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In cases when the line can be considered as infinite, the following still rVph- zA1emaxc
N,=R
simpler expression can be used 2 ' s Iemaxc
where
Zm - Z, 04)
z'nb(W) = =
4 2 Re - real part of the expression in parenthesis
126
Iemaxc
- Iemaxfor a fault at c
If the condition is not satisfied (N < NI), the worst fault location is at N 230
the end of the line. Using Fig. 3 in the case n=N the corresponding current,
under the assumption z b F= 0, is: A--- R=’on
---
c-”--
significantly reduced number of sequential ground fault analysis. When the ‘-30 ACSR g. wire
generatmg station has more than one outgoing h e , the outlined procedure
should be applied to each of them The whole procedure can be performed
5 10 20 N n
without the use of computers
Fig.5. Current I, as a function of fault location
OUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
5%). The errors may be explained by the following. Total value of the
current If is determined here by using symmetric components, i. e. by
utilizing the approximation that the transmission line is completely
symmetric. The configuration shown in Fig. 4 was chosen to emphasis the The value of the impedances Z, for the worst fault tower and the
effects of the approximation, for most of the other possible l i e towers immediately adjacent to it in real conditions differ very little, so that
configurations errors would be even smaller than the ones shown here. we can write:
CONCLUSIONS
z,(e) = 2, (c + 1) (25)
On the basis of this approximation and the circuit in Fig. 3, it follows:
The paper presents a practical method for ground fault analysis, neces-
sary in designing grounding systems in cases when faults outside the station
need to be considered. The method can also be used for the design of new
transmission lines in order to select the size of the ground wire capable of By using approximations (25) and (26), expression (24) can be trans-
withstanding the fault current, as well as for evaluating safety conditions formed into:
near the transmission towers.
om...m
APPENDIX I - General solution of uniform ladder circuits
Lumped parameter ladder circuits shown in Fig. 7 are generally used to According to the results presented in Fig. 5, distance c can be
present the ground wire and its grounding points through the towers. considered sufficiently large for introducing another approximation:
N.1 '2N
1
Q zNiIVN
I I I i l
"N
If we now assume that the l i e is infinite, which does not have an
influence on the critical fault position according to the results of the
quantitative analysis, it is possible, using (12), to write:
kC+l ZUI
Fig. 7. Finite ladder circuit with arbitrary terminations Z,(C) - 2, = - (29)
2kC 2
The voltages and the currents at the ends of this circuit, according to Finally, from (24) and (3), we get:
[15], are related by the following equations: Q,(e+O 2
iry- ( k C- 1)
Zn(c) k+l
By introducing approximations (23), (24) and (25) and by using the
equivalent circuit in Fig.3, expression (30) can be transformed into equation
(18).
We see in Fig. 6 that when the length of the line is under a certain limit
If the ladder circuit in Fig. 7 is replaced by only one equivalent pi, length, the worst fault location is in the supplied substation. We will
formed by the span impedance, Q, and by two connections (impedances) to
ground, P, on the basis of Kirchoffs laws, we obtain the following determine this length from the condition of equality of the current I,, when
equations: the fault is at the end of the line, and the same current, when the fault is at a
certain, critical distance (Fig. 6). This means that according to (20) we can
write the following equation:
rVPh
Z A + NI z',-- Iemaxc (3 1)
Equating the coefficients from the system of equations (22) with the
corresponding coefficients from the system of equations (2 l), we obtain that from which we get (19).
Q and P are determined in accordance with (3) and (4).
APPENDIX IV - Active length of the ground wire
APPENDIX I1 - Critical fault position on the line We shall assume that we have a transmission line and that its length is
infinite, i.e. that its end is somewhere in infinity. We shall fictiously divide
We shall evaluate the fault location which produces the maximum this line into two sections: one from the beginning to an arbitraly point N
along the line and the other, from point N to infinity. Then the circuit formed
value of Ie under the assumption that the increase of this current near the
by the transmission line ground wire, according to [15], can be represented
maximum must be negligible. This condition, as seen from the circuit in
by the equivalent circuit in Fig. 8.
Fig.3, can be expressed by the following approximation:
* The author uses the opportunity to point out to an error which appeared in the
original reference. The exponent of the parameter k should be N+1, not 2N+1 as
stated in [15]. Fig. 8 Equivalent circuit for the ground wire of an infinite line
128
The notations in Fig. 8 have the following meanings: E. Thapar, S. Madan, "Current for Design of Grounding Systems",
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-103,
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Zg - J. Endrenyi, "Analysis of Transmission Tower Potentials during
tower
Ground Faults", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Zx- Axial impedance of the ground wire from the first to the N-th
Vol.PAS-86, N0.10, Oct. 1967, pp.1274-1283.
tower
F. Dawalibi, D. Bensted and D. Mukhedkar, "Soil Effects on Ground
Fault Currents", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
As the line is infinite in length, the grounding impedance of the ground
Vol.PAS-100, N0.7, July 1981, pp.3442-3450.
wire seen from any point along the line toward its end has the same value,
G. Niles et al., "Background and Methodology for Analyzing Step and
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the following relation: Power Systems, VoLPWRD-1, No.2, Apr.1986, pp.150-157.
-
S. Lambert, "Minimum Shield Wire Size Fault Current Considera-
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A. Meliopoulos, R. Webb, E. Joy and S. Patel, "Computation of
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kN-l Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-102, No.9,
-1
zx=- zs Sept.1983, pp.3131-3139.
k-1 S. Sobral, V. Costa, M. Campos and D. Mukhedkar, "Dimensioning of
or on the basis of (5) Nearby Substations Interconnected Ground System", IEEE Transac-
tions on Power Delivery, Vo1.3, No.4, Oct.1988, pp.1605-1614.
(kN-l -l)RZ, D. Garrett, J. Myers and S. Patel, "Determination of Maximum Sub-
zx = station Grounding System Fault Current using Graphical Analysis",
,2 IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.PWRD-2, No.3, July.1987,
Fmally, as (6) and (14) give RZ,=Za,, we have pp.725-732.
[lo] M. Tibensky and L. Perfecky, "Methods for RMS Symmetrical Station
(35) Ground Potentials Rise Calculations for Protection of Telecommuni-
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By using (3.9, expression (32) becomes Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-100, No.12, Dec.1981,
pp.4785-4794.
[11] S. Sebo, "Zero Sequence Current Distribution Along Transmission
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