Alamata - Idp Strategy, Phase Report

Anbessa and Associates Consult Architects, Urban planners, Engineers and Development specialists
ALAMATA INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING
PROJECTS STRATEGY
REPORT JUNE 2009
Anbessa and Associates Consult Architects,Urban

planners,Engineers,and Development Specialists
Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 0


Table of content
List of tables.....................................................................................................................4
PART I – STRATEGY AND PROPOSALS........................................................................7

1. Urban level Strategies and Proposals.......................................................................7
1.1. Strategies for Priority Issues...................................................................................7
1.1.1. Summary of Key Prioritized Problems.............................................................7
1.1.2. Visioning...........................................................................................................8
1.1.3. Setting of development objectives...................................................................8
1.1.4. Formulation of Alternative Strategies.............................................................10
1.1.5. Analyzing Alternative Strategies.....................................................................14
1.1.6. Strategies Selected as Best Options..............................................................24
1.2. Recommendations for non-prioritized issues.....................................................26
1.2.1 Physical Feature..............................................................................................26
1.2.2. Municipal Services.........................................................................................26
1.2.3. Urban Physical Infrastructure.........................................................................26
1.2.4. Social services...............................................................................................27
1.2.5. Economic Aspect............................................................................................31
1.2.6. Social Aspect..................................................................................................33
1.2.7. Land Administration and Housing..................................................................35
1.2.8. Geological and Hydro Geological Proposals.................................................36
1.3. Urban Planning Considerations/Proposals/ Inputs for the Preparation of the
Land Use Proposal.............................................................................................39
1.3.1. Population Projection.....................................................................................39
1.3.2. Physical Aspect..............................................................................................42
1.3.3. Municipal Services.........................................................................................42
1.3.4. Urban Physical Infrastructure.........................................................................43
1.3.5. Social Services...............................................................................................44
1.3.6. Future water demand.....................................................................................51
1.3.7. Housing Demand............................................................................................54

1.4. Spatial Planning......................................................................................................56

1.4.1. Spatial Growth Trend......................................................................................56
1.4.2. Growth Scenario.............................................................................................57
1.4.3. Conceptual plan.............................................................................................58
1.4.4. Proposed land Use and Road Network Plan.................................................62
2. Influence area recommendations............................................................................72
2.2 Influence area Economic Recommendations.......................................................72
3. Strategy to Project Table...........................................................................................75
PART II - DRAINAGE NETWORK DESIGN REPORT...................................................78

1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................79
2 DRAINAGE IN ALAMATA............................................................................................80
2.1 DRAINAGE PATTERN.........................................................................................80
2.2 EXISTING DRAINAGE FACILITIES AND CONSTRAINTS................................81
3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES..................................................................................................82
3.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................82
3.2 SELECTION CRITERIA OF DRAINAGE ROUTES.............................................82
3.3 PROPOSED DRAINAGE LAYOUT AND DRAINAGE AREA PATTERN............83
3.4 Flood estimation......................................................................................................85
3.4.1 Rational Method..............................................................................................87
3.4.2 SCS Method...................................................................................................88
Hydrological Soil Groups for Ethiopia........................................................................89
3.5 RAINFALL ANALYSIS AND IDF CURVE DEVELOPMENT...............................95
3.6 HYDRAULIC DESIGN APPROACH....................................................................97
4 STORM DRAINAGE STRUCTURES...........................................................................98
4.1 OUT-FALL STRUCTURES...................................................................................98
4.2 CULVERTS...........................................................................................................98
5 MATERIALS FOR PIPES AND APPURTENANCES...................................................98
6 DESIGN OF STORM DRAINS......................................................................................99
6.1 DESIGN DISCHARGE COMPUTATIONS...........................................................99
6.1.1 Checking Existing Drainage structures...........................................................99

6.2 Drainage network design......................................................................................105

6.3 Drainage system design...................................................................................107
7. Recommendations...................................................................................................111
Appendix 1 Calculation results..................................................................................112

List of tables
Part I
Table 1. Summary of key prioritized problems......................................................................................7
Table 2: Priority Issue 2: Solid waste management - Solid waste collection...............................12
Table 3: Priority Issue 2.1: Solid waste management - Solid waste collection...........................13
Table 4: Priority Issue 2: Solid waste management - Solid waste transportation/ disposal........14
Table 5: Priority Issue 2: Solid waste management- Solid Waste transportation/ disposal....15
Table 6: Priority Issue:3 Frequent Occurrence of Flood........................................................16
Table 7: scoring Priority Issue: Frequent Occurrence of Flood.....................................................17
Table 8: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS: Priority Issue: 3 Frequent Occurrence of Flood........18
Table 9: scoring Priority Issue : Frequent Occurrence of Flood....................................................19
Table 10: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS: Priority Issue: 4 Low Coverage of Road (18.2%). . .20
Table 11: Scoring Priority Issue: Low Coverage of Road (18.2%)..................................................21
Table 12: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS: Priority Issue: 5 Low Coverage of Water Supply
(55%)........................................................................................................................................................22
Table 13: SCORING Priority Issue : Low Coverage of Water Supply (55%)...............................23
Table 14: Population growth rate, Alamata Town................................................................................40
Table 15. Projected Population Size of Alamata Town.....................................................................41
Table 16. Current Enrollment, School Age Population and Participation Rate by Grade Level,
2008..........................................................................................................................................................45
Table 17. Future Participation Rate, School Age Population and Enrollment in 2019...................46
Table 18. Projected Additional Enrollment and Existing Number of Schools..................................47
Table 19. Future Requirements of Schools.........................................................................................50
Table 20: Per Capita Domestic Water Demand of Alamata (2009, 2014 and 2019)......................52
Table 21: Projected Average Water Demand of Alamata..................................................................53
Table 22: Land use functions by category...........................................................................................62
Table 23: Strategy to project Table.......................................................................................................77
PART II
Table 1: Design storm frequency...............................................................................................85
Table 2 Frequency factor, Cf......................................................................................................87
Table 3Typical Run-off Coefficient Values..................................................................................88
Table 4Runoff Curve Numbers- Urban Areas1...........................................................................91
Table 5: Cultivated Agricultural Land1........................................................................................92
Table 6: Other Agricultural Lands1.............................................................................................93
Table 7: Arid and Semiarid Rangelands.....................................................................................94
Table 8 Rainfall Groups for Antecedent Soil Moisture Conditions during Growing and Dormant
Seasons..................................................................................................................................... 94
Table 9 Conversion from Average Antecedent Moisture Conditions to Dry and Wet Conditions
.................................................................................................................................................. 95
Table 10 IDF table...................................................................................................................... 96
Table 11 Daily maximum rainfall l for Alamata town...................................................................97
Table 12 Recommended Material Type......................................................................................99
Table 13: Prediction for different yrs return period using Log Pearson type III distribution (Korem
daily rainfall)............................................................................................................................ 100
Table 14: Time of concentration...............................................................................................101
Table 15: Land use.................................................................................................................. 101
Table 16Prediction for different yrs return period using Log Pearson type III distribution (Alamata
Daily rainfall)............................................................................................................................ 105

Table 17 Showing the slope.....................................................................................................106

Table 18 Summary of discharge Calculation at each junction Line B-B....................................108
Table 19 Summary of discharge Calculation at each junction Line D-D...................................108
Table 20 Channel sizes for different junctions..........................................................................110
LIST OF FIGURES
PART II
Figure 1 Watersheds for Gereb UTU and Gereb HARA.............................................................80
Figure 2 Proposed drainage system..........................................................................................83
Figure 3 Rainfall intensity duration curve for the area................................................................96
Figure 4: Gabion Dykes on utu river........................................................................................100
Figure 5 :Generated flood at 100 years return period..............................................................102
Figure 6 rating curve for UTU River.........................................................................................104
Figure 7 Typical maximum sections of open canals constructed..............................................105
Figure 8 Typical section........................................................................................................... 107
Figure 9 Relationship between Head and discharge (bottom width 0.4 m)..............................109
Figure 10 Relationship between Head and top width (bottom width 0.4m )..............................109
List of Plate
Plate 1: Map showing the growth pattern of the town.........................................................

Plate 2: showing the growth scenarios................................................................................
Plate 3: showing the conceptual framework........................................................................
Plate 4: Proposed land use..................................................................................................
Plate 5: proposed road network...........................................................................................

Acknowledgment
During the preparation of this study, we have benefited from the efforts and participation
of many people. The regional bureau of Urban Development and construction and
regional urban planning institute has been very helpful through out the process. The
comments forwarded at each stage of the process were very constructive.
We also like to forward our appreciation to the Alamata town administration, the
municipality, the steering committee, the representative forum and the community
representatives. The whole process of the study was conducted with their full
constructive participation, and this has contributed much to the quality of the final
product.
Finally, the consultant would like to thank all professionals who participated in the
preparation of this study.
Anbessa & Associates Consulting

PART I – STRATEGY AND PROPOSALS
1. Urban level Strategies and Proposals

1.1. Strategies for Priority Issues
1.1.1. Summary of Key Prioritized Problems

Different stakeholders participated on the problem identification and prioritization phase
of the process. Residents of the four kebeles identified and prioritized the problems in
their respective areas. The Steering Committee and the Representative Forum
conducted similar problem identification and prioritization tasks in two rounds.
Table 1. Summary of key prioritized problems

Kebeles Survey RF SC Fact & Total
S.N Citywide issues Rank
01 02 03 04 Figures score
1 Unemployment 1 3 1 1 1 1 28 1
2 Shortage of inner access roads 2 1 3 2 4 4 20 3
3 Low coverage of potable water 3 1 4 5 5 5 13 4
4 Lack of (solid & liquid) waste - 1 3 5 3 2 2 20 2
management system
5 Disconnection of part of the - 2 - - - - - - 4 7
Kebele due to Gereb Itu river
6 Plan implementation related - - 2 - - - - - 4 6
problems
7 Shortage of housing - - 3 6 - - - 3
8 Flooding - - 2 4 3 3 12 5
9 Inadequate and sub-standard - - - - - - - - - -
secondary school
10 Informal settlement around the - - - - - - - - - -
periphery of the town
11 Limited income and capacity of - - - - - - - - - -
the municipality
12 Lack of youth centers - - - - - - - - - -
13 Lack of worship places for - - - - - - - - - -
protestants
14 Disproportionate in-migration from - - - - - - - - - -
the surrounding areas
15 Insufficiency of the existing health - - - - - - - - - -
facilities
16 Lack of accesses to finance - - - - 2 - - - 4 8
17 The location of the health center - - - - - - - - -
and the prison in the center of the
town
18 Shortage of market centers - - - - - - - - -
Points for priority issues (PI)- PI1=5 points, PI2=4 points, PI3 = 3 points,
PI4= points 2, PI5= 1 point, PI6= 0 point
Source: Anbessa & Associates consulting own compilation and analysis 2009

A sample survey was conducted on 700 households to gain insights into the problems in
a structured way. The results of the assessments made by the consulting team were
also summarized to extract the key problems and they were also prioritized. All these
were put into a table and analyzed to arrive at the summary of the identified and
prioritized problems. The outcomes of this process are summarized in Table 1.
1.1.2. Visioning
On the problem identification and strategy formulation stage, the vision of Alamata town
was clearly stated out by the community representatives (RF and SC) as well as by the
different sector offices and endorsed by the town administration.
Vision of the town: “To see Alamata being a centre of agro-processing
and trade activities, where by good governance prevail and become a

liveable town for its dwellers and choices for investors”.
The Tigriga version of it is read as: “ከተማ ኣለማጣ ንነበርታን ሰብ ሓፍትን ምችውቲ
ናይ ኣግሮ ኢንዳስትሪ ፣ ናይ ንግዲ ማዕከል ፣ ሰናይ ምምሕዳር ዝዓሰላ ካብ ድክነትን ስራሕ
ስእነትን ነፃን ተወዳዳሪ ኮይና ምርኣይ”፡፡
1.1.3. Setting of development objectives
Objectives should clearly indicate the intended benefit for the people or municipality and
should be related to the identified problems or needs of people. Objectives are also
what the municipality intends to achieve during specified period of time /five years/.
They should be phrased for each priority issue in a way, which describes the envisaged
situation, related to the priority issue. Though it may at this stage be difficult to say what
can reasonably be achieved within a five year period, without having gone through the
strategic debate on possible ways and means, it is necessary to reach agreement on
objectives first on a tentative basis, i.e. working objectives, in order to set a clear focus
for the strategy debate. We need to know where we want to go, before discussing the

best way to get there even if it may turn out later that our envisaged destination is not
reachable, and we may have to redefine our objective. Accordingly, the objectives which
are set for each of the priority issues are presented below.
Priority Issue 1: Unemployment

Objective 1: To reduce the existing 7.1% unemployment rate by 75% in 2019
Priority Issue 2: Low Weak waste management system
2.1 Low coverage of Solid Waste Collection

Objective 2.1: To increase the solid waste collection coverage of the town from
the present 15% to 95% by 2019
2.2 Low coverage of toilet facilities
Objective 2: To reduce the current 92% poor toilet facilities to 15% by the end of
the planning g period (2019).
Priority Issue 3: Flooding

Objective 1: To provide 75% flood protection coverage in the town by 2019
Priority Issue 4: Low Coverage of Surfaced Road

Objective 1: To increase the coverage of surfaced road from the existing 18.2%
to 57 % by 2019
Priority Issue 5: Low Coverage of Water Supply

Objective 1: To increase the coverage of potable water from the present 55% to
100% by 2019

1.1.4. Formulation of Alternative Strategies
Strategies constitute the bridge between where you are and you want to achieve.
Strategy statements are alternatives but purposeful, action – oriented and ‘how’ type
statements of intent. Strategies are the means for addressing development priorities
and arriving at desired development objectives. Besides, strategy statements cross the
gap between the present and the future. Hence, there is often more than one way to
bridge a gap. Thus, once alternative strategies have been prepared, they need to be
assessed in terms of their strategic impact and leverage viability, sustainability and
policy compliance.
Priority Issue 1: Unemployment

Strategy options:
 Promote the Development of MSEs (Organizing, Provision of
training, facilitating access to credit, preparation of production
and marketing plots)
 Inviting and encouraging investors
 Filling vacant posts in sectoral government offices in the town
by giving priorities for residents of the town who qualify for the
vacant post
Priority Issue 2: Low Coverage of Solid and liquid Waste Collection
Objective 2: Improve the waste management system of the town

Objective 2.1: To increase the solid waste collection coverage of the town
from the present 15% to 100% by 2019

Strategy options:
 Enhance the waste collection and disposal capacity of the
municipality
 Encourage the private sector involve in waste collection
 Organize the youth under MSE for waste collection
Supplementary activities
 Reduce waste at the source, recycle and reuse
 Creating awareness among the society
 Designing control mechanisms in every Kebele
 Providing incentive for exemplary citizens in waste management
Objective 2.2: To reduce the current 92% poor toilet facilities to 15% by the end
of the planning g period (2019).
Strategy options:
 Enabling people to have their own toilets
 Construction of public toilets
 Construction of communal toilets
 Strengthen the town sanitation office
 Designing control mechanisms in every Kebele
 Creating awareness among the society
 Introducing participatory sanitation system
Priority Issue 3: Flooding

Strategy options for flood from rain in the town:
 Constructing open ditches drainage lines
 Construction of closed ditches drainage lines

Strategy options for flood from rivers and the hills:

 Constructing diversions for the two rivers and the run-off from the
hills
 Construction of dikes
 Terracing and planting trees on the hills, Planting bamboo trees
and other plants in the river beds so as to prevent erosion and
create income
 Planning the settlement on flood-free areas
 Construction of dams has to be executed by professionals
 Cleaning the drainage channels regularly
 Preventing the dumping of solid waste in the drainage channels
 Creating awareness among the society and participating the
community
 Giving due attention and follow-up regularly
Priority Issue 4: Low Coverage of Surfaced Road
to 57% by 2019
Strategy options:
 Construction of cobble stone
 Construction of asphalt road
 Construction of gravel road
 Construction of earth pressed road
Supplementary activities:
 Controlling illegal encroachment to the roads
 participating the community
 introducing the plan to the society and create awareness
 taking legal measures against violators

 planning the roads with utility lines
Priority Issue 5: Low Coverage of Water Supply
100% by 2019
Strategy options:
 Provide water tap with private meter for each household
 Provide water tap with shared meter for 20 households
 Provide public fountain at neighborhood level
Supplementary activities:
 overhauling the lines and protecting them
 demolishing houses constructed on water pipe lines
 preparing water pipes network plan
 increasing the number of reservoir
 introducing efficient use of water
 exploiting the water potential of the town
 building the capacity of water supply office
 allocating additional budget for the water supply office

1.1.5. Analyzing Alternative Strategies
During the planning process a range of possible strategic options are identified. Once
these strategic options are identified, the options have to be analyzed to determine
which is best suited to solve the problem under consideration of various developmental
policy guidelines.
The matrix, which provides the analyses made on the strategic options created for each
objective, is presented in the following pages.
As there is a necessity to stimulate discussion on strategic alternatives, i.e. on

appropriate ways and means of achieving the agreed objectives within the given
resource frames, attempt has been made to facilitate conditions for debate, among
members of the project team, on the alternative strategies.
In the following pages attempt has been made to present the analysis made on the
alternative strategies formulated for all of the priority issue with the exception of
unemployment for which there would be no need of analyzing the strategies since for
one thing MSE development is the best one among the alternative strategies and for the
other thing it could be possible to implement all of the three strategies simultaneously.

Table 2: Priority Issue 2: Solid waste management - Solid waste collection
Objective 2: 1 To increase the coverage of waste collection from 15% at present to 95% until 2019
Assessment of alternative strategies
Alternative Collection of solid waste by the Collection by SMEs (OP2) Collection by the private sector(OP3)
strategies municipality (OP1)
Criteria
Contribution to The municipality will not be efficient in House to house collection of House to house collection of solid
achieving the house to house collection of solid waste solid waste by MSE helps waste by private sector helps achieve
objective achieve the objective the objective
Sustainability Not sustainable because of high cost Sustainable since cost per Less sustainable than option 2
household is small
Job creation Low, since waste collection is carried Creates employment for large Low, since waste collection is carried
out by vehicle number of persons out by vehicle
Technological Requires trucks for solid waste Requires simple tools and Requires trucks for solid waste
requirement transport labor transport
Cost High capital and operating cost Requires facilitating access to The cost is covered by the private
credit sector
Efficiency Efficient since transport is carried out by Low compared to the other Efficient since transport is carried out
truck options by truck
Institutional The municipality Requires organizing MSE The private investor
requirement
Utilization of local Low High Low
resources
Cost per household Higher cost than option 2 About Birr 10 Higher cost than option 1 and 2

Table 3: Priority Issue 2.1: Solid waste management - Solid waste collection
Objective 2.1: To increase the coverage of waste collection from 15% at present to 95% until 2019
Alternative strategies Collection of solid waste by the Collection by MSEs Collection by
municipality (OP1) (OP2) the private
sector (OP3)
Criteria
Contribution to achieving the objective 2 4 4
Sustainability 2 5 3
Job creation 2 6 2
Technological requirement 2 4 2
Cost 0 4 6
Efficiency 4 2 4
Institutional requirement 5 2 3
Utilization of local resources 2 6 2
Cost per household 3 5 2
22 38 29
Total
Rank 3 1 2
Table 4: Priority Issue 2: Solid waste management - Solid waste transportation/ disposal

Objective: 2.2 To increase the waste collection coverage from 15% to 95 % until 2019

Alternative Strategies Criteria Solid waste disposal by the Disposal by MSEs (OP2) Disposal by private
municipality (OP1) sector(OP3)
Contribution to achieving the The municipality has better The MSEs do not achieve the The private sector has better
objective financial and organizational objective in the short term financial and organizational
capacity to achieve the capacity to achieve the
objective objective
Sustainability More sustainable Less sustainable Less sustainable
Job creation Creates job opportunity Creates more job opportunity Creates limited job opportunity
than the other options
Technological requirement Uses existing technology Uses existing technology Uses existing technology
Cost Requires high capital and Requires facilitating access to The cost is covered by the
running cost credit private sector
Efficiency Less efficient More Efficient than option 1 More Efficient than the other
options
Institutional requirement Could be managed by the Requires organizing MSE Could be managed by the
municipality private sector
Cost for households Lower cost than other options Lower cost than other option 3 Higher cost than other option s

Table 5: Priority Issue 2: Solid waste management- Solid Waste transportation/ disposal
Objective: 2.2 To increase the waste collection coverage from 15% to 95 % until 2019
Scoring
Alternative strategies Solid waste disposal by the Solid waste disposal by Disposal by private
municipality MSEs(OP2) sector(OP3)
Criteria (OP1)
Contribution to achieving 5 0 5
the objective
Sustainability 4 2 2
Job creation 3 5 2
Technological 3 3 3
requirement
Cost 0 4 6
Efficiency 2 3 5
Institutional requirement 4 2 4
Cost for households 5 3 2
Total 26 22 29
Rank 2 3 1

Table 6: Priority Issue:3 Frequent Occurrence of Flood
Objective 3.1: To provide 75% flood protection coverage in the town by 2019
Information on Alternative Strategies
Assessment of Strategies for reducing flood caused by rain
Option
Construction of open Construction of closed
drainage channels drainage channels
Criteria Specification of Criteria
Reduce flood problem Reduce flood problem
Relevance Contribution to Reduction of
achieving the flood problem
objective
Create more jobs Create jobs less than option
LED guidelines Job creation one
Sustainable More sustainable
Policy Sustainability Continuity for a
Compliance long time
Low technical More technical complexity
Technical Technological requirement
requirements
Responsible Municipality, ERA Municipality, ERA
Feasibility Institutional body
Financial Cost for the Low cost High cost than option one
Municipality
Construction Availability
Less abundant Available
Material
Social Convenience Less convenient Convenient
Environmental Environmental Environmental not
Environmentally sound
soundness sound
Table 7: scoring Priority Issue: Frequent Occurrence of Flood

Objective: To provide 75% flood protection coverage in the town by 2019,
Assessment of Strategies for reducing flood caused by rain in the town
Construction Construction
Option of open of closed
Specification of Criteria
Criteria drainage drainage
channels channels
Contribution to achieving the

Relevance objective Reduction of flood problem 4 5
Poverty alleviation Number of people benefiting

5 4
Policy Compliance
LED guide line Job creation 5 4
Technical Technical requirement

5 4
Institutional Responsible body
5 5
Feasibility Sustainability Continuity for along time
3 5
Cost for the municipality
4 5
Social Convenience 3 5
Environmental Soundness 3 5
Total Score 37 42

Table 8: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS: Priority Issue: 3 Frequent Occurrence of Flood

Assessment of Strategies for reducing flood from the rivers and the near by hills
Option
Construct diversion
Construct Dikes Plant Trees
lines
Reduce flooding risks Reduce flooding risks Reduce flooding risks but less
Relevance Contribution to Reduction of than the two options
achieving the flood problem
objective
Create more jobs Create more jobs Create more jobs
LED guidelines Job creation
Sustainable Sustainable Sustainable
Policy Sustainability Continuity for a
Compliance long time
Requires technology Requires more technology Less technology
Technical Technological
requirements
Responsible Municipality, rural Municipality, rural woreda Municipality, rural woreda
Feasibility Institutional body woreda
Financial Cost for the Costly Higher cost Less cost
Municipality
Available Less available available
Material
Social Convenience Convenient More convenient Less convenient
Environmental Environmental
Less sound Sound More sound
soundness

Table 9: scoring Priority Issue : Frequent Occurrence of Flood

Objective : To provide 75% flood protection coverage in the town by 2019,
Assessment of Strategies for reducing flood from the rivers and the near by hills
Construct
Option Construct Plant
Specification of Criteria diversion
Criteria lines
Dikes Trees
Contribution to achieving the

Relevance objective Reduction of flood problem 5 5 3

5 5 5
Policy Compliance
LED guide line Job creation 5 5 5

4 2 4
3 3 3
Feasibility Sustainability Continuity for along time
4 4 3
4 2 4
Social Convenience 5 5 2
Environmental Soundness 4 4 3
Total Score 39 35 32

Table 10: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS: Priority Issue: 4 Low Coverage of Road (18.2%)
Objective: To increase the coverage of road from 18.2 % presently to 57% in 2019
Specification of
Provide Asphalt Provide Gravel Provide Cobble Provide Earth Pressed
Criteria criteria
Road(Op1) Road(Op2) Stone(Op3) Road(Op4)
Strategic Options
Contribution to Objectives as
Not accessible during
achieving stated above Enables to meet Enables to meet Enables to meet
Relevant raining season
objectives the objective the objective the objective
Poverty Job Creation Creates more

orientation Creates more Creates job jobs than any
None
jobs than option 2 opportunity other option
Policy
Compliance
Sustainability Continuity for long Not Sustainable as it is
Needs regular The most
time More sustainable exposed for erosion
maintenance sustainable
Technical Technological Low level of Simple Simple technology
High level of
requirement technology technology
technology
The Municipality The Municipality
The Municipality The Municipality
Feasibility
Financial Cost for Less than cost
municipality required for 1st Less than cost
Less than cost required
Too much option required for 2nd
for any other options
option
Tar not available Available Available but far It does not require
Material

Table 11: Scoring Priority Issue: Low Coverage of Road (18.2%)

Objective 4.1: To increase the coverage of road from 18.2 % presently to 57% in 2019

Provide Provide Provide Earth

Strategic Options Specification of criteria Provide Gravel
Asphalt Cobble Pressed
Criteria Road(Op2)
Road(Op1) Stone(Op3) Road(Op4)
Contribution to Objectives as stated
achieving above
Relevant objectives 4 2 5 1
Poverty Job Creation

orientation
Policy
3 2 7 0
Compliance
Sustainability Continuity for long time
2(3)=6 2(2)=4 2(7)=14 0
Technical Technological
requirement 1 2 4 5
Feasibility
1 2 4 5
Financial
Cost for municipality
2(1)=2 2(4)=8 2(2)=4 2(5)=10
Material 1 4 2 5
Total Score 18 24 40 26
Table 12: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS: Priority Issue: 5 Low Coverage of Water Supply (55%)
Objective 1.1: To increase coverage of potable water from the present 55% to 95% by 2019

Option
Provide water tap
Provide water tap with shared Provide public fountain at
with meter for each
meter for 20 HHs (Op2) neighborhood level (Op3)
HH (Op1)
Contribution to Providing Every HH gets Every HH gets access to Most of the HH gets piped water
Relevance achieving the potable water for access to piped piped water but disputes may but most of the HHs have to travel
objective the residents water occur among HHs long distance to fetch piped water
there is also the possibility for
disputes to occur
Temporary job Temporary job during line Permanent job for at least one
LED guidelines Job creation during line installation person at each public fountain
installation
Policy
Compliance Sustainability Continuity for a Sustainable once Sustainable once the service Salary for persons employed at
long time the service is is provided each public fountain
provided to HH
Technical Technological Use existing Use existing technology for Use existing technology for
requirements technology for installing water pipes constructing public fountain and
installing water installing water pips line
Feasibility pipes
Responsible
Institutional body The Water Supply The Water Supply Office and The Water Supply Office and the
Office and the the Municipality Municipality
Municipality
Financial Cost for HH Each HH pays for a 20 HHs jointly pay for a meter Incurs no cost
meter
Cost for the Higher cost Lower cost than option1 Low cost
Municipality
Objective 5.1: To increase coverage of potable water from the present 55% to 95% by 2019

Table 13: SCORING Priority Issue : Low Coverage of Water Supply (55%)
Objective : To increase coverage of potable water from the present 55% to 100% by 2019
Priority Issue : Low Coverage of Water Supply (55%)
Each option is scored on each criterion. A total of 10 point for each criterion is allocated in proportion for each option
Option Op 3
Specification of Criteria Op 1 Op 2
Criteria
Contribution to achieving the Objective as stated above

Relevance objective 5 3 2

5 3 2
Policy Compliance
LED guide line Job creation 2 2 6

3 3 4
2 2 2
Sustainability Continuity for along time
Feasibility 5 3 2
Financial Cost for HH
2 3 5
2(2) 2(3) 2(5)
Total Score 28 25 33

1.1.6. Strategies Selected as Best Options
As it is explained above impact analysis matrix was constructed for analyzing the
alternative strategies formulated for four of the five priority issues namely waste
management, road, flood and water supply. For unemployment three of the
strategies have been selected of which MSE development is the best one.
Accordingly, the strategies selected as best options for each objective /priority
issue are presented below.
First Option - Promote the Development of MSEs

Second Option – Encourager private investors
Third Option - Filling vacant posts in sectoral government offices in the
town by giving priorities for residents of the town who
qualify for the vacant post
Objective 2: Improve the waste management system of the town
Waste Collection
First Option - Collection by MSEs
Second Option - Collection by private sector
Waste transportation
First Option - Disposal by the private sector
Second Option - disposal by the municipality
Third Option - disposal by MSE

Strategy options for flood from rain in the town:

First Option - Construction of closed drainage channels
Second Option - Construction of open drainage channels
Strategy options for flood from rivers and hills:

First Option - Constructing diversions lines
Second Option - Construction of dikes
Third Option - Terracing and planting trees
to 57% by 2019
First Option - Construction of cobble stone

Second Option - Construction of gravel road
Third Option - Construction of earth pressed road
100% by 2019
First Option - Provide public fountain at neighborhood level
Second Option - Provide water tap with private meter for each household
Third Option - Provide water tap with shared meter for 20 households

1.2. Recommendations for non-prioritized issues
1.2.1 Physical Feature
 The municipality and town administration has to undertake re-classification

and adjustment of kebeles to bring about a balanced development.
 Thus, the overall land estimation and allotment has to consider minimizing
the effects of the hot temperature.
1.2.2. Municipal Services
 The waste management within the Abattoir and the present informal
slaughtering practice in the town requires intensive follow-up from the
municipality.
 The existing sub-standard meat transporting system (for the Christians)

requires an attention of improvement and hence the municipality should
act up on it. Moreover, the delivery of meat for Muslims is effected by
either horse drawn carts or carrying on shoulders/heads; therefore, the
municipality has to purchase another vehicle for Muslims.
1.2.3. Urban Physical Infrastructure
 Coordination between service giving institutions (telephone, water and

electric) and municipality also has to get due consideration by all partners
and the municipality should take the initiative for such coordination
 From security point of view, development and settlement extensions near

the substation must be strictly forbidden.

 The electric office, the municipality and the kebeles have to work together
to improve the service of electric power
1.2.4. Social services
1.2.4.1 Education
I. Strategies to Increase Coverage and reduce student - section ratio
 Promote the construction of low cost schools and classrooms

 Expand alternative basic education and adult literacy programs
 Provide special support to vulnerable children
 Strengthening the role of the private sector and non-governmental
organizations in increasing access to education by providing incentives
 Encouraging the community to mobilize their own resources to construct
additional class rooms and schools
II. Strategies to Increase Quality (To increase proportion of qualified

teachers)
 Upgrading unqualified teachers through distance education and in -

service training of teachers
 Providing pre – service training for new teachers
 Improving the supply of teachers in terms of quality and quantity
 Putting in place continuous professional development
 Encouraging private training institutes and colleges
III. Strategies to Improve Efficiency (To reduce the growing repeation rate )
 Enforcement of continuous assessment strategy since it helps teachers to

identify weakness in the abilities of their pupils and provide the
necessary support

 Reduction of percentage of double shifts since it is believed that the longer

pupils remain in school, the more they obtain academic support from
teachers, use libraries and laboratories.
 Strengthening tutorial, guidance and counseling service
 Strengthening educational inspection
 Promoting the use of ICT in secondary schools
 Improving text books to the possible highest quality
IV. Strategies to Reduce Gender Gap in number of teachers and enrollment

ratio
 Expanding adult literacy program for parents so that parents’ awareness

on the benefit of education in general and girls’ education in particular
will be increased so that parents will send their daughters to school
 Introducing systems to make teachers and head teachers accountable
for actions detrimental to the access and survival of girls
 Developing a guide to increase the awareness of girls on harassment so
that the victims will have the confidence to give the necessary
information and bring the case to justice.
 Celebrating girl’s day in school once a year in which experience sharing
on positive lessons about girls’ education will be organized
 Strengthening counseling service for females students
 Ensuring schools are conducive for girls and free of violence by paying
attention to the specific problems that girls and young women encounter
in schools
 Ensuring equitable treatment for women both in their initial recruitment
and access to training opportunities and promotion
 Preparing gender – friendly education material to increase female
enrollment
 Expanding recruitment and training of female teachers

V. Strategies to Ensure Uniform Distribution of Schools
 Ensuring that construction of additional schools will be based on the

existing physical distribution of schools
 Ensuring that construction of additional schools will be based on the

population size of kebeles in the town
 Relocate, through time, the preparatory and technical schools which are
found with in the compound of the first cycle secondary school
1.2.4.2. Health
I. Access to Services: Health Facility Construction, Expansion
Strategies
 Implement the Accelerated Expansion of PHC Service (construction of

new HPs, HCs and upgrading of HS to HCs).
 Build the capacity for construction and renovation of health facilities.
 Apply the standards of health facility design.
 Enhancing the capacity of district health offices in the expansion of PHC

facilities and services.
 Mobilize resources for the construction and renovation of health facilities.

 Encouraging private sector involvement in health service
II. Human Resource Development
Strategies
 Increase the number and build the capacity of training institutions.

 Use the existing health institutions to train the health workers.
 Improve the quality of training through provision of adequate number of

skilled trainers, regular on-the-job training and fulfilling the necessary
facilities for all training institutions.
 Upgrading the qualification of health workers through distance education

and in - service training
III. Strategies to Address Shortage of Medicine and Medical Instrument
 Ensure adequate health care financing
Strategies to Ensure Adequate Health Care Financing (HCF)
 Institutionalize and build the capacity for the implementation of health care
financing in the health office of the town as well as in the health institutions
 Strengthening the planning, budgeting and financial management capacity

in the health office of the town as well as in the health institutions in order
to increase efficiency in the use of available resources
 Strengthen the system of public private partnership in the health sector

and strengthen social initiatives towards sustainable financing of care and
support for PLWHA
 Promote increased resource allocation to the health sector through

sensitization for managers and decision-makers
 Establishing management boards at the health facilities and the

community level to oversee the proper implementation of the HCF system
as per the guidelines

IV. Strategies to Control the Spread of Malaria
o Drainage of breeding sites
o Indoor residual spraying
o Provision of treatment to affected persons

o Distribution of Insecticide Treated Nets and promotion of their use
1.2.5. Economic Aspect
 Urban farming offers the advantage of better income generation to urban

youth. Therefore, it is important to identify and demarcate areas for urban
– agriculture (Fattening, Dairy, Poultry, Vegetable production). Urban
farming produces high demand products for the markets in urban areas by
using only small plots of land. It can be established with relatively small
amount of capital and training requirements.
 Improve the quality and coverage of basic services. (Transport, road,
communication, banking, health etc..)
 To maximize benefits from the planned raya valley irrigation development,
we need to do more of a promotion work and design incentives to attract
private investment in agro-processing industries.
 Promote self employment and support the informal sector. The informal
sector is dominated by the youth and women. Low return and
underemployment are among the major concerns of the sector. Hence the
most direct and most important channel to reduce urban poverty is to
increase the productivity of the informal sector through;
 Technical and vocational education and training.
 Give title to the land held by informal sector operators in the
town

 Establish informal labor organizations and associations of

self employed workers in the informal sector
 Develop guidelines for the graduation of informal operators
and their incorporation into the formal sector.
 Promote private investment in the employment – intensive manufacturing

sector which generates employment and enhance the development of
backward and forward linkages with the wider economy.
 Create strong wholesale and retail trading activities that is capable of
buying and distributing agricultural and industrial goods and services to
other parts of the region or the country as well.
 Identify industrial zone and put in place a more transparent and less costly
method of leasing land to investors in labor intensive manufacturing.
 Promote the labor intensive private sector construction sector. Design a
support program to establish and strengthen small and community based
construction companies.
 Identify traditional and non traditional commodities for which the study
area has comparative and competitive advantage in the irrigated zones of
high value crops and livestock products around the town.
 Raise labor productivity in the informal sector and MSEs by improving
access to basic resources such as land, finance, markets, and
infrastructure; provision of training services on production, marketing, and
business skills, and the provision of social protection.
 Alamata is a town a transport node which if properly exploited will
encourage the development of business activities and employment
opportunities.
 As unemployment and underemployment is more prevalent among
women, and as more of the employed women are concentrated in the
informal sector, poverty reduction hinges on addressing the specific
constraints and opportunities facing women in the labor market. To deliver
successful results in terms of improving women’s formal sector presence

we should focus on skill development, access to productive resources and

social and economic protection through institutional support. This will
include:
 Affirmative actions approach so that a specific proportion of
beneficiaries of mainstream programs are women.
 A program targeting women as beneficiaries of skill and business
development programs as well as schemes aimed at improving access
to resource
 Gender – friendly appropriate technology to reduce the drudgery of
women’s domestic and economic activity and enhance their
productivity and income
 Child – care centers for young working mothers.
1.2.6. Social Aspect
General
Alamata town social problems were caused mainly by poverty emanated from
unemployment, low level of income and poor social practices. The problems
would only be solved through reduction of unemployment and poverty through
job creation and provision of sufficient assistant to the needy. The other dominant
types of social problems that are commonly reflected in the town are prostitution,
needy elderly, street children’s, orphans and HIV/AIDS victims special attention
and assistance from both the government, non- government organizations in
particular and the community in general. The start of the NGO’s in Alamata who
are contributing to solve the problem should be encouraged and put additional
efforts to bring more NGO’s to assist the town administration in solving the
problems within the town.
The specific proposals forwarded on the pertaining identified social problems are
listed hereunder.

HIV/AIDS
 Undertake massive awareness creation and prevention campaign on

HIV/AIDS through various associations (youth, women, farmers, chamber
of commerce etc) and government organizations.
 Encourage people living with HIV to come forward and educate the people
by organizing different public forums, so as to reduce the stigma and
discrimination associated with HIV positive people
 Strengthen school and community anti HIV/AIDS clubs by providing

various technical and financial support
Social Evils (prostitution, street children, the elderly and orphans)
 Discourage prostitution through engaging prostitutes on various

development activities (since prostitutes in the town are ready to quit if
given other opportunities).
 Re-unify street children who have parents and relatives in the town or
other places with their parents and relatives
 Find assistance to the orphans and the needy elderly in the town through
organizing various fund raising programs and involving NGO`s
Social Values
 Build social values within the community and strengthen the good culture
to engage the youth to undertake any type of income generating jobs as a
way out of poverty and the social development. Discourage social
practices and build communities’ defensive and preventive capacities on

bad cultural practice which include: animal theft – looting associated with
Mengeria; kicking and injure of people to each other with sticks and knife
at a Tela/Bar and prostitution houses; weak saving and working culture;
 Ensure the transformation and sustainability of good cultural practice in

dressing, language (Raya version of Tigrigna language); community –
based self help/support practice, living styles and happy and open –
minded psychological make up of people and the means people use to
demonstrate their good socio-cultural practice so as to serve as an
instrumental in bringing social change (development);
1.2.7. Land Administration and Housing
At this time, Alamata town is introducing a land lease system so as to generate

additional income to fill a gap in financial limitation of the town. Two methods of
land selling mechanisms are in place which includes selling of land occupied by
Kebele owned houses through negotiation and land lease procedures.
The first urban land lease system requires the development of
 Institutional set-up to develop the land bench marking systems which

would enable the town to set-up intial bid prices
 Setting up Lease implementing body,
 Flood control and prevention unit.
Since there will be two land administration system the town has to strengthen its
land recording and documentation system which the new cadastre system is
planned to fill the gaps.
The transfer of kebele owned housing has also transformed the urban form of the
town new development of commercial and other services has increased the

density as well as the beauty of the town, currently the processes of the transfer
has been discontinued but need to be reinstated as most of the kebele housing
stock occupies the center of the town.
The housing density of Alamata town is very and the condition of the housing in
their physical as well as basic services is very poor and needs more
improvement in the quality of the houses as well as the provision of basic
services.
 The municipality has to enforce the construction of basic toilet, bathing

and kitchen facility to improve the hygienic living condition of the
community.
 Encourage town residents to transform housing into permanent structure
and increase density.
 Complete construction works the on – going In Alamata town, 250 housing
units are being under construction so as to solve housing problems of 250
homeless households. The situation analysis tries to understand the
attitude of potential beneficiaries of condominium houses. Most of
respondents try to express their feeling as “Bah-zibelo Sebe –Yelen”.
Such expression implies dwellers do have less concern to get
condominium houses. So, it is good to create awareness among potential
residents to see condominium housing development is one way of solving
house problems.
1.2.8. Geological and Hydro Geological Proposals
A detail geological and hydro geological study has conducted in the area which
has provided a frame work in determining the occurrence of ground water,
construction material and mineral resources. In the geological and Hydro
geological perspectives, the following areas are the major areas which have high
shortage of water in the town. The areas including in particular are: Kidanu,

Jonetan-Harkis, Old market, Jaham (Kebele 01). These areas are mainly located
in the outskirt of the town and some of them are located in high topographic
variation areas and due to variable in gravity it is found difficult for the erection of
new lines to these affected areas.
In considering seismicity of the Alamata town it is situated in zone 4. Although

from the previous data’s there is no such effect that affected to the town due to
earthquake attention should be given in making construction of big structures.
Incurs high construction cost since it requires deep excavation and removal of
the top soil for foundation works. Moreover, before doing any construction activity
the engineering properties of the soil must be tested at different depth.
Construction material is available in the town and its surrounding areas. Hence in
exploration of this construction material proper quarry method is very important.
Quarry sites for aggregates and crasher material are recommended to the
northeast side along the Mehoni rode to the side of the mountain ridges. Usually
the bottom layer of the volcanic areas are basic rocks and are not resistant for
crushing material and we recommend in the apahanatic basalt which are located
above 200 m above sea level. The sand material are found along the two major
rivers Hara and Etu rivers. Clay materials are dominated in southeast of the
town found in the material, and on the extreme south for scoria. Therefore, care
must be taken while trying to extract the rock materials and professional
assistance is very essential in locating the appropriate quarry sites and methods
of making the quarry. In order to provide the town with sufficient construction
materials like rock, sand, scoria, soil for fill, etc. individuals and/or association
must be encouraged to develop different quarry sites at the recommended
places. Therefore, hazard in quarrying should be strictly controlled. In this
respect the quarrying activity being undergoing all along the bottom of the
mountains should be seriously controlled in order to avoid landslide movement.
In addition to serious attention should be given to the north side to the Gura

Kahsu mountain flooding is the most serious to the town which is considered as
Geological hazard to the town.
The expansion of Alamata town must delineate in to consideration of the

groundwater potential of the areas that are identified at the area called Mahan
(west of the town) and at the east of the town where the two test wells were
recently drilled and made ready for use. Hence, the waste disposal site located at
the west is not at its appropriate place because it is found at the upstream
position of the water potential area where it could easily pollute the water source
in the future. Therefore, this site must be changed in no time, The borehole found
in the center of the town near the gas station can possibly being polluted at
present. Therefore, it has to be closed immediately.
Ground water utilization for irrigation purpose has various opportunities in

attaining food security to the rapidly growth of the population in particular to the
region and in general to the Country. By utilizing ground water for irrigation
purpose through construction of shallow hand dug wells, bore holes in order are
to able to get two to three times production or yield per plot of land per year.
Ground water monitoring and follow up is very important the development of any
ground water resource. However, most of the time once groundwater resource is
developed it is left to the local administration. The main objective of groundwater
monitoring for management of the ground water resource is that any change that
occurs in and around the water source can be detected and hence an immediate
remedial measure can be taken before the problem is aggravated. For monitoring
of ground water resource a spread sheet can be prepared to record all the
variable parameters such as change in groundwater level, yield and pumpage
and it involves recording of changes both in the quality and quantity of the
resource.

The water quality in the town is also major issue to be reconsidered as the bore
holes are situated within the town where contamination is most serious due to
high filtration as the aquifers are quaternary sediments.
1.3. Urban Planning Considerations/Proposals/ Inputs for the

Preparation of the Land Use Proposal
1.3.1. Population Projection
Population Projection can be defined as a process by which the future population

size and growth rate of an area is estimated (forecasted). Population Projection
provides information on the future size and composition of population of given
area. Knowledge of this information is fundamental for development plans whose
target is to satisfy the future needs of the population in the areas of health,
education, housing, etc. Population projection has the following objectives:
 Estimation of future needs of schools

 Estimation of future needs of health institutions
 Estimation of future needs of housing unit and other services
To project the population of Alamata town to the end of the planning period
(2019), the most widely applicable mathematical method known as Exponential
Growth Function has been employed. The projection is made by applying an
assumed growth rate to a base year population (current population size).
1.3.1.1. Population Growth Rate
The annual average growth rate the town experienced in the past is presented in
Table 2. As can be seen from this Table, the annual average growth rate of the
town has declined from 7.4 percent during the first two censuses (1984-1994) to
1.8 percent between the 1994 and the recent census (2007). Generally, the

population size of the town was growing at an average rate close to 4.2 percent
per annum between 1984 and 2007.
Table 14: Population growth rate, Alamata Town

Year Population size Growth rate
1984 12,512 7.4% 4.2%

1994 26,179 1.8%
2007 33,198
2009 34,414*
Source: Own computation based on data obtained from CSA reports
*Own estimation based on pat trend
1.3.1.2 Future population size
To project the population size of Alamata town to the end of the planning period,
future growth rate had to be estimated and applied to the base year (2009)
population for our projection. The base year population size of the town has bee
estimated to be close to 34,414. As it is explained above the population size of
the town was annually growing at an average growth rate close to 1.8 during
1994-2007 which is unlikely for towns of developing countries where fertility rate
is high. Although, a declining rate of population growth is one of the typical
characteristics of growing towns (which is due mainly to improvement in family
planning services, use of contraceptive methods, health service, educational
status, etc) here the decline appears to be exaggerated. Hence, it is assumed
that during the planning period (2009-2019) the population size of Alamata town
would grow at a rate larger than the average growth rate estimated during 1994 -
2007. The growth rate is assumed to increase during the planning because of
the following reasons:
o The steep fall in the annual average growth rate from 7.7 percent during
1984-1994 to 1.8 percent during 1994-2007 is unlikely for towns of
developing countries where fertility rate is high

o There will be an increasing trend of migration due to the development of

Agro-processing industries as a result of the Raya Irrigation Project.
o The development of Agro-processing industries will attract people from

other area to invest on commercial activities
o Irrigating 18,000 hectares of land would require huge lab our force and
provides great job opportunity for the local people as well as people
coming from other areas in search of temporary and permanent job
Hence, three alternative growth arte are assumed under three variants: High
variant, Medium variant and Low variant. The growth rate the town experienced
during 1994-2007 has been taken as the lower variant. Under the medium
variant, the growth rate of the town has been assumed to be assumed to 3
percent, during the planning period while under the higher variant the growth rate
is assumed to be 4.5 percent per annum.
Accordingly, the population size of the town is expected to grow to about 41,100
and 54,000 under the low and high variants of the projection, respectively, while
under the medium variant, which will be used for estimation of social services
and housing demand, the population size of the town is expected to grow to
around 46,500 by the end of the planning period (2019).
Table 15. Projected Population Size of Alamata Town

Base Year Projected Population size by
Assumed Growth
Variants Population Year
Rates
2009 2014 2019
High 4.5 34,400 43,100 54,000

Medium 3.0 34,400 40,000 46,500
Low 1.8 34, 400 37,600 41,100
Source: Own computation

1.3.2. Physical Aspect
 Alamata is located at the junction of the two highways (via Korem and
Mehoni), at the center of Raya Valley development project, near to the
ANRS boundary, near to the Afar Region, the scenic view of Gira Kahso,
the available sufficient flat plain land, the nearby streams, the transitional
zone of highland and lowland with converged climatic situation, which has
tremendous effect on its future development. Thus, this planning effort
should consider the location of Alamata such issues as a framework.
 The shape of the town (the built-up area), requires some sort of
morphology adjustment. This has been identified as one of the planning
issues with the aim to have more compact urban morphology as much as
possible in the future proposal.
 As all water courses have not been protected this has been identified as a
threat for the town that has also been screened as one of the planning
issues and an input to be considered in due courses of road and drainage
network proposals.
 The areas for pollutant establishments and industries or manufactures

have to be reserved in peripheral and outskirt west, southwest, northwest
and north directions to minimize environmental pollutions.
1.3.3. Municipal Services
Market

 Thus, general market has to be maintained as it is with proposing

additional areas for various services (small shops/stores, tea rooms and
inns; public toilet, resting rooms, plots of parking and so on);
 There is a need for two additional gullit market areas and one proper wood
marketing area for wood logs, fuel woods and charcoals;
 There is also a need for new loading and unloading site for vehicles not far
from the market.
 Site for both fuel wood (including charcoal and animal dung) and wood
logs market area has been identified as a gap and hence this has to be
reserved in the land use plan.
Greenery and open spaces
 Road side open spaces, outdoor services, areas for greenery, areas for
recreation have to be considered in the proposed land use plan to
minimize the effects of the hot temperature.
1.3.4. Urban Physical Infrastructure
 The road network plan has to consider the standardization of the existing
ones.
 Freight and bus terminals and taxi stations have been identified as a
planning issue and hence have to be addressed in the urban land use
preparation.
 Sufficient plot (a minimum of 500m²) for the postal service is required and
the planning effort has to give an attention for such planning issue.
 The possible solution to protect the substation would be providing buffer
zone to protect the station and hence the necessary buffer has to be
proposed and reserved in the land use plan.

 In line with this, there have been many high tension lines that found within
the town urban boundary and these also needs 15 meters either side
buffer zone to ameliorate undesirable risk. Thus, the land use plan has to
act up on it.
 The Alamata District Office EEPCo doesn’t have its own office as well as
storage plot for which the office has requested long ago. Thus, the land
use plan has to reserve two sites for such functions.
1.3.5. Social Services
1.3.5.1 Future Requirement of Schools
I. Current Enrollment, School Age Population (SAP) and Participation Rate
The school attending population in KG, primary, secondary and preparatory

schools amount, to 168, 8354, 2857 and 1558, respectively.
By applying the Karap King’s formula to the age structure of the town's
population estimated for year 2009, current school age population for KG,
primary and first cycle secondary schools was estimated to be 3151, 7474 and
1573, respectively.
The current enrollment and school age population (SAP) estimated for year 2009
has been used to estimate the current participation rate (PR) by grade level. The
rates were estimated based on gross enrollment and the figures for KG, primary
and first cycle secondary school was computed to be 5, 112 and 181percent,
respectively.
The ratio for primary and first cycle primary schools was above 100 percent
which is due mainly to enrollment of over-aged students from the near by rural
areas.

Table 16. Current Enrollment, School Age Population and Participation Rate by Grade Level,
2008
Year 2008
Grade Level
Enrollment SPA Participation Rate
Kg 168 3151 5
1-8 8354 7474 112
9-10 2857 1573 181
11-12 1558 - -
TVET 557 - -
Source: Computed Based on Data Obtained from the Educational office of Alamata Town
Administration, 2008
II. Future Participation Rate, School Age Population and Enrollment
Taking into account the trend of enrollment as well as the share of students from
neighboring towns and peasant associations, an attempt has been made to
project the current participation rate to year 2019, the end of the planning period.
Accordingly, the current participation rate presented in Table 4 for kindergartens
is assumed to reach 100 percent by the end of the planning period since all of
the children in the relevant school age bracket should have access for pre-
primary school. In order to achieve 100 percent coverage of pre-primary
education the municipality ought to create conducive environment for the private
sector to open kindergartens by providing plots for construction of the
kindergartens.
In case of the primary school (1-8), the current participation rate which is above
112 percent is assumed to decline to 100 percent since the main reason for the
participation rate to be above 100 percent is the enrollment of over-aged
students mainly from the near by rural areas and the volume of enrollment from
the near by rural area is expected to decline as the number of schools in these
areas keep on increasing.

Future school age population for kindergarten and primary school(Table 4) was
derived from the projected population by applying the Karap King’s formula and
assuming that the 1994 age structure of the town will remain unchanged during
the planning period.
Based on the projected future participation rates and the corresponding school
age population, attempt has been made to compute future enrollment which is
presented in the Table presented below. Accordingly, the current enrollment for
kindergarten and primary school presented in Table 4 are expected to grow to
4236 and 10058, respectively with close to 4068 and 1704 additional students
Table 17. Future Participation Rate, School Age Population and Enrollment in 2019
Year 2019
Grade Level Participation
SAP Enrollment
Rate
Kg 100 4236 4236
1-8 100 10058 10058
Source: Own Computation
Future enrollment for secondary schools (9-10, 11-12 and TVET) were projected
on the basis of enrollment trend in the past since the current participation rates,
as can be seen in Table 5 are extremely larger than 100 percent. The analysis
on trend of enrollment in the first cycle secondary school, preparatory school and
TVET showed the fact that enrollment was annual increasing on the average by
351, 180 and 38 students during 2004 - 2009, respectively. One of the causes
for the observed large annual increment in enrollment especially in first cycle
secondary school is the presence of feeder schools in the hinterland of Almata
town to the secondary schools in the town. There fore, enrollment is expected to
keep on increasing in each of the three levels of secondary school since it is
unlikely that secondary schools will be constructed in the hinterland of Alamata
town during the planning period (2009-2019).

Accordingly, the observed trend of growth in enrollment for first cycle and second
cycle secondary schools is assumed to continue through out the planning period
while in case of TVET the observed trend is assumed to remain constant during
the first phase of the planning period (2009-2014) and to double during the
second phase (2015-2019). This is because of the fact that Alamata is expected
to be the center of Raya valley Development Corridor and this situation will
create opportunities for the establishment of agro-processing industries which
need trained graduates from TVETs.
Table 18. Projected Additional Enrollment and Existing Number of Schools

Enrollment in School Existing Additional Schools
Grade 2019 Requirement in Schools
Level 2019
KG 4236 18 3 15
1-8 10058 8 6 2 with a maximum of 32 class
rooms (CRs) or 4 schools each
having 16 CRs
9-10 6367 8 1 5 since the existing preparatory
school and TVET which are
located within the compound of the
secondary school will be used as
secondary school(9-10)
11-12 1 4 since the existing preparatory
3358 4
school will relocated
TVET 1127 2 1 2 since the existing preparatory
school will be relocated
*The service is provided in the first cycle secondary schools
** The projection is made based on observed trend The school requirement is estimated
under the assumption that schools will operate in single shift system.
III. Additional Requirement of Schools / Classrooms

Kindergartens (KG)
Regarding the school requirement for children whose age lie in the interval [4, 6],
there will be demand for 15 kindergartens during the planning period assuming
that the existing three kindergartens will function with full capacity (240 children
per kindergarten). The existing number of children in the three kindergartens
(168) is below the standard set by MOE (240 children per KG and 720 children in
three KGs), which is due mainly to low number of class rooms per KG compared
to the standard (6 class rooms per KG). Therefore, construction of additional
class rooms in the existing kindergartens could also be taken as a strategy to
address future demand of kindergartens in addition to construction of additional
ones.
Primary School
As can bee seen from the above table, enrollment by the end of the planning
period is expected to reach 10058. To accommodate the projected total
enrollment 8 primary schools will be required based on the standard set by MOE
(1600 students per school). Currently, there are 6 primary schools in the town
and hence, it suffices to construct only 2 additional schools, which will operate in
single shift, during the planning period.
First Cycle Secondary School (9-10)
Total enrollment for first cycle secondary school by the end of the planning period
is expected to grow to 10058. To accommodate this enrollment 8 schools are
required under a single shift system or 4 schools under double shift system,
according to the standard set by MOE (1 school for 800 students). Presently,
there is 1 school in the town. Moreover, since the preparatory and technical
schools which are currently found in the existing compound of the first cycle
secondary school will be relocated to ensure uniform distribution of schools

among the kebeles in the town, these schools will serve as additional first cycle
secondary schools. Therefore, if the schools are to operate in single shift system
5 additional schools will be required during the planning period. On the other
hand, if the schools are expected to operate in double shift system only 2
additional schools will be adequate during the planning period.
Second Cycle Secondary School (11-12)
Current (2009) enrollment in preparatory school which is 1558 is expected to

grow to 3358 by the end of the planning period (2019). For the total enrollment in
2019, 4 preparatory schools are required under a single shift system or 2
schools under double shift system, according to the standard set by MOE (1
school for 800 students). Presently, there is 1 school in the town. However, this
school is assumed to be relocated to some part of the town meaning that new
school is expected to be constructed. Therefore, if the schools are to operate in
single shift system 4 additional schools will be required during the planning
period. On the other hand, if the schools are expected to operate in double shift
system only 2 additional schools will be adequate during the planning period.
Technical and Vocational Training
The total number of trainees, during the field work (2009), in the technical and
vocational education school in the town was 557. Examination on the trend of
enrollment in TVET for the last 5 years since 2004 (Table 1.14), revealed an
increasing trend with an average annual growth rate close to 17 percent. Based
on the assumptions sated above taking in to account the observed trend of
enrollment, future enrollment in TVET is expected to reach around 1127 by the
end of the planning period (2019). Presently, there is 1 school in the town.
However, this school is assumed to be relocated to other part of the town
entailing the construction of new school. Therefore, if the schools are to operate
in single shift system 2 additional schools will be required during the planning

period. On the other hand, if the schools are expected to operate in double shift
system only 1 additional schools will be adequate during the planning period.
Table 19. Future Requirements of Schools

Grade Level Additional Schools
Single shift Double shift
Enrollment in
2019
KG 4236 15 -
1-8 10058 2 1
9-10 6367 5 2
11-12 3358 4 2
TVET 1127 2 1
1.3.5.2 Future Requirements of Health Services
This section tries to present the number of health institutions which are required
during the planning period (2019) as a result of increase in population size of
Alamata town. The health institutions which are required additionally are
estimated based on the additional population during the planning period taking
the standards set by MOH in to account.
Projected Population Size: The current (2009) population size of the town
which is estimated to be around 34,400 is expected to grow to 46,500 by the end
of the planning period. According to the projection there will be about 12,100
additional population by year 2019.
Standards: According to the standard set by Ministry of Health, a primary health

care unit (health center) has been planned to serve 25, 000 people, while a
district and a zonal hospital are each expected to serve 250,000 and 1,000,000
people, respectively
Based on the population projection and the standard set by MOH, the estimation
made on future requirements of hospital and health centers is presented below.

Hospital: By the end of the planning period the population size of the town is
expected to grow to 46,500. According to the standard set by MOH (1 zonal
hospital for 100,000 population) the existing hospital would be adequate during
the planning period not only for the population of the town but for the population
of the neighboring towns and rural areas as well.
Health center: Presently there is 1 health center for close to 34,000 population
of the town. The population of the town is expected to reach about 46,500 by the
end of the planning period entailing the need for 1 additional health center
according to the standard set by MOH (1 health center for 25,000 population).
Therefore, site which is appropriate for construction of a health center has to be
reserved in the proposed land use plan.
1.3.6. Future water demand
The future water demand comprises the domestic, public, industrial, and
agricultural and water loss demands.
Domestic water demand includes the water required for drinking, cooking,
washing, bathing, flushing toilet and other domestic household uses. Based on
the above mentioned WHO minimum water requirement and experiences of
Alamata as well as other similar urban centers of the country, the existing water
demand for Alamata is estimated to be 35 l/c/d. However, the future demands are
estimated to be 40 liters per person per day both in 2014 (at mid-term of the
planning period) and in 2019 (at the end of the planning period). The forecasting
shows increasing trend simply with the assumption that as the time increases the
pipe would become older, the leakage would also increase and the demand
would also increase.
Table 20: Per Capita Domestic Water Demand of Alamata (2009, 2014 and 2019)

Year Per Capita Domestic demand(l/c/d)

2009 35
2014 40
2019 40
Public water demand represents the water required for hospitals, schools,
parks, offices, commercial establishments, small scale industries, and other
public facilities. This demand is usually expressed as percentage of the domestic
water demand. Thus, usually public water demand is estimated at 30 per cent of
the domestic water demand and hence it is estimated to account 30 per cent of
the domestic demand throughout the planning period.
Industrial water demand: The water demand for small scale industries is
already considered within the public water demand. Other large scale industries
are usually recommended to develop and produce their own water since they
required huge amount of water, and even for the sake of their safety and proper
management. Thus, the existing small scale industries as well as the future that
might be established in Alamata should develop their own water source. Here, in
Alamata, as there is good potential of ground water, they would not face any
difficulty to develop their own sources. Hence, water requirement for heavy
industries is not considered in the projection of total water demand of the town.
Agricultural water demand refers to water requirements for irrigation and

livestock. Irrigation in Alamata is being undertaken on large plots by local and
investors to the eastern and south eastern part of the town intensively. Likewise,
livestock in the town mainly gets water from the town’s water supply system.
Therefore, it is included in the water demand projection.
Water losses and others include the amount of water leakage in the pipelines
and un-metered usages (like mains flushing and overflow from service
reservoirs). Thus, the present water loss is about 18,000 m 3 per month of the

water consumption in the town. The main reason for the leakage is due to old
pipe distribution in the town. Assuming there will be protective measures to
minimize future additional losses and considering there will be other unexpected
losses for other uses like fire fighting, car washing and so on, the water loss is
estimated to be 30 per cent of domestic plus public demands.
Average total water demand: The total water demand is calculated for domestic
demand, public demand and losses (including some other uses). Thus, the
demands for agricultural activities are not included in such projection. However,
the medium variant population projection figures have been taken into
consideration with the aim to predict comparatively excessive water projection.
Table 21: Projected Average Water Demand of Alamata

Year Projected Domestic Demand Public Demand Loss Average Daily
population (m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day) Total Demand
(m3/day)
2009 34,463 1241 372 323 1985
2014 40,482 1619 533 462 2771
2019 46,500 1859 668 579 3472
The total average daily water demands for the town are calculated at 1241, 1619
and 1859 m³ for the years 2009, 2014 and 2019, respectively. The current
maximum water production of Alamata is estimated to reach only some 973 m³
per day. This production does not operate with full capacity and is restricted only
for 7 hours a day. Thus, if it operates at least for 24 hours a day it will produce
more than 2200 m³. This will be enough at least for the next two or three years of
the planning period. However, it is important to note here that in order to meet the
future water demand, additional water sources should also be developed and
hence additional wells should be drilled. The pipe system should also be
improved accordingly, and new reservoirs should also be installed.

1.3.7. Housing Demand
As stated on the assessment of land and housing, totally 4955 new houses which
include the current backlog and future demand for the new households are
expected to be built in the town during the planning period. On average
(according to the Regional Works and Urban Development Bureau) 175 m2 of
land will be allotted for individual house construction. For 4955 household a net
area of 90 hectares of land is required. The housing part takes about 42.39% of
the total land use, for the whole expansion including the street network about
315.43 hectares of land is required.
Supply of land 175 m2 with possible for interested buyers even to acquire bigger
plot size up to 250m2 with lease this will accommodate demands higher than the
standard. The big majority of the housing stock was constructed out of touched
roofs (Tukul) with mud and wattle there must be enforcements to the community
to transform this large numbers of housing typologies to a more decent urban
housing which would also transform the density of the housing in the town as well
as reduce the risks of fire hazards. Though currently, there is a major shift to
condominium typology which most of the communities are questioning the
affordability and the way of living, the trend of using wood and wattle for house
construction is expected to continue. Considering the ample supply of wood from
the hinterland and also from the affordability points of view, this approach is a
recommended one in addition to the condo arrangements.
On the spatial land use plan the land budgeting is calculated based on land
supply for individual households. The reserved land can accommodate both
options. If the condominium option dominates the housing provision, then there
will be ample space for other land uses as well as future reserve.

Rural settlement: There are some rural areas in the town annexed to be part of
the future Alamata on the road to Addis Ababa which endangers the future
expansion of the town and on the way to Mokonie infront of the substation. The
urban characters of these areas are organic and sporadic. Besides there is no
proper street network and services. Hence the future development plans of
Alamata designated these are for residential zones. However these area need
upgrading that focuses on regularization and service provision. Arterial Streets
are proposed in these areas to connect to the different social, economic and
other infrastructures of the town. The total area proposed for housing is 315.43
ha, i.e., 42.39 % of the total built up area.

1.4. Spatial Planning
1.4.1. Spatial Growth Trend
According to the historical development trend study the town has through four
periods which have contributed to its current spatial characteristics, this periods
during the Italian occupation period (1936-1941), the Imperial period (1941-
1974), the Derge period (1974-1991) and the post Derge periods. This periods
has given the town its current shape urban structure this can be categorized as
Irregular or traditionally evolved from rural pattern

Grid pattern development
Plate 1: Map showing the growth pattern of the town
1936-1941
1941 -1974
1974-1991
1991- 2009
Source: Anbessa & Associates consulting assessment 2009
Alamata town is still under transformation from rural tradition the Tuklu housing
typology and the non-existence of the basic services still need to be transformed
in to more permanent urban housing typology and improving provision of basic
facilities.

1.4.2. Growth Scenario
The socio-economic studies indicate the overall future development of the town,
while determining the spatial growth of the town it would use as an input the
recommendation out-put of this studies forecasting the future development trend
of the town it its economic, social, environmental and spatial development. In fact
determining the development trend of the town will consider the physical,
topographic, infrastructure and the preference of the community to live and work.
While determining the development pattern of the town the following criteria’s are
used.
 Linkage with existing neighborhoods;

 Pattern of existing and future Infrastructure development;
 Compact town shape
 Preference of residents;
 Topographic suitability;
 Linkage to economic and social service locations;
 Environmental considerations;
Based on the planning consideration framework developed above the growth

direction of Alamata town is to the East, south-east and south the other direction
of the town are bound by topographic constraints.

Plate 2: showing the growth scenarios
1.4.3. Conceptual plan
Basis for Planning the Future
The basis of the concept planning of the town considers the following major
approaches and consideration the first is in solving/overcoming the shortcoming
of the towns development, the second consideration focuses on the physical and
natural conditions and the third consideration focuses on accommodating the
future growth of the town.
The concept plan has considered the current planning problems within the town
based on the consultation of the community, residents, officials and the findings

of the spatial assessment and socio-economic studies supported through primary

and secondary data’s.
Plate 3: showing the conceptual framework
 Delineating the urbanization promotion boundary that remains under the

control of the town council;
 Creating sub-centers consisting of commercial, civic and recreational
activities with the view of creating a well integrated and balanced service
distribution in the town;
 Promoting investments in urban productive activities and strengthen the
urban character of the town;
 Developing forest, green areas and buffer zones in places of high electric
power line, high slope, rugged terrain within a certain distance along river

banks and smaller streams, etc. for environmental protection and scenic
reasons;
 Redistributing the current traffic flow that passes through the main asphalt
route by providing additional major roads;
 Creating a rather compact development by encouraging the town’s
physical growth towards expansion areas identified in the east, north-east
and south direction; and
 To relocate the correctional institution located at the center.
1. Compact urban Development:

 Appropriate densification;
 Incorporation of various types of land uses;
 Development of the town in various directions while maintaining
compactness; and
 Priority of development to infill areas.
2. Strengthening of urban-urban and urban- rural linkages:

 Incorporation of land use activities that could enhance urban-urban
and urban-rural linkage in terms of transportation; and
 Develop and organize market infrastructure.
3. Ensure sustainable neighborhood development:

 Create livable environment;
 Encourage mixed use development;
 Consideration of urban upgrading mechanisms in the slum areas of
the old quarter of the town; and
 Integration of various quarters of the town.
4. Enhancement and incorporation of environmental issues in the

development plan:
 Encourage and indicate green areas and open spaces;

 Protection of water potential areas from the impacts of various

urban activities among others by providing adequate buffer zone;
and
 Consideration of Gerakhsu Mountain as a forest area for
environmental/ecological conservation as well as reduce the risks
of flooding.
5. Prohibit/discourage development or ensure suitable land uses or indicate

appropriate buffer zones as desired in localities where development may
be constrained:
 Water potential areas
 Landslides;
 Flood prone areas;
 Rocky areas;
 Steep slope areas; and
 High-tension electricity cables.
6. Indicate urbanization promotion areas and urbanization controlled areas:

 To ensure long term development of the town;
 To promote mutual benefit of both rural and urban areas in
protecting the environment; and,
 To control premature development and illegal settlement.
1.4.4. Proposed land Use and Road Network Plan
1.4.4.1. Proposed Land Use Plan
According to population forecast, it has been mentioned that the town will have
some 46,500 inhabitant by the end of the planning period. The housing units as
well as related facilities and services have also been estimated. In addition,

considering the anticipated future role of the town, the proposal has intended to
accommodate the future growth as discussed in the different land use categories.
Table 22: Land use functions by category

No Activity Area (ha) Percentage Percentage
(built-up) (urbanized)
1 Residence 315.43 42.39 33.34
-Pure (Existing) 186.53 25.07 19.72
-Mixed 29.82 4.01 3.15
-Pure (Proposed) 99.08 13.31 10.47
2 Administration 3.6 0.48 0.38
3 Commerce 47.78 6.42 5.05
4 Service 103.79 13.95 10.97
5 Manufacturing 48.02 6.45 5.08
6 Transport and Road Network 196.95 26.47 20.82
7 Recreation 28.59 3.84 3.02
Built-up 744.16 100 92.26
8 Agriculture 92.29 _ 9.76
9 Forest and Informal Green 21.13 _ 2.23
10 Special Function 88.42 _ 9.35
Total (urbanized) 946.00 100% 100%
Source: as Calculated from the Proposed Land-use Map

Source: Anbessa & Associates consulting land use proposal 2009

Residential
As stated on the assessment of land and housing, totally 4955 new houses which
include the current backlog and future demand for the new households are
expected to be built in the town during the planning period. On average
(according to the Regional Works and Urban Development Bureau) 175 m2 of
land will be allotted for individual house construction. For 4955 household a net
area of 90 hectares of land is required. If the housing part takes about 42.39% of
the total land use, for the whole expansion including the street network about
315.43hectares of land is required.
Supply of land 175 m2 with possible for interested buyers even to acquire bigger
plot size up to 300m2 with lease this will accommodate demands higher than the
standard. The big majority of the housing stock was constructed out of touched
roofs (Tukul) with mud and wattle there must be enforcements to the community
to transform this large numbers of housing typologies to a more decent urban
housing which would also transform the density of the housing in the town as well
as reduce the risks of fire hazards. Though currently, there is a major shift to
condominium typology which most of the communities are questioning the
affordability and the way of living, the trend of using wood and wattle for house
construction is expected to continue. Considering the ample supply of wood from
the hinterland and also from the affordability points of view, this approach is a
recommended one in addition to the condo arrangements.
On the spatial land use plan the land budgeting is calculated based on land
supply for individual households. The reserved land can accommodate both
options. If the condominium option dominates the housing provision, then there
will be ample space for other land uses as well as future reserve.
Rural settlement: There are some rural areas in the town annexed to be part of
the future Alamata on the road to Addis Ababa which endangers the future

expansion of the town and on the way to Mokonie in front of the substation. The
urban characters of these areas are organic and sporadic. Besides there is no
proper street network and services. Hence the future development plans of
Alamata designated these are for residential zones. However these area need
upgrading that focuses on regularization and service provision. Arterial Streets
are proposed in these areas to connect to the different social, economic and
other infrastructures of the town. The total area proposed for housing is
315.43ha, i.e., 42.39 % of the total built up area.
Commerce
Commercial areas are located along the main road Addis Ababa to Makelle via
Mokhonie and Korem this trend has also been strengthened in the proposal by
inducing three centers to strengthen the attraction for commercial developments.
The general market which is the most important source of revenue of the town is
maintained at its location while upgrading the peripheral storage areas and
shops. At the same time, two smaller ‘gullits’ have been proposed at relatively
remote areas from this market, to meet the daily demand of the inhabitants.
The cattle market, together with the slaughter house has been maintained in their
current position along the Gugudo road, which is the main flow direction of cattle.
Administration
The prison, which is currently around the municipality is to be relocated to the

new prison center constructed out of the town, this location has been proposed
for the police station and other facilities as the police station current location is
proposed for new commercial development with round about on the junction.

The area around the town administration has been dominantly administration and
is located on the center of the town in a very good centrality for the town, so the
proposal strengthens this area as an administration center it has been reserved
for administration in the plan.
Smaller administrative sites have been indicated here and there within the town
so as to accommodate kebele administration, but also some communal facilities
such as small shops, and recreational activities. In a brooder sense, these
should be considered more like neighborhood centers.
Services
Regarding educational services, the anticipated additional institutions (15

kindergartens, 2 elementary, 5 junior secondary, 5 senior secondary schools, 4
preparatory and 2 technical schools) have been proposed at adequate location to
serve the new settlement and balance the present uneven distribution of the
services. As to their size, they have been determined and adjusted according to
the standards set by the Ministry of Education.
Regarding health services, one health centers, it has been proposed on the
western part (Kidana area) hence this area has been no functioning road due to
the river Etu between this settlement and this area, so to minimize the risks of
patient traveling the health center has been proposed on this location.
Other than this, some sites has been reserved here and there within the town.
The municipality could give those sites for various services upon demand.
Manufacturing
There has been already developed industrial zone on the northern edge of the
town where by the regional and town administration have constructed the main

infrastructures to the site to encourage investment in the town and only two
investment license has been issued in this part. The proposal has strengthened
this area to be as the future industrial zone for achieving its vision of becoming a
center of agro-processing center and it has been increased in its size.
Small scale service giving facilities like floor mills and garages, should be given
land within the residential areas with proper accessibility or some could be
incorporated within the commercial cites along the streets.
Transport
Alamata town has been proposed as one of the train station in the country and
the agency for rail way has requested the reservation of 60 hectares of land on
the left side of the road to Addis Ababa, the proposal has incorporated this area
as part of the plan. The location of the bus terminal has been maintained where it
is located currently as it is being located on centrality, accessibility, proximity for
the commercial centre and public services. Taxi and baggage station are located
as parking lot on the main streets.
The other transport facility is the freight terminal, which is becoming important for
the town to accommodate the growing freight trucks staying in the town and
creating congestion parking on the street. An area on the road to Mokonie is
reserved to accommodate this demand.
Recreation
A sport field that can accommodate a stadium has already been reserved by the
previous plan adjacent to the secondary school this area has been reserved as
sport center for the town.

Some fairly large open fields have been located in different part of the town,
especially on the left side of the road to Mohoni and the expansion site behind
Kidanemehret church. These could be used for large communal activities and
gatherings. Small play grounds sites are to be incorporated within residential
areas when preparing detail plans in the future.
Urban Agriculture
The 20% of the community in the town is still engaged and is the future potential
for the in farming activities and accentuated the need for the development of
horticulture, poultry, dairy farming, fattening and other agriculture activities within
the town. In this respect, the flood prone area on the southern boundary of the
town, on the left side of the road to Addis Ababa, has been reserved for this
purpose.
Areas has also been reserved on the up stream of Etu river and the northern part
of the town where currently some urban agriculture activities are taking place
since this two rivers would contribute to the development of such activities.
The backyard horticultural activities (Kidana area) taking place within the
settlement beyond Etu river need to be encouraged as it gives one peculiar
character to the area and enhances mainly fresh fruit supply to the town.
However to improve the sanitation condition of the area the community has to
transform the rural characteristics into urban ways of living by transforming the
current farming to more modern urban agriculture activities.
Forest
Flooding is one of the critical priority problems in the town and one of the
recommended solution strategies to tackle the problem is the afforestation

program of the sloppy terrains of Gerakasu which has already a very good
success rate in the rehabilitation and the surrounding mountains.
Nevertheless, some 15-20 m distance from river banks has been reserved as
protective green from gradual erosion and over flooding risk
Apart from this, some 15 meters clearance area needed to be reserved along
power distribution lines for security reason, and thus has been reserved as
greenery area. Necessary precaution should be taken about the type and size of
trees during implementation time.
1.4.4.2. Proposed Road Network Plan
Generally the existing street network layout in the town have been the result of
the previous planning efforts and generally the accessibility of the neighborhoods
is very good with some areas deteriorated and unstructured block and housing
arrangements, it is difficult to change the built street network as damage may be
huge interims of compensation, but there are also positive aspects due to the low
quality of housing may encourage as well owners to rebuild. As much as possible
the new street network layout plan attempts to prevent the demolishing of houses
while maintaining the carriage ways of streets.
New connection and centers: the proposal has strengthened the current
junction to more urban street structure than highways it has tried to introduce
round about in the main road to Mokonie and centers in two other different
location along the road to Mokonie and Addis Ababa. In general the new
proposed streets are done based on the following basic assumptions: Creating
alternative routes; demarcating settlement area from green; connecting or
integrating new settlement area.

Hierarchy of street: In this regard, the main road network with 4 types of roads,
hierarchically classified as per the anticipated type and volume of traffic has been
laid out and tied together with the spatial organization of the whole town.
- The main road or the major arterial of the town which is the Addis
Ababa Mekele, Mohoni and Gogudo road, passing through the center
of the town, is large enough presently (30, 28 and 25 meters wide
respectively) to meet the anticipated demand. However, the current
open ditch drainage channels has minimized the size and creates
inconvenience for the commercial activity along the road, so it is
advisable to cover the drainage lines so as the space could be used for
street side parking and functioning pedestrian walkway and
convenience for the commercial developments.
- The minor arterials are the roads that connect the different settlements
of the town road running from Eyesus church to Kidana, Mother Treza
connecting to Mohoni road and from bridge Etu river running pararrale
to Mohoni road together with the access that connects these 3 outlets
from the town, have been proposed with 20 meters width so as to
accommodate the moderate amount of vehicular traffic.
- The Major collector roads with a 15 - 20m width are the third type of
road proposed by the plan. As the name indicates, these roads collect
the traffic from different section of the town and pass it over to minor
arterials.
- The Minor collector roads with a 12 - 15m width are the third type of
road proposed by the plan. As the name indicates, these roads collect
the traffic from different section of the town and pass it over to minor
arterials.
- The local streets with a width less than 12 meter distribute
accommodate the traffic through out the less integrated pasts of the
town, the residential blocks and services.

Apart from this, in order to minimize the drainage problem, ditches have been
proposed along the side of the road. And again, planting of trees along side the
rood could be used as shades by the high number of pedestrians but would also
contribute to the esthetic value of the streets, and the town at large.
The main road network system lies within this major framework of different types
of roods. However, additional local streets and paths would come into scene as
the plan is further refined to detailed plans.

Plate 5: proposed road network map
Source: Anbessa & Associates consulting proposed road network 2009

Infrastructure and Street Sections: Apart from serving as a path for mobility form
one point to another and being open space for different activities, street is a medium
for under and above ground infrastructure. Though the town does not have standards
to put the different types of physical infrastructure, the standard prepared at the
federal level provides a general framework standard in this regard. Depending on the
width and types of streets, the locations of the physical infrastructure standards are
provided.
Telephone: Improved infrastructure should be developed in integration with the road

network system.
Electric power infrastructure: Improved electric power infrastructure should be
developed in integration with the road network and other infrastructure system.
Moreover, street light should be provided for the streets that are badly in need of the
service. Among these streets are:
- Kebele 01
- Weyinee Bet to Gbreal,
- Stadium to Mehoni Menged
- Kokebe Tsibeha to Mehoni Menged;
- Aseffa Shemey to Birehane Areaya,
- Hospital Fit Lefiyt,
- Teodrose Hotel to Setoch Dhinet Kinessa
- Kebele 03
- Haile G/Ezgie to Adanne Gebru (Ketena 1-3)
- Mohammed Abbay to Arogiew Gebeya (Ketena 2),
- Molla Kass Wofecho to Gereme Fege (Ketena1- 3)
- Alemu Abate to Shambel Mekuriaw Getahun ((Ket- 3)
- G/Selassie Girmay G/Halleka (Ketena 4)
- Kaeleayu Endeshaw to Nerea Aberra (Ketena 4)
- Wottet G/Mariam to Fitsum Abreham (Ketena 4)

- Tebeje Gulessa to Hiluf Checkol (Ketena 4)

- Filku Chama Bet to Nigus Hadish (Ketena 5)
- Wayu to Gedey Tesfay (Ketena 5)
2. Influence area recommendations
2.2 Influence area Economic Recommendations
 Promote productive employment in livestock husbandry and poultry. A shift to

livestock and poultry in rural areas is the most appropriate measure to
increase labor productivity, reduce the pressure on agricultural land, and
provide the best opportunity for many young people to join farming occupation.
 Encourage private veterinary services to support the expansion of dairy,

poultry and fattening activities both in the rural and urban areas.
 Encourage urban sector investment on multiplying and distribution high

yielding varieties of seeds to farmers.
 Take measures to accelerate non farm employment in rural areas. Non farm
employment can contribute to poverty reduction through offsetting fluctuation
in farm incomes, overcoming credit and risk constraints and provide productive
employment for the land less households.
 Strengthen emerging towns in the surrounding area both as a center of

productive activities and market outlets.
 Encourage investment in irrigation to enhance the profitability of agriculture

and reduce the impacts of rainfall shortage on agricultural production.

 Encourage private sector and civil society involvement in extension and

training services for farmers.
 Support the transition from subsistence to commercial mode of production by

increasing the productivity and return to growing traditional and nontraditional
cash crops.
 Overcome the constraints of technology, markets and finance of smallholder

farmers, by linking up small holder farmers with commercial farmers and
processing farms
 Develop special commercialization schemes for small farmers in the influence

area by improving and securing access to land and water, enhanced access to
mechanical and biological technologies and knowledge, and improved access
to markets and finance.
 Encourage horticultural crops for both domestic and export market.

Horticulture offers a good opportunity to generate new employment and to
increase income by several folds at the same time.
 The influence area is rich in its livestock resources, especially cattle in Raya
Azebo and Alamata woredas and sheep in Ofela woreda. Proper farming
practice should be introduced to maximize benefits.
 Undertake extensive and aggressive promotional activities to attract private

investors’ involvement in the development of modern commercial farms in the
fertile plains of Alamata and Raya azebo woredas through irrigation schemes
and development of agro processing industries.
 Establish strong coordination and consultation between the urban and rural
Alamata in order to improve land use management practice. This will allow the

efficient and effective use of land with common understanding among the rural
and rural population for a common good.
 The fertile plain of the influence area is suitable for large scale modern
commercial farms which in turn will lead to the development of agro
processing industries. The town, therefore, need to plan to benefit the most
from this potential.

3. Strategy to Project Table
Once strategies have been decided, the first step towards implementation has to be
under taken, i.e. that of planning for implementation. This step involves “translating”
strategies into a project / series of projects for implementation. This tool helps to
structure the identification of projects, in terms of listing possible projects to
implement each strategy. This is the starting point for more detailed project design in
the next planning phase.
Strategies can be defined as the ways (“how?”) to achieve objectives. Projects are a
temporary set of measure s / interventions that translate the strategy into practice.
In order to move from strategies to projects, strategies have to be unpacked to
determine the various components required for the realization of strategies. Based
on these components, areas for intervention can be identified. The areas of
intervention form the basis for identifying projects. One project or a set of projects
can be used to achieve a strategy. Alternatively, one project can contribute to the
achievement of more than one strategy. The table on next page presents this
translation process and it ensures a close link between project identification and the
selected strategies.
To translate strategies into projects, an attempt has been made to study the strategy
in detail, and list what has to exist to fulfill the strategy. This is listed in the
“component” column.
Once the list is completed, the components that already exist have been
considered – these are indicated with a YES in the following column. The
components that do not exist or only exist in part have also been checked and
indicate with a NO in the following column.
Each component has been checked whether it is already covered by existing

projects in order to avoid redesigning of projects that already exist in the municipal
plans. These do not include completed projects, but those which are already in the
implementation phase and those in the pipeline.

In the following column an attempt has been made to indicate whether this particular
project deals sufficiently with the requirement or additional measures have to be
considered.
The components indicate possible areas of interventions. For those components not
sufficiently covered by existing projects a list of projects (interventions) has been
compiled to deal with such outstanding components.

Table 23: Strategy to project Table

S. Priority Issue Best Strategy Components Existing Projects in action or in Suffic New Project
N pipeline ient
1 Unemployment Promote the Yes Organazizing No
Organazizing Cooperatives Organazizing Coop’s
Development of Small Cooperatives
and Micro Scale Provision of Training Provision of Training Provision of Training
Enterprises Facilitating Access to Credit Facilitating Access to Facilitating Credit
Credit
Preparation of premises Preparation of premises Premise preparation
2.1 Dray Waste Organizing MSEs Organazizing Cooperatives Organazizing Coop’s

Collection Provision of Training No No - Provision of Training
Facilitating Access to Credit Facilitating Credit
Preparation of premises Premise preparation
2.2 Dray Waste Involve the private Involving the private sector No No - Involving the private
Disposal investors sector
2.3 Low coverage Construction of Construction of communal No No - Construction of
of toilet communal toilets toilets communal toilets
facilities
3 Flooding Construct drainage Prepare drainage net work p Yes Yes Yes No
channels Construct drainage channel N0 N0 - Construct drainage
channel
Divert rivers and run off Identify intervention areas N0 N0 - Identify intervention
from hills areas
Construct diversion lines N0 N0 - Construct diversion
lines
4 Low coverage Construction of cobble Prepare road net work plan Yes Yes Yes N0
of road stone Construct cobble stone road N0 N0 - Construct cobble
stone road
5 Low coverage Construction of public Develop water wells Develop water wells
of water supply fountains Construct collection chamber N0 N0 - Construct collection
chamber
Construct reservoirs Construct reservoirs
Construct public fountains Construct public
fountains

1 INTRODUCTION
In the perspective of this study, storm water is defined to include at least the following
types of liquid wastes although they generally differ in quality, quantity and origin.
i) Rain generated wastewater (run-off water) which comes from surfaces of
streets, roofs, walkways, developed and undeveloped areas, etc.
ii) Leakage water i.e. water which comes from leaking and damaged water supply
pipelines,
iii) Water used for flushing of streets, water tanks, pipelines, washing of cars etc.
iv) Ground water infiltrated into storm pipes and ditches either through manholes, pipe
joints or the body of the pipe, etc.
In general, storm water is required to be free of any domestic sewage, sullage,

industrial and commercial wastes which are toxic in nature and which contain large
amount of organic loads (BOD), grease and other environmentally hazardous
substances.
Storm drainage facilities imply all man-made conveyance systems (closed + open)
and associated structures.
 Storm drainage open pipes (closed conduits) of any material type; like cement,
UPVC, cast-iron etc.
 Storm drainage open ditches i.e. lined and unlined surfaces, trapezoidal,
rectangular and v-shaped cross-sections.
 Inspection manholes, drop manholes, drop structures, street inlet structure,
sand /silt trap structures, connection or junction facilities, box or pipe culverts,
out-fall structures, retaining walls, etc.
The design of storm drainage facilities has been executed based on:
i) The existing road and housing layouts,
ii) The planed road and housing layouts
Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 Page 78
2.2 EXISTING DRAINAGE FACILITIES AND CONSTRAINTS
It is observed that Alamata has primarily two drainage basins; one draining to UTU
and the other to HARA River. Many tributaries feed both the streams with substantial
amount of water during rainy season. These streams are seasonal where the peak
discharge is attained during summer and Belg.
The Existing drainage lines of Alamata were designed by Urban planning institute to
cover most of the town however the municipality has tried to construct the dikes
along UTU river and open ditches drainage lines on the Addis Grakahsu road on both
sides and some in the town which is a very small portion of the plan which are very
critical for the town. The drainage lines drain to UTU River. The total length of
drainage line made of masonry stone is around 12398.40 m, out of which around
4232. m is along both sides the AA-Korem road road. The remaining are on the left
part of the town and right part of the town.
The sections of the open drainage ditches are Rectangular and trapezoidal with
average depth of 1.2 m.
3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES
3.1 GENERAL
Under this study the proposed storm drainage facilities are classified into open
ditches, closed pipe systems, and some hydraulic units like inlet and drop structures,
inspection manholes.
Following the site visit and identification of the proposed drainage routes, the next
steps were:
 Study of natural drainage and catchment characteristics, and evaluate the constructed
structures
 Identification and delineation of drainage contributing areas into each drain;
 Determination of IDF curve for various return periods,
 Estimation of catchment runoff, and
 Hydraulic analysis to sizes the various storm water drains.
3.2 SELECTION CRITERIA OF DRAINAGE ROUTES

The existing road network and topography favor the provision of storm drainage
facilities in the Alamata town. Therefore, selection criteria will be a matter of
economy. The following criteria are used to prioritize the areas to be provided with
storm drainage facilities. These are:
 Economic and social significance of the area,
 Intensities and extents of prevailing storm drainage problems in the area,
 The extent and quality of the existing storm drainage facilities in the area;
 Availability of road network in the area, and
 Recommendations of the Master Plan.
3.3 PROPOSED DRAINAGE LAYOUT AND DRAINAGE AREA

PATTERN
The proposed drainage layout is as presented in Drawing No. D1. The proposed
drainage system covers a total area of about 995 ha. The total length of the proposed
drainage system amounts to about 41,000m. ith 51 junctions, 11outfalls and 35 sub
catchments.
Figure 1 Proposed drainage system
Source: Anbessa & Associates consulting 2001EC
3.4 DESIGN FREQUENCY AND SPREAD
FREQUENCY
The design storm frequency for pavement drainage shall be consistent with the
frequency selected for other components of the drainage system.
SPREAD
For multi-laned curb and gutter, or guttered carriageways with no parking, it is not
practical to avoid travel lane flooding when longitudinal grades are flat (0.2 to 1.0
percent). However, flooding shall never exceed the lane adjacent to the gutter or
shoulder for design conditions. Urban bridges with curb and gutter should also use
this criterion.
For single-lane carriageways at least 2 meters of carriageway shall remain unflooded
for design conditions.
SELECTION
The major considerations for selecting a design frequency and spread include
highway classification, because it defines and reflects public expectations for finding
water on the pavement surface. Ponding shall be minimized on the traffic lanes of
high-speed, high volume highways, where it is not expected to occur.
Highway speed is another major consideration, because at speeds greater than 75

kilometers per hour, even a shallow depth of water on the pavement can cause
hydroplaning. Design speed is recommended for use in evaluating hydroplaning
potential. When the design speed is selected, consideration shall be given to the
likelihood that legal posted speeds may be exceeded. It is clearly unreasonable to
provide the same level of protection for low speed facilities as for high-speed
facilities.
Other considerations include inconvenience, hazards, and nuisances to pedestrian

traffic and buildings adjacent to carriageways that are located within the splash zone.
These considerations should not be minimized and, in some locations (such as

commercial areas), may assume major importance.
DESIGN CRITERIA
Basic design criteria for frequency were given in Table: Standards and Departures
from Standards. This information is further developed as per the following tables
Table 1: Design storm frequency
Source: own compilations 2001EC
Based on the proposed layout of drainage facilities, drainage areas to be served by

the respective storm drainage lines were delineated as shown on the drainage layout
drawing.
The runoff flow pattern or direction in each drainage area has also been determined
based on the natural contour lines.
The storm runoff originated in each tributary area is collected by the proposed drain
and eventually drains into the main natural river.
Accordingly 2 years, 5 years & 10 years of return period has been adopted on the
design of minor, sub major & major lines consecutively.
3.4 Flood estimation

Many hydrologic methods are available. The methods to be used and the
circumstances for their use are listed below. The hydrologic methods approved by
ERA and limitations on their use follows:
 Rational method shall be used only for catchment areas less than 50 hectares
(0.5 km2);
 SCS and other unit hydrograph methods for catchment areas greater than 50
hectares;
 Catchment area regression equations shall be used for all routine designs at sites
where applicable;
 Gumbel or Log Pearson III analyses shall preferably be used for all routine
designs provided there is at least 10 years of continuous or synthesized record for
10-year discharge estimates and 25 years for 100-year discharge estimates;
 Suitable computer programs such as HYDRAIN's HYDRO, HEC 1, and TR-55
and TR-20 may be used to facilitate tedious hydrologic calculations.
Of these possible hydrologic methods, at the present time, only the Rational and SCS
methods are applicable to the whole country.
All proposed structures are sized using the specified design frequency as provided
above. The following text further develops the choices presented. A design frequency
shall be selected to match the facility’s cost, amount of traffic, potential flood hazard
to property, expected level of service, political considerations, and budgetary
constraints, considering the magnitude and risk associated with damages from larger
flood events.
Based on the design criteria, a design involving roadway overtopping of short

duration for floods larger than the design event is acceptable practice. Usually, if
overtopping is allowed, the structure may be designed to accommodate a flood of
some lower frequency without overtopping.
Hydrologic Procedures
The methods presented in this Design Criteria were selected to be consistent with the
methods available in the computer program TR-55 (technical Release 55 for SCS
tabular and Hydrograph analysis) and Rational Formula Method.
3.4.1 Rational Method
The rational methods of estimating design flood on small watershed is based, in

concept, on the criterion that storms of uniform intensity distributed evenly over the
basin, maximum rate of runoff equal to a certain percentage of rainfall intensity
occurs when the entire basin area is contributing at the outlet. This condition met
after the elapsed time tc, time of concentration. The equation of rational formula is
function of catchment area, runoff coefficient and time of concentration. The equation
is expressed as:
Qd = 0.278 C Cf I A
Where:
Qd = Design Discharge m3/sec
C = Runoff Coefficient
Cf = Frequency factor
I = Rainfall Intensity for duration equal to time of
concentration
A = Drainage area (km2)
3.4.1.1 Runoff Coefficient
The runoff coefficient depends on characteristics of drainage basin. The rainfall

depends on slope, permeability and vegetation of catchments area. Runoff coefficient
and frequency factor are given Table 2&3 respectively.
Table 2 Frequency factor, Cf
Return Period Cf
5 1.00
10 1.00
25 1.10
50 1.20
100 1.25
Table 3Typical Run-off Coefficient Values

Types of Catchment Surface Runoff Coefficient (C)
Roof 0.70 to 0.95
Asphalt pavement 0.85 to 0.95
Macadam road 0.25 to 0.60
Gravel drive area 0.15 to 0.30
Residential area 0.25 to 0.75
Sandy soil 0.05 to 0.20
Heavy soil 0.13 to 0.35
Pasture land 0.40 to 0.70
Forest area 0.50 to 0.85
Industrial area 0.50 to 0.90
3.4.2 SCS Method
It was developed from recorded storm data that included total amount of rainfall in a
calendar day but not its distribution with respect to time. The SCS runoff equation is
therefore a method of estimating direct runoff from 24-hour or 1-day storm rainfall.
The equation is:
Q = ((P- Ia)2 / (P - Ia)) + S
Where:
Q = accumulated direct runoff, mm
P = accumulated rainfall (potential maximum runoff), mm
Ia = initial abstraction including surface storage, interception, and infiltration
prior to runoff, mm
S = potential maximum retention, mm
The relationship between Ia and S was developed from experimental catchment area
data. The empirical relationship used in the SCS runoff equation is:
Ia = 0.2S
S = (1000/CN) –10
The TR-55 presents methods to calculate storm runoff volumes, peak discharge
rates, and pre- and post-development hydrographs. The methods apply to small
watersheds (around 800ha or less) by implementing the Curve numbers.
As the drainage of Alamata town is using open channels this method will be used to
calculate the runoff from the upper reach to the outlets.
3.4.2.1 Runoff factor
Runoff is rainfall excess or effective rainfall - the amount by which rainfall exceeds the
capability of the land to infiltrate or otherwise retain the rainwater. The principal
physical catchment area characteristics affecting the relationship between rainfall and
runoff are land use, land treatment, soil types, and land slope.
Land use is the catchment area cover, and it includes both agricultural and
nonagricultural uses. Items such as type of vegetation, water surfaces, roads, roofs,
etc. are all part of the land use.
Land treatment applies mainly to agricultural land use, and it includes mechanical
practices such as contouring or terracing and management practices such as rotation
of crops.
Soil properties influence the relationship between rainfall and runoff by affecting the
rate of infiltration. The SCS has divided soils into four hydrologic soil groups based
on infiltration rates (Groups A, B, C, and D).
Hydrological Soil Groups for Ethiopia
Soil properties influence the relationship between runoff and rainfall since soils have
differing rates of infiltration. Permeability and infiltration are the principal data
required to classify soils into Hydrologic Soils Groups (HSG). Based on infiltration
rates, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) has divided soils into four hydrologic soil
groups as follows:
Group A: Sand, loamy sand or sandy loam. Soils having a low runoff potential due
to high infiltration rates. These soils primarily consist of deep, well-drained sands and
gravels.
Group B: Silt loam, or loam. Soils having a moderately low runoff potential due to
moderate infiltration rates. These soils primarily consist of moderately deep to deep,
moderately well to well drained soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse
textures.
Group C: Sandy clay loam. Soils having a moderately high runoff potential due to
slow infiltration rates. These soils primarily consist of soils in which a layer exists near
the surface that impedes the downward movement of water or soils with moderately
fine to fine texture.
Group D: Clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay or clay. Soils having a high
runoff potential due to very slow infiltration rates. These soils primarily consist of
clays with high swelling potential, soils with permanently-high water tables, soils with
a clay pan or clay layer at or near the surface, and shallow soils over nearly
impervious parent material.
It is often desirable to develop a composite runoff coefficient based on the
percentage of different types of surface in the catchment area. The composite
procedure can be applied to an entire catchment area or to typical "sample” blocks as
a guide to selection of reasonable values of the coefficient for an entire area.
Runoff Curve Numbers The following pages give a series of tables related to runoff
factors. The curve numbers given for various land uses are based on an average
antecedent moisture condition, i.e., soils that are neither very wet nor very dry when
the design storm begins. Curve numbers shall be selected only after a field
inspection of the catchment area and a review of cover type and soil maps.
For antecedent moisture conditions (AMC) in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Road Authority

Drainage manual suggests to use average AMC for most regions including Alamata.
Table 4Runoff Curve Numbers- Urban Areas1
Cover description Curve numbers for hydrologic soil

groups
Cover type and Hydrologic condition Average % A B C D
impervious
area2
Open space (lawns, parks, cemeteries, etc.)3
Poor condition (grass cover <50%)
Fair condition (grass cover 50 % to 75%) 68 79 86 89
Good condition (grass cover >75%) 49 69 79 84
Impervious areas: 39 61 74 80
Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc.
(excluding right-of-way)
Streets and roads: 98 98 98 98
Paved; curbs and storm drains (excluding
right-of-way)
Paved; open ditches (including right-of-way) 98 98 98 98
Gravel (including right-of-way) 83 89 92 93
Dirt (including right-of-way) 76 85 89 91
Desert urban areas: 72 82 87 89
Natural desert cover
Urban districts: 85 63 77 85 88
Commercial and business 72
Industrial 89 92 94 95
81 88 91 93
Residential districts by average plot size:
0.05 hectare or less 65 77 85 90 92
0.1 hectare 38 61 75 83 87
0.135 hectare 30 57 72 81 86
0.2 hectare 25 54 70 80 85
0.4 hectare 20 51 68 79 84
0.8 hectare 12 46 65 77 82
Developing urban areas Newly graded areas
(pervious areas only, no vegetation) 77 86 91 94
source: Ethiopian road authority 2000
1
Average runoff condition, and Ia = 0.2S
2
The average percent impervious area shown was used to develop the composite CNs.
Other assumptions are as follows: impervious areas are directly connected to the drainage
system, impervious areas have a CN of 98, and pervious areas are considered equivalent to
open space in good hydrologic condition. If the impervious area is not connected, the SCS
method has an adjustment to reduce the effect.
3
CNs shown are equivalent to those of pasture. Composite CNs may be computed for other
combinations of open space cover type.
Table 5: Cultivated Agricultural Land1

Cover description Curve numbers for
Hydrologic soil group
Cover Treatment2 Hydrologic A B C D
Type condtion3
FallowBare soil - 77 86 91 94
Crop residue Poor 76 85 90 93
cover (CR) Good 74 83 88 90
Row Straight row (SR) Poor 72 81 88 91
Crops Good 67 78 85 89
SR + CR Poor 71 80 87 90
Good 64 75 82 85
Contoured (C) Poor 70 79 84 88
Good 65 75 82 86
C + CR Poor 69 78 83 87
Good 64 74 81 85
Contoured & Poor 66 74 80 82
terraced (C & T) Good 62 71 78 81
C&T + CR Poor 65 73 79 81
Good 61 70 77 80
Small grain SR Poor 65 76 84 88
Good 63 75 83 87
SR + CR Poor 64 75 83 86
Good 60 72 80 84
C Poor 63 74 82 85
Good 61 73 81 84
C + CR Poor 62 73 81 84
Good 60 72 80 83
C&T Poor 61 72 79 82
Good 59 70 78 81
C&T + CR Poor 60 71 78 81
Good 58 69 77 80
Close-seeded SR Poor 66 77 85 89
or broadcast Good 58 72 81 85
Legumes or C Poor 64 75 83 85
Rotation Good 55 69 78 83
Meadow C&T Poor 63 73 80 83
Good 51 67 76 80
1
Average runoff condition, and Ia = 0.2S.
2
Crop residue cover applies only if residue is on at least 5% of the surface throughout the
year.
3
Hydrologic condition is based on a combination of factors that affect infiltration and runoff,
including (a) density and canopy of vegetative areas, (b) amount of year-round cover, (c)
amount of grass or closed-seeded legumes in rotations, (d) percent of residue cover on the
land surface (good > 20%), and (e) degree of roughness.
Table 6: Other Agricultural Lands1
Cover description Curve numbers for hydrologic soil

group
Cover type Hydrologic A B C D
condition
Pasture, grassland, or range- Poor 68 79 86 89

continuous forage for grazing2 Fair 49 69 79 84
Good 39 61 74 80
Meadow-continuous grass,
protected from grazing -- 35 59 72 79
Brush-weed-grass mixture Poor 48 67 77 83

with brush the major element3 Fair 35 56 70 77
Good 304 48 65 73
Woods-grass combination5 Poor 57 73 82 86
Fair 43 65 76 82
Good 32 58 72 79
Woods6 Poor 45 66 77 83
Fair 36 60 73 79
Farms—buildings, lanes, Good 304 55 70 77
driveways, and surrounding
lots -- 59 74 82 86
1
2
Poor: < 50% ground cover or heavily grazed with no mulch
Fair: 50 to 75% ground cover and not heavily grazed
 Good: > 75% ground cover and lightly or only occasionally grazed
3
Poor: < 50% ground cover
Fair: 50 to 75% ground cover
Good: > 75% ground cover
4
Actual curve number is less than 30; use CN = 30 for runoff computations.
5
CNs shown were computed for areas with 50% grass (pasture) cover. Other
combinations of conditions
may be computed from CNs for woods and pasture.
6
Poor : Forest litter, small trees, and brush are destroyed by heavy grazing or
regular burning.
Fair : Woods grazed but not burned, and some forest litter covers the soil.
Good : Woods protected from grazing, litter and brush adequately cover soil.
Table 7: Arid and Semiarid Rangelands
Cover type Hydrologic A3 B C D

condition2
Mixture of grass, weeds, and low- Poor 80 87 93
growing brush, with brush the minor Fair 71 81 89
element Good 62 74 85
Mountain brush mixture of small trees Poor 66 74 79
and brush Fair 48 57 63
Good 30 41 48
Small trees with grass understory Poor 75 85 89
Fair 58 73 80
Good 41 61 71
Brush with grass understory Poor 67 80 85
Fair 51 63 70
Good 35 47 55
Desert shrub brush Poor 63 77 85 88
Fair 55 72 81 86
Good 49 68 79 84
Source: Soil Conservation Service 2000EC

1
2
Poor : < 30 % ground cover (litter, grass, and brush overstory)
. Fair : 30 to 70 % ground cover Good: > 70 % ground cover
3
Curve numbers for Group A have been developed only for desert shrub
Table 8 Rainfall Groups for Antecedent Soil Moisture Conditions during Growing and Dormant
Seasons
Growing Season Dormant Season

Anteceden Conditions Five-Day Five-Day
t Description Antecedent Antecedent
Condition Rainfall Rainfall
 Dry An optimum Condition of Less than 36 mm Less than 13 mm
catchment area soils, where soils
 are dry but not to the wilting point,
 and when satisfactory plowing or 
cultivation takes place  

Average The average case for annual floods 36 to 53 mm 13 to 28 mm

Wet When a heavy rainfall, or light Over 53 mm Over 28 mm
rainfall and low temperatures, have
occurred during the five days
previous to a given storm

Table 9 Conversion from Average Antecedent Moisture Conditions to Dry and Wet Conditions
CN For Average Corresponding CN’s For

Conditions
Dry Wet
100 100 100
95 87 98
90 78 96
85 70 94
80 63 91
75 57 88
70 51 85
65 45 82
60 40 78
55 35 74
50 31 70
45 26 65
40 22 60
35 18 55
30 15 50
25 12 43
15 6 30
5 2 13
3.6 HYDRAULIC DESIGN APPROACH

Numerous equations are available for hydraulic design of storm drainage conduits.
Among these, Manning’s equation, which is well applicable for both open channel
and closed pipe flows, is used.
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
Q  VA  R S A
n
Where: Q = Flow through the drain, m3/sec
V = Velocity, m/sec
A = Cross sectional Area, m2
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
R = Hydraulic radius, m
S = Bed slope
The following form of Manning's Equation shall be used to evaluate gutter flow
hydraulics:
Sx= pavement cross slope, m/m

S= longitudinal slope, m/m
T= width of flow or spread, m
Roughness Coefficients
The hydraulic friction is determined by roughness of the conduit wall. In this design a
Manning’s roughness coefficient of 0.013 for Concrete pipe and 0.015 for stone lined
channel are used.
4 STORM DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

Storm drainage structures are facilities, which are parts of the proposed drainage
network. These include; in Alamata case out-falls, retaining walls, culverts etc.
4.1 OUT-FALL STRUCTURES

Storm water conveyed by drains eventually reaches local stream or rivers. At this
point, the discharge may be high and can cause scouring problems. To protect fall
erosion, an out-fall structure which regulates the flow and allows smooth transition
into the receiving downstream channel, has to be provided. Fortunately since the
locations are in open rocks there is no need of providing such structures.
4.2 CULVERTS
Culverts are closed conduits used to cross road systems. Such facilities are usually
designed or planned to carry flow rates higher than estimated figures. Typical culvert
recommended is presented in Drawings No. D9
5 MATERIALS FOR PIPES AND APPURTENANCES

The following technical and economical factors are considered in proposing the type
of material for different drainage structures :
 Service life of the material,

 Resistance to internal and external loads and corrosion problems,
 Resistance to abrasion,
 Roughness coefficient and its effect on flow velocity,
 Ease of handling and installation,
 Structural strength both in place and during handling,
 Cost of supply, transport and installation,
 Local availability, etc.
In view of these and other similar considerations, the following materials are recommended:
Table 10 Recommended Material Type

Item Drainage Structure Material of Construction
1 Pipe Plain cement
2 Open Canal Masonry
3 Manhole Pre cast reinforced concrete
4 Manhole cover Cast iron with frame
5 Street inlets Concrete
6 Sand traps Pre-cast reinforced concrete
7 Out falls Concrete and stone
8 Culverts Concrete
6 DESIGN OF STORM DRAINS

This Section presents the hydraulic computations of design discharge, and design of
open and closed drains.
6.1 DESIGN DISCHARGE COMPUTATIONS
6.1.1 Checking Existing Drainage structures
6.1.1.1 Dykes
The section of the river varies from 40 m up to 27 m at the bridge location dykes as
shown below in the picture here with
Figure 2: Gabion Dykes on utu river
Estimation of the Design Discharge for the above the flood protection structures is
100 years return period.
The Korem rainfall is used as most of the rain is from the highlands .
Table 11: Prediction for different yrs return period using Log Pearson type III distribution (Korem daily
rainfall)
R Period Prediction
200 122.35
100 115.85
50 108.79
25 101.04
10 89.35
5 78.83
3 69.53
2 60.35
Table 12: Time of concentration
Table 13: Land use
Figure 3 :Generated flood at 100 years return period
Source: Anbessa and Associates consulting 2001EC
In order to protect the town from this flood the section of the river at the narrow place
is checked.
Channel Calculator
Given Input Data:
Shape ........................... Advanced
Solving for ..................... Flowrate
Slope ........................... 0.0220 m/m
Manning's n ..................... 0.0540
Depth ........................... 3.0000 m
Height .......................... 4.0000 m
Bottom width .................... 27.0000 m
Left radius ..................... 0.0000 m
Right radius .................... 0.0000 m
Left slope ...................... 20.0000 m/m (V/H)
Right slope ..................... 20.0000 m/m (V/H)
Computed Results:
Flowrate ........................ 408.5559 cms
Velocity ........................ 5.0160 mps
Full Flowrate ................... 636.4459 cms
Flow area ....................... 81.4501 m2
Flow perimeter .................. 33.0075 m
Hydraulic radius ................ 2.4676 m
Top width ....................... 27.3000 m
Area ............................ 108.8002 m2
Perimeter ....................... 35.0100 m
Percent full .................... 75.0000 %
Critical Information
Critical depth .................. 2.8531 m
Critical slope .................. 0.0257 m/m
Critical velocity ............... 5.2757 mps
Critical area ................... 77.4411 m2
Critical perimeter .............. 32.7133 m
Critical hydraulic radius ....... 2.3673 m
Critical top width .............. 27.2853 m
Specific energy ................. 4.2828 m
Minimum energy .................. 4.2797 m
Froude number ................... 0.9273
Flow condition .................. Subcritical
Figure 4 rating curve for UTU River
The 100 years flood can safely pass at depth of 2.0 m, there fore the minimum height
should be 2.5 m from the bottom of the river edge by giving additional elevation of
0.5m to account settlement and human errors.
As the land use slope and area of Hara river is similar to UTU River the above also
applies to Hara River.
6.1.1.2 Drainage Channels
For Alamata town internal drainage the Alamata rainfall is used to calculate the
projected rainfall using Log Pearson Type III distribution and the results are as shown
below
Table 14Prediction for different yrs return period using Log Pearson type III distribution (Alamata Daily
rainfall)
R Period Prediction
200 77.44
100 74.66
50 71.63
25 68.26
10 63.04
5 58.14
3 53.57
2 48.77
6.2 Drainage network design

6.2.1 Check for sufficiency of existing canals
There are two types of canals constructed whose description is as shown below, out
of which the sections are checked for
Figure 5 Typical maximum sections of open canals constructed

Dimensions are in cm
Table 15 Showing the slope
Given Input Data:

Shape ........................... Rectangular
Slope ........................... 0.0360 m/m
Manning's n ..................... 0.0150
Depth ........................... 1.0000 m
Height .......................... 1.6000 m
Bottom width .................... 0.8000 m
Computed Results:
Flowrate ........................ 4.3900 cms
Velocity ........................ 5.4875 mps
Flow area ....................... 0.8000 m2
Flow perimeter .................. 2.8000 m
Top width ....................... 0.8000 m
Area ............................ 1.2800 m2
Perimeter ....................... 4.0000 m
Percent full .................... 62.5000 %
Channel Calculator
Given Input Data:
Shape ........................... Trapezoidal
Slope ........................... 0.0550 m/m
Manning's n ..................... 0.0230

Depth ........................... 0.5000 m
Height .......................... 1.2000 m
Bottom width .................... 0.7000 m
Left slope ...................... 2.4000 m/m (V/H)
Right slope ..................... 2.4000 m/m (V/H)
Computed Results:
Flowrate ........................ 1.8607 cms
Velocity ........................ 4.0970 mps
Flow area ....................... 0.4542 m2
Flow perimeter .................. 1.7833 m
Top width ....................... 1.1167 m
Area ............................ 1.4400 m2
Perimeter ....................... 3.3000 m
Percent full .................... 41.6667 %
6.3 Drainage system design
Win TR-55 is used to evaluate the existing channels and to design the Existing
Drainage system.
An equivalent Trapezoidal section as shown below is used (Dimensions are in cm)
Figure 6 Typical section
B=40
H:V(0.42:1)
For Line B-B
The output for reach is as shown below.
Table 16 Summary of discharge Calculation at each junction Line B-B

Junction Discharge (m3/sec)
J1 0.28
J8 1.30
J10 2.63
j19 3.36
OUTLET 3.36
Table 17 Summary of discharge Calculation at each junction Line D-D
Discharge
Junction (m3/sec)
J14 0.4
J16 1.18
J26 2.84
OUTLET 2.84
From the above output table and the rating curve for the channels The Existing
channel can accommodate the required discharge.
Similarly the remaining Channels are designed with similar Channel cross section
sections from construction ease point of view.
See annex for Detail design input and output.
Figure 7 Relationship between Head and discharge (bottom width 0.4 m)

Figure 8 Relationship between Head and top width (bottom width 0.4m )
Table 18 Channel sizes for different junctions
7. Recommendations
The field observation carried out by the Consultant has shown that most of the
existing storm drainage routes are found to be sufficient but in a bad condition. With
the intent of achieving the objectives of the municipality, a new Storm drainage
system which includes drainage facilities for all the new, existing and future
developments in the City is proposed.
The drainage route is selected based on the anticipated runoff direction through the
catchment, following the recently finalized road network plan of the city. The direction
of flow of runoff is determined by the ground slope allowing gravity flow up to the final
receiving body. The sewer line is laid on the upstream side of the Road so that all the
runoff will be intercepted to safely drain it to the final sewer outlet.
The storm drain in the new System of Alamata is, open-Conduit /Ditch, Access/. At
cross-drainage it has included the culvert under the road and to the discharge point.
The new Storm drains are used to convey water to an acceptable outlet. The Storm
drains have adequate capacity so that they can accommodate the design runoff that
enters the system.
The new Drainage System comprises Routes having 51 junctions and 11 outlets..
Each Route can be constructed independently at a time. This will ease budget
problems by creating opportunity to the client to prioritize the construction of routes
exclusively.
The Drainage lines should be constructed following the Routes as shown in the
Layout Plans. The System is designed without existence of the proposed Roads. This
means the floor finish level of the Road is unknown.
The existing ditches and the new ones are to be opened ditches which may cause
access difficulties and using usable areas. To alleviate this problem they are
proposed to be covered by concrete covers.
Appendix 1 Calculation results
WinTR-55 Current Data Description
--- Identification Data ---
User: Alamata
Project: Alamata Drainage Units: Metric
SubTitle: Alamata Srainage Design Line B-B Areal Units: Hectares
Region: Tigray
Locale: Ethiopia
--- Sub-Area Data ---
Name Description Reach Area(ha) RCN Tc

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asphalt From street and suuroundiJ1 1.3 98 0.100
A1 FromA1 J8 16.8 76 0.200
A4,A5,A11 Partial Areas J10 22 76 0.200
A14,A24 Partial Aeas j19 13.7 76 0.200
Total area: 53.80 (ha)

--- Storm Data --
Rainfall Depth by Rainfall Return Period
2-Yr 5-Yr 10-Yr 25-Yr 50-Yr 100-Yr -Yr

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48.77 58.14 63.04 68.26 71.63 74.66 .0
Storm Data Source: User-provided custom storm data

Rainfall Distribution Type: Type II
Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph: <standard>
Storm Data
2-Yr 5-Yr 10-Yr 25-Yr 50-Yr 100-Yr -Yr

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48.77 58.14 63.04 68.26 71.63 74.66 .0

Watershed Peak Table
Sub-Area Peak Flow by Rainfall Return Period

or Reach 10-Yr
Identifier (cms)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBAREAS
Asphalt 0.28
A1 1.01
A4,A5,A11 1.33
A14,A24 0.83
REACHES
J1 0.28
Down 0.28
J8 1.30
Down 1.30
J10 2.63
Down 2.59
j19 3.36
Down 3.36
OUTLET 3.36
Hydrograph Peak/Peak Time Table
Sub-Area Peak Flow and Peak Time (hr) by Rainfall Return Period
or Reach 10-Yr
Identifier (cms)
(hr)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBAREAS
Asphalt 0.28
11.92
A1 1.01
12.04
A4,A5,A11 1.33
12.04
A14,A24 0.83
12.04
REACHES
J1 0.28
11.92
Down 0.28
11.96
J8 1.30
12.04
Down 1.30
12.02
J10 2.63
12.04
Down 2.59
12.09
j19 3.36
12.07
Down 3.36
12.07
OUTLET 3.36
Sub-Area Summary Table
Sub-Area Drainage Time of Curve Receiving Sub-Area

Identifier Area Concentration Number Reach Description
(ha) (hr)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asphalt 1.30 0.100 98 J1 From street and suuroundi
A1 16.80 0.200 76 J8 FromA1
A4,A5,A11 22.00 0.200 76 J10 Partial Areas
A14,A24 13.70 0.200 76 j19 Partial Aeas
Total Area: 53.80 (ha)
Reach Summary Table
Receiving Reach Routing

Reach Reach Length Method
Identifier Identifier (m)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
J1 J8 2500 CHANNEL
J8 J10 625 CHANNEL
J10 j19 1060 CHANNEL
j19 Outlet 165 CHANNEL
Sub-Area Time of Concentration Details
Sub-Area Flow Mannings's End Wetted Travel

Identifier/ Length Slope n Area Perimeter Velocity Time
(m) (m/m) (sq m) (m) (m/sec) (hr)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asphalt
User-provided 0.100
Time of Concentration 0.100

========
A1
User-provided 0.200

========
A4,A5,A11
User-provided 0.200

========
A14,A24
User-provided 0.200

========
Sub-Area Land Use and Curve Number Details
Sub-Area Hydrologic Sub-Area Curve

Identifier Land Use Soil Area Number
Group (ha)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asphalt CN directly entered by user - 1.3 98
Total Area / Weighted Curve Number 1.3 98

=== ==
A1 CN directly entered by user - 16.8 76

==== ==
A4,A5,A11 CN directly entered by user - 22 76
Total Area / Weighted Curve Number 22 76

== ==
A14,A24 CN directly entered by user - 13.7 76

==== ==
Reach Channel Rating Details
Reach Reach Reach Friction Bottom Side

Identifier Length Manning's Slope Width Slope
(m) n (m/m) (m)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J1 2500 0.015 0.059 0.4 .42 :1

J8 625 0.015 0.059 0.4 .42 :1
J10 1060 0.015 0.059 0.4 .42 :1
j19 165 0.015 0.059 0.2 .42 :1
Reach End Top Friction

Id Stage Flow Area Width Slope
(m) (cms) (sq m) (m) (m/m)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J1 0.0 0.000 0 0.4 0.059
0.2 0.350 0.1 0.5
0.3 1.073 0.2 0.7
0.6 3.640 0.4 0.9
1.5 21.534 1.6 1.7
3.1 100.092 5.1 3
6.1 524.603 18.1 5.5
J8 0.0 0.000 0 0.4 0.059

0.2 0.350 0.1 0.5
0.3 1.073 0.2 0.7
0.6 3.640 0.4 0.9
1.5 21.534 1.6 1.7
3.1 100.092 5.1 3
6.1 524.603 18.1 5.5
J10 0.0 0.000 0 0.4 0.059

0.2 0.281 0.1 0.4
0.3 0.703 0.1 0.4
0.6 1.662 0.2 0.4
1.5 4.608 0.6 0.4
3.1 9.624 1.2 0.4
6.1 19.653 2.4 0.4
j19 0.0 0.000 0 0.2 0.059

0.2 0.142 0 0.2
0.3 0.337 0.1 0.2
0.6 0.760 0.2 0.2
1.5 2.030 0.4 0.2
3.1 4.177 0.7 0.2
6.1 8.460 1.5 0.2
User: Alamata
Project: Alamata drainage Units: Metric
SubTitle: Alamata Drainage line DD Areal Units: Hectares
Region: Tigray
Locale: Ethiopia
--- Sub-Area Data ---
Name Description Reach Area(ha) RCN Tc

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A2 Partial Area J14 4.6 79 0.100
A6,A12 Partial Area J16 9.5 79 0.100
A6,A12,A A6,A12,A16,A17 J26 22.4 79 0.200
Total area: 36.50 (ha)
--- Storm Data --
2-Yr 5-Yr 10-Yr 25-Yr 50-Yr 100-Yr -Yr

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48.77 58.14 63.04 68.26 71.63 74.66 .0

Storm Data
2-Yr 5-Yr 10-Yr 25-Yr 50-Yr 100-Yr -Yr

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48.77 58.14 63.04 68.26 71.63 74.66 .0

Watershed Peak Table
Sub-Area Peak Flow by Rainfall Return Period

or Reach 10-Yr
Identifier (cms)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBAREAS
A2 0.40
A6,A12 0.82
A6,A12,A 1.68
REACHES
J14 0.40
Down 0.40
J16 1.18
Down 1.18
J26 2.84
Down 2.84
OUTLET 2.84
Hydrograph Peak/Peak Time Table
Sub-Area Peak Flow and Peak Time (hr) by Rainfall Return Period
or Reach 10-Yr
Identifier (cms)
(hr)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBAREAS
A2 0.40
11.94
A6,A12 0.82
11.94
A6,A12,A 1.68
12.03
REACHES
J14 0.40
11.94
Down 0.40
11.98
J16 1.18
11.97
Down 1.18
11.99
J26 2.84
12.02
Down 2.84
12.03
OUTLET 2.84
Sub-Area Summary Table
Sub-Area Drainage Time of Curve Receiving Sub-Area

Identifier Area Concentration Number Reach Description
(ha) (hr)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A2 4.60 0.100 79 J14 Partial Area
A6,A12 9.50 0.100 79 J16 Partial Area
A6,A12,A 22.40 0.200 79 J26 A6,A12,A16,A17
Total Area: 36.50 (ha)

Reach Summary Table
Receiving Reach Routing

Reach Reach Length Method
Identifier Identifier (m)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
J14 J16 950 CHANNEL

J16 J26 720 CHANNEL
J26 Outlet 746 CHANNEL
Sub-Area Time of Concentration Details
Sub-Area Flow Mannings's End Wetted Travel

Identifier/ Length Slope n Area Perimeter Velocity Time
(m) (m/m) (sq m) (m) (m/sec) (hr)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A2
User-provided 0.100

========
A6,A12
User-provided 0.100

========
A6,A12,A
User-provided 0.200

========
Sub-Area Land Use and Curve Number Details
Sub-Area Hydrologic Sub-Area Curve

Identifier Land Use Soil Area Number
Group (ha)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A2 CN directly entered by user - 4.6 79

=== ==
A6,A12 CN directly entered by user - 9.5 79

=== ==
A6,A12,A CN directly entered by user - 22.4 79

==== ==
Reach Channel Rating Details
Reach Reach Reach Friction Bottom Side

Identifier Length Manning's Slope Width Slope
(m) n (m/m) (m)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J14 950 0.015 0.036 0.4 .42 :1

J16 720 0.015 0.036 0.4 .42 :1
J26 746 0.015 0.036 0.6 .42 :1
Reach End Top Friction

Identifier Stage Flow Area Width Slope
(m) (cms) (sq m) (m) (m/m)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J14 0.0 0.000 0 0.4 0.036
0.2 0.273 0.1 0.5
0.3 0.838 0.2 0.7
0.6 2.843 0.4 0.9

1.5 16.821 1.6 1.7
3.1 78.185 5.1 3
6.1 409.785 18.1 5.5
J16 0.0 0.000 0 0.4 0.036

0.2 0.219 0.1 0.4
0.3 0.549 0.1 0.4
0.6 1.298 0.2 0.4
1.5 3.599 0.6 0.4
3.1 7.517 1.2 0.4
6.1 15.351 2.4 0.4
J26 0.0 0.000 0 0.6 0.036

0.2 0.423 0.1 0.7
0.3 1.277 0.2 0.9
0.6 4.117 0.5 1.1
1.5 21.781 1.9 1.9
3.1 92.545 5.7 3.2
6.1 452.516 19.3 5.7

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Anbessa and Associates Consult Architects, Urban planners, Engineers and Development specialists

Anbessa and Associates Consult Architects,Urban

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 0

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 1

PART I – STRATEGY AND PROPOSALS........................................................................7

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 2

1.4. Spatial Planning......................................................................................................56

PART II - DRAINAGE NETWORK DESIGN REPORT...................................................78

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 3

6.2 Drainage network design......................................................................................105

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 4

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 5

Table 17 Showing the slope.....................................................................................................106

Plate 1: Map showing the growth pattern of the town.........................................................

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 6

comments forwarded at each stage of the process were very constructive.

preparation of this study.

Anbessa & Associates Consulting

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 7

PART I – STRATEGY AND PROPOSALS

1. Urban level Strategies and Proposals

1.1.1. Summary of Key Prioritized Problems

Table 1. Summary of key prioritized problems

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 8

Vision of the town: “To see Alamata being a centre of agro-processing

and trade activities, where by good governance prevail and become a

1.1.3. Setting of development objectives

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 9

Priority Issue 1: Unemployment

Priority Issue 2: Low Weak waste management system

2.1 Low coverage of Solid Waste Collection

Priority Issue 3: Flooding

Priority Issue 4: Low Coverage of Surfaced Road

Priority Issue 5: Low Coverage of Water Supply

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 10

1.1.4. Formulation of Alternative Strategies

Priority Issue 1: Unemployment

Objective 1: To reduce the existing 7.1% unemployment rate by 75% in 2019

Priority Issue 2: Low Coverage of Solid and liquid Waste Collection

Objective 2: Improve the waste management system of the town

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 11

Objective 3: To provide 75% flood protection coverage in the town by 2019

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 12

Strategy options for flood from rivers and the hills:

Priority Issue 4: Low Coverage of Surfaced Road

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 13

 planning the roads with utility lines

Priority Issue 5: Low Coverage of Water Supply

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 14

1.1.5. Analyzing Alternative Strategies

As there is a necessity to stimulate discussion on strategic alternatives, i.e. on

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 15

Table 2: Priority Issue 2: Solid waste management - Solid waste collection

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 12

Utilization of local resources 2 6 2

Cost per household 3 5 2

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 13

Assessment of alternative strategies

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 14

Alamata Integrated Development planning projects strategy report June 2009 15

Table 7: scoring Priority Issue: Frequent Occurrence of Flood

Contribution to achieving the

Poverty alleviation Number of people benefiting