2104
4, JULY 1999
New Method for Measurement of
Complex Magnetic Permeability in the
Millimeter-Wave Range, Part II: Hexaferrites
Karen N. Kocharyan, Member, IEEE, Mohammed Nurul Afsar, Fellow, IEEE, and Igor I. Tkachov
Abstract—Magneto-optical methods were applied for the first
time in millimeter wavelength range for characterization of
anisotropic ferrites. The principles of the free-space magneto-
optical method are presented and the new experimental pro-
cedures leading to the determination of millimeter-wave per-
meability and permittivity in anisotropic ferrite materials are
described. The measurements were performed with a computer-
controlled W-band (70–120 GHz) quasi-optical-waveguide bridge.
A backward-wave oscillator was used as a source of tunable
millimeter wave radiation. The oriented Sr-hexaferrite ceramic
was selected for the verification of millimeter-wave magneto-
optical method. The magneto-optical measurements in trans-
verse configuration revealed strong anomalous dispersion in the
millimeter-wave refractive index spectrum for Sr hexaferrite,
mainly due to the frequency variation of magnetic permeability.
Computer simulations revealed a good agreement of measured
parameters with known data for Sr hexaferrite. It was shown that
the free-carrier absorption (  0:05
01 cm01 ) and magnetic the accurate mm-wave data due to its superior precision [9].
permeability contribute to the relatively high millimeter-wave
losses in hexaferrite ceramics. The frequency dependence of
Faraday rotation in the millimeter-wave range was measured,
and the experimental results are discussed. The results presented
in this paper demonstrate that this new magneto-optical method
is capable of providing accurate dielectric and magnetic data in
the millimeter-wavelength range.
Index Terms—Anisotropy, hard ferrites, hexaferrites, magnetic
permeability, magneto-optics, millimeter waves.
I. INTRODUCTION
M ODERN trends of the wireless communication systems
toward the millimeter wave range [1] require new
ferrite devices with improved performance in this frequency
range. The regular ferrite devices that utilize isotropic ferrites
suffer essential deterioration of performance as the frequency
approaches the mm-wave range. The anisotropic ferrites with
the higher frequency of natural magnetic resonance (resonance
in zero external field) are a promising alternative to the
isotropic ferrites in the mm-wave range [2]–[6]. However,
the lack of accurate mm-wave magnetic permeability data
limits the application of such new magnetic materials. In
Manuscript received July 6, 1998; revised December 9, 1998. This work
was supported by a Contract from the US Army.
K. N. Kocharyan was with the Department of Microwave Engineering,
Yerevan State University, Yerevan 375049, Armenia. He is now with the
Department of the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tufts Uni-
versity, Medford, MA 02155 USA (e-mail: kkochary@eecs.tufts.edu).
M. N. Afsar and I. I. Tkachov are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
USA.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0018-9464(99)04901-8.
0018–9464/99$10.00  1999 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 35, NO.
fact, there is no established method available yet for the
accurate measurement of magnetic permeability in millimeter
wave range. The rapid decline of magnetic permeability in
this frequency range complicates the problem of separation of
weak magnetic effects from much stronger effects associated
with dielectric permittivity. Therefore, the sensitivity and the
accuracy of an applied measurement method are crucial for the
reliable determination of mm-wave magnetic permeability.
Various microwave techniques, such as cavity and wave-
guide methods, were used in the past for the measurement of
mm-wave magnetic permeability [7], [8]. However, the drastic
drop of the accuracy of microwave methods in the mm-wave
range restricts the application of this method. Based on the
optical concept, a free-space method is capable of providing
There are several mm-wave quasi-optical methods that can
lead to the determination of permeability and permittivity
[10]. Specifically, a set of any four quasi-optical (transmission
and/or reflection) measurements provides enough data for the
evaluation of mm-wave complex permittivity and permeability
using Fresnel equations [11]. But, this indirect method requires
extremely accurate repositioning of a sample at every measure-
ment. One of the authors earlier applied another free-space
method [12]. In this approach the sub-millimeter magnetic
permeability of antiferromagnets was evaluated from the study
of magneto-optical activity. Recently the authors applied this
method for the first time in the millimeter wave range for
characterization of the soft isotropic ferrites. The results have
demonstrated that this method is capable of generating the
accurate magnetic data in the mm-wave range as well.
The high magnetic and crystalline anisotropy of ori-
ented hard hexaferrite ceramics significantly complicate
the magneto-optical measurements and the interpretation of
experimental results. For the correct characterization of such
magnetic materials with the magneto-optical method, it is
necessary to apply special measurement procedures and data
processing techniques.
In this paper, we present results of the first application
of the magneto-optical method for the measurement of elec-
tromagnetic parameters of anisotropic oriented Sr-hexaferrite
ceramics in the mm-wave range.
II. MILLIMETER WAVE MAGNETO-OPTICS
The magneto-optical activity in the visible part of the
electromagnetic wave spectrum is associated mainly with the
KOCHARYAN et al.: MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEX MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY IN MILLIMETER-WAVE RANGE PART II: HEXAFERRITES
Fig. 1. The block diagram of the mm-wave quasi-optical/waveguide BWO bridge.
dielectric permitivity [13]. But in the mm-wave range such
activity is initiated entirely by magnetic permeability [14]. This
enables the direct determination of millimeter wave magnetic
permeability using magneto-optical effects. The theory of
magneto-optical activity in the isotropic ferrites is considered
in [15]. This theory holds for the anisotropic ferrites too
provided that the polarization of propagating wave is aligned
along the main optical axes. Here, however, the equations
for propagation constant have to be modified to take into
consideration the crystalline anisotropy in hexaferrites
(1)
(2)
where and are, respectively, diagonal and nondiagonal
components of the permeability tensor [15], [16].
The propagation of a plane wave through a ferrite mag-
netized along the direction of propagation is another
specific configuration that is important for magneto-optical
measurements. In this case the linearly polarized plane wave
transforms into the two circularly polarized waves which prop-
agate through a magnetized medium with different propagation
constants [15]
(3)
where are the magnetic permeabil-
ities of the circular waves.
The negative sign is for the wave with a clockwise rotation
of polarization plane, while the positive sign corresponds to
the wave with opposite direction of rotation. The difference
between the real parts of circular permeabilities initiates the
rotation of polarization plane with specific rotation power ,
given as [16], [17]
(4)
where is a path of the wave in magnetized ferrite.
The difference between the imaginary parts of circular
permeabilities leads to the different attenuation rates and
results in transformation of a linearly polarized wave into a
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wave with elliptic polarization. The ellipticity is given by the
expression [17]
(5)
III. MEASUREMENT METHOD AND INSTRUMENTATION
The analytical solution for the problem of propagation of
plane wave through a planar specimen leads to the accurate
measurement of complex propagation constant. A distinc-
tive interference pattern, which develops in the transmission
spectra of the low-loss materials like microwave ferrites,
allows the evaluation of both the real and imaginary parts
of propagation constant using only the scalar transmission
measurements. Hexaferrites are, however, more absorbing
materials. Therefore, it is required to apply a microwave bridge
method for the measurement of the refractive index and the
extinction coefficient.
The submillimeter wave two-beam Mach–Zehnder interfer-
ometric technique with the quasi-optical arms was used in
the past for the study of dielectric permittivity in solids [18].
Significant technical complications, however, originate when
such quasi-optical interferometer has to be combined with a
large electromagnet. For the millimeter wavelength range, one
can use the waveguide and quasi-optical components to form a
two-beam interferometer, which is essentially a quasi-optical-
waveguide bridge. When the tunable mm-wave sources are
used, such as backward wave oscillators (BWO), the output
signal of unbalanced bridge is a rapidly oscillating function
of frequency with the sharp minima. The sample placed in
one of the arms introduces phase retardation and the shift of
minima. This shift provides a direct information leading to the
determination of refractive index of a specimen under study.
The extinction coefficient can be evaluated from the free-space
transmission spectrum.
The block diagram of computer controlled quasi-optical-
waveguide bridge is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of the quasi-
optical (measurement) arm and the waveguide (reference) arm.
An electronically sweepable BWO was used as a source of a
coherent radiation in the frequency range 70–120 GHz. The
radiation of BWO was modulated with a full-band wave-
guide Faraday modulator. The mm-wave radiation was nearly
2106 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 35, NO. 4, JULY 1999

equally divided between the arms and then was recombined

with 3-dB waveguide directional couplers.
The quasi-optical beam with a Gaussian profile was formed
with the corrugated horns and teflon lens systems. The beam
polarization and attenuation were controlled with a set of free-
standing tungsten wire grids. The plane parallel sample was
mounted on a support which was positioned between the poles
of an electromagnet. The electromagnet with an adjustable
gap provided the uniform transverse field up to 1.2 T. The
mm-wave radiation was detected by the helium cooled InSb
bolometer which is insensitive to polarization and has a flat
spectral response in the entire millimeter wave range. The
reference waveguide arm included the full-band precise phase
shifter and the direct reading attenuator. In purely transmission
measurements the reference arm could be disconnected from
the rest of the bridge by introducing a very high attenuation.
In mm-wave quasi-optical measurements the detected power
is a complicated combination of sample and instrumentation
functions. Therefore, the transmittivity of a specimen was
evaluated from the ratio of two sets of spectral data, obtained
with and without a sample in the quasi-optical channel. n n
Fig. 2. Spectra of the ordinary ( ? ) and the extraordinary ( k ) refractive
indices of oriented Sr-hexaferrite ceramics in a remanent state. Solid lines
represent the best-fit theoretical curves, obtained using (11). Arrows indicate
values for square roots of corresponding dielectric primitivities.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In this section we are presenting results of characteriza-
tion of standard oriented Sr-hexaferrite ceramic using a mm-
wave magneto-optical method. Sr-hexaferrite (SrFe O is
a hexagonal ferrimagnet with “easy-axis” type of magnetic
ordering [19]. The oriented hexaferrite ceramic composed of
the grains with the hexagonal axis aligned predominantly in
the same direction preserves many useful features of a single
crystal. Such oriented ceramics are widely used as permanent
ceramic magnets with a large energy product. Due to the
high magnetocrystalline anisotropy kOe [20], the
frequency of natural magnetic resonance in Sr hexaferrite is
shifted to the mm-wave range. In order to avoid the shift of the
resonant frequency with an external field, the magneto-optical
measurements in the transverse configuration were
performed at low magnetic fields 300 Oe). We eliminated
the demagnetizing effect by enclosing the magnetized sample
into a magnetic loop composed with the electromagnet. By
conducting the measurements in low fields we could get the
intrinsic magnetic properties of Sr-haxaferrite in remanent
state and could use the manufacturer provided data
G in theoretical calculations. Magnetized through a plane
h?M
Fig. 3. The experimental transmission spectrum of the oriented
permanent magnet slab and Sr-hexaferrite ceramic in configuration. Theoretical curves are
generated by the computer simulation using (12) with and without
was used for the measurements in Faraday-configuration consideration of the effect of magnetic susceptibility.
The large cross dimensions of a specimen (50 mm
75 mm), as compared with the diameter of the quasi-optical
extraordinary ray At this polarization the interaction of
beam, ensured the uniformity of magnetization within the
magnetic RF field with magnetic moment is more effective
illuminated area.
Since the permittivity of ferrites in mm-wave range
is almost constant, it was reasonable to attribute the observed
A. Transverse Configuration change of the refractive index (dispersion) to the permeability.
Fig. 2 presents experimental results with transversely mag- The essential contribution of permeability in the refractive
netized Sr-Hexaferrite ceramic, which revealed the significant index value was revealed also in transmission measurements.
dispersion of the refractive index. For both polarizations The transmission spectrum of Sr hexaferrite shown in Fig. 3
of the incident radiation the refractive index monotonously demonstrated some features, which are not typical for non-
increased with a frequency. This effect was stronger for the magnetic materials. Specifically, the increase of amplitude of
KOCHARYAN et al.: MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEX MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY IN MILLIMETER-WAVE RANGE PART II: HEXAFERRITES
Fig. 4. The evaluated spectrum of the real part of magnetic permeability
for the oriented Sr-hexaferrite ceramic in the remanent (solid line) and the
demagnetized (dashed line) states.
interference oscillations at low frequencies was accompanied
by the decrease of minima. Such behavior cannot be explained
without considering the effect of permeability. Indeed, the
increase of amplitude of oscillations indicates the increase of
reflectivity. But, according to the following expression
(6)
which holds for the nonmagnetic insulators, the reflectivity
has to decrease because of the decrease of refractive index at
low frequencies. This contradiction vanishes when the effect
of magnetic permeability is accounted. The consideration of
permeability results in transformation of the expression (6) into
(7)
Assuming that the mm-wave permittivity is almost a constant
value and attributing all the changes of refractive index to the
permeability, one can get the observed increase of reflectivity
from expression (7). The measured frequency dependence
of the refractive index was simulated theoretically
using known expressions for the permeability [15], [16].
The theoretical best-fit curve shown in Fig. 2 corresponds to
Oe and GHz. Our measured data
for remanent magnetization agree well with data provided by
the manufacturer. The frequency of magnetic resonance is
also in a good agreement with that calculated using known
value of the crystalline anisotropy in Sr hexaferrite [20].
The calculated refractive index was also
in a reasonable agreement with the value measured for a
related compound Ba hexaferrite [21]. The real part of mm-
wave permeability of Sr hexaferrite is determined now as
The calculated frequency dependence of per-
meability is presented in Fig. 4. The theoretical curve shown
2107
Fig. 5. The mm-wave spectrum of extinction coefficients for the oriented
Sr-hexaferrite ceramic sample. The best-fit theoretical curve, given by (19),
corresponds to k0 = 0:067 and  = 0; 5 GHz.
in Fig. 3 is plotted using the calculated frequency dependence
of permeability. This curve fits well to the experimental
transmission spectrum of Sr-hexaferrite ceramic. But the curve
generated with demonstrates progressive declination
from experimental results as the frequency decreases. The
total extinction coefficients comprising both the dielectric and
magnetic losses are shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 2 shows a noticeable dispersion of the refractive index
for the polarization as well. The domains that cause this
dispersion poses magnetic moment, which is declined from the
axis of polarization. The theoretical simulation of frequency
dependence of the refractive index for this polarization was
realized similarly as in the former case. The only specified
parameter was the frequency of natural magnetic resonance
GHz, the same as in the previous case. The
dielectric permittivity , which follows from the
theoretical simulations, as well as the frequency dependence
of the real part of permeability , are shown in Figs. 3 and
4, respectively. The frequency dependence of total extinction
coefficient for this polarization is shown in Fig. 5.
The experimental results obtained for the demagnetized
sample are shown in Fig. 4. These results show that the real
part of perpendicular permeability in demagnetized state
slightly changes, while the parallel permeability remains
almost the same. These results agree well with the suggestion
that in oriented ceramic the magnetization remains aligned pre-
dominantly along the polarization axis even in a demagnetized
state. The total effect does not vanish after averaging through
domains with opposite directions of magnetization since the
transverse magneto-optical effect does not depend on the sign
of magnetization vector. Similar results were obtained for the
extinction coefficient.
It is known that the hexaferrites are quite stable compounds.
However, deviation from the stoichiometry leads to the excess
of the Fe ions to preserve the electrical neutrality. The
2108
presence of Fe ions strongly affects the conductivity. This
fact explains a large scattering of the conductivity data for
hexaferrites [2], [19]. The spontaneous magnetic moment
contributes to the increase of eddy-current loss in hexaferrites
[3]. Fig. 5 reveals considerable absorption in Sr-hexaferrite
ceramics used in our measurements1. But the absorption as-
sociated with magnetic resonance in this frequency range is
small. It becomes noticeable in polarization only and its
presence is revealed as a high-frequency tail of the resonant
absorption line below 70 GHz [21]. At this polarization,
the magnetic absorption adds to a nearly flat background
absorption. Therefore, the total extinction coefficient can be
expressed as
(8)
where is the frequency independent background extinction
coefficient and is the extinction coefficient associated
with magnetic resonance. The best-fit theoretical curve, shown
in Fig. 5, is plotted using (8) with and
GHz.
The experimental linewidth of magnetic resonance (
Oe, which follows from this curve, is larger
than one measured in single crystals [20]. The background
extinction coefficient is also too high for the
polarization mechanism and we believe that it is due to the
free-carrier absorption. The declination of extinction coeffi-
cient with increasing frequencies is typical for a free-carrier
mechanism [22]. The contribution of magnetic resonance into
the ordinary extinction coefficient is almost negligible. The
ordinary extinction coefficient is higher than the background
extinction coefficient. One can see that the ordinary extinction
coefficient rapidly decreases with increasing frequencies. Our
preliminary broadband (up to 300 GHz) measurements using
the Fourier transform technique [22] showed that the ordinary
extinction coefficient approaches the extraordinary extinction
coefficient at 180 GHz. The magnetic permeability of Sr
hexaferrite also vanishes at such high frequencies. Since
the frequency domains for the dichroism and permeability
are the same, it is reasonable to believe that the magnetic
permeability is also accountable for the observed dichroism.
The following expression, which usually holds for the low-
conducting materials [23], supports this suggestion:
(9)
A microwave conductivity , evaluated
for Sr hexaferrite using (9), is consistent with the conductivity
–0.1 measured in Ba hexaferrite [24].
In conclusion, we would like to emphasize some results
which are important for the practical application of oriented Sr-
hexaferrite ceramics. As it is seen from Fig. 2, the mm-wave
birefringence in oriented Sr-hexaferrite ceramics changes the
1 After this paper was prepared for publication we received Sr-hexaferrite
ceramics from Manatee Magnetic Corp. (Florida) with much lower mm-
wave absorption. The results of comparative analysis of the hexaferrites from
different sources will be published elsewhere.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 35, NO. 4, JULY 1999
Fig. 6. Transmission spectrum of the oriented Sr-hexaferrite ceramic sample
in Faraday configuration (k kM ):
sign around 100 GHz due to strong dispersion of the magnetic
permeability. At the frequency of crossing, the anisotropic
Sr-hexaferrite ceramic becomes isotropic. The frequency of
crossing can be tuned with a magnetic field. This effect
has no analogy for the isotropic ferrites. The feasibility of
controlling the birefringence provides new opportunities for
the application of oriented hexaferrite ceramics in mm-wave
ferrite device technology.
B. Longitudinal (Faraday) Configuration
Magneto-optical measurements in the longitudinal configu-
ration were performed with the slab of oriented Sr-hexaferrite
permanent ceramic magnet, magnetized through a plane. The
typical transmission spectrum corresponding to the case when
the analyzer and polarizer are aligned parallel to each other
is shown in Fig. 6. A wide minimum in the transmittance,
centered at 85 GHz, originates from the rotation of polariza-
tion plane by odd number of Such rotation results in
blocking of radiation by the analyzer. A set of transmission
measurements performed with the different angles between
the polarizer and analyzer provides the frequency dependency
of rotation angle. The experimental results for the frequency
dependence of specific Faraday-rotation power in Sr hex-
aferrite are presented in Fig. 7. One can see that the rotation
power increases when we approach the frequency of magnetic
resonance. These data agree well with the similar results
obtained in [25]. From (4) and from inequality
, which is valid for hexaferrites in the mm-wave range,
it follows that the Faraday-rotation power above the resonance
is equal to
(10)
The experimental data shown in Fig. 7 were simulated
theoretically using the expression (4) and the refractive index
KOCHARYAN et al.: MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEX MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY IN MILLIMETER-WAVE RANGE PART II: HEXAFERRITES
Fig. 7. Frequency dependence of the specific rotation-power of the oriented
Sr-hexaferrite ceramic sample in the remanent state (4M = 3600 G). The
best-fit theoretical curve (solid line) is generated using (21). The dashed line
is the frequency-independent Faraday rotation power.
corresponding to Faraday configuration. The value
G following from the best-fit curve is in
good agreement with the remanent magnetization calculated
from demagnetizing curve using demagnetizing factor of the
specimen. The obtained frequency of magnetic resonance
GHz, however, is less than the expected value.
This discrepancy originates from the elimination of absorption
in (10). At very high frequencies , the Faraday-effect
turns into a frequency independent Faraday rotation, given by
the expression
(11)
The specific rotation angle corresponding to a frequency
independent Faraday effect in Sr hexaferrite is shown in Fig. 7
by the horizontal dashed line.
V. CONCLUSION
It was shown for the first time that the millimeter
wave magneto-optics is a powerful method for the study
of anisotropic magnetic materials and for the accurate
measurement of magnetic permeability and dielectric per-
mittivity in the millimeter wave range. The capabilities
of this new method were demonstrated by measuring the
mm-wave electromagnetic characteristics of oriented Sr-
hexaferrite ceramics. The magneto-optical measurements were
performed with a computer-controlled -band (70–120 GHz)
quasi-optical-waveguide bridge and using a backward wave
oscillator as a source of monochromatic tunable mm-wave
radiation.
The theory of magneto-optical effects is presented in this
paper that takes into consideration the natural birefringence
and dichroism of anisotropic magnetic materials like oriented
hexaferrite ceramics. The general principles of mm-wave
2109
magneto-optical measurements and data processing proce-
dures are described. This approach enables the separation
of dielectric and magnetic effects and the evaluation of the
complex magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity of
anisotropic hard ferrites. These newly measured data reveal
the essential influence of the natural magnetic resonance on
the real and imaginary parts of magnetic permeability. The
frequency of natural magnetic resonance agrees well with
that evaluated using known data for the magnetocrystalline
anisotropy of Sr hexaferrite. The anisotropy of the extinction
coefficient, presumably associated with the permeabilty, is
found in oriented Sr-hexaferrite ceramics. The spectrum of
specific Faraday-rotation power is measured and experimental
results are discussed.
It is shown that the linear magnetic birefringence of oriented
Sr-hexaferrite ceramics changes the sign in the mm-wave
range. The control of frequency of crossing with the external
magnetic field enables the design of new type of mm-wave
ferrite devices.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank P. Dee of EECS Department
Tufts University for the technical assistance and J. Ridge and
B. Reuss of Geology Department, Tufts University for their
help in sample preparation.
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Karen N. Kocharyan (M’98) received the M.S. diploma in physics from
Moscow State University, Russia, in 1965, the degree of Candidate of Science
in physics from Kapitza Institute for Physical Research, Moscow, in 1973, and
the degree of Doctor of Science in physics from Lebedev Physics Institute
(now the General Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Science), Moscow,
in 1992.
From 1980 he was with the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics,
Armenia, where he was responsible for the development of the program of
submillimeter wave spectroscopy and the mm-wave applications. In 1995,
he was appointed to the Chair of the Microwave Engineering Department of
Yerevan State University, Armenia. He joined the Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science at Tufts University, Medford, MA in 1997,
where he is currently a Research Professor. He possesses 30 years professional
experience in solid-state physics, physics of magnetics, submillimeter wave
spectroscopy, and quantum electronics. In the last few years he extended his
research activity to the field of Gigahertz photonics and communications. His
current research interests concentrate on the development of new measurement
methods for the precise millimeter wave characterization of ferrites. He was
an Invited Speaker and co-editor of the fourth International Conference on
Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Applications, San Diego, CA, 1998.
He has co-authored in over 70 papers and holds one patent.
Dr. Kocharyan was elected a member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences
in 1995 and has been a member of the American Physical Society since 1993.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 35, NO. 4, JULY 1999
Mohammed Nurul Afsar (F’89) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in
physics from the University of Dhaka, presently in Bangladesh, the M.Sc.E.E.
degree in microwaves and quantum electronics, Post-Graduate Diploma in
microwave engineering, from University College London of the University
of London, U.K., and the Ph.D. degree in experimental physics from the
University of London
He taught Physics from 1968 until 1970. From 1972 until 1978 he worked
at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) of England in the Division of
Electrical Science, where he developed the techniques of Fourier transform
spectroscopy for precision measurement of complex refractive index and
complex dielectric permittivity and loss tangent of materials at millimeter
and submillimeter wave frequencies. In 1978, he joined the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, where he worked as a Senior
Staff Scientist and Principal Investigator of several research projects. He
continued the development of measurement techniques in solid, liquid, and
gaseous state materials as well as for characterization of impurities in highly
pure compound semiconductors such as GaAs and InP. His measurements
provide highly precise data on standard reference materials at millimeter and
submillimeter waves. He was one of the main organizers (Executive Secretary
1985, 1987, 1988, and Conference Chairman 1990) of the IEEE and SPIE
annual International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves. Presently
he organizes the annual SPIE International Conference on Millimeter and
Submillimeter Waves and Applications as the Conference Chairman. He is
the Consulting Editor for North America for the Institute of Physics book
series in Measurement Science and Technology. He served as a Member of
the Editorial board of the Institute of Physics Journal of Measurement Science
and Technology (formerly Journal of Physics E). From September 1984 until
August 1987, he worked as a full Professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, City College and the Graduate School of the City University
of New York. Since October 1987, he is working as Professor of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science at Tufts University, Medford, MA. He has
published approximately 160 papers inclusive of several book chapters. He
edited two books in 1994, one in 1995, one in 1996, and one in 1998. All
five books were on millimeter and submillimeter waves and were published
by SPIE.
Dr. Afsar is a Chartered Engineer in England and was elected as a Fellow
of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), London, U.K., in 1986. He
is also a Chartered Physicist and was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of
Physics, London, in 1986. He was awarded the 1977 Duddell Premium (Prize)
by the IEE, London, for one of his outstanding publications. He is a member
of the Electromagnetics Academy, The Institute of Systems and Components,
and the American Physical Society. In 1992 he received the “Outstanding
Research on Ferrites’ award at the 6th International Conference on Ferrites
held at Tokyo, Japan. In 1997 he received the “Man of the Year” award from
American Biographical Institute Inc.
Igor I. Tkachov was born in Podolsk, Russia, in January 1969. He received
the engineer-physicist (M.S. physics) degree from the Moscow Engineering
and Physics Institute, Russia, in 1994 and the M.S. degree in electrical
engineering from Tufts University, Medford, MA, in 1996. He is currently
working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at Tufts University.
During 1993–1994, he was with the General Physics Institute of Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, as a Research Engineer. His current research
interests are in the field of dielectric and magnetic properties measurements
in millimeter and submillimeter wave region.
Mr. Tkachov is a member of Eta Kappa Nu.