of cellulose. These
substances are sometimes called ‘bacterial plastics’. State one reason why it is important
to produce bacterial plastics. (1 mark)
Question 18 (7 marks)
Since ancient times, the process of fermentation has been used to prepare ethanol.

(a) Write a balanced equation for the fermentation of glucose. (2 marks)

(b) Assuming the density of ethanol is 0.800 g mL-1, calculate the mass of glucose that would
be needed to produce 14.6 L of pure ethanol. (2 marks)

(c) State two conditions that need to occur for an efficient fermentation process. (2 marks)

(d) Suggest a reason why scientists are promoting the production of ethanol from starch and
cellulose fermentation rather than from crude oil. (1 mark)

Question 19 (10 marks)

The diagram below shows the apparatus a student used to find the heat of combustion of three
alkanols – methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol.

(a) Apart from the mass of water being heated, what measurements would the student need
to take to calculate the molar heat of combustion of each alkanol? (2 marks)

(b) The table below gives the heats of combustion of each alkanol as determined by each
student and the accepted values from an SI Data Book.

Alkanol HC (kJ mol-1) HC (kJ mol-1)

Student’s results SI Data Book
methanol - 510 - 726
ethanol - 640 - 1367
1-propanol - 980 - 2021

(i) Suggest the main reason for the large difference between the student’s results
and the Data Book values. (1 mark)
(ii) Suggest a reason why the heat of combustion increases from methanol to 1-propanol. (1 mark)

(c) (i) Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of 1-propanol. (1 mark)
(ii) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas that would be produced at 100 kPa
and 25°C by the complete combustion of 84.60 g of 1-propanol. (2 marks)

(d) (i) Burners like the one shown in the diagram above are relatively safe if alkanols
are used. State two important factors that decide whether a fuel is safe to use in
a spirit burner. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain one important safety procedure that should be followed during this
experiment. (1 mark)
Question 20 (5 marks)

Pure copper metal and sulfur dioxide gas are produced when copper (I) sulfide is roasted
(heated strongly) in air.

(a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the volume of gas produced when 4.108 kg of copper (I) sulfide reacts
completely in air at 100 kPa and 25°C. (2 marks)

(c) Describe two effects the release of this gas could eventually have on the local
environment. (2 marks)

Question 21 (7 marks)

A student who knows that silver is a more active metal than gold decides to set up a silver/gold
galvanic cell. The cell is operating at 25 °C, and the concentrations of silver ions and gold ions
are both 1.0 mol L-1.

(a) Write a balanced ionic equation for the overall cell reaction. (1 mark)

(b) After the cell has been operating for some time, a chemist measures the mass changes in
both electrodes. For each electrode, state whether the mass increased, decreased or stayed
the same and explain your reasoning. (2 marks)

(c) When the cell first starts to operate, the potential difference between the electrodes is 3.1 V.
Over time, this potential difference decreases. Suggest one significant reason as to why this
decrease in potential occurs. (2 marks)

(d) The diagram shows a salt bridge connecting the two half-cells. The salt bridge allows a flow of
ions between the two half cells.

(i) State how you would construct a salt bridge. (1 mark)

(ii) What is the direction (right or left) of positive ion flow through the salt bridge? (1 mark)
Question 22 (7 marks)

The atoms of many elements are either unstable naturally or can be made to be unstable.

(a) Describe two conditions that could make a nucleus unstable. (2 marks)

(b) Identify one particle that could be emitted from the nucleus of an unstable atom. (1 mark)

(c) Describe the nature of this particle. (1 mark)

(d) Name an instrument that could be used to detect this particle and briefly describe the
process the instrument uses in its detection. (2 marks)

(e) Unstable nuclei are used in medicine. Name one isotope and describe one such use. (1 mark)

Question 23 (4 marks)

A scientist bombards a sample of the isotope iron-58 with neutrons. A single neutron is captured
by each Fe-58 nucleus to form a new isotope of iron. This isotope then undergoes beta decay,
producing a daughter nucleus.

(a) Explain how the isotope iron-58 was bombarded with neutrons and why this method
was chosen. (2 marks)

(b) Write an equation for the neutron absorption nuclear reaction. (1 mark)

(c) Identify the daughter nucleus produced by beta decay. (1 mark)

Question 24 (5 marks)

This table gives the solubility of carbon dioxide in water at various temperatures.
Solubility/g of CO2
Temperature (°C) per 100 g of water
0 0.33
10 0.23
20 0.17
30 0.13
40 0.097

(a) Describe the trend in the solubility of carbon dioxide with change in temperature. (1 mark)

(b) The dissolving of carbon dioxide in water involves an equilibrium process.

Write a balanced equation for a reversible reaction of carbon dioxide with water. (1 mark)

(c) One test for carbon dioxide is to bubble the gas through a solution of calcium hydroxide,
until a white precipitate of calcium carbonate is formed.

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas, measured at 25°C and 100 kPa, needed to
produce 0.50 g of calcium carbonate by the reaction. (3 marks)
Question 25 (6 marks)
At the turn of the 20th century the scientist Arrhenius established the existence of ions in solution
and this advance in scientific understanding was used by him to change the way chemists thought
about acids and bases. Later Bronsted and Lowry independently suggested a new definition of acids
and bases.

(a) What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition? (1 mark)

(b) Outline one advantage of the new definition for scientific chemical thinking? (1 mark)

(c) Name an example of an amphiprotic ion and explain using chemical equations what
is meant by "amphiprotic". (4 marks)

Question 26 (3 marks)

(a) Name a natural system that has a buffer as part of its chemistry and write an equation
that represents the equilibrium that this buffer produces in water. (2 marks)

(b) Describe the effect of adding a small amount of base to the system named in (a). (1 mark)

End of Test
 CHEMISTRY YR 12 HALF-YEARLY EXAMINATION 2013
ANSWERS
Total Marks = 75
Part A: Multiple Choice Questions (15 marks)

1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. D

6. A 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. B

11. D 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. B

Part B (60 marks)

16. (a) PVC (polyvinyl chloride).
Criteria Marks
 Correctly names a commercially significant addition polymer. 1

(b) Used in drainage pipes and sewage pipes as it is impervious to water, oils and most
other chemicals.
Criteria Marks
 Clearly describes a property of this polymer and a suitable use. 2
 Clearly describes a property of this polymer OR a suitable use. 1

17. (a) In biomass OR plant cells OR plant cell walls.

Criteria Marks
 Correctly identifies biomass OR plant cells OR plant cell walls. 1
 Identifies plants. 0

(b) Glucose
Criteria Marks
 Identifies glucose 1
(c) Example: Most plastics are made from petroleum and this resource in non-renewable.
Criteria Marks
 One relevant reason correctly identified. 1

18. (a)
C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
Criteria Marks
 Equation is correctly written and balanced (states not necessary). 2
 Formulae are correct but equation is not correctly balanced. 1
(b) m ethanol = 14600 x 0.8 = 11680 g
n ethanol = 11680 / (24.02 + 6.048 + 16) = 11680 / 46.068
= 253.53825
∴ n sugar = 253.53825 x ½ = 126.76912
∴ m sugar = 126.76912 x (72.06 + 12.096 + 96)
= 22838.218 g
= 22.8 kg
Criteria Marks
 Calculation is correct and has units. 2
 Calculation is correct OR moles is correctly calculated. 1
 (c) Any two of the following conditions:
 anaerobic conditions (air is excluded)
 a suitable temperature (about 37 oC)
 pH: 3.7– 4.6
 removal of alcohol once it has reached approximately 14%
Criteria Marks
 Two suitable conditions are stated. 2
 One suitable condition is stated. 1

(d) Ethanol produced from fermentation is a renewable resource whereas ethanol produced
from crude oil is not. OR
Ethanol produced from fermentation is more greenhouse neutral than ethanol produced
from crude oil.
Criteria Marks
 One relevant reason is suggested. 1

19. (a) The change in temperature of the water and the change in mass of the alcohol.
Criteria Marks
 Change in water temperature and change in mass of the alcohol are stated. 2
 Change in water temperature OR change in mass of the alcohol are stated. 1

(b) (i) Loss of heat to the environment.

Criteria Marks
 Loss of heat to the environment is stated. 1

(b) (ii) More bonds are formed as the molecular mass increases.
Criteria Marks
 Statement is made about molecular mass increasing OR more bonds being
1
formed as molecular mass increases.

(c) (i) C3H7OH + 4½O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

Criteria Marks
 Equation is correct and balanced. 1

(c) (ii) n propanol = m / M = 84.6 / 60.094

= 1.4077945
∴ n CO2 = 3 x 1.4077945 = 4.2233834

∴ V CO2 = 4.2233834 x 24.79 = 104.7 L

Criteria Marks
 Calculation is correct and has units. 2
 Calculation is correct OR moles of CO2 is correctly calculated. 1

(d) (i) If the fuel is explosive.

The volatility of the fuel.
Criteria Marks
 Two relevant factors are stated. 2
 One relevant factors is stated. 1

(d) (ii) No alcohol should be spilt or left on the outside of the burner.
Criteria Marks
 One relevant safety procedure is stated. 1
20. (a) Cu2S(s) + O2(g) → 2Cu(s) + SO2(g)
Criteria Marks
 Equation is correct and balanced (states not necessary) 1

(b) n Cu2S = m / M = 4108 / 159.17

= 25.808883

∴ n SO2 = 25.808883

∴ V SO2 = 25.808883 x 24.79 = 639.8 L

Criteria Marks
 Calculation is correct to 4 sf and has correct units. 2
 Calculation is correct OR moles of SO2 is correctly calculated. 1

(c) It could produce acid rain which could damage foliage and local buildings.
It could cause air pollution leading to respiratory problems such as asthma.
Criteria Marks
 Two relevant effects are described. 2
 One relevant effect is described. 1

21. (a) Ag(s) + Au+(aq) → Ag+(aq) + Au(s)

Criteria Marks
 Equation is correct and balanced (states not necessary) 1

(b) The mass of the silver electrode decreased as the silver was oxidised.
The mass of the gold electrode increased as gold ions were reduced.
Criteria Marks
 Each indication is correct and properly explained. 2
 Each indication is correct OR properly explained 1

(c) The silver electrodes gradually corrodes OR

The concentration of gold ions decreases OR
The ions in the salt bridge decrease in concentration.
Criteria Marks
 A correct and significant reason is stated. 2
 A correct reason is stated. 1

(d) (i) A strip of filter paper is folded and soaked in an appropriate soluble ionic salt such
as potassium nitrate. An end of the filter paper is dipped in each electrolyte. OR
A glass tube containing filter wool is soaked in an appropriate soluble ionic salt such
as potassium nitrate. An end of the filter paper is dipped in each electrolyte.
Criteria Marks
 Method includes a material and names a salt solution. 1
 Method includes a material OR names a salt solution. 0

(ii) Right (towards the gold half-cell)

Criteria Marks
 The correct direction (right) is stated. 1
22. (a) A high n:p ratio (above 1.5: 1.0) .
The nucleus contains too many particles (its mass is too high).
Criteria Marks
 Two correct conditions are stated. 2
 One correct condition is stated. 1

(b) An alpha particle OR a beta particle.

Criteria Marks
 A correct particle is named. 1

(c) An alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons OR

A beta particle is a negatively charged electron.
Criteria Marks
 A correct property is stated for the particle named. 1

(d) Geiger counter OR an electroscope OR a cloud chamber etc.

The nuclear particle ionises a gas (argon) in the Geiger-Muller tube and the electrons
produced from this ionisation cause an increased current (pulse) to flow in a circuit.
Criteria Marks
 A correct instrument is named and a correct process is described. 2
 A correct instrument is named OR a correct process is described. 1

(e) Iodine-131 is used in the detection and treatment of thyroid cancer. The radioactive iodine
concentrates in the thyroid gland and emits b particles and gamma radiation which kills the
abnormal cells. Low energy beta particles can be precisely targeted have a short half-life so
damage to healthy cells is reduced.
Criteria Marks
 Description includes the name of the isotope, what it targets and its action. 1

23. (a) The isotope iron-58 was bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Neutrons are
uncharged and cannot not normally be accelerated in the electric and magnetic field
associated with particle accelerators.
Criteria Marks
 Correctly states that bombardment occurred in a nuclear reactor and 2
explains why a nuclear reactor was used instead of a particle accelerator.
 Correctly states that bombardment occurred in a nuclear reactor. 1

(b) 58
26 Fe + 1
0 n → 59
26 Fe
Criteria Marks
 Equation is correctly written. 1

(c) 59
26 Fe → 59
27 Co + 0
1 β The daughter nucleus is Cobalt-59.
Criteria Marks
 Cobalt-59 is identified. 1

24. (a) As temperature rises carbon dioxide is less soluble.

Criteria Marks
 Trend is correctly described linking temperature and solubility. 1

(b) CO2(g) ⇌ CO2(aq) OR CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3(aq)

Criteria Marks
 Equation is correct and includes equilibrium arrows. 1
(c) molar mass of CaCO3 = (40.08 + 12.01) + (3 x 16) = 100.09 g
n CaCO3 = 0.50/100.09 = 0.0050
∴ Vol of CO2 = 0.0050 x 24.79 = 0.12 L (2 sf.)
Criteria Marks
 Calculation is correct to 2 sf. 3
 Calculation is correct. 2
 Calculation is incorrect but includes one correct step. 1

25. (a) That acids are proton donors and that bases are proton acceptors.
Criteria Marks
 Definition is correct and includes both acids and bases. 1

(b) More chemicals could be classified as acids and bases OR

The definition allowed for more solvents than just water OR
The definition allowed for an understanding of amphiprotic OR
substances
Criteria Marks
 One clear advantage is outlined. 1

(c) An amphiprotic substance is a substance that can act as both a

proton donor and a proton acceptor eg. the hydrogen carbonate ion; HCO3-

Acting as an acid: HCO3- + OH- → CO32- + H2O

Acting as a base: HCO3- + H3O+ → H2CO3 + H2O
Criteria Marks
 A clear definition is stated and an appropriate example and two relevant 4
equations. 3
 A clear definition is stated and an appropriate example and one relevant
equation. 3
 A clear definition is stated with two relevant equations.
 A clear definition is stated and an example. 2
 A definition is stated and related to an example or an equation. 1

26. (a) Human blood contains a buffer.

H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+ OR H2CO3 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H3O+

Criteria Marks
 A relevant natural system is named and an appropriate equation is written. 2
 A relevant natural system is named OR an appropriate equation is written. 1

(b) A small amount of base will react with the hydrogen ions to produce water.
The decrease in hydrogen ions will cause the equilibrium to shift to the right to produce
more hydrogen ions. The pH will rise initially then fall until a new equilibrium position
is reached.
Criteria Marks
 Description includes the removal of hydrogen ions and a shift to the right
to replace these ions. 1
 Description includes the removal of hydrogen ions OR a shift to the right to 0
replace these ions.

End of Test