.

SCIENCE & TECFThiQL¢GY

January, 1973

CD puters
and automation
and people

"PHROPASE"

~.

The Path to Championship Chess by Computer - Donald Michie

Computer-Assisted Instruction Activities in - Marshall J. Farr
Naval Research
Databanks in a Free Society - Alan F. Westin
The Social Responsibility of Computer Specialists - Harvey S. Gellman
President Richard M. Nixon, the Bay of Pigs, and - Richard E. Sprague
the Watergate Incident .

5106049 01 0 P 7401 201721

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2 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973

I
INVENTORY OF THE 36 ISSUES OF
THE NOTEBOOK ON COMMON SENSE, FIRST YEAR
VOLUME 1
1. Right Answers - A Short Guide to Obtaining Them
A collection of 82 principles and maxims. Example:
"The moment you have worked out an answer, start
checking it - it probablY isn't right."
2. The Empty Column
A parable about a symbol for zero, and the failure
to recognize the value of a good idea.
3. The Golden Trumpets of Yap Yap
4. Strategy in Chess
5. The Barrels and the Elephant
A discussion of truth vs. believability.
6. The Argument of the Beard
The accumulation of many small differences may
make a huge difference.
7. The Elephant and the Grassy Hillside
The concepts of the ordinary everyday world vs.
the pointer readings of exact science.
8. Ground Rules for Arguments
9. False Premises, Valid Reasoning, and True Conclusions
The fallacy of asserting that the premises must first
be correct in order that correct conclusions be
derived.
10. The Investigation of Common Sense
11. Principles of General Science and Proverbs
8 principles and 42 proverbs.
12. Common Sense - Questions for Consideration
13. Falling 1800 Feet Down a Mountain
The story of a skimobiler who fell 1/3 of a mile
down Mt. Washington, N.H., and was rescued the
next day; and how he used his common sense and
survived.
14. The Cult of the Expert
15. Preventing Mistakes from Failure to Understand
Even though you do not understand the cause of
some trouble, you may still be able to deal with
it. The famous example of a cure for malaria.
16. The Stage of Maturity and Judgement
17. Doomsday in St. Pierre, Martiniq'ue - Common Sense
vs. Catastrophe
How 30,000 people refusing to apply their common
sense died from a volcanic eruption.
18. The History of the Doasyoulikes
19. Individuality inHuman Beings
Their chemical natures are as widely varied as
their external features.
20. How to be Silly
71 recipes for being silly. Example: "Use twenty
words to say something when two will do."
21. The Three Earthworms
A parable about curiosity; and the importance of
making observations for oneself.
22. The Cochrans vs. Catastrophe
~ - - - - - - - - - - (may be copied on any piece of paper) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The history of Samuel Cochran, Jr., who ate some
vichyssoise soup.
23. Preventing Mistakes from Forgetting
24. What is Common Sense? -
An Operational Definition
A proposed definition of common sense not using
synonyms but using behavior that is observable.
25. The Subject of What is Generally True and Important -
Common Sense, Elementary and Advanced
26. Natural History, Patterns, and Common Sense
Some important techniques for observing.
27. Rationalizing and Common Sense
28. Opposition to New Ideas
Some of the common but foolish reasons for
opposing new ideas.
29. A Classification and Review of the Issues of Vol.
30. Index to Volume 1
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
- TITLES AND SUMMARIES
VOLUME 2
31. Adding Years to Your Life Through Common Sense
32. The Number of Answers to a Problem
33. "Stupidity has a Knack of Getting Its Way"
34 and 35. Time, Sense, and Wisdom
36. Wisdom - An Operational Definition
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3
Vol. 22, No.1
January, 1973 computers
and 'automation
and people
Editor Edmund C. Berkeley

Assistant Barbara L. Chaffee

Editors Linda Ladd Lovett
Neil D. Macdonald

Software Stewart B. Nelson Computers and the Intellectual Frontier

Editor
7 The Path to Championship Chess by Computer [T A]
Advertising Edmund C. Berkeley by Professor Donald Michie, Director, Department of
Director Machine Intelligence, Edinburgh University, Scotland
How a computer can probably be programmed to exceed
Art Director Ray W. Hass
the talent of the best human chess players ...... and "if
Contributing John Bennett we can find out how to program world championship chess,
Editors Moses M. Berlin then we can program anything."
Andrew D. Booth
John W. Carr III Computers and Education
Ned Chapin 10 Computer-Assisted Instruction Activities in [T A]
Leslie Mezei
Naval Research
Ted Schoeters
Richard E. Sprague by Dr. Marshall J. Farr, Office of Naval Research,
Arlington, Va.
Advisory James J. Cryan A report on some of the areas of computer-assisted
Committee Bernard Qu int instruction in which the Office of Naval Research has
a strong interest in research and development.

Editorial Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Computers and Society

Offices 815 Washington St.
Newtonville, Mass. 02160
18 Databanks in a Free Society: A Summary of the [NT A]
617 -332-5453 Project on Computer Databanks
by Professor Alan F. Westin, Columbia University, New
Advertising The Publisher York, N.Y., and many associates
Contact Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. A summary of a nationwide factual study (under the
815 Washington St. auspices of the National Academy of Sciences) of:
Newtonville, Mass. 02160 what the use of computers is actually doing to record-
617 -332-5453 keeping in the United States; and what the growth of
large-scale databanks, both manual and computerized,
"Computers and Automation" is pub-
lished monthly, 12 issues per year, at 815
implies for citizens' rights to privacy and the due
Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160, process of law.
by Berkeley Enterprises, I nco Printed in
U.S.A. Second Class Postage paid at Boston, 14 The Social Responsibility of Computer Specialists [NT A]
Mass., and additional mailing points.
Subscription rates: United States, $9.50 by Dr. Harvey S. Gellman, Toronto, Canada
for one year, $18.00 for two years. Canada: How computer systems (and other technology) often
add 50 cents a year for postage; foreign, add
$3.50 a year for postage. produce unexpected, troublesome, and even harmful
NOTE: The above rates do not include side-effects - wh ich are made worse by the non-
our publication "The Computer Directory
and Buyers' Guide". If you elect to re-
professional attitudes of many computer specialists.
ceive "The Computer Directory and Buyers'
Guide", please add $9.00 per year to your
6 From "Computers and Automation" to [NT E]
subscription rate. "Computers and People;'
Please address all mail to: Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., New-
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and
tonville, Mass. 02160. Automation and People
Postmaster: Please send all forms 3579
to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washing-
How and why the time has come when a change in the
ton St .. Newtonville, Mass. 02160. name of Computers and Automation should be con-
© Copyright 1973, by Berkeley Enter- sidered, and be put into effect, gradually.
prises, Inc.
Change of address: If your address
changes, please send us both your new
address and your old address (as it ap-
pears on the magazine address imprint), and
allow three weeks for the change to be
made.

4 COMPU~ERSand ,AUTOMATION for January, 1973

The magazine of the design, applications, and implications of
information processing systems - and the pursuit of truth in
input, output, and processing, for the benefit of people.

Computer People and Aptitude Tests

31 Eight Photographs of a Bush: Answers- [NT F]
Pictorial Reasoning Tests - Part 8 Front Cover Picture
by Neil Macdonald, Assistant Editor The front cover drawing, called
How close observation and common-sense reasoning "Phropase", was produced by an
can lead to the answers to the pictorial reasoning Algol 60 program, drawing straight
test published in the October 1972 issue. lines ax + by + c = 0, where a, band
The Profession of Information Engineer and the Pursuit of Truth c were "stepped arithmetically in
nested loops". The computer used
33 President Richard M. Nixon, the Bay of Pigs, and [NT A]
was an ICL 1904A, driving a Cal-
the Watergate Incident
camp 1934/6 plotter. The program-
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
mer-artist is Nihan Lloyd-Thurston,
How President Nixon lied in 1960 about the plans for
Kings Mill Lane, South Nutfield,
the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and is suppressing in 1972
Surrey, England.
the investigations of the Watergate Incident.
37 The Frenchman Who Was To Kill Kennedy [NT A]
by Phillippe Bernert and Camille Gilles, L 'Aurore, Paris,
France; translated by Ann K. Bradley, NOTICE
Computers and Automation and People *0 ON YOUR ADDRESS IMPRINT
Engl ish translation of the f=rench newspaper report on MEANS THAT YOUR SUBSCRIP-
TION INCLUDES THE COMPUTE R
Jose Luis Romero, which was reprinted in French in the DIRECTORY. *N MEANS THAT
December issue of Computers and Automation YOUR PRESENT SUBSCRIPTION
DOES NOT INCLUDE THE COM-
40 Why I Distrust the Romero Story [NT A] PUTER DIRECTORY.
by Robert P. Smith, Director of Research, Committee
to Investigate Assassinations, Washington, D.C.
The Romero report reprinted from L 'Aurore has many Departments
earmar.ks indicating that it is very difficult to believe.
41 Across the Editor's Desk -
13 Unsettling, Disturbing, Critical [NT F]
Computing and Data
Statement of pol icy by Computers and Automation and People
Processing Newsletter
Reference Information 50 Advertising Index
23 Annual Index for Volume 21 (1972) of [T R] 46 Calendar of Coming Events
Computers and Automation 47 Monthly Computer Census
An index by author, title, and subjects, to the 44 New Contracts
45 New Installations
thirteen 1972 issues of Computers and Automation

Computers and Puzzles

32 Numbles [T C]
by Neil Macdonald Key
36 Problem Corner [T C]
[A] - Article
by Walter Penney, CDP
[C] - Monthly Column
[E] - Editorial
[F] - Forum
[G] - The Golden Trumpet
[NT] - Not Technical
[T) - Technical

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973 5

EDITORIAL
From nComputers and Automation"
. to nComputers and People"
1. Names
When this magazine was first published in 1951, it was
called "The Computing Machinery Field". That was a
time when many people were still searching for a short
name for "computers". The word "computer" at that
time always implied a human being computing, and not a
machine. The same view influenced the choice of name
of the "Association for Computing Machinery."
In 1953 this magazine changed its name to "Computers
and Automation," and has retained that name for twenty
years. These years have seen great changes in "the com-
puting machinery field", which has become "the computer
field". A great deal of automation also has occurred, but
computers and not automation have occupied the lime-
light of public attention.
The three-syllable term "computers", it seems to me,
is still preferable to any of:
- data processing, five syllables, plebeian, more and
more out of date because much more is pro-
cessed than just data;
- information processing, seven syllables, more ac-
curate, but also incomplete because it leaves
out "idea processing", "artificial intelligence",
and other really important extensions of com-
puter programming;
- "electronic data processing", nine sy IIables (clumsy),
having all the disadvantages of "data processing"
plus the disadvantage of "electronic" which im-
plies omission of "optical", "magnetic", etc.;
- "automatic data processing''; nine syllables (also
clumsy), having all the disadvantages of "data
processing" plus the disadvantage of "auto-
matic" which leaves out the essential contri-
butions of human guidance, human adapting
to applications, etc.
It is interesting that the persons who tried so hard to nam{.
the field using an attitude of "keep your feet on the
ground" are the persons left behind - largely by the de-
velopment of computer programs that express an ever
greater degree of reasoning, calculating, and sophistication.
2. Substance
A great many of the important technical computer
problems of the last 20 years have been largely solved; a
great many of the important social computer problems are
very much unsolved.
For several years it has been evident that the most im-
portant field of unsolved problems related to computers is
the field of the relations of computers to people. To name
just a few of these problems:
- privacy and computers
- monopoly and computers
- crime and computers
- electronic warfare and computers
- medicine and computers
- traffic control and computers
- antiballistic missile systems and computers
- urban problems and computers
- the side effects of computers upon society
- the prevention of doomsday and the application
of computers thereto
3. Policy
As we have said before, we believe that the profession
of information engineer includes not only competence in
handling information using computers and other means but
also a wide responsibility towards people, a professional and
engineering responsibility. This includes making sure of:
- the reliability and social validity of the input data;
- the correctness of the processing; and
- the reliability and social validity of the output
results.
in the same way, a bridge engineer takes a professional
responsibility for the reliability and significance of the
data he accepts and uses, and the safety and efficiency of
the bridges he constructs on which human beings will cross
chasms risking their lives.
Accordingly, as our readers know, we often publish
articles and other information related to socially useful in-
put and output of information systems. We seek to pub-
lish what is unsettling, disturbing, critical - but productive
of thought and a better and safer earth for all humanity to
live in - the fragile spaceship in which our children and
future generations may have a future instead of facing
extinction.
The professional information engineer needs to relate
his engineering to the most important and most serious
problems in the world today: war; nuclear weapons; pol-
lution; the population explosion; the frightening economics
of growth; widespread deception; and much more. In fact,
an especially serious and troublesome problem is systematic
misrepresentation, deception, and lying by vested interests
- a problem we focus on.
4. Name Change
In recognition of these facts and this policy, we have
decided that the time has come when "Computers and
Automation" will change its name to "Computers and
People", in a gradual process using an intermediate name
"Computers and Automation and People" - for short,
"CAP" instead of "C&A". To change the name is rea-
sonable and seems necessary and desirable; to change
gradually seems much better than to change abruptly.
E:~C.~
Edmund C. Berkeley
Editor
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
The Path to Championship Chess By Computer
Professor Donald Michie, Director
Dept. of Machine Intelligence
Edinburgh University
Edinburgh, Scotland
"If we could program world championship chess, then we could program anything."
Based on a,l article "Programmer's Gambit" in The New Scientist for August 17, 1972, an inter-
national weekly review of science and technology, 128 Long Acre, London we 2, England, and
reprinted with permission.
Has something gone wrong with computer chess? If
so, what? In a recent New Scientist article (20 July
1972, vol. 55, p. 134) Peter Wason discussed the psy-
chology of the game. He also referred to computer
chess programs and, with an element of courteous un-
derstatement, observed "they are certainly below mas-
ter strength."
The first point to remark is that the task is far,
far more difficult than some early optimists supposed
-- so much so that quite radical advances in machine
intelligence, not just in programming and hardware
technology, are required if chess programs are ever
to break through to master play.
The "Grandmaster Barrier"
The reasons for what may be called the "grandmas-
ter barrier" are connected with powers of abstraction,
generalisation and learning, all of which are still
absent from tOday's chess programs. Chess at master
level makes such searching demands on these abilities
that it offers a life-time's dedication for outstand-
ing intellects. Hence, although it has been one of
the earliest task domains to be chosen for machine
intelligence studies, chess remains one of the most
illustrative and one of the most elusive. The dis-
tinguished applied mathematician, I. J. Good, himself
an expert chess player, believes that when a chess
program has been developed capable of defeating the
world champion, we shall be no more than five years
away from the appearance of the "ultra-intelligent
machine", intellectually superior to man in all de-
partments of thought. While supporting Good's evalu-
ation, I would prefer to phrase it in other terms and
to say that if we could program world championship
chess then we could program anythingl
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
It is possible to take up two exaggerated and op-
posite positions concerning contemporary chess pro-
grammes. Both are mistaken.
Position 1: The attempt to match human intellectual
skill across the chessboard has failed.
The Current Strength of Computer Chess
Hubert Dreyfus, the Rand Corporation mathemati-
cian, pronounced a few years ago that no computer
could play even amateur chess. He was challenged to
play against the Greenblatt chess program and was ig-
nominiously defeated. This program is one of those
which regularly take part in American tournaments, in-
cluding tournaments restricted to computer programs.
Two other programs of similar playing strength are
those of Atkins and Slate and of Gillogly, currently
rated around 1400 to 1500 on the US Chess Federation
scale which is calculated on the basis of past tour-
nament performance. Table 1 may be of help in cali-
brating this scale. Bobby Fischer's last USCF rat-
ing was 2824, the highest ever awarded.
Position 2: Computer programs will attain grandmas-
ter rating in the near future.
Those who hold this position usually believe that
it is simply a matter of developing and extending
present-day principles of chess programming, aided
by the continued rapid growth of hardware speeds and
storage capacities of computers. This second posi-
tion is wrong for more subtle reasons than the first,
and cannot be dismissed so cursorily.
Chess Knowledge
Consider the following two apparently unrelated
facts:
7
1. Not one of the three leading chess programs occu-
pies more than 20,000 locations of computer memory
(by this I mean "fixed" memory, not the working space
occupied for transient periods by the intermediate
products of calculation). Stanford Research Insti-
tute's program for planning a robot's movements oc-
cupies more than five times this number.
2. Although for the past century or more chess games
at grandmastet level have usually ended in draws,
Bobby Fischer recently won 19 consecutive games
against grandmasters.
The interpretation which some chess experts place
on the second fact is that Fischer has discovered new
areas of knowledge about chess, and in some sense has
a deeper understanding of the game than his opponents.
I have put emphasis upon "knowledge" and "understand-
ing" because these words give a clue to the extraor-
dinarily small machine memory space occupied by all
the above-mentioned chess programs. When we look in-
side these programs we find virtually nothing there
which corresponds to "knowledge" or "understanding".
What we do find can best be described as a finely
tuned mechanism for making the best possible job of
playing chess without knowing anything about the game
or understanding what one is doing.
Table 1
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BEST
CONTEMPORARY CHESS PROGRAM
Bobby Fi scher 28
Machine Intelligence
Chess i like any other highly developed intel-
lectual sk 11 in that it can be subdivided into two
categories
1. What the player knows, and
2. What he can do with this knowledge.
These two subdivisions mirror very clearly two
areas of machine intelligence research in which pro-
gress has and has not been made. Virtually all the
progress before 1970 was concerned with category (2),
i.e. with the mechanisation of processes of search
and deduction whereby the direct implications of ca-
tegory (1) may be efficiently extracted. Category
(1) itself, in the machine intelligence context, is
concerned with finding principles whereby large
bodies of knowledge may be represented in the machine
in forms sui table: for indirect and analogical reason-
ing; for the formation of new generalisations; and
for the automatic modification and extension of the
"knowledge base" via learning processes.
In the 1950s and 1960s little progress was made
with category (1). Hence experimental programs, for
chess as for everything else, necessarily took the
form of "toy systems" in which all the program's in-
genuity went to extracting the most out of a minimal
repertoire of stored facts. We have seen that in the
case of chess such facts might be (a) the rules of
chess, (b) evaluation rules which can say of any two
board positions "this one is probably stronger than
that", and (c) stored "book" openings.

International grandmasters 26 to 28

International masters 23 to 26

American masters 21 to 23

Expert players 19 to 21
Strong amateurs 16 to 18

Best chess program 15

Most amateurs up to 14
Figure 1 Two chess
The figures are the U.S. Chess Federation rating positions conforming
to a single relational
scale with 00 omitted. This scale is calculated on description (see text).
the basis of past tournament performance. White has the move

Look-Ahead

This mechanism is essentially that of looking

ahead along a tree of possibilities, evaluating the
terminal nodes of the look-ahead tree according to
some "evaluation function", and then "backing up"
these values to the root of the tree by a process
known as "minimaxing". The various branches at the
root correspond to the immediately available moves;
the backed-up values associated with these branches
are used as the basis for selecting the next move.
The only chess "knowledge" is that contained in the
legal move generator (i.e. knowledge of the rules of
chess), in the evaluation function itself, and in
stored "book" openings (where these are employed).
Such knowledge is a grain of sand beside the moun-
tains amassed even by amateur players, and it is a
tribute to what can be accomplished by the look-ahead
process, and by sheer brute-force calculation, that
these chess programs can hold their own at all. Of Chess Theorems
course, if their authors knew how to program some of
the missing knowledge into the machine they would do Why should we not add to this bare cupboard the
so. good things which make a chess master what he is,

8 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973

,)
 starting with the vast mass of trite chess theorems, and sequences of schemas ("themes", "main varia-
such as: tions"), resorting to detailed look-ahead, for which
the human brain is ill-equipped, only when he has to.
"Bishops cannot attack squares of opposite
colour." Relational Descriptions

"A piece blocking an enemy isolated pawn is
safe from pawn attack."
"King and Rook against King is a won game."
and going on to deeper theorems and postulates which
separate the expert's knowledge from the club play-
er's, the master's from the expert's, and the grand-
master's from the master's? After all, a great deal
even of this last and highest body of knowledge is
explicitly recorded in the published chess litera-
ture. Why not just put it all into the machine?
A compact notation for descriptions of the kind
shown is given by the use of "relational structures"
illustrated graphically in Figure 2. Note that such
a description typically covers many positions, and a
second position is shown, Figure 1 (b), which also
conforms to the scheme of Figure 2. In the case
chosen for illustration they do indeed have much in
commonj in both cases white can mate taking advantage
of two pins. Moreover, this notation extends in a
natural and easy way to all the usual basic concepts
-- "forks", "blocks", "discovered checks" and so
forth.

The short answer is that the problem of how to

represent knowledge (whether of chess or of any OR OB~OR

other complex and ill-structured domain) in machine-

oriented form is the focal question for machine in-
telligence research in the 1970s; although intensive 08 -
\~ \ u'~::~K
K -KKtP .KR' \
studies are now under way, and preliminary gains have
been reported, we must expect to wait awhile before
the front decisively cracks.
Figure 2 A relational
description of the
chess positions of
\ KR
Key: _
'KKtP
Defends
Figure 1 drawn as a
labelled directed ===> Attacks
_ _ Pins
Computer Language for Salient Features graph (White in italics;
black in bold type) -- - ~ Can check

The heart of the problem is concerned with des-

cription -- with the development of computer lan- Not only do descriptive schemes of this kind cor-
guages and notations with powerful facilities for respond intuitively to the way in which chess posi-
describing the salient and significant features of tions are grouped for purposes of recall or for the
any situation. Let us try an impressionistic sketch, specification of sub-goals. They are ·beginning to
using both chess and non-chess examples, of some of playa prominent part in mechanisation techniques in
the issues involved. areas of machine intelligence superficially unrelated
to chess.
Figure 1 (a) shows a chess position, and we wish
to describe it. The exhaustive specification of
where every piece is has no use beyond the calcula-
tion of the tree of possibilities for look-ahead pur- o Scene
poses. If we want to think in a broader style about
the position we need a broader style of description.
The use of a few relations between pieces with a more
or less conventional notation might give us something /l "'"
O~O~O
like Table 2. (Pieces belonging to the side with
the move -- white -- are shown in italics, black
in bold)

Table 2
,,\/
Key:
Qarick

Figure:5 Graphic --+- Part of

notation analogous ==> Supported by
PINS, ATTACKS, DEFENSES, POSSIBLE CHECKS to that in Figure 2, ~ Kind of
applied to a visual
object
KR pins OB
QB pins KKtP
QB defends QR
Figure 3 depicts relational descriptions, using
essentially the same graphic notation, not of chess
QR can check K
OR attacks QB
positions but of visual scenes. These structures are
KR attacks KKtP
manipulated by a computer program written by Pat Win-
K defends KKtP ston and others at MIT. Its task is to construct de-
K defends OS scriptions of s~enes inspected through the television
K defends KKtP camera. The figure shows a number of objects all
OR defends KR conforming to the description for ARCH. The program
KR defends OR can be "taught" to improve its descriptions by being
OR can check K shown examples and counter-examples.
KR can check K
The entire program occupies many times more com-
We might or might not wish to add, for some purpose puter memory (again, we are speaking of program
or other, information concerning certain key pieces, space, not workspace) than the chess programs. Win-
such as "WK on KRl". ston's task is an intrinsically easier one than
theirs, but his program approaches it in a much
The important thing is that a schematic descrip- deeper fashion. What are the prospects of introduc-
tion of this kind defines a large class of positions ing a similar degree of depth into the approach to
computer chess, and what are the likely consequences
the members of which are hopefully (if the descrip-
tors have been well chosen) "essentially" similar to of doing so?
each other. The chess master reasons about schemas (please turn to page 36)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973 9

'\
I
Computer-Assisted I nstruction Activities
in Naval Research
Dr. Marshall J. Farr
Office of Naval Research
800 No. Quincy St.
Arlington, Va. 22217
Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAl) refers to the
use of the computer for instruction, i.e., as a
means of presenting material to, and interacting
with, astudent. Navy activity in this domain is di-
rected toward utilization of the computer to provide
adaptive, individualized instruction of the highest
quality. Because computer technology and its pro-
gramming arts are already so advanced, and are con-
tinuing to progress so rapidly, on-line interactive,
man-computer communication need not be stilted and
impersonal.
Advantages and Limitations
Research in CAl indicates that some students re-
late better to an interactive computer than to a hu-
man instructor. And, of course, a computer is not
subject to human frailties. Modern time-sharing
computers are highly reliable, work overtime without
complaint, and never go on strike. Moreover, the
computer is infinitely patient, and its programs can
represent the teaching approaches and knowledge of
the best minds in pedagogy as well as in diverse
subject areas.
Despite the many advantages of CAl it should be
recognized that the computer's tutorial effective-
ness is limited by what we still do not know about
basic learning processes, about why we learn, how
we learn, how we remember, and how we integrate bits
of knowledge into a coherent whole.
These kinds of questions have been the subjects
of investigations sponsored by the Office of Naval
Research and directed toward the advancement of CAl
technology. These studies shed light on such as-
pects as individual differences in learning and
means for identifying and taking advantage of an
individual's unique aptitudes and abilities, while
~~~ n.Lt~~~a~ n.L:I'lh~ s ~esire,t~ _1 ~~~~: _, ~_? ~ ~t~~~, ~~;~~,
\JM~ .........n.. . . . . . . . ~~ 0';" 1l1U\.dl l"VJl\.d:;J.I1CU
the learning process as with controlling it.
Mixed-Initiative Dialogue
Under ONR sponsorship, Dr. Jaime Carbonell of
Bolt, Beranek and Newman is pursuing research with
a system called "SCHOLAR," which is characterized
by a mixed-initiative dialogue between learner and
computer. The term mixed-initiative indicates a
Reprinted with permission from Naval Research Reviews, vol. 25, no. 9,
September, 1972, published by the Department of the Navy, Office of
Naval Research, Arlington, Va. 22217
10
'The computer is infinitely patient, and its programs can represent the
teaching approaches and knowledge of the best minds in pedagogy."
man-computer relationship in which either party can
take the initiative, i.e., ask and answer questions
and engage in discussion. The Bolt, Beranek and
Newman approach with SCHOLAR generates the computer
dialogue out of a data base that is a complex but
well-defined structure in the form of a semantic
network of facts, concepts and procedures. A se-
mantic information structure or network is an organ-
ization of units of information in terms of their
meaning and mutual relationships. In contrast, when
a network is based on how words are organized se-
quentially or grammatically within a sentence, it is
serving as a syntactic structure.
SCHOLAR is different from the traditional ap-
proach to CAl, which may be considered to be frame-
oriented. In such a system, a frame (each single
display presented to the trainee) is constructed out
of specific pieces of text, specific questions with
their predicted answers, errors and anticipated
branching. All frames in this kind of system are
entered in advance by the teacher or programmer.
In such a system, the student is capable of little
or no initiative, and must communicate with the
computer in a relatively restricted form of lan-
guage. And the teacher has the burden of preparing
questions, answers, and branching strategies. Here,
the system controls the student; but it is incapable
of real initiative or decision power of its own.
Information-Structure Oriented
In contrast to a frame-oriented system, SCHOLAR's
semantic network system represents what Carbonell
calls an Information-Structure-Oriented (ISO) ap-
proach. The network allows SCHOLAR to generate the
material to be presented to the student in reason-
ably natural conversational English. In its present
implementation, the experimental program, which uses
v¥J.I.;U t;l\.pJ.V.LJ.JJ~
Dr. Marshall J. Farr is Director of the Personnel
and Training Research Program in the Psychological
Sciences Division of ONR. He also has served as
Assistant Director of ONR's Engineering Psychology
Program. From 1960-1964, he was a Research Psy-
chologist at the U.S. Naval Training Device Center,
then located at Port Washington, New York. Dr.
Farr has taught in the Psychology Departments of
Fairleigh Dickinson University and the New School
(formerly the New School for Social Research) in
New York City.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
South American geography as its subject, is aimed at
reviewing the student's knowledge in this field.
But it is being designed with a good degree of mod-
ularity in both program and data base, in order to
assure ready generalization to many other examples
and fields of application. A good description, with
illustrations of the way SCHOLAR works, is contained
in Carbonell's article in the October 1971 issue of
Naval Research Reviews. Carbonell will shortly be-
gin to evaluate the instructional merit of the full
mixed-initiative capability as compared to a re-
duced, less interactive, version of SCHOLAR. Both
versions will operate on the data base.
Performance Training
Dr. Joseph Rigney, who directs the Behavioral
Technology Laboratories at the University of South-
ern California, has been working on a method for
computer-assisted performance training, using a
computer time-sharing system to help trainees to
learn serial tasks, from operating equipment to
electronic troubleshooting.
TASKTEACH is the generic name of two large com-
puter programs for this tutorial system. TASKTEACH
provides the student with variable amounts of learn-
ing support, as he requests it, to help him organize
the material and the processes which lead to mas-
tery. During each learning session, TASKTEACH con-
tinuously updates the history of the student's
progress and the state of the equipment or task
structure that it is simulating. Thus it can gen-
erate responses to the student from this updated in-
formation. TASKTEACH logic is made specific to a
particular equipment or task structure by relatively
short lists which describe elements and relation-
ships among them in sufficient detail for the simu-
lation. These lists replace the conventional,
frame-by-frame description of the typical CAl in-
structional sequence.
Trou bleshooting
To use TASKTEACH to learn to troubleshoot elec-
tronic devices from front-panel controls and indi-
cators, the student selects a course, e.g., on the
AN/SPA-66 radar repeater, and enters a problem num-
ber. This directs the program to simulate a failure
in a particular circuit of the equipment. The com-
puter then describes to the student, during its in-
teraction with him, those front-panel indicator
symptoms that the malfunction would produce. The
student proceeds to collect symptoms from indicators
by manipulating the front-panel controls in patterns
that will (1) make particular kinds of information
visible on each indicator when the equipment is
functioning normally, and (2) uncover all possible
symptoms of abnormal functioning. The student can
do this symptom-collecting in any order he chooses.
He is not constrained to a fixed procedural se-
quence. Furthermore, he can either ask for only one
type of information at a time, or he can make a
whole series of front-panel tesLS by entering a list
of indicators and control settings in one input mes-
sage. By using some of the commands in TASKTEACH
that give him detailed knowledge of results, and
that allow him to "look -ahead" and test hypotheses
about the malfunction, the student 'can learn about
the effectiveness of each test he makes, and can in-
crease his knowledge of possible causes of symptoms.
In this way, he can learn to improve his trouble-
shooting strategy.
"Backwards Troubleshooting"
The student can also ask the program to "insert"
a known malfunction in the equipment. He can then
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION tor January. 1973
test his knowledge of the symptoms it would produce
by attempting to predict the indicators and the
types of information displayed by each, as they
would be affected by this known malfunction. The
program wi 11, in thi s "backwards troubleshooting"
mode, evaluate the student's predictions and correct
those that are wrong.
Since equipment like the AN/SPA-66 radar repeater
and the AN/URC-32 radio transceiver have from 20 to
40 front panel controls that have to be set in the
right patterns before symptom information is visible
on an indicator, the student must, of course, learn
these patterns. The troubleshooting section of
TASKTEACH not only corrects the student's incorrect
patterns, but also includes a provision for drill
in making these settings. The student can select
the particular information he wants made known by
some indicator. He then instructs the computer to
set the controls in the correct pattern, and is
given error-correcting knowledge of results by the
program. The student can run through a series of
these drills any time he chooses, in conjunction
with a troubleshooting session.
Goal-Action Hierarchies
In addition to the troubleshooting program, TASK-
TEACH includes a program to help students learn
other types of task structures. Radio operators,
for example, could learn how to tune the transmitter
in the AN/URC-32, or how to set it up in a particu-
lar one-of-five "receive modes." Similarly, a me-
chanic could learn how to disassemble, repair, and
reassemble a mechanical device such as a carburetor.
As indicated earlier, this program is made specific
to a particular task by list-structures which de-
scribe goals, subgoals, actions, and constraints
that specify the ways these elements are organized
sequentially. Since almost all human work can be
described in terms of goal-action hierarchies, this
part of TASKTEACH is potentially widely applicable.
The TASKTEACH programs were designed to be used
with a variety of terminals, including on-line
front-panel simulators analogous to those currently
being used by IBM for their in-house computer main-
tenance training. However, these programs currently
are used with teletypes or alphanumeric CRTs and
random-access slide projectors under program con-
trol. The projectors are used to display color
photographs of controls and indicators on the par-
ticular equipment that is the subject of the train-
ing.
In summary of TASKTEACH, it represents a capabil-
ity which provides a number of learner options, and
which can be used in a number of different ways or
modes. The student need not have control over the
learning-support functions. They can be made auto-
matic, left to the instructor to control, or, with
a little additional programming, they can be made
part of an adaptive scheme. In a similar way dif-
ferent kinds of troubleshooting strategies could be
included as models for the student to learn.
CAl Course in Computer Programming
Professor Richard Atkinson. Chairman of the Psy-
chology Department at Stanford University, has been
in charge of administering a CAl course in computer
programming at Di Anza College (a junior college
near Stanford) and at UCLA. Students receive col-
lege credit for this course, which was originally
developed with support from NASA Ames. For this
ONR contract, Atkinson and his staff have been de-
signing data-collection routines to measure student
11
performance at frequent intervals during the course.
In addition, the program has been constructed so as
to analyze a student-written program to see if it
will run on the computer. If not, the instructional
program assists the student in debugging his own
material.
The computer program for this course allows the
learner to control what material is displayed to
him, as well as his rate of learning. As the stu-
dent goes through the course, his response history
is recorded automatically in terms of how frequently
he requests reviews, how long he devotes to various
items and modules, how rapidly he responds, and so
on. The Stanford group will analyze the dominant
patterns of learner behavior, and correlate each
individual's response-history with his course
achievement. The findings will be examined to de-
termine such things as the best time to branch, to
repeat material, and to provide feedback to the
student.
In the next phase of this research, two addition-
al CAl modes will be tried. Their structure will be
based on the recommendations for optimal patterns of
presentation, review, feedback, etc., toward which
the research on the ongoing learner-controlled CAl
wi 11 lead.
Best Instruction Strategies?
Why is the mode of learner-controlled instruction
a model from which optimal instructional strategies
can be derived? When the student performs at his
own rate, he is not constrained by a program. In a
sense, he automatically selects what is most moti-
vating to him, what he feels he needs and wants to
learn. Learning might really turn out to be funo
Good students can tackle complex problems and can
concentrate on conceptual rather than computational
matters. But most of all, who knows better than the
pupil himself what he is ready to learn next, and
when he is ready? After all, learning takes place,
in the final analysis, between the ears.
.
Now, returning to Atkinson's work: The first ad-
ditional mode, a response-insensitive one, will be
a straight-line, completely canned course. This
means that what is presented to the learner will be
inflexible, and completely independent of his re-
sponses.
The second additional mode involves a response-
sensitive program, which contains the necessary
logic to branch (e.g., for enrichment or remedial
purposes) based on the student's ongoing course
achievement and his pre-course knowledge base.
Here, although the computer program tailor-makes
the instruction provided to each student, based on
continually-updated course-achievement information,
the learner has no option to tell the program how
he would like it to interact with him, or what he
would like it to offer.
After these three different modes of CAl have
been implemented, they will be compared with each
other in terms of learning speed and quality. Each
student's performance will also be examined in re-
lation to certain personality characteristics: for
example, to see whether certain types of individuals
habitually do better in a highly structured, non-
permissive learning environment.
Assessment of Intelligence
A Florida State University (FSU) investigation in
CAl was established as part of the THEMIS program.
Because of this heritage, it deals with a broad
12
range of research efforts. Hedl, in his doctoral re-
search under the contract, has demonstrated the
feasibility and validity of an interactive approach
to the individualized assessment of intelligence.
Test items from the Slosson Intelligence Test, de-
veloped in 1963, were individually presented on a
CRT. Students typed in their answers for immediate
computer evaluation. The answer-analysis algorithm
was based upon a key word/phrase dictionary for each
item, which was developed from previous test-item
protocols. The computer in this case, for the first
time, was used for automatically administering an
intelligence test, and for reaf-time response-evalu-
ation. If a student's answer was either correct or
incorrect, the program moved to the next item. If
the answer was interpreted as partially correct, the
computer instructed the student to explain more ful-
ly his response. If time limits for a given item
were exceeded, the computer asked the learner to
"please answer the question or type pass," and then
gave him another chance at the question. If time
ran out again, the item was scored as wrong, and the
program went on to the next item. The computer-
based version of the Slosson Intelligence Test was
experimentally compared with the oral administration
of the traditional Slosson Test, as well as with
the Wechsler Adult Intelligenc~ Scale (WAIS). The
computer-based Slosson Intelligence Test correlated
.75 with its traditional version. Equivalent con-
current validity relationships with the WAIS, for a
college population were: a .54 correlation between
the WASI and CB-SIT; and a .52 correlation between
the WASI and the traditional SIT.
Anxieties
In other studies under this'FSU contract, meas-
ures of both "trait anxiety" and "state anxiety"
were taken of students engaged in learning mathe-
matical material in a CAl mode. According to Dr.
Charles Speilberger of FSU, who first conceptually
differentiated these two anxiety conditions, "trait"
anxiety represents the anxiety potential or prone-
ness of an individual, or in other words, how likely
he is to develop anxiety in situations commonly
thought to provoke it. On the other hand, "state"
anxiety is a temporary, transitory condition of
actual apprehension and heightened autonomic nerv-
ous system activity. The common psychological test
for measuring anxiety, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety
Scale, seems to measure trait anxiety, even though
Taylor, its author, propounded.a theory based on
state anxiety. Taylor never conceptualized two
different dimensions of anxiety.
The CAl math learning investigations showed that
high state-anxiety students make more errors on the
difficult learning material than do low state-anxi-
ety learners. On the easier material, both state-
anxiety levels did equally well. The trait-anxiety
level was not found to be related to performance.
Further FSU work on the effects of trait and
state anxiety on CAl performance is more compli-
cated, combining the types of anxiety with types
of material (non-technical vs. technical) and vari-
ous types of responses the subjects are called upon
to make. Results here have been difficult to in-
terpret because of interaction effects. More re-
search is planned in this area.
Curiosity?
The FSU researchers conceptualized curiosity as
also being either trait curiosity or state curiosi-
ty. A "State Curiosity Scale" (SCS) was developed
to measure this type. Since curiosity is a moti-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
vational construct, it can aid in stimulating the
acquisition of knowledge or skills (which is, after
all, the aim of all training). The particular type
of curiosity studied by FSU, that most relevant to
the learning process, was given the fancy name of
epistemic curiosity, which merely referred to knowl-
edge-seeking curiosity behavior. Research by FSU
indicated that, when levels of curiosity are high,
levels of anxiety are low. Given the debilitating
effect of high-anxiety on performance and mental
functioning, it can readily be seen that maximizing
curiosity to minimize anxiety has definite impli-
cations for an optimal learning environment.
Computer-Managed Instruction
Project ENRICH, another major FSU research di-
rector, refers to a CAI/CMI effort undertaken by the
Naval Reserve Training Facility (NRTF) in Tallahas-
see with the very close support of the FSU CAl Cen-
ter. What is CMI? It stands for Computer-Managed
Instruction, and, in contrast to CAl, refers to the
off-line use of the digital computer to collect and
analyze data about a student's cumulative perform-
ance and session-to-session learning progress, and
then to diagnose his learning problems and make
individualized decisions with regard to the optimum
next learning step for the trainee. In CMI, then,
the computer is not in the loop with the learner;
rather, it serves as a record keeper, test scorer,
decision-maker, and selector of appropriate remedial
material.
Although CMI can playa valuable role in the in-
structional domain, the technology behind using a
computer mainly to store information and process
data is not really central to instructional psychol-
ogy or the tutorial side of education. The FSU re-
search involved both CAl and CMI, in that it focused
on using the computer to manage the training of, and
do some instruction for, Seaman Recruit Reserves in
the subject of Basic Military Requirements (BMR).
The material programmed on the computer by the NRTF
was taken from the Test Manual of the BMR Corres-
pondence Course for advancement to pay grade E-2.
Part of the material was taught on a CRT display
under computer control. Part was monitored self
study, assigned by the computer, and part was home-
work to read selected BMR chapters or to complete
Correspondence Course assignments. The effective-
ness of the program was determined by comparing the
performance of the Seaman Recruits trained with CMI
procedures to that of recruits of comparable ability
who were conventionally trained at NRTF, Tallahassee,
during previous years. The main measure of perform-
ance achieved was the Standard Navy Advancement Ex-
amination for Seaman Apprentice. Unfortunately, al-
though 30 Seaman Recruits were requested, only six
were made available. Although their average score
on the final exam was no better than the average of
the Seaman Recruits in the comparison group, they
reached this level of achievement in about 33% less
time.
Project ENRICH has demonstrated the potential
value of computer-aided instruction and management
in training Naval Reserve personnel. The results
suggest that it would be worthwhile to carry out
more definitive studies to determine the range of
useful application of computer-assisted procedures
in various types of Navy training programs.
Assessing Effectiveness
There are several directions in CAl that could
usefully be emphasized in the future. To permit
optimum utilization of the computer for instruction
(rather than merely use it as an automated text-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMAliON for January. 1973
book), it is desirable to develop improved methods
for assessing learning progress and adjusting the
pace of the computer teaching process accordingly.
Learner control of the tutorial process would take
into account the fact that the student himself may
very well know better than anyone else when he is
prepared to tackle the next task. Research is also
required to show what types of information and
skills can best be taught by computer, and to deter-
mine to what extent the costs involved can be amor-
tized through many additional uses of the computer
both ashore and onboard ship. Examples are record
keeping, job aids, instant technical manual update,
and the like. The possibility of using satellites
for remote-source instructional input to the com-
puter on a ship should also be investigated.
Another effort which could be pursued with ad-
vantage would explore the use of the visual-display
capabilities of computers in CAl. Computer graphics
might allow evaluation of the extent to which "one
picture is worth a thousand words" in a particular
pedagogical process. The computer can, among other
things, show three-dimensional representations, move
complex figures through space, and depict the flow
of electricity in electronic circuits.
Finally, there is need to evaluate the instruc-
tional effectiveness of CAl relative to conventional
approaches. CAl, used in its most flexible way --
interactively, with learner control -- calls for a
continual restructuring of content to adapt in real
time to a students' needs and abilities. In com-
parisons of this approach to older methods, new
kinds of base-line criteria may be required. Ob-
viously, cost, although not an instructional cri-
terion, will ultimately be a significant consider-
ation. 0
Unsettling, Disturbing, Critical
Computers and Automation, established 1951 and
therefore the oldest magazine in the field of com-
puters and data processi ng, believes that the pro-
fession of information engineer includes not only
competence in handling information using computers
and other means, but also a broad responsibility,
in a professional and engineering sense, for:
-- The reliability and social significance
of pertinent input data;
-- The social value and truth of the
output results.
In the same way, a bridge engineer takes a pro-
fessional responsibility for the reliability and
significance of the data he uses, and the safety
and efficiency of the bridge he builds, for human
beings to risk their lives on.
Accordi ngly, Compu ters and Au tomati on publi she s
from time to time articles and other information
related to socially useful input and output of data
systems in a broad sense. To this end we seek to
publish what is unsettling, disturbing, critical
-- but productive of thought and an improved and
safer "house" for all humani ty, an earth in whi ch
our chi ldren and later generations may have a fu-
ture, instead of facing extinction.
The professional information engineer needs to
relate his engineering to the most important and
most serious problems fn the world today: war,
nuclear weapons, pollution, the population explo-
sion, and many more.
13
The Social Responsibility of Computer Specialists
Dr. Harvey S. Gellman
DCF Systems Ltd.
74 Victoria St.
Toronto 210, Ontario, Canada
"We must recognize that the computer specialist that develops a system used by the
public will certainly affect the pUblic. ... The unfortunate thing about technology
is that the adverse effects tend to show up too late."
I would like to begin this article by asking a
question: Can you, the reader, identify any connec-
tions or similarities among the following items?
Item 1. The New Yorker magazine in its issue
of November 21, 1970 1 bemoaned the fact that
the wondrous diversity of strange names in
a big, broad and once generous country like
the United States was being squashed by
the computer. It refers to ominous signs that
people with long names now face censorship by
truncation -- at least, in New Jersey. The
magazine describes a letter received by an
individual from the Assistant Director of the
New Jersey Division of Motor Vehicles. Part
of the letter states that " ..• because of space
limitations, our electronic equipment cannot
produce your name on your license in the exact
manner you have requested. Only one first
name of not more than nine letters, one middle
initial and a surname of no more than thirteen
letters can be printed on the driver license
or registration certificate.
" ••• there are lengthy names which cannot be
printed in their entirety. In these cases,
the last letters will be abandoned."
Item 2. A few years ago, I went to the Toronto
Airport to meet my son who was returning from
New York. When he was not among the arriving
passengers on his scheduled flight, Iwent to
the airline agent to find out whether he was
booked on the next flight. The airline agent
was able to press a few buttons on the key-
board of the computer terminal and within
seconds was able to tell me that my son was on
the next flight and would be arriving within
the hour. I found that computer service use-
ful and impressive.
Item 3. About two years ago a Federal Govern-
ment department in Ottawa hired a new employee
to fill an important engineering position.
This man refused to apply for a Social Insur-
ance Number because he felt that it would re-
duce his worth as a human being. The man's
boss tried to help him achieve his objective,
only to learn that if a Social Insurance Num-
ber was not issued, the man could not partic-
ipate in the Federal Government's pension
plan. After a lengthy exchange of correspon-
dence and noble efforts, the boss finally de-
cided to issue a special number on behalf of
the man (without the man's knowledge) to pre-
vent the loss of pension benefits.
Based on a talk before the Toronto Section of the Canadian Information
Processing Society. November 1972
14
Item 4. The Apollo space missions would not
have been feasible without computers.
Item 5. About a year ago, a newspaper account 2
told of a man who never had an oil company
credit card, but kept receiving bills from the
company. He wrote several letters to the
company, but his letters to the credit depart-
ment went unanswered and the newspaper quoted
his as saying, "It is as if I were not writing
to anyone at all."
Similarities or Connections?
Now, let me repeat the question I asked at the
beginning. Can you identify any connections or sim-
ilarities among the items I have just described?
Are there any common threads that link them? You
will probably be able tospot several common threads,
but I would like to select two:
• First, computers can have profound effects on
people; and these effects can be beneficial
or harmful.
• Second, excessive emphasis on a systematic
approach and a careless use of computers can
erode our humanity.
My objectives in this article are:
• to discuss some effects of computers;
• to show that computer specialists play a dom-
inant role in determining how computers affect
people; and
• to discuss the computer specialist's respon-
sibility to society.
Because of the computer's awesome speed Clnd power,
many people are beginning to realize that huge files
containing information about people can be assembled,
and they can influence us in profound ways. For ex-
ample, we are not too far away from being able to
Harvey Gellman is President of DCF Systems Ltd., a
company of management consultants that specializes
in computer information systems. He holds a Ph.D.
in Applied Mathematics from the Uni versi ty of To-
ronto. DCF Systems is the Consulting Division of
AGT Data Systems Ltd., of which Dr. Gellman is a
Vice-President a nd Director. Dr. Gellman ha s
served onmany national and provincial government
commissions, and held positions of leadership in
the management consultant field. In 1966 he was
named winner of the International System Award of
the Association for Systems Management, the first
Canadian to be so honored.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
have a credit card computer system that could know
when Mr. Smith entered a highway, where he got off,
what he bought at the liquor store, who paid the
rent for the girl in apartment 4B, and the hotel at
which Mrs. Smith spent the rainy afternoon last Sun-
day. Does this sound farfetched? It is not!
Stolen Credit Cards
Mr. Milton Lipson, the vice-president in charge
of corporate security at American Express, is proud
of his computers and especially proud of their abil-
ity to track people who use stolen or invalid cards.
He claims and can demonstrate that his system can
track a person using a 'flagged' credit card with a
time delay of less than twenty-four hours. 3
Some of you may recall the news reports last
year when Yves Geoffroy asked for and was granted
Christmas leave from a Canadian Federal penitentiary
to marry. Geoffroy decided not to return to prison
but his use of an American Express credit card led
police to his hideaway in Spain. 4 My reason for
telling you this is not to steer those of you who
want to steal with credit cards away from American
Express and towards another credit card. I merely
want to demonstrate that today's computers are cap-
able of keeping track of our actions.
Valid Credit Cards
In passing, I might ask, isn't it ironical that
the American Express Company has a more effective
computer system to handle its stolen credit cards
than to handle its valid credit cards? In fairness,
I should add that the American Express billing sys-
tem is much better today than it was two years ago
and appears to be improving steadily.
Some people say that an honest person does not
need to worry about a computer's ability to track
him, or about the existence of massive computer
files containing information about him. But who is
to say what constitutes honest or proper behaviour?
The things we do today may be considered acceptable
today, but will they also be acceptable ten or twen-
ty years from now?
Blacklists
For example, there were many talented and crea-
tive people in the United States during the depres-
sion years who were attracted to communist organi-
zations because their failure to find employment led
them to become disillusioned with the free enter-
prise system. In the early 1950's, some of these
people found themselves "blacklisted'" and unable to
find work because of their earlier political affili-
ations. And yet in 1972, the President of the Unit-
ed States visited Communist China and all the writ-
ers and actors who were formerly "blacklisted'" are
now absolved of their old "crimes".
Unique Personal Identification Number
Some computer specialists I have spoken with are
not concerned about the introduction of a universal
personal identification number and many are advo-
cating that the Social Insurance Number should be
used in Canada for this purpose. They argue that
if a unique personal identification number were
available and used widely in Canada, there could be
economic benefits from using these numbers to ex-
change data among various governmental and commer-
cial organizations, such as credi t bureaus, chartered
banks, etc. I expect to see increasing pressure
from commercial organizations for the adoption of
such a number.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
But I believe that it is important to insure that
a personal identification number is not adopted in
Canada either wilfully or by default, without a full
examination and public debate of its merits and po-
tential adverse consequences.
Some Canadian History
In the Canadian House of Commons on April 8,
1964, Mr. Diefenbaker, the leader of the Opposition,
asked Mr. Pearson, the Prime Minister, whether the
Social Insurance Number would be used for income tax
records. Mr. Pearson replied, "Certainly not". On
December 20, 1967, Mr. J. E. Pascoe, the Member from
Moose Jaw-Lake Centre, asked Mr. Pearson, the Prime
Minister, "Is it now Government policy to make it
mandatory for all Canadians to obtain social secur-
ity numbers before filing this year's income tax re-
turns, as indicated in a recent notice sent out by
the Department of National Revenue?" Mr. Pearson
replied, "I would like to look into this matter, Mr.
Speaker, but my impression is that this is the law
now."
The revised Statutes of Canada of 1970 dealing
with income tax state clearly that, "Every person
who has filed a return of his income for a taxation
year after 1966 and has failed to show therein the
Social Insurance Number that has been assigned to
him or for which he is required by this section to
apply shall be deemed to have failed to complete the
information on a prescribed form as required by or
pursuant to section 49. 1966-67, c.91, s.21."
So you see, when some people argue that we have
nothing to worry about as long as we have a ben-
evolent government, I would ask, "Do you consider
Mr. Pearson to be malevolent?" And yet, this de-
velopment, in which Pearson played a role, could
prove harmful in the-future. I submit that every
citizen has a responsibility to speak out against
the politicians and bureaucrats who think nothing
of infringing on a person's freedom, liberty or
privacy.
Potential Effects of Technology
We need to be concerned about the potential ef-
fects of technology on our society. We can see ex-
amples of the effects produced by such technological
developments as the automobile and television. When
we look at computer technology we must admit that it
tends to make people depend on machines instead of
people. It can therefore drive people apart and
make our society less humane.
Some people argue that computer specialists do
not have any significant effects on society. They
equate the computer specialist with the mathemati-
cian. But we must recognize that the computer spe-
cialist who develops a system used by the public
will certainly affect the public. A responsible
computer specialist will say, "Computers are tools
like bridges. The bridges we build must carry
people and we do not want them to crash." The
quality of the systems produced by computer spe-
cialists, and the use to which these systems are
put, will determine whether they have good or bad
effects on society.
Adverse Effects are Late to Appear
The unfortunate thing about technology is that
the adverse effects tend to show up too late. They
are rarely visible in the early stages. So, if we
let our information systems develop haphazardly we
run the risk of losing control of our computer sys-
tems.
15
 If the computer specialist does not exercise
social responsibility, he may find himself suffering
both as a computer specialist and as a human being.
As a computer specialist, he may find himself coming
under government regulation. As a human being, he
should never forget that bad systems can affect him
adversely as a citizen. The growth of consumerism
is not a passing fad and we may get government reg-
ulation if we do not improve our computer systems.
Dehumanizing
A recent survey conducted by the American Federa-
tion of Information Processing Societies and Time
magazine 5 showed that 54% of the respondents believe
computers are dehumanizing people and turning them
into numbers. Sixty-two percent are concerned that
some large organizations keep information about mil-
lions of people. In addition, 53% believe computer-
ized information files might be used to destroy in-
dividual freedom; 58% feel computers will be used in
the future to keep people under surveillance.
About a year ago, there was a news report 6 of a
lady who received a bill from a department store for
$369.78. She had made no purchases. The store
threatened to sue her. The matter was finally set-
tled, but the lady believes that her credit record
has been damaged with other stores.
Ralph Nader's Suggestion
Ralph Nader has commented on this problem7 and
has suggested that it is not a computer problem, but
a department store problem. He suggests that we
need to have complaint centres manned by citizens.
Many people respect Ralph Nader. I wonder what com-
puter specialists will do when he decides to tackle
the computer community? I believe it would be a
pity if the computer community behaves irresponsibly
and brings on itself government regulation.
If the picture I have painted so far appears un-
duly gloomy, let me make a few comments to balance
the perspective. I am basically quite optimistic
about the future and firmly believe that most cdm-
puter specialists do and will continue to behave
responsibly towards society. I do not agree with
the prophets of doom who see nothing but chaos and
destruction in our world. These prophets of doom
tend to ignore man's ability to adapt to change.
For example, the New York Times book review of The
Limits to Growth, a gloomy report on the predica-
ment of mankind, stated: 8 "If the telephone company
were restricted to turn-of-the-century technology,
20 million operators would be needed to handle to-
day's volume of calls. Or, as British editor Norman
Macrae has observed, an extrapolation of the trends
of the 1880's would show today's cities buried under
horse manure."
Kind-Hearted AND Competent
Most computer specialists whom I know are kind-
hearted. But it is not enough for them to have good
hearts, they must also have competence. I do not
see how we can have effective systems that produce
beneficial results unless the computer specialists
working on those systems are competent. In fact, if
I had my chOice, I would prefer them to be excellent
rather than merely competent. /
To be excellent in something, a person must have
several essential characteristics. First, he must
have talent for the work he is doing. Second, he
must enjoy what he is doing. Third, and perhaps
most important, he must be a fanatic. A fanatic is
someone who has excessive enthusiasm.
16
There appears to be a trend today for people to
strive for jobs which are enjoyable. But you cannot
have excellence if you insist that your work must be
completely enjoyable. An excellent athlete has to
go through a lot of hard work and painful condition-
ing exercises in order to equip himself to perform
excellently.
The Pianist Gieseking
I understand that the wonderful pianist, the late
Walter Gieseking, used to practice diligently. He
was not satisfied that he had mastered a piece of
music until he could play it twenty. consecutive times
without a single error. Much as Gieseking probably
enj oyed playing the pi ano, I am sure that these prac-
tice sessions could not have been pure joy for him.
And yet, in my opinion, the effort was worthwhile
because some of his recordings are rare examples of
excellence that have given pleasure to many listen-
ers. The point is that there is no such thing as a
perfect job -- a job that has only pleasure and no
pain. And yet, many people today are looking for
jobs that are constantly challenging, interesting
and enj oyable.
I know some computer specialists who are good
performers as long as they are working on the inter-
esting parts of a project, but they lose interest
artd perform badly when the time comes to complete
the necessary detailed work. They are not interested
in the details because working on details is not
challenging enough for them.
Achieving Excellence
Fortunately, I have met many computer specialists,
both young and old, who have a realistic recognition
of the necessary joys and pains of their work and
who perform with great competence.
I mentioned earlier that to achieve excellence a
person must be a fanatic. I believe this is true,
but unfortunately most fanatics are not easy to live
with; so I would be willing to settle for a high le-
vel of competence and would not insist on excellence.
But it is important to emphasize that without a high
level of competence, the computer specialist cannot
fulfill his duty to society because the results he
produces will be deficient.
Competence is essential, but it is not enough.
The computer specialist should also have a high
level of integrity and ethical standards.
The Aircraft Brake Scandal
In April, 1972, Harper's magazine published an
article entitled "The Aircraft Brake Scandal".9 A
major American corporation received a contract from
an aircraft manufacturer to build brake assemblies
for a new Air Force plane. The brake was designed
by one of the company's most capable engineers, and
he in turn assigned the task of producing the final
production design to a newcomer in the company.
The new engineer conducted some tests of the pro-
totype in accordance with the design and after three
prototype models of the brake system had burned out,
he realized that the fault lay not in defective
parts or unsuitable lining material but in the basic
design of the brake itself. The brake design should
have included five disks instead of four in order to
provide enough surface area to stop the aircraft
without generating the excessive heat that caused
the linings to fail.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
 The new engineer took his problem to his boss
who had designed the brake. but his boss was too
proud to admit that he had made a mistake.
During the next several months~ many people in
the corporation knew of the problems but kept hid-
ing them from the customer. trying to rationalize
test data to make things look good. Finally. after
several near airplane crashes. the young engineer and
another member of the project team told the customer
what was happening. Both men resigned from the com-
pany. The young man was hired by the customer. The
other man did not have a university degree and found
it more difficult to find employment. He turned to
journalism and is the author of the article in
Harper's.
Lack of Integrity
Now you might ask. ,what is the connection between
the Aircraft Brake Scandal and the integrity of com-
.. puter specialists? I suggest that the Aircraft
Brake Scandal was caused by a lack of integrity in
the design engineer •. I have seen several cases
where computer specialists have been too proud or
afraid to admit their mistakes and this has created
severe difficulties for their employers. For exam-
pIe. in one case. a computer sys terns manager ,refused
to admit to his employer that he and his team were
not ready to begin operations on a newly installed
computer. As a result. the company found itself
operating with a deficient system. It lost control
of its warehouse shipments and its accounts receiv-
ables and it took a considerable amount of time and
money to regain control.
Integrity implies that the computer specialist
should be more service-centred and less self-centred.
He should be more willing to let his customers be-
come involved in specifying what they want in their
systems. Some computer specialists behave like some
medical doctors~ When a friend of mine was an army
rookie. he had a cold and went to the army doctor.
The doctor asked him what was wrong and my friend
said. "I have a cold." The doctor barked. "Just
tell me your symptoms. I'll decide whether you
have a cold." In a similar way, some computer spe-
cialists try to keep their customers in a subordi-
nate position. I find it hard to see how the com-
puter specialist's employer can achieve full bene-
fits from his computer systems if the computer
specialist is not interested in serving the users
of the systems.
I think it is fair to say that most computer
specialists are intelligent and industrious. More-
over, most of them cherish their freedom. This is
shown by their hatred of standards and rules for
documentation. If computer specialists cherish
their own freedom, then they should be willing to
protect the freedom of computer users and citizens
who might be adversely affected by computer systems.
Specialist vs. Professional
You may have noticed that I have kept referring
to the computer specialist and have not used the term
computer professional. We hear a lot of talk about
professionalism. Every person working for a living
wants to be called a professional. We have profes-
sional writers. golfers, salesmen, nurses, hockey
players, musicians, doctors, lawyers and soldiers.
It is therefore difficult to produce a good defini-
tion of the word professional. The definition
which I prefer is: "A. professional is someone who
can do something better than most other people, even
under adverse conditions."
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
Computer specialists should be less concerned 'wi th
the forms of professionalism and more with its sub-
stance. The computer specialist can only become a
professional when he demonstrates the abilities of
a professional. ProfessionalS are known as profes-
sionals because of their performance records.
I believe that the various associations of sys-
tems and computer specialists can play useful roles
by helping their members earn professional status in
the eyes of their customers. They can do this through
education, through development of performance mea-
sures and codes of ethics. The associations could
provide guidance to their members on what is right
and wrong, and I believe that such guidance could
have a pervasive influence on the members' employers.
Performance Measurement and Social Responsibility
I know that it is not easy to measure the perform-
ance of systems people, but it can be done. There
are ways of separating the competent people from the
incompetent people, and I believe that the "profes-
sional associations" should play leading roles in
maintaining some kind of current record about a per-
son's performance.
I would like to conclude wi,th a brief summary of
my main points:
• Computers can have profound effects on our
lives, either beneficial or harmful.
• Computer specialists can playa dominant role
in determining what these effects will be.
• If the computer specialist does not fulfill
his responsibility to society he will suffer
as a human being and as a computer specialist.
• The essential requirements for computer spe-
cialists are competence and integrity.
• "Professional associations" can help their
members in both of these areas.
I still believe that most Canadians retain a
steadfast respect for the rights of the individual.
I also believe that most computer specialists are
good people. They know they should pay more atten-
tion to the goals of their systems and less atten-
tion to their tools; otherwise they may become the
tool of their tools.
We computer specialists know that in the long
run, what is good for computer users will also be
good for us. We know that we need to preserve our
competence and integrity, and we know how to do it.
All we need is the will to do it.
References
1. The New Yorker, November 21, 1970, p. 55.
2. Hanlon, J., Computerworld, September, 1971.
3. Powledge, F., "Learning to Live with the Credit
Card", Esgui re, September, 1971.
4. The Toronto Star, March 8, 1972. p. 10.
5. "A National Survey of the Public's Attitudes
Towards Computers". A joint project of the
American Federation of Information Processing
Societies and Time Magazine, 1971.
6. Ross, I., "The Credit Card's Painful Coming-of-
Age", Fortune, October, 1971, p. lOB.
7. Nader, R., "Computers and the Consumer", Compu-
ters and Automation,· October, 1970, p. 21.
B. The Financial Post, April 22, 1972, p. 6.
9. Vandi vi er, Kermit, "The Ai reraft Brake Seanda 1"
Harper's magazine, April, 1972, p. 45. [J
17
DATABANKS IN A FREE SOCIETY:

A Summary of the Proiect on Computer Databanks

Professor Alan F. Westin

Department of Political Science
Columbia University
420 West 118th Street
New York, N. Y. 10027
and many associates

"Our task is to see that appropriate safeguards for the individual's rights to
privacy, confidentiality, and due process, are embedded in every major record
system in the nation."

Based on a summary of the Project on Computer Databanks and of its report "Databanks in a
Free Society" published 1972 by Quadrangle Books, a New York Times Company, 330 Madison
Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.

The United States has become a records-oriented
society.
In each major zone of personal and CIVIC life
(education, employment, credit, taxation, health,
welfare, licensing, law enforcement, etc.), formal,
cumulative records are assembled about each of us
by hundreds of private and government record-keeping
organizations. These personal histories are relied
on heavily by the collecting organizations in making
many decisions about our rights, benefits, and op-
portunities. Informal networks for sharing record-
information among public and private organizations
have become a common feature of organizational life
heavily dependent On credentials.
During the past two decades, as most government
agencies and private organizations have been comput-
erizing their large-scale files, the American public
has become concerned that dangerous changes might be
taking place in this record-keeping process. Because
of the computer's enormous capacities to record,
store, process, and distribute data, at great speeds
and in enormous volumes, many people have feared
Alan F. Westin is Professor of Public Law and Gov-
ernment at Columbia Uni versi ty and a member of the
District of Columbia Bar. For the past two decades
he had written about the law and politics of civil
liberties and civil rights. In 1968 he received
several nati onal awards for hi s book Pri vacy and
Freedom, a comprehensive study of the social and
political functions of privacy in a democratic so-
ciety. Prof. Westin is a member of the National
Academy of Sci ences' Computer Sci ence and Engi neer-
ing Board and served as Director of the Academy's
Proj ect on Computer Databanks, 1969-72. He is
also Chairman of the American Civil Liberties
Union's Pri vacy Commi ttee and a member of the ACLU
National Board.
that far more personal data might be assembled about
the individual than it had been feasible to collect
before; that much greater sharing of confidential
information might t~ke place among the holders of
computerized records; and that there might be a les-
sening of the individual's ability to know what rec-
ords have been created about him, and to challenge
their accuracy or completeness.
The book Databanks in a Free Society (currently
being published by Quadrangle Books, a New York Times
subsidiary) is the report of the first nationwide,
factual study of what the use of computers is actu-
~ doing to record-keeping processes in the United
States, and what the growth of large-scale data-
banks, both manual and computerized, implies for
the citizen's constitutional rights to privacy and
due process. This article is a summary of the book.
The book also outlines the kinds of public policy
issues about the use of databanks in the 1970's that
must be resolved if a proper balance between the in-
dividual's civil liberties and society's needs for
information, is to be achieved.
How the Study was Conducted
The book is the report of the "Project on Computer
Data Banks", a three-year research study conducted
under the auspices of the Computer Science and Engi-
neering Board of the National Academy of Sciences,
under grants of $164,000 from the Russell Sage Founda-
tion. The Director of the Project was Dr. Alan F.
Westin, Professor of Public Law and Government, Co-
lumbia University, and author of Privacy and Free-
dom, published in 1967. An inter-disciplinary staff
of seven scholars from the fields of law, computer
science, and the social sciences collaborated in the
research. The project received continuing guidance
not only from the Computer Science and Engineering
Board but also a special Advisory Board of 18 promi-
nent figures in public life whose views spanned the

18 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973

full spectrum of opInIon on issues of databanks and
civil liberties.* The final report of the project
was written by Dr. Westin and Mr. Michael A. Baker,
Assistant Director of the Project and an Instructor
in Sociology at Brooklyn College of the City Univer-
sity of New York.
Sources
The major sources collected and used by the Proj-
ect include:
1. Documentary materials on computerized record
systems in more than 500 government agencies
and private organizations.
2. Detailed on-site staff visits to 55 of the
most advanced computerizing organizations,
ranging across the most sensitive fields of
personal record-keeping.
3; Replies from over 1500 organizations in a na-
tional mail survey of developments in comput-
erization and record-keeping among government
agencies and private organizations.
4. Extensive interviews with officials from com-
puter companies, software houses, systems con-
sulting firms, industry associations, civil
liberties groups, labor unions, consumer or-
ganizations, minority-rights organizations,
and professional associations.
5. Legal, legislative and regulatory-agency ma-
terials dealing with databank issues in 25
distinct major fields of personal record-keep-
ing.
6. Materials and interviews on the state of data-
bank developments and regulatory controls in
23 foreign nations, for purposes of comparison
with the United States.
Organization of the Report
The Report is organized into five parts:
Part I presents a brief, orienting discussion of
computer systems and civil liberties concepts for
general readers.
Part II consists of "profiles" of 14 governmental,
commercial, and private organizations, drawn from the
55 to which the Project staff made on-site visits.
Each profile describes the nature and function of the
organization, its pre-computer record-keeping, its
move into computer usage, the effect of automation on
its record-keeping about people, previous civil lib-
erties issues involving the organization's manual
record-keeping, the effect of computerization on
civil liberties protections, and the organization's
plans for further computerization in the next five
years.
The 14 organizations given this detailed treat-
ment are:
The U.S. Social Security Administration
The F.B.I. 's National Crime Information Center
Kansas City (Missouri) Police Department
New York State Department of Motor Vehicles
City of New Haven, Connecticut
Santa Clara County, California
Bank of America
TRW -- Credit Data Corporation
* Names of staff and Advisory Board members appear
later in this summary.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company
R. L. Polk & Company
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Church of Latter Day Saints
Office of Research, American Council on Edu-
cation
Kaiser-Permanente Health Plan
Part III has three chapters which present and ana-
lyze the Project's principal findings. These include
an overview of what kinds of files have and have not
been computerized in advanced organizations; an anal-
ysis of computer effects on civil liberties that are
not taking place as yet; and a description of those
changes in record-keeping that the use of computers
and communication systems is producing in these or-
ganizations.
Part IV is an analysis of the way in which the re-
ception of computer technology is affected by organi-
zational, legal, and socio-political factors, fol-
lowed by a forecast of developments in new computer
and communications technologies that are likely to
occur in the remainder of the 1970's, and an analy-
sis of their implications for civil liberties in-
terests.
Part V discusses public policy choices in the
1970's in light of the project's findings and fore-
casts. The first chapter analyzes the larger so-
cio-political significance of the computer's arri-
val in the late 1950's and 1960's; it goes on to
suggest the basic civil liberties principles that
ought to be followed when seeking to safeguard citi-
zen rights in large-scale record systems, especially
in the increasingly computerized sectors of American
organizational life. The final chapter of the re-
port presents an agenda for the 1970's, identifying
six areas of priority for public policy and civic
action.
Three appendixes to the report present: the re-
sults from the Project's survey of organizations;
an analysis of public opinion literature on privacy
and the computer; and information about the experi-
ence of other advanced industrial nations in dealing
with the databanks-and-privacy problem.
Highlights of the Report
A great many commentators have warned that the
spread of computers is fundamentally altering the
balance between information policies of organiza-
tions and individual rights to privacy that marked
past eras of record-keeping. Compared to what was
done in the manual era, it is said, the new capaci-
ties of the computer inevitably lead organizations:
to collect more detailed and intrusive personal in-
formation about individuals; to consolidate confi-
dential information from previously separate files;
and to share confidential personal data with govern-
ment agencies and private organizations that had not
received it before.
The Project's findings from visits to 55 organi-
zations with highly advanced computer applications
is that computerization is not yet having such ef-
fects in the overwhelming majority of such organiza-
tions. For a combination of technological and or-
ganizational reasons, central databank developments
are far from being as advanced as many public com-
mentaries have assumed. Organizations have so far
failed to achieve the "total" consolidation of their
information about individuals which raised civil lib-
erties alarms when such goals were announced in the
1960's by various government agencies or private or-
ganizations.
19
 Continuance of Policies
Further, in computerizing their records on indi-
viduals, organizations have generally carried over
the same policies on data collection and sharing
that law and administrative traditions in each field
had set in the pre-computer era. Where new law or
practices have evolved to protect individual liber-
ties over the past decade, organizations with com-
puterized systems have followed such new policies
as fully as those that still use manual files and
procedures. Even the most highly computerized or-
ganizations continue to rely heavily on manual rec-
ord-keeping and retain in their paper files the most
sensitive personal information they possess.
Another widely held fear is that computerization
makes it more difficult for the individual to know
what is in the file about him, to have errors cor-
rected, or have the data erased where public policy
specifies that certain information about an indi-
vidual's past should be ignored.
The Project's inspection of advanced systems
showed that notice to the individual about a
record's existence, opportunity to inspect and
challenge that record, and policies as to the re-
moval of out-of-date or irrelevant information were
not being substantially altered by computerization.
Where policies affording individuals rights of due
process such as the above had been provided in an
organization prior to computerization, those rules
are being followed in the new computerized systems
as well. Where no such rights were given, the
adoption of computers has not made the situation
either worse or better. Neither has computerization
introduced impersonal decision-making in systems
where this was not present before, nor forced organ-
izations into greater reliance on "the record" in
making decisions about clients, customers or citi-
zens. Where abuses along these lines were present
in computerized systems -- raising serious due pro-
cess questions -- they had been carried over from
the high-volume "processing" of people in the manual
era.
Public Misunderstanding
Over and over again, the Project's findings indi-
cate profound public misunderstanding about the ef-
fect of computers on large scale record systems. To
some extent, the inflated claims and proposals of
organizational managers about the capacities of
their computer systems helped to generate what were
in fact baseless concerns for privacy on the part
of the public.
In addition, as the Report shows with respect to
law enforcement uses and airline-reservations and
charge-card systems, many commentators on computers
and privacy issues have failed to do adequate re-
search into the actual operations of systems about
which they write, and have presented entirely in-
correct pictures to the press and public about how
these computer systems work. The danger in this,
the report points out, is that we may give up the
fight in the belief we have already lost:
If we assume that computer users are already
doing things that they are not, we risk sur-
rendering without a fight the border between
properly limited and surveillance-oriented
computer applications ••• ~ The question of
what border control measures should be adopted
can hardly be understood and properly consid-
ered •.. if the public and opinion leaders
assume that the borders have already been
obli terated.
20
Efficiency
Computerization in advanced organizations is pro-
ducing changes in record-keeping methods that can
increase the efficiency with which organizations
carry out their basic decision-making about the peo-
ple they process or serve. Computerization is mak-
ing it possible for many organizations to: maintain
more up-to-date and complete records; obtain faster
responses to inquiries about a given individual; and
make more extensive use of information already in
the files. Computers have also made possible dra-
matic expansion of networks for exchange of data
among organizations that have shared data since pre-
computer days; and the creation of some large data
bases of information about people that would not
have been feasible without automation. These changes
have been felt already in police information sys-
tems, national credit reporting systems, charge
card systems, and others.
Data-Sharing
Looking at technological trends for the remaining
years of the 1970's, the Report forecasts that while
there will be important continued increases in com-
puter capabilities, no developments are now foresee-
able that will alter the technological, organiza-
tional, and socio-political considerations that pre-
sently frame the databanks and civil liberties issue.
Organizations will have more flexible, reliable, and
cost-effective computer systems to use in pursuit
of their policies, but these will not represent a
radical departure from the computer capabilities
presently available. The most important development
with implications for civil liberties interests will
be an increase in the ease with which data can be
shared among organizations which have computers,
coupled with a reduction in the cost of doing so.
This will make it imperative that legal boundaries
as to data-sharing are set as clearly as possible.
Augmenting the Power of Organizations
The Project concluded that the real issue of
databanks and civil liberty facing the nation today
is not that revolutionary new capacities for data
surveillance have come into being as a result of
computerization. The real issue is that computers
arrived to augment the power of organizations just
when the United States entered a period of funda-
mental debate over social policies and organization-
al practices, and when the traditional authority of
government institutions and private organizations
has become the object of wide-spread dissent.
Challenge of Goals
Important segments of the population have chal-
lenged the goals of major organizations that use
personal records to control the rights, benefits,
and opportunities of Americans. There is also de-
bate over the criteria that are used to make such
judgments (religious, racial, political, cultural,
sexual, educational, etc.), and over the procedures
by which the decisions are reached, especially those
that involve secret proceedings and prevent indivi-
duals from having access to their own records.
Distrust of Organizational Record-Keeping
Computers are making the record-keeping of many
organizations more efficient precisely at the mo-
ment when trust in many large organizations is low
and when major segments of the American population
are calling for changes in values that underly var-
ious social programs. for new definitions of per-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
sonal rights, and for organizational authorities to
make their decision-making procedures more open to
public scrutiny and to the review of specific indi-
viduals involved.
Little Legislation
Despite the rapid spread. of computers, there has
been little so far by way of new legislation, judi-
cial rulings, regulatory-agency rules, or other le-
gal remedies defining new rights to privacy and due
process in major record systems. The Report stresses
that, because of the increased efficiency of record-
keeping and the growing intensity of the pUblic's
concern, the middle 1970's is the moment when law-
makers and the public must confront both long-stand-
ing and newly-raised civil liberties issues, and
evolve a new structure of law and policy to apply
principles of privacy and due process to large-scale
record-keeping.
The Report identifies six areas of priority for
public action, and presents examples of specific
policy measures under each of these that ought to
be seriously considered by policy makers:
Right of Access and Challenge
Development of laws to give the individual a right
of access and challenge to almost every file in which
records about him are kept by city, county, state, or
government agencies: At stake here is the possibility
that, denied access to records being used for deci-
sions about himself, the citizen is left with "feel-
ings of powerlessness and the conviction that gov-
ernment authority is fundamentally arbitrary."
At the very least, citizens ought to know what
record systems exist in government agencies. A
Citizen's Guide to Files, published at every appro-
priate level of government jurisdiction, should
"provide the citizen with a thorough, detailed and
non-technical directory of the record systems that
contain information about him, and the general rules
under which it is being held and used." Providing
adequate due process protection in government files,
the Report suggests, is best achieved by assuming
that any individual should be able to see and get
a copy of any records used to affect him or her
personally - wi th the record-keeping agency "bear
ing the burden of proving that some specific pub-
lic interest justifies denying access."
Explicit Rules
Develop of explicit laws or rules balancing con-
fidentiality and data-sharing in many sensitive re-
cord systems that today do not have clearly defined
rules: Among these would be rules governing the pro-
vision of information to law enforcement agencies
from bank accounts, travel and entertainment card
records, airline and hotel reservation systems,
etc. The Report predicts that one or two large
systems will come to dominate in each of these areas.
This development will make the individual's
account record more comprehensive and a very
inviting target for investigators of all
kinds. With that rise in sensitivity and
attractiveness ought to go legislative en-
actments spelling out retention and destruc-
tion policies, confidentiality rules, and
procedures for protecting individual rights
when outsiders seek to obtain access for
what are asserted to be lawful and necessary
purposes.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
As a case study in how not to build new record
systems, the Report discusses some of the major
Administration and Congressional proposals for
national welfare reform, which generally hinge on
the availability of computers for massive data
storage and exchange. Several of the welfare sys-
tem proposals contain "sweeping authorizations for
data collection and sharing but almost nothing by
way of confidentiality standards and due-process
review procedures." The Report points out that we
may be "creating one of the largest, most sensitive,
and highly computerized record systems in the na-
tion's history, without explicit protections for
the civil liberties of millions of persons whose
lives wi 11 be profoundly affected ... "
Records of the Wrong Kind
Limit the collection of personal information
where a proper regard for the citizen's right to
privacy suggests that records ought not to be main-
tained at all by certain organizations, or never
furnished for certain uses in the society: Among
the examples are the use of arrest-only records in
licensing and employment decisions, and the selling
to commercial advertising services of names and ad-
dresses collected by government under its licensing
and regulatory powers, unless the individual speci-
fically consents to such use.
In the case of arrest records, the Report stres-
ses that:
A democratic society should not allow ar-
rest records to be collected and circulated
nationwide with increasing efficiency without
considering directly the actual social impact
of their use in the employment and licensing
spheres, and without examining the possibility
that dissemination beyond law-enforcement
agencies represents an official stigmatiza-
tion of the citizen that ought to be either
forbidden by law, or closely regulated.
Social Policy
Increased work by the computer industry and pro-
fessionals within it on technological safeguards
which will make it possible to implement confiden-
tiality policies more effectively than is now fea-
sible: The Report notes that:
No 'technological fix' can be applied to the
databank problem. Protection of privacy is
a matter of social policy, on which computer
profes si onal s are fellow-ci tizens, not experts.
But the Project calls for more research, development
and testing efforts to be undertaken by the comput-
er industry to see that the computer's capacities
for protection of confidentiality and insurance of
proper citizen access are turned into "available
and workable products". Law and public pressure,
the Report suggests, require that such measures be
taken by managers of sensitive record systems when
they are computerized, thereby stimulating the "user
demand" to provide a practical market for such de-
vices and techniques.
No Extension of Use of Social Security Number
Reconsideration by Congress and the executive
branch of the current permissive policies toward use
of the social security number in an increasing num-
ber of government and private record systems: The
Report notes that having such a number is not a pre-
requisite for linking files within or between or-
21
~anizations, but notes that a common numbering sys-
tem clearly makes record linkage easier and cheaper.
Further, the Project concludes that resolving the
critical civil liberties issues in record keeping
"will require that a minimum level of trust be
maintained between American citizens and their gov-
ernment. Under these conditions, adopting the so-
cial security number as a national identifier or
letting its use spread unchecked cannot help but
contribute to public distrust of government."
Information-T ru st Agencies
Experimentation with special information-trust
agencies to hold particularly sensitive bodies of
personal data: For example, the Report suggests
that the handling of both national crime statistics
and summary criminal histories ("rap sheets") might
be taken away from the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion and placed in an independent national agency
under control of a board that would have public
representatives as well as law enforcement offi-
cials on it. Such an agency would have to be es-
tablished "with a clear legislative mandate to be
a 'guardian' institution," paying attention to
civil liberties interests as well as law enforce-
ment needs.
Critical Period, 1973-78
The Report stressed that the next five years
would be a critical period in the reception and
control of sensitive personal record systems, es-
pecially those managed by computers. More sensi-
tive areas of record-keeping are being entered by
many computerizing organizations; many larger on-
line (instant access) networks are being brought
into operations; and more consolidations of pre-
sently scattered records about individuals can be
seen as a trend in certain areas, such as criminal
justice, credit and financial transactions, and
welfare. The Report stresses that unless lawmakers
and organizational managers develop proper safe-
guards for privacy and due process, and create
mechanisms for public scrutiny and review, the re-
cord systems they are building could sharpen the
already serious debate in American society over the
way to apportion rights, benefits, and opportuni ties
in a credential-oriented society, and leave organi-
zational uses' of records to control individual fu-
tures too far outside the rule of law.
In its closing paragraphs, the Report sums up the
databanks and civil liberties problem as follows:
If our empirical findings showed anything,
they indicate that man is still in charge of
the machines. What is collected, for what
purposes, with whom information is shared,
and what opportunities individuals have to
see and contest records are all matters of
policy choice, not technological determinism.
Man cannot escape his social or moral respon-
sibilities by murmuring feebly that "the Ma-
chine made me do it."
There is also a powerful tendency to roman-
ticize the pre-computer era as a time of ro-
bust privacy, respect for individuality in
organizations, and "face-to-face" relations
in decision-making. Such arcadian notions
delude us. In every age, limiting the arbit-
rary use of power, applying broad principles
of civil liber~y to the troubles and chal-
lenges of that time, and using technology to
advance the social well-being of the nation
represent terribly hard questions of public
policy, and always will. We do not help re-
22
solve our current dilemmas by thinking that
earlier ages had magic answers.
Computers are here to stay. So are large or-
ganizations and the need for data. So is the
American commitment to civil liberty. Equally
real are the social cleavage~ and cultural
reassessments that mark our era. Our task is
to see that appropriate safeguards for the
individual's rights to privacy, confidential-
ity, and due process are embedded in every
major record system in the nation, particu-
larly the computerizing systems that promise
to be the setting for most important organi-
zational uses of information affecting indi-
viduals in the coming decades.
Notes
Staff and Advisory Bodies to the Project
Staff Associates for the Project were:
Robert F Boruch, Assistant Professor, Department
of Psychology, Northwestern University
Howard Campaigne, Professor of Mathematics, Slip-
pery Rock State College
Gerald L. Grotta, Associate Professor of Journalism,
Southern Illinois University
Lance J. Hoffman, Assistant Professor of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of
California, Berkeley
Charles Lister, Attorney at Law, Washington, D.C.
Advisory Group
The Proj ect had duri ng its exi stence an Advi sory
Group that provided the staff with a wide range of
diverse viewpoints on the databanks and civil lib-
erties issue and helped shape the project's stud-
ies. Members of the Advisory Group were:
Edgar S. Dunn, Jr.
Resources for the Future, Inc.
The Honorable Cornelius E. Gallagher
House of Representatives
Richard Freund
First National City Bank
Justice Nathan L. Jacobs
New Jersey Supreme Court
Nicholas deB. Katzenbach
Vice President and General Counsel, IBM Corp.
John H. Knowles
President, Rockefeller Foundation
Arthur R. Mi ller
Professor of Law, Harvard University Law School
George A. Miller
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J.
Ralph Nader
Attorney, Washington, D.C.
Arthur Naftalin
Professor of Public Affairs, Univ. of Minnesota
Anthony G. Oettinger
Harvard University
John R. Pierce
California Institute of Technology
The Honorable Ogden R. Reid
House of Representatives
L. F. Rei ser
Corporate Director, Personnel and Industrial
Relations, CPC International Inc.
Richard Ruggles
Department of Economics, Yale University
Roderick O. Symmes
Director, Data Systems & Statistics Staff, U.S.
Dept. of Housing and Urban Development
Roy Nutt
Vice President, Computer Sciences Corporation []
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973

A -- III," by Neil Macdonald,
ASCII, "Amer ican St andard Code
for Information Interchange,"
21/6B (Aug.), 180
Abzug, Bella, and Helsingen Sano-
mat, Ian Low, Judy Bellin, Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, "How Fiendish
Can You Get?," 21/5 (May), 31
"Academic Computer Practices, and
Their Deficiencies," by Dr.
Herbert E. Humbert, 21/5 (May),
16
Accounting Principles Board,
"IBM's Powerful Partner: The
Accounting Principles Board,"
from Samson Science Corp., 21/
4 (Apr.), 31
"Achieving 'Personal' Response
from a Computer," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/3 (Mar.), 6
"The Activities of the Central
Intelligence Agency, at Six
Billion Dollars a Year," by
Edmund K. DeLong, 21/2 (Feb.),
38
ADAPSO, "Justice Department In-
terested in ADAPSO Hearings,"
21/3 (Mar.), 41
ADVANCED ND~IlLES, by Neil Mac-
donald: 21/3 (Mar.), 45; 21/4
(Apr.), 43; 21/5 (May), 33; 21/
6 (June). 42; 21/7 (July), 26
"Adversity" (Computer Art), by
James Lipscomb, 21/8 (Aug.), 9
"Aerial Photography and Computers
Aid the Bat tIe Against Bl ight
and Pollution," by Dr. David
Landgrebe, 21/1 (Jan.). 48
"Air-Pollution Game To Deal with
Environmental Problems," by
Prof. Matthew J. Reilly. 21/1
(Jan.),50
"The Alaska Pipeline Heading Les-
son." by Stewart M. Brandborg,
21/6 (June). 30
Alexander, Jame s p .. "Operat ion
Clean Sweep -- A Ci ty' s War on
Crime," 21/2 (Feb.), 51
Algebra, "New Algebra Option
Promises Breakthrough in Cal-
culator Programming," 21/8
(Aug.), 44
American Friends Service Cammi t-
tee, "Pacification: The Story
of Ba Toi." 21/7 (July), 37
"American Standard Code for In-
formation Interchange, ASCII,"
21/6B (Aug.), 180
Ancient writing, "Deciphering an
Unknown Computer Program, as
Compared with Deciphering of
Ancient Writing," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/5 (May). 19
"Annual Index for Volume 20, 19-
71 and Computer Directory and
Buyers' Guide Issue, Vol. 19,
No. 6B of 'Computers and Auto-
mation' ," 21/1 (Jan.), 25
Anthropology, "The Importance of
Being Human," by W. W. Howells,
21/10 (Oct.), 12
"The Antisocial Use of Computers ,"
by Donn B. Parker, 21/8 (Aug.),
')')
Applications: "Barriers in Ap-
plying Computers," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/7 (July), 24
"Counting the Number of Appli-
cations of Computers." by
Edmund C. BerKeley, 21/6B
(Aug.), 3
"Over 2300 Applications of
Computers and Data Proces-
sing," by Linda Ladd Lovett,
21/6B (Aug.), 137
Appropriations Commi ttee, "Lead
Poisoning: The Hypocrisy of
the Presidency, and of the Ap-
propriations Committee of the
House of Representatives," by
William L. Clay, 21/8 (Aug.),
7 Bell, Lucy, Mrs., and Mrs. Ruth
Apti tudes, "Pictorial Reasoning
Tests and Aptitudes of People
for Volume 21, 1972
COrn~H~!!!:i!
21/2 (Feb.), 29
"Architecture Students Turning
to Computer 10 Improve Design,
Creativity," 21/5 (May), 42
Arithmetical tables, "Some Basic
Ari thmetical Tables," 21/6B
(Aug.), 179
Arrests, "Computer Increasinq
Criminal Arrests by 10 Per Cent,"
21/7 (July), 42
Art contest, "Tenth Annual Com-
puter Art Contest": 21/5 (May),
40; 21/6 (June), 41; 21/8 (Aug.),
8 Is Freeing the Secretary," 21/
Art curriculum, "Computer Science
Is Added to COllege's Art Cur-
riculum," 21/3 (Mar.), 40
Artists, "Computer Artists," 21/
8 (Aug.). 19
Ass assination: "Dallas: Who,
How, Why? Part II," by Mik-
hail Sagatelyan, 21/4 (Apr.),
37
"Political Assassination in the
United States," 21/5 (May). 7
"The Assassination of Senator
Robert F. Kennedy: Proofs of
Conspiracy and of Two Persons
Firing," by Richard E. Sprague
and William W. Harper, 21/9
(Sept.), 24
Association for Computing Mach-
inery, "Horizons and Rebellion,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/9
(Sept.), 36
Association of Data Processing
Service Organizations, Inc.,
"Justice Department Interested
in ADAPSO Hearings," 21/3 (Mar.),
41
"Association for the Prevention
of Doomsday -- News and Ideas,"
21/10 (Oct.), 36
Associations, "Roster of Computer
Associations," 21/6B (Aug.),
168
Aston, William W., "Personal
Rapid Transi t, Computerized, in
Morgantown, West Virginia, Part
I: The Plan," 21/6 (June), 11
Athearn, Inc., "Computer Keeps
'Railroad' Running Smoothly,"
21/3 (Mar.), 40
Axioms, "EDP Axioms -- A Critical
Analysis," by W. Leon Sanford,
21/5 (.Ilay) , 12
BR-1018, "Telephone-Sized Compu-
ter, BR-1018. Moves Into Pro-
duction," 21/10 (Oct.), 45
Ba Toi, "Pacification: The Story
of Ba Toi," American Friends
Service Committee, 21/7 (July),
37
"The Bad Image That Computers
Are Earning," from Harold W. G.
Gearing and others, 21/4 (Apr.),
29
Baggage inspection, "X-Rays Air
Luggage for Bombs at lIigh
Speed," 21/5 (May), 43
Banking, "Computers in Banking,"
by J. Q. Hallam, 21/8 (Aug.),
20
"Barriers in Applying Computers,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/7
(July),24
"Baton Houge Moni tors Sewers wi th
New Computer System," 21/11
(Nov.), 41
Beauni t Corp., "Color MatChing
by Computer Creates a New Busi-
ness," by J. Mark Raiteri, 21/
1 (Jan.), 50
Bedside teaching, "University
Computer Helps Doctors wi th
'Bedside Teaching' ," 21/11
(Nov.), 42
Shapin, William II. Wynne, Rai-
ner ~1. Goes, Thomas D. Bryant,
ANNUAL INDEX
of
"Encouragement for the Pursui t
of Truth," 21/11 (Nov.), 38
Bell Telephone Laboratories,
"No.4 ESS Will Triple Toll
Call Capacity," 21/8 (Aug.), 45
Bellin, Judy, and Helsingen Sano-
mat, Ian Low, Bella Abzug, Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, "How Fiend-
ish Can You Get?," 21/5 (~Iay),
31
"Benchmarking vs. Simulation, tI
by Fred C. Ihrer, 21/11 (Nov.),
8 Martin, "Computer-Field Infor-
Berezin, Evelyn, "How Technology
10 (Oct.), 15
Berkeley, Edmund C.: "Achieving
'Personal' Response from a
Computer," 21/3 (Mar.), 6
"Barriers in Applying Compu-
ters," 21/7 (July), 24
"Bernard L. Barker: Portrait
of a Watergate 8urglar," 21/
11 (Nov.), 26
"Books": 21/10 (Oct.), 34; 21
/11 (Nov.), 40
"Chess and Computers," 21/9
(Sept.), 6
"Common Sense, Wisdom, General
Science, and Computers - II,"
21/1 (Jan.), 11
"Computers and Spelling," 21/
11 (Nov.), 6
"The Construction of Living
Robots -- Part 1," 21/8
(Au.g.), 27
"Counting the Number of Appli-
cations of Computers," 21/6B
(Aug.), 3
"The Curse of a Magazine," 21/
2 (Feb.), 6
"The Death of the Democratic
Party Candidate for the Pres-
idency, 1972," 21/5 (May), 6
"Ueciphering an Unknown Computer
Program, as Compared with De-
ciphering of Ancient Writing,"
21/5 (.Ilay) , 19
"Doomsday -- Class A Hazards,"
21/11 (Nov.), 38
"Eight Hundred People Interes-
ted in Mechanical Brains,"
21/1 (Jan.), 7
"Fall Joint Computer Conference:
Topics," 21/4 (Apr.), 33
"Horizons and Rebellion," 21/
9 (Sept.), 36
"The House Is on Fire": 21/2
(Feb.), 37; 21/8 (Aug.), 38
"Hurray for the Univac Di vi sian
of Sperry Rand," 21/1 (Jan.),
6 of Vendor's Software Practices:
"The Most Important of All
Branches of Knowledge": 21/
1 (Jan.), 36; :!1/2 (Feb.), 2;
21/6 (June), 50; 21/7 (July),
7 merman, 21/9 (Sept.), 33
"The Old Brain, the New Brain,
the Giant Brain, and Common
Sense," 21/4 (Apr.), 6
"The Pursui t of Truth in Input,
Output. and Processing," ~1/8
(Aug.), 6
"The Shooting of Governor George
C. Wallace, Candidate for
President," 21/7 (July), 10
"The Shortage of Good Typists
-- and the JJ Comm"nd," 21/(,
(June),6
"Some liard Facts, and What To
Do About Them," 21/10 (Oct.),
3 Brain, The Giant Brain, and Com-
"Statistics -- A Guide to the
Unknown," 21/10 (OC t. ), 6
"ZINGO -- A New Computer Game,"
21/:! (Feb.), 32
Berkeley, Edmund C., and M. Egan,
"Publ ishing Articles on Issues
that DOlI't Get the At tent ion
They Deserve," :!1/1O (Oct.),
38
Berkeley, Edmund C., and William
W. Harper, "Correction and Re-
traction," 21/12 (Dec.), 21
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Stanley
Jaffin, "Missing Issues of
'Computers and Automation',"
21/5 (May), 28
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Jim
Johnson, "Subscription Error s:
C&A Will Correct," 21/11 (Nov.),
39
Berkeley, Edmund C., and John
Kaler, "Unhappy Subscriber to
Satisfied One," 21/7 (July),
38
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Arthur
mation vs. Social Rag," 21/7
(July), 36
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Peter
J. Nyikos, "The Neglect of
Significant Subjects, and the
Information Engineer," 21/7
(July),30
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Fred-
eric O. Parlova, "CDC vs IBM,"
21/4 (Apr.). 32
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Mont-
gomery Phister, Jr., "Post-
Maturity in the Computer Field,"
21/12 (Dec.), 6
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Tore
Rambol, "On the JJ Command,"
21/10 (Oct.), 37
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Helsin-
gen Sanomat, Ian Low, Judy Bel-
lin, Bella Abzub, "lIow Fiend-
ish Can You Get"I," 21/5 (May),
31
Berkeley, Edmund C., and Thomas
Stamm, "The Shooting of Presi-
dential Candidate George C.
Wallace: A Systems-Analysis
Discussion," 21/7 (July), 32
"Bernard L. Barker: Portrait of
a Watergate Burglar," by Ed-
mund C. Berke ley, 21/11 (Nov.),
26
8ernert, Philippe, and Camille
Gilles, "Le Francais Qui Devait
Tuer Kennedy (The Frenchman Who
Was To Kill Kennedy)," 21/12
(Dec.). 38
Black colleges, "Faculty Loans
to Black Colleges," by E. Nan-
as, 21/2 (Feb.), 52
Blight, "Aerial Photography and
Computers Aid the Battle Again-
st Blight and Pollution," by
Dr. David Landgrebe, 21/1 (Jan.),
48
Blind, "M.1.T.-Braillemboss Be-
ing Used by Blind IRS Represen-
tative," 21/9 (Sept.), 43
Bache, Raymond E., "The High Cost
Why?," 21/12 CDec.), 20
Bombing, "North Vietnam and Amer-
ican Bombing: Six American
Government Lies," by Bill Zim-
Bombs, "X-Rays Air Luggage for
Bombs at High Speed," 21/5
Olay) , 43
"Books," by Edmund C. Berkeley:
21/10 (Oct.), 34; 21/11 (Nov.),
40
Bookstrap, "'Operation Bookstrap'
Is lJelping Johnny To Read," by
II. J. Peters, 21/1 (Jan.), 49
Brai llembos s, "~1. I. T. -Brai llem-
boss Being Used by mind IRS
Representative," 21/9 (Sept.),
43
Brain, "The Old Brain, The New
mon Sense," by Edmund C. Ber-
keley, 21/4 (Apr.), 6
"BRAINIAC Homeowner's Protective
Kit K40," 21/3 (Mar.), 3
Brains, mechanical, "Eight Hun-
dred People Interested in Me-
chanical Brains," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/1 (Jan.), 7
Brandborg, Stewart M., "The Alas-
ka Pipeline Reading Lesson,"
21/6 (June), 30
Branfman, Fred, and Steve Cohn,
"The CIA: A Visible Governm('nt
in Indochina," 21/2 (Feb.), 41
Bress, Dennis L., "Computers and
Cartography," 21/8 (Aug.), 25
Bright, Herb, "SHARE and the
Mult iply Carry Bug," 21/2
(Feb.), 50
Brooks, Jack, "What Have Compu-
ters Done for Us Lately?," 21/
10 (Oct.), 7
Bryant, Thomas D., and Mrs. Ruth
Shapin, Mrs. Lucy Bell, William
H. Wynne, Rainer M. Goes, "En-
couragement for the Pursuit of
Truth," 21/11 (Nov.), 38
"Building Your Own Computer --
Part II," by Stephen Barrat
Gray, 21/1 (Jan.), 20
Bundy, McGeorge, "Spotlight on
McGeorge Bundy and the Whi te
House Situation Room, November
22, 1963," by Robert B. Cutler,
21/1 (Jan.), 57
"Bunker-Ramo Activates New Nation-
wide Market Data System," 21/
10 (Oct.), 45
Bunker-Ramo Corp., "Telephone-
Sized Computer, BR-1018, Moves
Into Production," 21/10 (Oct.),
45
Burton, Joseph M., Clerk, "Dis-
trict's Superior Court Uses
Computer To Keep Track of
100,000 Criminal Cases," 21/2
(Feb.), 52
Bush, "Eight Photographs of a
Bush: Pictorial Reasoning
Tests -- Part 7," by Neil Mac-
donald, 21/10 (Oct.), 27
"Business Programmer Exam Announ-
cements and Study Guides Now
Avail able," 21/9 (Sept.), 42
Business Week, and Richard E.
Sprague, Norman R. Carpenter,
"3400 Organizations Required
by Court Order to Furnish Con-
fidential Data to IBM - II,"
21/3 (Mar.), 19
Busing, '''Computers Enter the
Busing Controversy' -- Addendum,"
by Robert L. Glass, 21/4 (Apr.),
7
Buyers' Guide, "Computer Directory
and Buyers' Guide, 1972": 21/7
(July), 50; 21/8 (Aug.), 39;
21/9 (Sept.), 39; 21/10 (Oct.),
34; 21/11 (Nov.), 40; 21/12
(Dec.), 51
Buyers' Guide: "The Computer Dir-
ectory and Buyers' Guide Is-
sue 1973 -- Notice," 21/6B
(Aug.), 178
"Free Entries for Your Organi-
zation in the 1973 Computer
Directory and Buyers' Guide
Issue -- Notice," 21/6B (Aug.),
176
"Buyers' Guide to Products and
Services in Computers and Data
Processing," 21/6B (Aug.), 63
c
"The C&A Notebook on Common Sense,"
21/4 (Apr.), 2
"The C&A Notebook on Common Sense,
'Common Sense vs. Catastrophe' ,"
21/12 (Dec.), 37
"The C&A Notebook on Common Sense,
Elementary and Advanced": 21/1
(Jan.), 2; 21/2 (Feb.), 3; 21/5
(May), 2
"The C&A Notebook on Common Sense,
First Year": 21/8 (Aug.), 37;
21/9 (Sept.), 2; 21/11 (Nov.), 2;
21/12 (Dec.), 2
"C&A Notebook on Common Sense:
'!low To Be Silly'," 21/12 (Dec. J,
49
"The C&A Notebook on Common Sense:
Second Year of Subscription,
197~," "1/12 (Dcc.), 40
"The U,\ Notebook on Common Sense,
Vulu",,' I," "1/6 (June), 51
23
Annual Index
C&A notebook: "Common Sense,
Wisdom, and Information Pro-
cessing: The Notebook on COIl-
mon Sense, Elementary and Ad-
vanced," 21/7 (July), 6
"Inventory of the Issues of
the C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, Volume I," 21/5 (May),
3 "The Checkerboarding Problem,"
"Questions and Answers About
'The C&A Notebook' ," 21/4
(Apr.), 3
"Questions and Answers about
'The C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, Elementary and Ad-
vanced"': 21/1 (Jan.), 3;
21/7 (July), 9
"CAl (Computer-Aided Instruction)
Shortens Physician Learning
Process," 21/12 (Dec.), 43
"CDC vs IBM -- Correction," from
Frederic O. Parlova and Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/4 (Apr.), 32
CIA: "The Activities of the
Central Intelligence Agency,
at Six Billion Dollars a
Year," by Edward K. DeLong,
21/2 (Feb.), 38
"The Central Intelligence Ag-
ency: A Short His tory to
Mid-1963 -- Part I," by James
Hepburn, 21/11 (Nov.), 32
"The Central Intelligence Ag-
ency: A Short His tory to
Mid-1963 -- Part 2," by James
Hepburn, 21/12 (Dec.), 34
"The CIA: A Visible Government
in Indochina," by Fred Branf-
man and Steve Cohn, 21/2 (Feb.).
41
"CalComp Plotter Purchased for
Russian Ministry of Chemical
Industry," 21/8 (Aug.), 45
Calculator programming, "New
Algebra Option Promises Break-
through in Calculator Program-
ming," 21/8 (Aug.), 44
Camden, N. J., "Computer Increas-
ing Criminal Arrests by 10 Per
Cent," 21/7 (July), 42
"Camera Plus Computer for Traf-
fic Regulation: A New Observ-
ing System for Multi-Purpose
Data Gathering," by Stanley E.
Wilkes, Jr., 21/9 (Sept.), 7
"Canadian Colleges and High
Schools are Members of Dart-
mouth's Time-Sharing Computer
Network," 21/7 (July), 43
Car maintenance, "Computer Tells
Car Owners When Maintenance Is
Needed," 21/10 (Oct.), 43
Car production, "Pontiac Dealers
Use Computer To Track Car Pro-
duction for Consumers," by
William F. Grimshaw, 21/2
(Feb.), 51
Carpenter, Norman R., and Leon
Davidson, John D. French, Phil-
ip Neville, "3400 Organizations
Required by Court Drder to Fur-
nish Confidential Data to IBM,"
21/2 (Feb.), 21
Carpenter, Norman R., and Rich-
ard E. Sprague, Business Week,
"3400 Organizations Required
by Court Order to Furnish Con-
fidential Data to IBM - II,"
21/3 (Mar,), 19
Cartography, "Computers and Car-
tography," by Dennis L. Bress,
21/8 (Aug.), 25
"The Cashless, Checkless Socie-
ty: On Its Way?," by Alan
Wetterhuus, 21/11 (Nov.), 14
"Cashless-Society Project Reports
Progress in N.Y.," 21/7 (July),
41
Catania, Salvatore C., "Computer
System Models," 21/3 (Mar.),
14
Catastrophe, "The C&A Notebook
on Common Sense, 'Common Sense
vs. Catastrophe'," 21/12 (Dec.),
37
Central Intelligence Agency:
"The Activities of" the Central
Intelligence Agency, at Six
Billion Dollars a Year," by
Edward K. DeLong, 21/2 (Feb,),
38
"The CIA: A Visible Govern-
ment in Indochina," by Fred
Branfman and Steve Cohn, 21/
2 (Feb.), 41
"The Central Intelligence Agency:
A Short History to Mid-1963 --
Part 1," by James Hepburn, 21/
11 (Nov.), 32
"The Central Intelligence Agency:
A Short History 1'0 Mid-1963 --
Part 2," by James Hepburn, 21/
l2(Dec.),34
Cerullo, Michael J., "Satisfac-
tion of Companies wi th Servi-
24
ces Received from EDP Service
Bureaus," 21/1 (Jan.), 43
"Characteristics of Digital Com-
puters," by GML Corp., 21/6B
(Aug.), 92
Cheatham, Thomas E., Jr., "Chin-
ese Computer Science: A Visit
and a Report," 21/11 (Nov.), 16
by Tactical Air Command, 21/1
(Jan.), 24
Checkless society, "The Cashless,
Checkless Society: On Its
Way?," by Alan Wetterhuus, 21/
11 (Nov.), 14
Chess, "Winner of U.S. Chess
Championship," 21/11 (Nov.), 43
"Chess and Computers," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/9 (Sept.), 6
"Chinese Computer Science More
Advanced Than Expected," 21/10
(Oct.), 45
"Chinese Computer Science: A
Visit and a Report," by Thomas
E. Cheatham, Jr., 21/11 (Nov.),
16
Ciphers, "Computers, Ciphers,
and Cryptography," by Oti s
Minot, R. A. Sobieraj, and K.
D. Streetman, 21/2 (Feb.), 47
Clay, William L., "Lead Poison-
ing: The Hypocrisy of the
Presidency, and of the Appro-
priations Committee of the
House of Representat i ves," 21/
8 (Aug.), 7
Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company,
"Small Computer 'Tracks' Great
Lakes Sailors," 21/9 (Sept.),
41
Coat, "Forty + One Ways To Cut
a Coat," by Vectors' Staff, 21/
3 (Mar.), 22
Cohn, Steve, and Fred Branfman,
"The CIA: A Visible Government
in Indochina," 21/2 (Feb.), 41
Colleges, "Roster of College and
University Computer Facilities,"
21/6B (Aug.), 149
"Color Matching by Computer Crea-
tes a New Bus iness," by J.
Mark Raiteri, 21/1 (Jan.), 50
"Columbus Plus Two" (Computer
Art), by Mike Seaters, 21/8
(Aug.), 15
"Combinatorial Framework of the
Ordinal 15" (Computer Art), by
Manfred Mohr, 21/8 (Aug.), 14
Commager, Henry Steele, "A Con-
certed Campaign To Deny the
American People Essential Know-
ledge About the Operation of
Their Government," 21/4 (Apr.),
33
Common Sense: "The C&A Notebook
on Common Sense," 21/4 (Apr.),
2 Computer manufacturer, "How To
"The C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, Elementary and Advan-
ced": 21/1 (Jan.), 2; 21/2
(Feb.), 3; 21/5 (May), 2
"The C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, 'Common Sense vs.
Catastrophe'," 21/12 (Dec.),
37
"The C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, First Year": 21/8
(Aug.), 37; 21/9 (Sept.), 2;
21/11 (Nov.), 2; 21/12 (Dec.),
2 College's Art Curriculum," 21/
"c&A Notebook on Common Sense:
'How To Be Silly'," 21/12
(Dec.), 49
"The C&A Notebook on Common
Sense: Second Year of Sub-
scription, 1972," 21/12
(Dec.), 40
"The C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, Volume I," 21/6 (June),
51
"Inventory of the Issues of
the C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, Volume I," 21/5 (May),
3 "Compu ter-As s is ted Analys i sand
"The Old Brain, The New Brain,
The Giant Brain, and Common
Sense," by Edmund C. Berke-
ley, 21/4 (Apr.), 6
"Questions and Answers about
'The C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, Elementary and Advan-
ced''': 21/1 (Jan.), 3; 21/7
(July), 9
"Common Sense, Wis dom, General
Science, and Computers -- 11,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/1
(Jan.), 11
"Common Sense, Wisdom, and Infor-
mation Processing: The Note-
book on Common Sense, Elemen-
tary and Advanced," 21/7 (July),
6 21/5 (May), 28
Communications, "Computers and
Communicat ions," by R. C.
Scr i vener, 21/9 (Sept.), 10
Communi ty college, "The Compu ter
and the Community College," by
Raymond A. Pietak, 21/1 (Jan.),
9 "Computers, Ciphers, and Crypto-
"Computer Artists," 21/8 (Aug.),
19
Computer Census -- see "Monthly
Computer Census"
-- see "World Computer Census"
"The Computer and the Communi ty
College," by Raymond A. Pietak,
21/1 (Jan.), 9
Computer Directory and Buyers'
Guide: "Annual Index for Vol-
ume 20, 1971 and Computer
Directory and Buyers' Guide
Issue, Vol. 19, No. 6B of
'Computers and Automation',"
21/1 (Jan.), 25
"Free Entries for Your Organi-
zation in the 1973 Computer
Directory and Buyers' Guide
Issue -- Notice," 21/6B
(Aug.), 176
"'The Computer Directory and
Buyers' Guide' Issue of "Com-
puters and Automation', Not-
ice": 21/5 (May), 40; 21/6
(June), 7
"The Computer Directory and
Buyers' Guide Issue 1973 --
Notice," 21/6B (Aug.), 178
"Computer Directory and Buyers'
Guide, 1972": 21/7 (July), 50:
21/8 (Aug.), 39; 21/9 (Sept.),
39; 21/10 (Oct.), 34; 21/11
(Nov.), 40; 21/12 (Dec.), 51
"Computer Employed in Inner-City
Heal th Program," 21/8 (Aug.),
43
"Computer Helps Analyze World-
wide Political Behavior," 21/7
(July), 40
"Computer Helps Develop Tomorrow's
Telephone System," 21/9 (Sept.),
41
"Computer Helps Firm Produce Tif-
fany-Inspired Lampshades," 21/
8 (Aug.), 42
"Computer Helps a Tree-Care Com-
pany Schedule and Plan," 21/6
(June), 44
"Computer Increasing Criminal Ar-
rests by 10 Per Cent," 21/7
(July), 42
"The Compu ter and the I nte llec t-
ual Frontier," by Dr. Richard
W. Hamming, 21/6 (June), 25
"Computer Keeps 'Railroad' Run-
ning Smoothly," 21/3 (Mar.),
40
"A Computer Laboratory for Ele-
mentary Schools," by Dr. Sey-
mour Papert, 21/6 (June), 19
"Computer Loaned to Massachusetts
Prisoners," 21/5 (May), 43
Get the Best Out of a Computer
Manufacturer," by David Futcher,
21/2 (Feb.), 8
"Computer Music in 1972," by
Stuart Smith, 21/10 (Oct.), 16
"Computer Now Rides Up Front in
Police Cruisers," by Chuck
Gillam, 21/1 (Jan,), 50
"Computer Plays Key Role at Hill-
sborough Communi ty College,"
21/8 (Aug.), 43
"Computer Science Is Added to
3 (Mar.), 40
"Computer System Models," by
Sal vatore C. Catania, 21/3
(Mar.), 14
"Computer Tells Car Owners When
Maintenance Is Needed," 21/10
(Oct.), 43
"Computer Thinking," by G. M. R.
Graham, 21/3 (Mar.), 17
Computer-aided instruction, "CAl
(Computer-Ai ded Ins truc t ion)
Shortens Physician Learning
Process," 21/12 (Dec.), 43
Documentation of Computer Pro-
grams," 21/10 (Oct,), 32
"Computer-Field Information vs.
Social Rag," by Arthur Martin
and Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/7
(July), 36
"Computerizing A Membership As-
sociation," by William R. Pol-
lert, 21/4 (Apr.), 21
Computer-Link Corp., "Lessons
Learned from Recent Floods of
Computer Rooms," 21/11 (Nov.),
39
Computers and Automation, "Mis-
sing Issues of 'Computers and
Automation'," from Stanley Jaf-
fin, and Edmund C. Berkeley,
"Computers in Banking," by J. Q.
Hollom, 21/8 (Aug.), 20
"Computers and Cartography," by
Dennis L. Bress, 21/8 (Aug.),
25
graphy," by Otis Minot, R.A.
Sobieraj, and K. D. Streetman,
21/2 (Feb.), 47
"Computers and Communications,"
by R. C. Scrivener, 21/9
(Sept.), 10
"Computers at Crisis," by Milton
R. Wessel, 21/2 (Feb.), 10
"Computers and Dossiers -- Part
1," by Vern Countryman, 21/1
(Jan.), 13
"Computers and Dossiers -- Part
II," by Vern Countryman, 21/2
(Feb.), 14
'''Computers Enter the Busing
Controversy' -- Addendum," by
Robert L. Glass, 21/4 (Apr.),
7
"Computers To Handle Problems on
National Economy, Power Net-
works and Ecology," 21/6 (June),
45
"Computers and Spelling," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/11
(Nov.), 6
"A Concerted Campaign To Deny
the American People Essential
Knowledge About the Operation
of Their Government," by Henry
Steele Commager, 21/4 (Apr.),
33
Conference, "Fall Joint Computer
Conference: Topics," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/4 (Apr.), 33
Confidential data: "3400 Organi-
zations Required by Court
Order to Furni sh Confiden-
tial Data to IBM," by Leon
Davidson, John D. French,
Norman R. Carpenter, and
Philip Neville, 21/2 (Feb.),
21
"3400 Organizations Required
by Court Order to Furnish
Confidential Data to IBM --
II," by Richard E. Sprague,
Norman R. Carpenter, and
Business Week, 21/3 (Mar.),
19
Conservation, "The Alaska Pipe-
line Reading Lesson," by Stew-
art M. Brandborg, 21/6 (June),
30
Conspiracy, "The Assassination
of Senator Robert F. Kennedy:
Proofs of Conspiracy and of
Two Persons Firing," by Rich-
ard E. Sprague and William W.
Harper, 21/9 (Sept.), 24
Construction, "Datran Receives
Initial Construction Permits,"
21/6 (June), 45
"The Construction of Living Ro-
bots -- Part 1," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/8 (Aug.), 27
Consultant, "The Management Con-
sul tant' s Role in Assessment
of Data Processing Activities,"
by James K. McKenna, Jr., 21/
10 (Oct.), 9
Contest -- see "Art Contes t"
-- sec "Martin Luther King
Memorial Prize Contest"
Contracts -- see "New Contracts"
Correction, "CDC vs IBM -- Cor-
rection," from Frederic O. Par-
lova and Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/4 (Apr.), 32
"Corrections": 21/1 (Jan.), 47;
21/4 (Apr.), 32; 21/6 (June),
49; 21/7 (July), 38
"Correction and Retraction," by
William W. Harper and Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/12 (Dec.), 21
Correctional institution, "New
Jersey Correctional Institut-
ion Pioneers Data Processing
Education for Inmates," by G.
Thompson Durand, 21/2 (Feb.),
52
"Counting the Number of Applica-
tions of Computers," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 2l/6B (Aug.), 3
Countryman, Vern: "Computers and
Dossiers -- Part I," 21/1
(Jan.), 13
"Computers and Dossiers -- Part
II," 21/2 (Feb.), 14
Court, "District's Superior Court
Uses Computer To Keep Track of
100,000 Criminal cases," Joseph
M. Burton, Clerk, 21/2 (Feb.),
52
Crime: "Computer Increasing Crim- Decisions, "Essential Computer
inal Arrests by 10 Per Cent,"
21/7 (July), 42
"Do You Want To Stop Crime?,"
by William p. Wood, III, 21/4
(Apr.), 31
"Operation Clean Sweep -- A
City's War on Crime," by James
P. Alexander, 21/2 (Feb.), 51
Criminal cases, "District's Su-
perior Court Uses Computer To
Keep Track of 100,000 Criminal
Cases," Joseph M. Burton, Clerk.
21/2 (Feb,), 52
Cryptography, "Computers, Ci-
phers, and Cryptography," by
Otis Minot, R. A. Sobieraj,
and K. D. Streetman, 21/2
(Feb.), 47
"Cryptology, The Computer, and
Data Privacy," by M. B. Girs-
dansky, 21/4 (Apr.), 12
",The Curse of a Magazine," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/2
(Feb.), 6
Cutler, Robert B., "Spotlight
on McGeorge Bundy and the
White House Situation Room,
November 22, 1963," 21/1 (Jan.),
57
o
"DEC's New School Computer Sys-
tems," 21/12 (Dec.), 44
DPMA, "Business Programmer Exam
Announcements and Study Guides
Now Available," 21/9 (Sept.),
42
DTSS, Inc., "Dartmouth College
Announces Formation of DTSS,
Inc.," 21/12 (Dec.), 45
"Dallas: Who, How, Why? -- Part
1," by Mikhail Sagatelyan, 21/
3 (Mar.), 28
"Dallas: Who, How, Why? Part
II," by Mikhail Sagatelyan,
21/4 (Apr.), 37
"Dallas: Who, How, Why? --
Part III," by Mikhail Sagatel-
yan, 21/5 (May), 34
"Dallas: Who, How, Why? -- Part
IV: Conclusion," by Mikhail
Sagatelyan, 21/6 (June), 34
D' Anna, Anthony J., "A Trans-
portation Information System,"
21/9 (Sept.), 14
Dartmouth College, "Canadi an
Colleges and High Schools are
Members of Dartmouth's Time-
Sharing Computer Network," 21/
7 (July), 43
"Dartmouth College Announces For-
mation of DTSS, Inc.," 21/12
(Dec.), 45
"Data Banks Endangering Personal
Liberty: Report of Debate in
Parliament, London, Engl and,
April 21, 1972," 21/6 (June),
40
"Data Center Services Offered
Smaller Stores Installing Elec-
tronic POS Equipment," 21/8
(Aug.),44
Data system, "The Meaning of an
Integrated Data System," by W.
R. Larson, 21/4 (Apr.), 35
"Datran Receives Initial Con-
struction Permits," 21/6 (June),
45
Davey Tree Surgery Company, "Com-
puter Helps a Tree-Care Company
Schedule and Plan," 21/6 (June),
44
Davidson, Leon, and John D, French,
Norman R. Carpenter, Philip
Neville, "3400 Organizations
Required by Court Order to Fur-
nish Confidential Data to IBM,"
21/2 (Feb.), 21
Davis, Ruth M., "The U.S. Center
for Computer Sciences and Tech-
nology," 21/3 (Mar.), 7
Dayhoff, Judy, "Whiskered Frisby"
(Computer Art), 21/8 (Aug.), 13
"Dealing with Today's Problems,"
by John Skowronski, 21/4 (Apr.),
7
"The Death of the Democratic Par-
ty Candidate for the Presidency,
1972," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/5 (May), 6
Debate, "Data Banks Endangering
Personal Liberty: Report of
Debate in Parliament, London,
England, April 21, 1972," 21/6
(June),40
'''Debugging System' for Computers
Patented by Goodyear Tire & Rub-
ber," 21/2 (Feb.), 53
"Deciphering an Unknown Compu ter
Program, as Compared with De-
ciphering of Ancient Writing,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/5
(May), 19
Concepts for Top Management: IV,
Workable, Sound, Data Processing
Decisions," by Robert A. Gagnon,
21/1 (Jan.), 8
Dellums, Ronald V., Representative,
"Wor 1 d Pe ace Tax Fund Ac t --
Proposed Legislation," 21/10
(Oct.), 36

DeLong, Edward K., "The Activi-
ties of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, at Six Billion
Dollars a Year," 21/2 (Feb.),
38
Democratic party: "The Death of
the Democratic Party Candi-
date for the Presidency,
1972," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/5 (May), 6
"Wal ter Sheridan -- Democrats'
Investigator? or Republicans'
Countermeasure?," by Richard
E. Sprague, 21/11 (Nov.), 29
Democrat ic party headquarters:
"Bernard L. Barker: Portrait
of a Watergate BurgI ar," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/11
(Nov.), 26
"The June 1972 Raid on Demo-
cratic Party Headquarters,"
by Richard E. Sprague, 21/8
(Aug.), 33
"The June 1972 Raid on Demo-
cratic Party Headquarters
(The Watergate Inci dent) --
Part 2," by Richard E. Spra-
gue, 21/10 (Oct.), 18
"The June 1972 Raid on Demo-
cratic Party Headquarters
(The Watergate Incident) --
Part 3," by Richard E. Spra-
gue, 21/12 (Dec.), 24
"Dental School Explores Computer-
Aided Instruction," 21/7
(July), 43
Digital computers, "Charac ter-
istics of Digi tal Computers,"
by G~L Corp., 21/6B (Aug.), 92
Digital Equipment Corp., "DEC's
New School Computer Sys terns, "
21/12 (Dec.), 44
Director, corporate, "On the
Legal Side: The Outside Dir-
ector," by Milton R. Wessel,
21/4 (Apr.), 7
Directory and Buyers' Guide,
"The Computer Directory and
Buyers' Guide Issue 1973 --
Notice," 21/6B (Aug.), 17B
Discovery, "Statistics -- A
Guide to the Unknown," by Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, 21/10 (Oct.),
6 "Counting the Number of Appli-
Discriminat ion, "The Mas ter Dis-
criminatory Tool," by Douglas
Wright, 21/9 (Sept.), 22
District of Columbia: "Dist-
rict's Superior Court Uses
Computer To Keep Track of
100,000 Criminal Cases,"
Joseph M. Burton, Clerk, 21/
2 (Feb.), 52
"Operation Clean Sweep -- A
Ci ty' s War on Crime," by
Jame s P. Alexander, 21/2
(Feb.), 51
"District's Superior Court Uses
Computer To Keep Track of
100,000 Criminal Cases," Jo-
seph M. Burton, Clerk, 21/2
(Feb.), 52
'" Do What I Mean': The Pro-
grammer's Assistant," by War-
ren Teitelman, 21/4 (Apr.), 8
"Do You Want To Stop Crime?,"
by William P. Wood, III, 21/4
(Apr.), 31
DoctorsAid, "Mini-Based System
Takes Low Cost Patient Medi-
cal History," 21/12 (Dec.), 44
I, Documentation, "Computer-Ass is-
ted ·Analysis and Documentation
of Computer Programs," 21/10
(Oct.), 32
, "Does Telephone Regulation Pro-
tect the User?," by Bernard
Strassburg, 21/12 (Dec.), 11
Domestic discord, "The Promo-
tion of Domestic Discord," by
Vincent J. Salandria, 21/1
(Jan.), 37
"Don't Die, Ducky, Don't Die •.• ,"
by Bradley Yaeger & Associa-
tes, 21/8 (Aug.), 40
Doomsday, "Association for the
Prevention of Doomsday --
News and Ideas," 21/10 (Oct.),
36
"Doomsday -- Class A Hazards,"
from Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/
11 (Nov.), 38
Dossiers: "Computers and Dos-
siers -- Part I," by Vern
Countryman, 21/1 (Jan.), 13
"Computers and Dossiers --
Part II," by Vern Country-
man, 21/2 (Feb.), 14
Drew Health Center, "Computer
Employed in Inner-City Health
Program," 21/8 (Aug.), 43
Dreyer;· J. L." "Secrecy in the
Data Process ing Industry,"
21/8 (Aug.), 24
Ducky, "Don't Die, Ducky, Don't
Die •.• ," by Bradley Yaeger &
Associates, 21/8 (Aug.), 40
Dunker, Kenneth F., and Paul
Shao: "Lak Gou" (Computer
Art), 21/8 (Aug.), 16
"Nine Perspective Projections,"
(Computer Art), 21/8 (Aug.),
10
Durand, G. Thompson, "New Jer-
sey Correctional Institution
Pioneers Data Processing Edu-
cation for Inmates," 21/2
(Feb.), 52
"The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard:
Forty Years of Frustration,"
by Robert Parkinson, 21/11
(Nov.), 18
"EDP Axioms -- A Cri tical Analy-
sis," by W. Leon Sanford, 21/
5 (May), 12
EDP service bureaus, "Sati sfac-
tion of Companies with Servi-
ces Received from EDP Service
Bureaus," by Michael J. Ceru-
llo, 21/1 (Jan.), 43
Ecology: "Computers To Handle
Problems on National Econo-
my, Power Networks and Ecol-
ogy," 21/6 (June), 45
"Don't Die, Ducky, Don't Die
•.• ," by Bradley Yaeger &
Associates, 21/8 (Aug.), 40
"Two Wisconsin Rivers Are
Cleaner -- Officials Credit
Computer," 21/9 (Sept.), 41
Economy, "Computers To Handle
Problems on National Economy,
Power Networks and Ecology,"
21/6 (June), 45
EDITORIAL: "Achieving 'Personal'
Response from a Computer,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/3
(Mar.), 6
"Chess and Computers," by Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, 21/9
(Sept.), 6
"Computers and Spelling," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/11
(Nov.), 6
cations of Computers," by Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, 21/6B
(Aug.), 3
"The Curse of a Magazine," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/2
(Feb.), 6
"The Death of the Democratic
Party Candidate for the
Presidency, 1972," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/5 (May), 6
"The House Is on Fire," by
Edmund C. Berkeley: 21/2
(Feb.), 37; 21/8 (Aug.), 38
"Hurray for the Univac Divi-
sion of Sperry Rand," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/1
(Jan.), 6
"The Old Brain, The New Brain,
The Giant Brain, and Common
Sense," by Edmund C. Berke-
ley, 21/4 (Apr.), 6
"Post-Maturity in the Computer
Field," by Edmund C. Berke-
ley and Montgomery Phister,
Jr .. 21/12 (Dec.), 6
"The Pur sui t of Truth in In-
put, Output, and Processing,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/8
(Aug.), 6
"The Shooting of Governor
George C. Wallace, Candidate
for President," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/7 (July), 10
"The Shortage of Good Typists
-- and the JJ Command," by
Edmund C, 8erkeley, 21/6
(June),6
"Statistics -- A Guide to the
Unknown," by Edmund C. Ber-
keley, 21/10 (Oct.), 6
Education: "A Computer Labora-
tory for Elementary Schools,"
by Dr. Seymour Papert, 21/6
(June),19
"Health and Education of Mi-
grant Workers Is Being Wat-
ched by a Computer," 21/6
(June), 44
"Helping Out," 21/7 (July), 42
"New Jersey Correctional In-
sti tution Pioneers Data Pro-
cess ing Education for In-
mates," by G, Thompson Dur-
and, 21/2 (Feb.), 52
"Education for Data Processing:
Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow,"
by Thomas R, Tirney, 21/7
(July), 14
"Educational Television Trans-
mission System Connects Univer-
sities and Industries," by J.
P. Shanks, 21/1 (Jan.), 49
"Effective Management of an
Instrument Pool," by D. R.
Townsend, 21/5 (May), 8
Egan, M., and Edmund C. Berkeley,
"Publishing Articles on Issues
that Don't Get the Attention
They Deserve," 21/10 (Oct.),
38
"Eight Hundred People Interested
in Mechanical Brains," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/1 (Jan.),
7 Fuj itsu, Ltd., "Japanese Firm
"Eight Photographs of a Bush:
Pictorial Reasoning Tests --
Part 7," by Neil Macdonald,
21/10 (Oct.), 27
Elemen tary schools, "A Computer
Laboratory for Elementary
Schools," by Dr. Seymour Pa-
pert, 21/6 (June), 19
Elias, Dr. Samy E. G., and R. E.
Ward, Michael Wilson, "Person-
al Rapid Transit, Computerized,
in Morgantown, West Virginia,
Part II: The Computer as the
Heart of Personal Rapid Trans-
it," 21/6 (June), 13
"Emission-I" (Computer Art), by
Sozo Hashimoto, 21/8 (Aug.),
13
"Encouragemen t for the Pursuit
of Truth," from Mrs. Ruth
Shapin, Mrs. Lucy Bell, William
H. Wynne, Rainer M. Goes, and
Thomas D. Bryant, 21/11 (Nov.),
38
England, "Computers in Banking,"
by J. Q. Hallam, 21/8 (Aug.),
20
"English College's Timesharing
System Has 3000 Users," 21/11
(Nov.), 42
Environment, "Air-Pollution Game
To Deal with Environmental
Problems," by Prof. Mat thew J.
Reilly, 21/1 (Jan.), 50
Environmental health, "Ohio State
Uni vers i ty Probing Effect of
Environmental Changes on Ilody,"
21/10 (Oct.), 44
"Essenti al Computer Concepts for
Top Management: IV, Workable,
Sound, Data Processing Decis-
ions," by Robert A. Gagnon,
21/1 (Jan.), 8
Fabric cutting, "Forty + One
Ways To Cut a Coat," by Vec-
tors' Staff, 21/3 (Mar.), 22
Fa'C't'S, "Some Hard Facts, and
What To Do About Them," by Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, 21/10 (Oct.),
3 Gerstenhaber, Murray, "Under-
"Faculty Loans to Black Colle-
ges," by E. Nanas, 21/2 (Feb.),
52
"Fall Joint Computer Conference:
Topics," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/4 (Apr.), 33
Farewell America: "The Central
, Intelligence Agency: A Short
History to Mid-1963 -- Part
1," by James Hepburn, 21/11
(Nov.), 32
"The Central Intelligence Ag-
ency: A Short Hi s tory to
Mid-1963 -- Part 2," by James
Hepburn, 21/12 (Dec.), 34
Film reader, "Japanese Firm Buys
Programmable Film Reader,"
21/8 (Aug.), 45
Fire, "The House Is on Fire,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley: 21/2
(Feb.), 37; 21/8 (Aug.), 38
Floods, "Lessons Learned from
Recent Floods of Computer
Rooms," Computer-Link Corp.,
21/11 (Nov.), 39
"Flores En Fortranes," (Computer
Art), by Thomas J. Huston, 21/
8 (Aug.), 18
Florida, "Poinciana, New Florida
City, Being Planned with Aid
of Computer," McDonnell Douglas
Automation Co., 21/2 (Feb.),
51
"Forty + One Ways To Cut a Coat,"
by Vectors' Staff, 21/3 (Mar.),
22
"Free Computer Training Center
Coming to Harlem, NY," 21/5
(May), 42
"Free Entries for Your Organiza-
tion in the 1973 Computer Dir-
ectory and Buyers' Guide Iss-
ue -- Notice," 21/6B (Aug.),
176
French, John D., and Leon David-
son, Norman R. Carpenter, Phil-
ip Neville, "3400 Organiza-
tions Required by Court Order
to Furnish Confidential Data
to IBM," 21/2 (Feb.), 21
"French National Railway Imple-
ments Addi tional Computeriz-
ation To Enhance Profitabil-
i ty," 21/9 (Sept.), 40
The Frenchman Who Was To Kill
Kennedy, "Le Francais Qui De-
vai t Tuer Kennedy (The French-
man Who Was To Kill Kennedy),"
by Philippe Bernert and Cam-
ille Gilles, 21/12 (Dec.), 38
Buys Programmable Film Read-
er," 21/8 (Aug.), 45
Fulbright, J. William, and Ri-
chard M. Nixon, and others,
"Poli tical Lies: An Accept-
able Level?," 21/4 (Apr.), 44
Futcher, David, "How To Get the
Best Out of a Computer Manu-
facturer," 21/2 (Feb.), 8
G 21/1 (Jan.), 20
G.E. computer, "Swedish Steel
Producer Linked to G.E. Com-
puter in Cleveland," 21/11
(Nov.), 41
G~L Corp., "Characteristics of
Digi tal Computers," 21/6B
(Aug.), 92
Gagnon, Robert A., "Essential
Computer Concepts for Top
Management: IV, Workable,
Sound, Data Processing Decis-
ions," 21/1 (Jan.), 8
Games: "ZINGO -- A New Computer
Game," by Edmund C. Berke-
ley, 21/2 (Feb.), 32
"ZINGO -- A New Game for Com-
puters and/or People": 21/3
(Mar.), 2; 21/11 (Nov.), 3
Gearing, Harold W.' G., and oth-
ers, "The Bad Image That Com-
puters Are Earning," 21/4
(Apr.), 29
General science, "Common Sense,
Wisdom, General Science, and
Compu ter s -- II," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/1 (Jan.), 11
"Geographic Roster of Organiza-
tions in Computers and Oat a
Processing," 21/6B (Aug.), 51
"Georgia Inaugurates Statewide
Computerized Training Program
in Vocational Technical Schoo-
ls," 21/8 (Aug.), 44
"Georgia To Release Cash Flow
Sys tern To State and Local Go-
vernments at No Cost," 21/9
(Sept.), 42
Gerberick, Dahl A., "Oversupply
of People in the Computer
Field," 21/12 (Dec.), 23
graduate Mathematics Training
in 1984 -- Some Predictions,"
21/11 (Nov.), 11
Gillam, Chuck, "Computer Now
Rides Up Front in Police Crui-
sers," 21/1 (Jan.), 50
Gilles, Camille, and Philippe
Bernert, "Le Francais Qui De-
vai t Tuer Kennedy (The French-
man Who Was To Kill Kennedy),"
21/12 (Dec.), 38
Girsdansky, M. B., "Cryptology,
The Computer, and Oats Pri-
vacy," 21/4 (Apr.), 12
Glaciers, "Scientists Obtain
First Three-Dimens ional Look
at Glaciers with Help of Com-
puter," 21/3 (Mar.), 39
Gl ass fiber, "Video telephony
Via Glass Fiber," 21/11 (Nov.),
42
Glass, Robert L., '''Computers
Enter the Busing Controversy'
-- Addendum," 21/4 (Apr.), 7
Goes, Rainer M., and Mrs. Ruth
Shapin, Mrs. Lucy Bell, Wil-
liam H. Wynne, Thomas D. Bry-
ant, "Encouragement for the
Pursuit of Truth," 21/11 (Nov,),
38
Goodrich, B. F., "Marriage of
Computers Meets Special Data
Processing Needs of B. F.
Goodrich," by Arthur Wi 11 iams.
21/1 (Jan.), 49
Goodyear Tire & Rubber, '''Debug-
ging System' for Computers
Patented by Goodyear Tire &
Rubber," 21/2 (Feb.), 53
Government: "The CIA: A Visi-
ble Government in Indochina,"
by Fred Branfman and Steve
Cohn, 21/2 (Feb.), 41
"A Concerted Campaign To Deny
the American People Essen-
tial Knowledge About the Op-
eration of Their Government,"
by Henry Steele Commager,
Annual Index
21/4 (Apr.), 33
"Georgia To Release Cash Flow
System to State and Local
Governments at No Cost,"
21/9 (Sept.), 42
"The Information Industry and
Government Pol icy," by Cl ay
T. Whitehead, 21/4 (Apr.),
24
"North Vietnam and American
Bombing: Six American Gov-
ernment Lies," by Bill Zim-
merman, 21/9 (Sept,), 33
"The Present Role of Govern-
ments in the World Computer
Industry," by C, W. Spangle,
21/12 (Dec.), 16
Graham, G. M. R., "Computer
Thinking," 21/3 (Mar.), 17
"Gravi ty Effects Studied Under
Compu ter-Controlled Experi-
ments," 21/7 (July), 40
Gray, Stephen Barrat, "Building
Your Own Computer -- Part II,"
Great Lakes, "Small Computer
'Tracks' Great Lakes Sailors,"
21/9 (Sept.), 41
Grimshaw, William F., "Pontiac
Dealers Use Computer To Track
Car Production for Consumers,"
21/2 (Feb.), 51
Gun numbers, "Marlin Computerized
System for Checking and Record-
ing Gun Numbers," 21/8 (Aug.),
42
H
Hamming, Dr. Richard W., "The
Computer and the Intellectual
Frontier," 21/6 (June), 25
"Harbor Surveillance System Fore-
sees Collisions, Surface Traf-
fic Problems," 21/3 (Mar.), 41
Harlem, NY, "Free Computer Train-
ing Center Coming to Harlem,
NY," 21/5 (May), 42
Harper, William W., and Edmund
C. Berkeley, "Correction and
Retraction," 21/12 (Dec.), 21
Harper, William W., and Richard
E. Sprague, "The Assassination
of Senator Robert F. Kennedy:
Proofs of Conspiracy and of Two
Persons Firing," 21/9 (Sept.),
24
Harrison, S. R., "Some Responsi-
bility for Our Chaotic Society,"
21/4 (Apr.), 34
Harvard Uni v., "Chine se Computer
Science More Advanced Than
Expected," 21/10 (Oct.), 45
Hashimoto, Sozo, "Emiss ion-I"
(Computer Art), 21/8 (Aug.), 13
Hatfield Polytechnic, "English
College's Timesharing System
Has 3000 Users," 21/11 (Nov.),
42
Heal th, "Computer Employed in
Inner-City Heal th Program," 21/
8(Aug.),43
"Health and Education of Migrant
Workers Is Being Watched by a
Computer," 21/6 (June), 44
"Helping Out," 21/7 (July), 42
Hepburn, James: "The Central
Intelligence Agency: A Short
History to Mid-1963 -- Part 1,"
21/1 (Nov.), 32
"The Central Intelligence Agen-
cy: A Short History to Mid-
1963 -- Part 2," 21/12 (Dec.),
34
"The High Cost of Vendor's Soft-
ware Practices: Why?," by Ray-
mond E. Bache, 21/12 (Dec.), 20
Hillsborough Community College,
"Computer Plays Key Role at Hil-
lsborough Communi ty College,"
21/8 (Aug.), 43
Hollom, J. Q., "Computers in
Banking," 21/8 (Aug,), 20
I1oneywell, Inc., "Computer Loaned
to Massachusetts Prisoners,"
21/5 (May), 43
"Horizons and Rebellion," by Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, 21/9 (Sept.),
36
"The House Is on Fire," by Edmund
C. Berkeley: 21/2 (Feb.), 37;
21/8 (Aug.), 38
House of Representatives, "Lead
Poisoning: The Hypocrisy of the
Presidency, and of the Appropri-
ations Committee of the House of
Representatives," by William L.
Clay, 21/8 (Aug.), 7
"How Fiendish Can You Get?," by
Helsingen Sanomat, Ian Low, Judy
Bellin, Bella Abzug, and Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/5 (May), 31
"How Technolouy Is Freeing the
Secretory," by Evelyn Berezin,
21/10 (uct.), 15
25
Annual Index
"How To Get the Best Out of a
Computer Manufacturer," by
David Futcher, 21/2 (Feb.), 8
Howells, W. W., "The Importance
of Being Human," 21/10 (Oct.),
12
Human, "The Importance of Being
Human," by W. W. Howells, 21/
10 (Oct.), 12
!lumbert, Dr. !lerbert E., "Aca-
demic Computer Practices, and
Their Deficiencies," 21/5 (May),
16
"Hurray for the Univac Division
of Sperry Rand," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/1 (Jan.), 6
Huston, Thomas J.: "Flores En
Fortranes," (Computer Art),
21/8 (Aug.), 18
"Sky Lab SVB" (Computer Art),
21/8 (Aug.), 12
IBM: "CDC vs IBM -- Correction,"
from Frederic O. Parlova
and Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/
4 (Apr.), 32
"3400 Organizations Required
by Court Order to Furnish
Confidential Data to IBM,"
by Leon Davidson, John D.
French, Norman R. Carpenter,
and Philip Neville, 21/2
(Feb.), 21
"3400 Organizations Required
by Court Order to Furni sh
Confidential Data to IBM -
II," by Richard E. Sprague,
Norman R. Carpenter, and
Business Week, 21/3 (Mar.),
19
"IBM's Powerful Partner: The
Accounting Principles Board,"
from Samson Science Corp.,
21/4 (Apr.), 31
Ihrcr, Fred C., "Benchmarking
vs. Simulation," 21/11 (Nov.),
8 the Computer Field," by Dahl
Image, "The Bad Image That Com-
puters Are Earning," from
Harold W. G. Gearing and oth-
ers, 21/4 (Apr.), 29
"Image Analysis -- Even for Ab-
raham Lincoln," 21/3 (Mar.),
39
"The Impact of the Compu ter on
Society -- Some Comments," by
Joseph Weizenbaum, 21/7 (July),
18
"The Importance of Being Human,"
by W. W. Howells, 21/10 (Oct.),
12
Index, "Annual Index for Volume
20, 1971 and Computer Direc-
tory and Buyers' Guide Issue.
Vol. 19, No. 6B of 'Computers
and Automation' ," 21/1 (Jan.),
25
Indochina, "The CIA: A Visible
Government in Indochina," by
Fred Branfman and Steve Cohn,
21/2 (Feb.), 41
"Industrial Robot Will Automat-
ically Select and Match Actions
to Changing Job Requirements,"
by Michael M. Meyers, 21/1
(Jan.), 50
Informatics, Inc., "Toxicology
Research Data Available Via
On-line Nationwide Network,"
21/6 (June), 44
Information engineer, "The Ne-
glect of Significant Subjects,
and the Information Engineer,"
by Peter J. Nyikos and Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/7 (July), 30
"The Information Industry and
Government Policy," by Clay
T. Whitehead, 21/4 (Apr.), 24
Information Interchange, "Ameri.
can Standard Code for Infor-
mation Interchange, ASCII," 21/
6B (Aug.), 180
Installations -- see "New In-
stallations"
Instant Transaction, "Cashless-
Society Project Reports Pro-
gress in N. Y.... 21/7 (July),
41
Insti tutions, "Reducing and Dis-
mantling Science and Research
Institutions, and Social Re-
sponsibility," by Andrew G.
Michalitsanos, 21/4 (Apr.), 32
Instrument pool, "Effecti ve Man-
agement of an Instrument Pool."
by D. R. Townsend, 21/5 (May).
8 puter To Improve Design, Cre-
Intellectual Frontier, "The Con,-
puter and the Intellectual
Frontier," by Dr. Hichard W.
Hamming, 21/6 (June), 25
Internal Revenue Service, "M. 1. T.-
26
Braillemboss Being Used by
Blind IRS Representative," 21/
9 (Sept.), 43
"Internal Revenue Service: Use
of Computers," by William II.
Stewart, Jr., 21/4 (Apr.), 34
"Inventory of the Issues of the
(LA Notebook on Common Sense,
Volume 1," 21/5 (May), 3
"Invisible Phonograph Needle in
Development by Navy," 21/9
(Sept.), 43
Issues, controversial, "Publish-
ing Articles on Issues that
Don't Get the Attention They
Deserve," from M. Egan and Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, 21/10 (Oct.),
38
Italy, "Persuasion -- Ital ian
Style," by Peter Tumi ati, 21/6
(June),41
JJ command: "On the JJ Command,"
from Tore Rambol and Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/10 (Oct.), 37
"The Shortage of Good Typists
-- and the JJ Command," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/6
(June),6
Jaffin, Stanley, and Edmund C.
Berkeley, "Missing Issues of
'Compuers and Automation', tI
21/5 (May), 28
.. Japanese Firm Buys Programmable
Film Reader," 21/8 (Aug.), 45
Jenkins, Gareth, "Who Shot Presi-
dent Kennedy -- or Fac t and
Fable in History," 21/2 (Feb.),
43
Job requirement s, .. Industr i al
Robot Will Automatically Sel-
ect and Match Actions to Chang-
ing Job Requirements," by
Michael M. Meyers, 21/1 (Jan.),
SO
Jobs, "Oversupply of People in
A. Gerberick, 21/12 (Dec.), 23
John Hopkins Uni v., "Harbor
Surveillance System Foresees
Collisions, Surface Traffic
Problems," 21/3 (Mar.), 41
Johnson, Jim, and Edmund C. Ber-
keley, "Subscription Errors:
(LA Will Correct," 21/11 (Nov.),
39
Johnson, Lyndon B., "Dallas:
Who, How, Why? Part II," 21/4
(Apr.), 37
"The June 1972 Raid on Democra-
tic Party Headquarters," by
Richard E. Sprague, 21/8 (Aug.),
33
"The June 1972 Raid on Democra-
tic Party Headquarters (The
Watergate Incident) -- Part 2,"
by Richard E. Sprague, 21/10
(Oct.), 18
"The June 1972 Raid on Democra-
tic Party Headquarters (The
Watergate Incident) -- Part 3,"
by Richard E. Sprague, 21/12
(Dec.),24
"Justice Department Interested
in ADAPSO Hearings," 21/3
(Mar.), 41
K Level?," by Richard M. Nixon,
Kaler, John, and Edmund C. Ber-
keley, "Unhappy Subscriber to
Satisfied One," 21/7 (July),
38
Kennedy, John F., President:
"Dallas: Who, How, Why? Part
II," by Mikhail Sagatelyna,
21/4 (Apr.), 37
"Le Francais Qui Devai t Tuer
Kennedy (The Frenchman Who
Was To Ki 11 Kennedy)," by
Philippe Bernert and Camill ..
Gilles, 21/12 (Dec.), 38
"Who Shot President Kennedy -
or Fact and Fable in History,"
by Gareth Jenkins, 21/2
(Feb.),43
Kennedy, Senator Robert F., "The
Assassination of Senator Robert
F. Kennedy: Proofs of Conspir-
acy and of Two Persons Firing,"
by Richard E. Sprague and Wil-
liam W. Harper, 21/9 (Sept.),
24
Kentucky, Univ. of: "Architec-
ture Students Turning to Com-
ativity," 21/5 (May), 42
"Dental School Explores Compu-
ter-Aided Instruction," 21/
7 (July), 43
"Gravi ty Effects Studied Under
Computer-Controlled Experi-
ments," 21/7 (July), 40
Keyboard, "The Dvoark Simplified
Keyboard: Forty Years of Frus-
tration," by Robert Parkinson,
21/11 (Nov.), 18
King, Martin Luther, "Martin
Luther King Memorial Prize Con-
test -- Fourth Year," 21/2
(Feb.), 34
Knowledge, "The Mos t Important
of All Branches of Knowledge,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley: 21/1
(Jan.), 36; 21/2 (Feb.), 2;
21/6 (June), 50; 21/7 (July),
7 "Pictorial Reasoning Tests --
Kunstler, William M., "Only
People Massed Together Can Al-
ter Systems," 21/9 (Sept.), 28
Kyle, D. F., "Sperry Rand and
RCA Sign Final Agreement,"
21/2 (Feb.), 53
"Lak Gou" (Computer Art), by
Kenneth F. Dunker and Paul
Shao, 21/8 (Aug.), 16
Lamps, "Tiny Lamps that Glow for
100 Years," Western Electric
Company, Inc., 21/2 (Feb.), 53
Lampshades, "Computer Helps Firm
Produce Tiffany-Inspired Lamp-
shades," 21/8 (Aug.), 42
Landgrebe, Dr. David, "Aerial
Photography and Computers Aid
the Battle Against Blight and
Pollution," 21/1 (Jan.), 48
Languages, programming, "Ros ter
of Programming Languages 1972,"
by Jean E. Sammet, 21/6B (Aug.),
123
Larson, W. R., "The Meaning of
an Integrated Data System,"
21/4 (Apr.), 35
Law, "Mississippi's Computerized
Statute System," 21/10 (Oct.),
43
"Le Francais Cui Devait Tua Ken-
nedy (The Frenchman Who Was To
Kill Kennedy)," by Philippe
Bernert and Camille Gilles, 21/
12 (Dec.), 38
"Lead Poisoning: The Hypocrisy
of the Presidency, and of the
Appropriations Commi ttee of
the House of Representatives,"
by William L. Clay, 21/8 (Aug.),
7 Market information system,
Legal: "On the Legal Side: A
Lien on Computer Tapes?," by
Milton R. Wessel, 21/6
(June), 39
"On the Legal Side: The Out-
side Director," by Mil ton
R. Wessel, 21/4 (Apr.), 7
"Lessons Learned from Recent
Floods of Computer Rooms," Com-
puter-Link Corp .. 21/11 (Nov.),
39
Liberty, personal, "Data Banks
Endangering Personal Liberty:
Report of Debate in Parlia-
ment, London, England, April
21, 1972," 21/6 (June), 40
Lies: "North Vietnam and Ameri-
can Bombing: Six American
Governmen t Lie s," by Bi 11
Zimmerman, 21/9 (Sept.), 33
"Political Lies: An Acceptable
J. William Fulbright, and
others, 21/4 (Apr.), 44
"The Reality Behind the Lies
in South Vietnam," by Dr.
George Wald, 21/12 (Dec.),
31
Lincoln, Abraham, "Image Analy-
sis -- Even for Abraham Lincoln,"
21/3 (Mar.), 39
Lipp, Michael, "Ode in Celebra-
tion of RFPs," 21/5 (May), 29
Lipscomb, James, "Adversity"
(Computer Art), 21/8 (Aug.), 9
Litton UHS, "New High-Density
Warehousing System Announced
by Litton OIlS," 21/9 (Sept.),
42
Lovett, Linda Ladd, "Over 2300
Applications of Computers and
Data Processing," 21/6B (Aug.).
137
Low, Ian, and Helsingen Sanomat,
Judy Bellin, Bella Abzug, Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, "How FiendiSh
Can You Get?," 21/5 (May), 31
M Mechanical brains, "Eight Hun-
"M.I.T.-Braillemboss Being Used
by Blind IRS Representative,"
21/9 (Sept.), 43
Macdonald, Neil: -- see "Ad-
vanced Numbles"
-- see "Monthly Computer Cen-
sus": 21/1 (Jan.), 54; 21/2
(Feb.), 56; 21/3 (Mar.), 46;
21/4 (Apr.), 48; 21/5 (May),
46; 21/6 (June), 48; 21/7
(July), 46; 21/8 (Aug.), 48;
21/9 (Sept.), 46; 21/10
(Oct.), 48; 21/11 (Nov.), 47;
21/12 (Dec.), 48
-- see "Numbles"
"Eight Photographs of a Bush:
Pictorial Reasoning Tests --
Part 7," 21/10 (Oct.), 27
Analysis and Answers," 21/3
(Mar.), 24
"Pictorial Reasoning Tests and
Aptitudes of People -- III,"
21/2 (Feb.), 29
"Pictorial Reasoning Tests --
Part 5," 21/4 (Apr.), 26
"Pictorial Reasoning Tests --
Part 6," 21/7 (July), 26
"World Computer Census," 21/6B
(Aug.), 133
Machet, Michael, Associates,
"Computer Helps Firm Produce
Tiffany-Inspired Lampshades,"
21/8 (Aug.), 42
Magazine, "The Curse of a Maga-
zine," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/2 (Feb.), 6
Management, "Essential Computer
Concepts for Top Management:
IV, Workable, Sound, Data Pro-
cessing Decisions," by Robert
A. Gagnon, 21/1 (Jan.), 8
"The Management Consultant's
Role in Assessment of Data
Processing Activities," by
James K. McKenna, Jr., 21/10
(Oct.), 9
"Management Information Systems:
The Trouble With Them," by
Colonel T. B. Mancinelli, 21/
7 (July), 11
Mancinelli, Colonel T. B., "Man-
agement Information Systems:
The Trouble With Them," 21/7
(July), 11
Maps, "Three Dimensional Maps
from Computer," 21/12 (Dec.),
42
Mariner, "Real-Time Pictures of
Mars by Mariner and by Compu-
ter," by Wayne E. Shufelt, 21/
6 (June'), 7
"Bunker-Ramo Activates New
Nationwide Market Data Sys tern,"
21/10 (Oct.), 45
"Marlin Computerized System for
Checking and Recording Gun
Numbers," 21/8 (Aug.), 42
Marlin Firearms Company, "Marlin
Computerized System for Check-
ing and Recording Gun Numbers,"
21/8 (Aug.), 42
"Marriage of Computers Meets
Special Data Processing Needs
of B.F. Goodrich," by Arthur
Williams, 21/1 (Jan.), 49
Mars, "Real-Time Pictures of Mars
by Mariner and by Computer,"
by Wayne E. Shufelt, 21/6
(June),7
Martin, Arthur, and Edmund C.
Berkeley, "Computer-Field In-
formation vs. Social Rag,"
21/7 (July), 36
"Martin Luther King Memorial
Prize Contest -- Fourth Year,"
21/2 (Feb.), 34
"The Master Discriminatory Tool,"
by Douglas Wright, 21/9 (Sept.),
22
Mathematics, "Undergraduate
Mathematics Training in 1984
-- Some Predictions," by Dr.
Murray Gerstenhaber, 21/11
(Nov.), 11
Maturity, "Post-Maturity in the
Computer Field." by Edmund C.
Berkeley, and Montgomery Phis-
ter, Jr., 21/12 (Dec.), 6
McDonnell Douglas Automation
Co., "Poinciana, New Florida
City, Being Planned with Aid
of Computer," 21/2 (Feb.), 51
McKenna, James K., Jr., liThe
Management Consultant's Role
in Assessment of Data Proces-
sing Activities," 21/10 (Oct.),
9 llunicipal Affairs, "Mythical City
"The Meaning of an Integrated
Data System," by W. R. Larson,
21/4 (Apr.), 35
dred People Interested in Me-
chanical Brains," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/1 (Jan.), 7
Medical history, "Mini-Based
System Takes Low Cost Patient
Medical History," 21/12 (Dec.),
44
Medicine, Ohio State Univ. Col-
lege of, "Uni versi ty Computer
Helps Doctors with 'Bedside
Teaching' ," 21/11 (Nov.), 42
Membership, "Computerizing A
Membership Association," by
William R. Pollert, 21/4
(Apr.), 21
"Meri t Computer Network Links
Michigan's Largest Universi-
ties," 21/3 (Mar.), 40
Metropolis, New Mexico, "Mythi-
cal City Helps Students Learn
Municipal Affairs," 21/12
(Dec.),43
Meyers, Michael M., "Industrial
Robot Will Automatically Sel-
ect and Match Actions to Chang-
ing Job Requirements," 21/1
(Jan.), 50
Michalitsanos, Andrew G., "Re-
ducing and Dismantling Science
and Research Insti tutions, and
Social Responsibility," 21/4
(Apr.), 32
Michigan State Univ.: "Merit
Computer Network Links
Michigan's Largest Univer- j
sities," 21/3 (Mar.), 40
"Three Dimens ional Maps from
Computer," 21/12 (Dec.), 42
Migrant workers, "Heal th and
t
Education of Migrant Workers
Is Being Watched by a Computer,"
21/6 (June), 44
"Mini-Based System Takes Low
Cost Patient Medical History,"
21/12 (Dec.), 44
Minori ty group, "Schol arship
Program for Minority Group
Students," 21/12 (Dec.), 44
Minot, Otis, and R. A. Sobieraj,
K. D. Streetman, "Computers,
Ciphers, and Cryptography,"
21/2 (Feb.), 47
"Missing Issues of 'Computers
and Automation'," from Stanley
Jaffin, and Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/5 (May), 28
"Mississippi's Computerized
Statute System," 21/10 (Oct.),
43
Missouri-Columbia, Univ. of,
"Image Analysis -- Even for
Abraham Lincoln," 21/3 (Mar.),
39
Mistakes, "Prevent Mistakes Be-
fore They Happen?": 21/7
(July), 8; 21/9 (Sept.), 3;
21/10 (Oct.), 2
Mohr, Manfred, "Combinatorial
Framework of the Ordinal 15"
(Computer Art), 21/8 (Aug.), 14
"Moment of Truth in Vietnam?,"
from Charles A. Wells, 21/10
(Oct.), 39
Monkeys, "Gravity Effects Stud-
ied Under Computer, Controlled
Experiments," 21/7 (July), 40
M.lNTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS: 21/1
(Jan.), 54; 21/2 (Feb.), 56;
21/3 (Mar.), 46; 21/4 (Apr.),
48; 21/5 (May), 46; 21/6
(June), 48; 21/7 (July), 46;
21/8 (Aug.), 48; 21/9 (Sept.),
46; 21/10 (Oct.), 48; 21/11
(Nov.), 47; 21/12 (Dec.), 48
Morgantown, West Virginia: "Per-
sonal Rapid Transit, Compu-
terized, in Morgantown, West
Virginia, Part I: The Plan,"
by William W. Aston, 21/6
(June), 11
"Personal Rapid Transit, Com-
puterized, in Morgantown,
West Virginia, Part II: The
Compu ter as the Heart of Per-
sonal Rapid Transit," by Dr.
Samy E. G. Elias, R. E. Ward,
and Michael Wilson, 21/6
(June), 13
"The Most Important of All Bran-
ches of Knowledge," by Edmund
C. Berkeley: 21/1 (Jan.), 36;
21/2 (Feb.), 2; 21/6 (June),
50; 21/7 (July), 7
"Movement of South Dakota Phea-
sants Tracked by Computer," by
Dr. Donald Progulske, 21/1
(Jan.), 48
Multiplication, "SHARE and the
Mul tiply Carry Bug," by Herb
Bright, 21/2 (Feb.), 50
Helps Students Learn Municipal
Affairs," 21/12 (Dec.), 43
llusic, "Computer Music in 1972,"
by Stuart Smith, 21/10 (Oct.),
16
"Mythical City Helps Students
Learn MuniCipal Affairs," 21/
12 (Uec.), 43

N o
Name selection, "On the Legal
Side: Company Name Selection"
by Milton R. Wessel, 21/5
(May), 29
Nanas, E., "Faculty Loans to
Black Colleges," 21/2 (Feb.),
52
National Association of Manu-
facturers, "Computerizing A
Membership Association," by
William R. Pollert, 21/4
(Apr.), 21
National Cash Register Co., "Da-
ta Center Services Offered
Smaller Stores Installing
Electronic POS Equipment,"
21/8 (Aug.), 44
Navigational satell ite, "Navy
and Commercial Users Share
Navigational Satellite," 21/
12 (Dec.), 45
Navy, "Invisible Phonograph
Needle in Development by Navy,"
21/9 (Sept.), 43
"Navy and Commercial Users
Share Navigational Satellite."
21/12 (Dec.), 45
"The Neglect of Significant Sub-
jects, and the Information
Engineer," by Peter J. Nyikos
and Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/7
(July),30
Neville, Philip, and Leon David-
son, John D. French, Norman
R. Carpenter, "3400 Organi-
zations Required by Court Or-
der to Furnish Confidential
Data to IBM," 21/2 (Feb.), 21
"New Algebra Option Promises
Breakthrough in Calculator
Programming,." 21/8 (Aug.), 44
"New Computers for United Air
Lines," 21/9 (Sept.), 42
NEW CONTRACTS: 21/1 (Jan.), 52;
21/2 (Feb.), 54; 21/3 (Mar.),
42; 21/4 (Apr.), 46; 21/5
(May), 44; 21/6 (June), 46;
21/7 (July), 44; 21/8 (Aug.),
46; 21/9 (Sept.), 44; 21/10
(Oct.), 46; 21/11 (Nov.), 44;
21/12 (Dec.), 46
"New High-Density Warehousing
Sys tem Announced by Litton
UHS," 21/9 (Sept.), 42
NEW INSTALLATIONS: 21/1 (Jan.),
53; 21/2 (Feb.), 55; 21/3
(Mar.), 43; 21/4 (Apr.), 47;
21/5 (May), 45; 21/6 (June),
47; 21/7 (July), 45; 21/8
(Aug.), 47; 21/9 (Sept.), 45;
21/10 (Oct.), 47; 21/11 (Nov.),
45; 21/12 (Dec.), 47
"New Jersey Correctional Insti-
tution Pioneers Data Process-
ing Education for Inmates,"
by G. Thompson Durand, 21/2
(Feb.), 52
New Mexico, Uni v. of, "Computer
Science Is Added to College's
Art Curriculum," 21/3 (,lar.),
40
"Nine Perspective Projections, II
(Computer Art), by Kenneth F.
Dunker and Paul Shao, 21/8
(Aug.), 10
1984, "Undergraduate Mathematics
Training in 1984 -- Some Pre-
dictions," by Dr. Murray Ger-
stenhaber, 21/11 (Nov.), 11
Nixon, Richard M., and J. Wil-
liam Fulbright, and others,
"Poli tical Lies: An Accept-
able Level?," 21/4 (Apr.), 44
"North Vietnam and American
Bombing: Six American Govern-
ment Lies," by Bill Zimmerman,
21/9 (Sept.), 33
Notre Dame, Univ~ of, "Computer
To Handle Problems on National
Economy, Power Networks and
Ecology," 21/6 (June), 45
"No.4 ESS Will Triple Toll Call
Capacity," 21/0 (Aug.), 45
Numbles -- see "Advanced Numbles"
NUMBLES: by Neil Macdonald:
1t721 , 21/1 (Jan.), 45; 1t722 ,
21/2 (Feb.), 29; 11'723, 21/3
(Mar.), 45; 1t724, 21/4 (Apr.),
36; 1t725, 21/5 (May), 49;
1t726, 21/6 (June), 23; 11'727,
21/7 (July), 26; 1t728 , 21/8
(Aug.), 50; 1t729, 21/9 (Sept.),
13; lt72lO, 21/10 (Oct.), 50;
1t7211, 21/11 (Nov.), 28; 21/
12 (!Jec.) , 30
Nyikos, Peter J., and Edmund C.
Berkeley, "The Neglect of Sig-
nificant Subjects, and the
Information Engineer," 21/7
(July), 30
~'Ode in Celebration of RFPs,"
by Michael Lipp, 21/5 (May),
29
Ohio State Univ. College of Med-
icine, "University Computer
Helps Doctors with 'Bedside
Teaching'," 21/11 (Nov.), 42
"Ohio State University Probing
Effect of Environmental Changes
On Body," 21/10 Wc t. ), 44
Oil Spi lIs: "Researchers Pre-
dict Oil Spill Movements
Using Computer Power," 21/5
(May), 41
"Uon't Die, Ducky, Don't Die
••. ," by Bradley Yaeger &
Associates, 21/8 (Aug,), 40
Oklahoma State Tech College,
"Scholarship Program for Min-
ority Group Students," 21/12
(Dec.), 44
"The Old Brain, The New Brain,
The Giant Brain, and Common
Sense," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/4 (Apr.), 6
"On the JJ Command." from TOTf~
Rambol and Edmund C. Berkeiey,
21/10 (Oct.), 37
"On the Legal Side: Company
Name Selection," by Milton R.
Wessel, 21/5 (May). 29
"On the Legal Side: A Lien on
Computer Tapes?," by 'lilton
R. Wessel, 21/6 (June), 39
"On the Legal Side: The Outside
Director," by Milton R. Wessel,
21/4 (Apr.), 7
"Only People Massed Together Can
Alter Systems," by William ,I.
Kunstler, 21/9 (Sept,), 20
"'Operation Bookstrap' Is Help-
ing Johnny To Read," by II, .J.
Peters, 21/1 (Jan.), 49
"Operation Clean Sweep -- A
City's War on Crime," by James
P. Alexander, 21/2 (Feb.), 51
Opportunities Industrialization
Center. "Free Campu ter Trai n-
ing Center Coming to Harlem,
NY," 21/5 Olay) , 42
Organizations: "Geographic
Roster of Organizations in
Computers and Data Proces-
sing," 21/6B (Aug.), 51
"Roster of Organiz3tions in
Computers and Data Proces-
sing." 21/6B (Aug.), 4
"Over 2300 Applications of Com-
puters and Data Processing,"
by Linda Ladd Lovett, 21/6B
(Aug.), 137
"Oversupply of People in the
Computer Field," by Dahl A.
Gerberick, 21/12 ([Jec.). 23
POS equipment, "Data Center Ser-
vices Offered Smaller Stores
Installing Electronic pas Equip-
ment." 21/8 (Aug.), 44
"Pacification: The Story of Ba
loi," American Friend:s Service
Committee, 21/7 (July), 37
Papert, Dr. Seymour, "A Computer
Laboratory for Elementary
Schools," 21/6 (June), 19
Parker, Donn B" "The Antisocial
Use of Computers," :.>1/0 (Aug.),
""
Parkinson, Robert, "The Dvorak
Simplified Keyboard: Forty
Years of Frustration," 21/11
(Nov.), 18
Parliament, "Data Banks Endan-
gering Personal Liberty: Re-
port of Debate in Parliament,
London, England, April 21,
1972," 21/6 (June), 40
Parlova, Frederic 0" and Edmund
C. Berkeley, "CDC vs IB~I --
Correction," 21/4 (Apr,), 32
"Peacock Courtship" (Computer
Art), by Bharat K. Shah, 21/8
(Aug,), 1
Penney, Wal ter -- see "Problem
Corner"
Pentagon Papers, "A Concerted
Campaign To Deny the American
People Essential Knowledge
About the Operation of Their
Government," by Henry Steele
Commager, 21/4 (Apr.), 33
People, massed together, "Only
People Massed Together Can
Alter Systems," by William M.
Kunstler, 21/9 (Sept.), 28
"Personal Rapid Transit, Compu-
terized, in ,lorgantown, West
Virginia, Part 1: The Plan,"
by William W. Aston, 21/6
(June), 11
"Personal Rapid Transit, Compu-
terized, in Morgantown, West
Virginia, Part 11: The Compu-
ter as the Heart of Personal
Rapid Tnnsit," by Dr. Samy
E. G. Elias, II. E, Ward, and
Michael Wilson, 21/6 (June),
13
Personal response, IIAchieving
'Personal' Response from a
Computer," by Edmund C. Berke-
ley, 21/3 (Mar.), 6
"Persuasion -- Italian Style,"
by Peter Tumiati, 21/6 (June),
41
Peters, H. J., '''Operation Book-
Strap' Is Helping Johnny To
Read," 21/1 (Jan.), 49
Pheasants, "Movement of South
Dckota Pheasants Tracked by
Computer," by Dr. Donald Pro-
gulske, 21/1 (Jan.), 48
Phister, ,Iontgomery, Jr" and
Edmund C. Berkeley, "Post-
,llaturi ty in the Computer Field,"
21/12 (Dec.), 6
Phonograph needle, "Invisible
Phonograph Needle in Develop-
ment by Navy," 21/9 (Sept.),
43
Photographs, "Eight Photographs
of a Bush: Pictorial Reason-
ing Tests -- Part 7," by Nei 1
,Iacdonald, 21/10 (Oct.), :27
Physician training, "CAl (Compu-
ter-Aided Instruction) Short-
ens Physician Learning Process,"
~1/12 (Dec.), 43
Pictorial Heasoning, "Eight
Photognphs of a Bush: Pic-
torial Reasoning Tests -- Part
7," by Neil ,llacdonald, 21/10
(Oct.). 27
"Pictorial Reasoning Tes ts --
Analysis and Answers," by
Neil ,lacdonald, 21/3 Olar.),
"Pictorial Reasoning Test --
C&A No, 2," 21/2 (Feb.). 30
"Pictorial Reasoning Test --
C&A No.3," 21/2 (Feb,), :11
"Pictorial Reasoning Test: C&A
No, 4," 21/3 (Mar,), 26
"Pictorial Reasoning Test: C&A
No.5," 21/3 Olar.), 27
"Pictorial Reasoning Test: C&A
Nu, 6," :21/4 (Apr.), 27
"Pictorial Reasoning Test: C&A
No.7," 21/7 (July), 27
"Pictorial Reasoning Tests
Part 5," by Neil Macdonald,
21/4 (Apr.), 26
"Pictorial Reasoning Tests --
Part 6," by Neil Macdonald,
21/7 (July), 26
"Pictorial Reasoning Tests and
Apti tudes of People -- Ill,"
by Neil Macdonald, 21/2 (Feb.),
29
Pietak, Raymond A., "The Compu-
ter and the Communi ty College,"
21/1 (Jan.), 9
Pipeline, "The Alaska Pipeline
Reading Lesson," by Stewart ;~.
Ilrandborg, 21/6 (June), 30
Plot ter, "CalComp Plot ter Pur-
chased for Russian Ministry of
Chemical Industry," 21/8 (Aug.),
<15
"Poinciana, !';ew Florida City,
Being Planned with Aid of Com-
puter," .lcDonnell Douglas Au-
tomation Co., 21/2 (Feb.), 51
Poisoning, "Lead Poisoning: The
lIypocrisy of the Presidency,
and of the Appropriations Com-
mi t tee of the 1I0use of Repre-
sentatives," by William L.
Clay, 21/8 (Aug.), 7
Police cruisers, "Computer Now
Rides Up Front in Police Crui-
sers," by Chuck Gillam, 21/1
(Jan.),50
"Political Assassination in the
Uni ted States," 21/:; (May), 7
Political behavior, "Computer
Helps Analyze Worldwide Poli-
tical Behavior," 21/7 (July),
40
"Political Lies: An Acceptable
Leve I?," by Richard M. Nixon,
and J, William Fulbright, and
others, 21/4 (Apr.), 44
Pollert, William R" "Computer-
izing A Membership Associa-
tion," 21/4 (Apr,), 21
Pollution: "Aerial Photography
and Computers Aid the Battle
A~ainst Blight and Pollution,"
by Dr. David Landgrebe, 21/1
(Jan.),48
"Air-Pollution Game To Deal
wi th Environmental Problems,"
by Prof. Matthew J. Reilly,
21/1 (Jan.), 50
"Pontiac Dealers Use Computer
To lrack Car Production for
Consumers," by Williom F.
Grimshaw, 21/2 (Feb.), 51
"Post-Maturi ty in the Computer
Field," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
and r,lontgomery Phister, Jr.,
21/12 (Dec.), 6
Power networks I "Computers To
Handle Problems on National
Economy, Power Networks and
Ecology," :.>1/6 (June), 45
"The Present Role of Governments
in the World Computer Indus-
try," by C. W. Spangle, 21/12
(Dec.), 16
President: "The Death of the
Democratic Party Candidate
for the Presidendy, 1972,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/5
Olay) , 6
"Lead Poisoning: The lIypocr-
i sy of the Pres idency, and
of the Appropriations Com-
mi t tee of the House of Rep-
resentatives," by William
L. Clay, 21/0 (Aug.), 7
"The Shooting of Governor
George C. Wallace, Candidate
for President," by Edmund
C. Berxeley, 21/7 (July), 10
"The Shooting of Presidential
Candidate George C. Wallace:
A Systems-Analysis Discus-
sion," by Thomas Stamm and
Edmund C. lJerkeley, 21/7
(July),32
"Prevent ~listnkes Before They
Happen?": 21/7 (July), 8; 21/
9 (Sept.), 3; 21/10 (Oct.), 2
Prisoners, "Computer Loaned to
,Ilassachuset ts Prisoners," 21/5
(,llay), 43
Privacy, "Cryptology, The Compu-
tf'r, and UClt8 Privacy," by ,\1.
Il. Girstiansky, 21/,] (Apr.), 12
Probability, "Statistics and
ProiJability: An Introduction
'I hrough Exper imen t s," 21/11
(I'\ov.), 52
PROBLE ~I CORNEl! by Wal ter Penney:
21/1 (Jan.), 59; 21/2 (Feb.),
57; 21/3 Olar.), 49; 21/4
(Apr.), 49; 21/5 Olay) , 26;
21/6 (June), 49; 21/8 (Aug.),
50; 21/9 (Sept.), 50; 21/10
(Oct.), 28; 21/11 (Nov.), 25;
21/12 (Dec.), 23
"Problem 721: A Scheme of Sorts,"
by Walter Penney, 21/1 (Jan.),
59
"Problem 722," by Wal ter Penney,
21/2 (Feb.), 57
"Proulem 723: Behind the Eight
Ball," by Wal ter Penney, 21/3
("Iar.), 49
"Problem 724: Chafing at the
Bit," by Walter Penney: 21/
4 (Apr.), 49
"Problem 725: StUCk-Up Stick-
Ons," by Walter Penney, 21/5
(May), 26
"Problem 726: A Popularity
Program," by Walter Penney,
21/6 (June), 49
"Problem 727: Bi ts Make Hi ts I"
by Wal ter Penney, 21/0 (Aug.),
50
"Problem 729: A Square Problem,"
by Walter Penney, 21/9 (Sept.),
50
"Problem 7210: Bi llet-Doux," by
Walter Penney, 21/10 (Oct.),
28
"Problem 7211: ,\Ionte Carlo,"
by Walter Penney, 21/11 (Nov.),
25
"Problem 7212: No Losers," by
Walter Penney, 21/12 (Dec.),
23
Problems, "Deal ing wi th Today' s
Problems," by John Skowronski,
21/4 (Apr.), 7
Products, "Buyers' Guide to Pro-
ducts and Services in Computers
and Data Processing," 21/6B
(Aug.),63
Profi t, "Sixth Annual Computer
Services Industry Study Shows
Profit for 1971," 21/11 (1';0\,.),
39
Prograrruner's assistant, "'Uo
What 1 Mean': The Programmer's
Assistant," by Warren Teitel-
man, 21/4 (Apr.), 8
Programming Languages. "Ros te r
of Programming Languages 1972,"
by Jean E. Sammet, 21/6B (Aug.),
123
Progulske, Dr. Donald, "Movement
of South Dakota Pheasants
Tracked by Computer," 21/1
(Jan.), 48
"The Promotion of Domestic Dis-
cord," by Vincent J. Salandria,
21/1 (Jan.), 37
Annual Index
Protection, "BHAINIAC Homeown-
er's Protective Kit K40," 21/3
(Mar.), 3
"Publishing Articles on Issues
that Don't Get the Attention
They Deserve," from M. Egan
and Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/10
(Oct.),38
"The Pursuit of Truth in Input,
Output, and Process ing," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/8 (Aug.),
6
Q
"Questions and Answers About
'The C&A Notebook'," 21/4
(Apr.), 3
"Questions and Answers about
'The C&A Notebook on Common
Sense, Elementary and Advanc-
ed''': 21/1 (Jan.), 2; 21/7
(July), 9
R
RCA, "Sperry Rand and RCA Sign
Final Agreement," by D. F.
Kyle, 21/2 (Feb.), 53
RFPs, "Ode in Celebration of
RFPs," by Michael Lipp, 21/5
(May), 29
Railroad: "Computer Keeps 'Rail-
road' Running Smoothly," 21/
3 ('Iar.), 40
"French National Railway Imple-
ments Additional Computeriz-
ation To Enhance Profi tabil-
i ty," 21/9 (Sept.), 40
Raiteri. J. ;Iark, "Color Match-
ing by Computer Creates a New
Business," 21/1 (Jan.), 50
Rambol, Tore, and Edmund C. Ber-
keley, "On the JJ Command,"
21/10 (Oct.), 37
Rapid transit: "Personal Rapid
Transi t, Computerized, in
Morgantown, West Virginia,
Part I: The Plan," by Will-
iam W. Aston, 21/6 (June), 11
"Personal Rapid Transit, Com-
puterized, in Morgantown,
West Virginia, Part II: The
Computer as the Heart of Per-
sonal Rapid Transit," by Dr.
Samy E. G. Elias, R. E. Ward,
and Michael Wilson, 21/6
(June), 13
Reading, '''Operation Bookstrap'
Is Helping Johnny To Read,"
21/1 (Jan.), 49
"The Reali ty Behind the Lies in
South Vietnam." by Dr. George
Wald, 21/12 (Dec.), 31
"Real-Time Pictures of Mars by
Mariner and by Compuier," by
Wayne E. Shufelt, 21/6 (June),
7
Rebellion, "Horizons and Rebel-
lion," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/9 (Sept.), 36
"Reducing and Dismantling Scien-
ce and Research Institutions,
and Social Responsibility," by
Andrew G. Michalitsanos, 21/4
(Apr.),32
Reilly. ,Ilatthew J., "Air-Pollut-
ion Game To Deal with Environ-
mental Problems," 21/1 (Jan.),
50
Republ icans, "Walter Sheridan --
Democrats' Investigator? or Re-
publicans' Countermeasure?,"
by Richard E. Sprague, 21/11
(Nov.), 29
"Researchers Predict Oil Spill
Movements Using Computer Power,"
21/5 (May), 41
Riordan, Francis J., "Telephone
Rate Structures: A Squeeze for
the Average American," 21/12
(Dec.), 8
Robot: "Industrial Robot Will
Automatically Select and
Match Actions to Changing
Job Requirements," by Mich-
ael M. ,Ieyers, 21/1 (Jan.),
50
"The Construction of Living
Robots -- Part 1," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/8 (Aug.), 27
"Roster of College and University
Computer Facili ties," 2l/6B
(Aug.), 149
"Roster of Computer Associations,"
21/6B (Aug.), 160
"Hoster of Computer Users Groups,"
21/(JIJ (Aug.), 177
Ho~ t"r, GeO\lraphic, "Geographic
Host"r of Oqprdzations in Com-
Ilutf'rs :infl Data Processing,"
:.!l/I,H (,\UU.), Sl
"llost,'r of Organizations in Com-
27
Annual Index
puters and Data Processing,"
2l/6B (Aug.), 4
"Roster of Programming Langua-
ges 1972," by Jean E. Sammet,
2l/6B (Aug.), 123
Russian Ministry of Chemical
Industry, "CalComp Plotter
Purchased for Russian Minis-
try of Chemical Industry," 21/
8 (Aug.). 45
Sagatelyan, Mikhail: "Dallas:
Who, How, Why? -- Part 1,"
21/3 (Mar.), 28
"Dallas: Who, How, Why? Part
II," 21/4 (Apr.), 37
"Dallas: Who, How, Why? --
Part III," 21/5 (May), 34
"Dallas: Who, How, Why? --
IV: Conclusion," 21/6 (June),
34
St. Louis Board of Education,
"Textbook Control System Saves
Dollars for St. Louis Taxpay-
ers," 21/11 (Nov.), 41
Salandria, Vincent J., "The Pro-
motion of Domestic Discord,"
21/1 (Jan.), 37
Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Pro-
gramming Languages 1972," 21/
6B (Aug.), 123
Samson Science Corp., "IBM's
Powerful Partner: The Account-
ing Principles Board," 21/4
(Apr.), 31
Sanford, W. Leon, "EDP Axioms --
A Critical Analysis," 21/5
(May), 12
Sanomat, Helsingen, and Ian Low,
Judy Bellin, Bella Abzug, Ed-
mund C. Berkeley, "How Fiend-
ish Can You Get?," 21/5 (May),
31
Santa Marie, CA, "Water Meter
Readings Streamlined by Compu-
ter," 21/8 (Aug.), 43
Satellite, "Navy and Commercial
Users Share Navigational Sat-
ellite," 21/12 (Dec.), 45
"Satisfaction of Companies with
Services Received from EDP
Service Bureaus," by Michael
J. Cerullo, 21/1 (Jan.), 43
Schmidt, Steven A., "Who-OO-oo-
00 Is Watching You," (Computer
Art), 21/8 (Aug.), 19
"Scholarship Program for Minor-
ity Group Students," 21/12
(Dec.), 44
School computer systems, "DEC's
New School Computer Systems,"
21/12 (Dec.), 44
"Scientists Obtain First Three-
Dimensional Look at Glaciers
with Help of Computer," 21/3
(Mar.), 39
Scrivener, R. C., "Computers
and Communicat ions," 21/9
(Sept.), 10
Seaters, Mike, "Columbus Plus
Two" (Computer Art), 21/8
(Aug~), 15
"Secrecy in the Data Processing
Industry," by J. L. Dreyer,
21/8 (Aug.), 24
Secretary, "How Technology Is
Freeing the Secretary," by
Evelyn Berezin, 21/10 (Oct.),
15
Services, "Buyers' Guide to Pro-
ducts and Services in Compu-
ters and Data Processing," 21/
6B (Aug.), 63
Sewers, "Baton Rouge Monitors
Sewers with New Computer Sys-
tem," 21/11 (Nov.), 41
Shah, Bharat K.: "Peacock
Courtship" (Computer Art),
21/8 (Aug.), 1
"Sunfis h" (Computer Art), 21/
8 (Aug.), 8
Shanks, J. P., "Educational Te-
levision Transmission System
Connects Universities and In-
dustries," 21/1 (Jan.), 49
Shao, Paul, and Kenneth F. Dun-
ker: "Lak Gou" (Computer
Art), 21/8 (Aug.), 16
"Nine Perspective Projections,"
(Computer Art), 21/8 (Aug.),
10
Shapin, Ruth, Mrs .. and Mrs.
Lucy Bell, William H. Wynne,
Rainer M. Goes, Thomas D. Bry-
ant, "Encouragement for the
Pursuit of Truth," 21/11 (Nov.),
38
"SHARE and the Mul tiply Carry
Bug," by Herb Bright, 21/2
(Feb.), 50
Sheridan, Walter, "Wal ter Sheri-
dan -- Democrats' Investiga-
tor? or Republicans' Counter-
measure?," by Richard E. Spra-
gue, 21/11 (Nov.), 29
28
"The Shooting of Governor Geor-
ge C. Wallace, Candidate for
President," by Edmund C. Ber-
keley, 21/7 (July), 10
"The Shooting of Presidential
Candidate George C. Wallace:
A Systems-Analysis Discussion,"
by Thomas Stamm and Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/7 (July), 32
Shufeldt Cadillac, Inc., "Compu-
ter Tell s Car Owners When
Maintenance Is Needed," 21/10
(Oct.), 43
Shufel t, Wayne E •• "Real-Time
Pictures of Mars by Mariner
and by Computer," 21/6 (June),
7 Stamm, Thomas, and Edmund C.
Siemens, Germany, "Videotele-
phony Via Glass Fiber," 21/11
(Nov.), 42
Simis, T. L., "Telephone Service:
The Rules of the Game When the
Game is Changing," 21/12
(Dec.), 13
Simulation, "Benchmarking vs.
Simulation," by Fred C. Ihrer,
21/11 (Nov.), 8
"Sixth Annual Computer Services
Industry Study Shows Profit
for 1971," 21/11 (Nov.), 39
"60 Second Order Processing at
Warehouse Distribution Center,"
21/12 (Dec.), 42
Skowronski, John, "Dealing wi th
Today's Problems," 21/4 (Apr.),
7 Stewart. William H., Jr., "In-
"Sky Lab WVB" (Computer Art),
by Thomas J. Huston, 21/8
(Aug.), 12
"Small Computer 'Tracks' Great
Lakes Sailors," 21/9 (Sept.),
41
Smith, Stuart, "Computer Music
in 1972," 21/10 (Oct.), 16
Sobieraj, R. A.. and Otis Minot,
K. D. Streetman, "Computers,
Ciphers, and Cryptography,"
21/2 (Feb.), 47
Social rag, "Computer-Field
Information vs, Social Rag,"
by Arthur Martin and Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/7 (July), 36
Social respons ibili ty, "Reducing
and Dismantling Science and
Research Insti tutions, and
Social Responsibi Ii ty," by
Andrew G. Michalitsanos, 21/4
(Apr.), 32
Society: "The Impact of the Com-
puter on Society -- Some
Comments," by Joseph Weizen-
baum, 21/7 (July), 18
"Some Responsibility for Our
Chaotic Society," by S. R.
Harrison, 21/4 (Apr.), 34
Software practices, "The High
Cost of Vendor's Software Pra-
ctices: Why?," by Raymond
E. Boche, 21/12 (Dec.), 20
"Some Basic Arithmetical Tables,"
2l/6B (Aug.), 179
"Some Hard Fac ts, and What To
Do About Them," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/10 (Oct.), 3
"Some Responsibility for Our
Chaotic Society." by S. R.
Harrison, 21/4 (Apr.), 34
South Vietnam, "The Real ity Be-
hind the Lies in South Vietnam,"
by Dr. George Wald, 21/12
(Dec.), 31
Southern California, Univ. of,
"Computer Helps Analyze World-
wide Political Behavior," 21/
7 (July), 40
Spangle, C. W., "The Present
Role of Governments in the
World Computer Industry," 21/
12 (Dec.), 16
Spelling, "Computers and Spel-
ling," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/11 (Nov.), 6
"Sperry Rand and RCA Sign Final
Agreement," by D. F. Kyle, 21/
2 (Feb.), 53
Sperry Rand, Univac Division,
'~Hurray for the Univac Divis-
ion of Sperry Rand," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/1 (Jan.), 6
"Spotlight on McGeorge Bundy and
the White House Situation
Room, November 22, 1963," by
Robert B. Cutler, 21/1 (Jan.),
57
Sprague, Richard E.: "The June
1972 Raid on DemocratiC Par-
ty Headquarters," 21/8
(Aug.), 33
"The June 1972 Raid on Demo-
cratic Party Headquarters
(The Watergate Incident) --
Part 2," 21/10 (Oct.), 18
"The June 1972 Raid on Demo-
cratic Party Headquarters
(The Watergate Incident) --
Part 3," 21/12 (Dec.), 24
"Wal ter Sheridan -- Democrats'
Investigator? or Republ icans'
Countermeasure?," 21/11
(Nov.), 29
Sprague, Richard E., and Norman
R. Carpenter, Business Week,
"3400 Organizations Required
by Court Order to Furnish Con-
fidential Data to IBM - II,"
21/3 (Mar.), 19
Sprague, Richard E., and William
W. Harper, "The Assassination
of Senator Robert F. Kennedy:
Proofs of Conspiracy and of
Two Persons Fir ing," 21/9
(Sept.), 24
Berkeley, "The Shooting of
Presidential Candidate George
C, Wallace: A Systems-Analy-
sis Discussion," 21/7 (July),
32
"Statistics -- A Guide to the
Unknown," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/10 (Oct.), 6
"Statistics and Probabili ty: An
Introduction Through Experi-
ments," 21/11 (Nov.), 52
Statute system, "Mississippi's
Computer ized Statute Sys tern, to
21/10 (Oct.), 43
Steel producer, "Swedi sh Stee 1
Producer Linked to G.E. Com-
puter in Cleveland," 21/11
(Nov.). 41
ternal Revenue Service: Use
of Computers." 21/4 (Apr.), 34
Strassburg, Bernard, "Does Tele-
phone Regulation Protect the
User?," 21/12 (Dec.), 11
Streetman, K. D., and Otis Minot,
R. A. Sobieraj, "Computers,
Ciphers, and Cryptography,"
21/2 (Feb.), 47
Subjects, significant, "The
Neglect of Significant Subjects,
and the Information Engineer,"
by Peter J. Nyikos and Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/7 (July), 30
Subscriber, "Unhappy Subscriber
to Satisfied One," from John
Kaler and Edmund C. Berkeley.
21/7 (July), 38
"Subscription Errors: C&A Will
Correct," from Jim Johnson and
Edmund C. Berkeley. 21/11
(Nov.), 39
"Sunfish," (Computer Art), by
Bharat K. Shah, 21/8 (Au~.),
"Supertanker Features Computer
System," 21/5 (May), 42
"Swedish Steel Producer Linked
to G.E. Computer in Cleveland,"
21/11 (Nov.), 41
Syosset, N. Y., "Cashless-Society
Project Reports Progress in
N. Y. ," 21/7 (July), 41
Systems, social, "Only People
Massed Together Can Alter Sys-
tems," by William M. Kunstler,
21/9 (Sept.), 28
Systems-analysis, "The Shooting
of Presidential Candidate
George C. Wallace: A Systems-
Analysis Discussion," by Thomas
Stamm and Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/7 (July), 32
T Training center, "Free Computer
Tactical Air Command, "The Chec-
kerboarding Problem," 21/1
(Jan.), 24
Tanker, "Supertanker Fe atures
Computer System," 21/5 (May),
42
Tapes, computer, "On the Legal
Side: A Lien ·on Computer
Tapes?," by Milton R. Wessel,
21/6 (June), 39
Tax fund act, "World Peace Tax
Fund Act -- Proposed Legisla-
tion," by Representative Ron-
ald V. Dellums, 21/10 (Oct.),
36
Teitelman, Warren, '''Do What I
Mean': The Programmer's As-
sistant," 21/4 (Apr.), 8
le1ephone: "Computer Helps De-
velop Tomorrow's Telephone
System," 21/9 (Sept.), 41
"Does Telephone Regulation Pro-
test the User?, to by Bernard
Strassburg, 21/12 (Dec.), 11
"Telephone Rate Structures: A
Squeeze for the Average Ameri-
can," by Francis J. Riordan,
21/12 (Dec.), 8
"Telephone Service: The Rules
of the Game When the Game is
Changing," by T. L. Simis, 21/
12 (Dec.), 13
"Telephone-Sized Computer, BR-
1018, Moves Into Production,"
21/10 (Oct.). 45
Televis ion, educational, "Educa-
tional Television Transmission
System Connects Universities
and Industries," by J. P.
Shanks, 21/1 (Jan.), 49
"Tenth Annual Computer Art Con-
test": 21/5 (May), 40; 21/6
(June), 41; 21/8 (Aug.), 8
Test -- see Pictorial Reasoning
Test
"Business Programmer Exam An-
nouncements and Study Guides
Now Available," 21/9 (Sept.),
42
"Textbook Control SysTem Saves
Dollars for St. Louis Taxpay-
ers," 21/11 (Nov.), 41
Thinking, "Computer Thinking,"
by G. M. R. Graham, 21/3
(Mar.), 17
"Three Dimensional Maps from
Computer," 21/12 (Dec.), 42
"3400 Organizations Required by
Court Order to Furnish Confi-
dential Data to IBM," by Leon
Davidson, John D. French, Nor-
man R. Carpenter, and Philip
Neville, 21/2 (Feb.), 21
"3400 Organizations Required by
Court Order to Furnish Confi-
dential Data t() IBM - II," by
Richard E. Sprague, Norman R.
Carpenter, and Business Week,
21/3 (Mar.), 19
Tiffany lampshades, "Computer
Helps Firm Produce Tiffany-
Inspired Lampshades," 21/8
(Aug.), 42
Timesharing system, "English
College's Timesharing System
Has 3000 Users," 21/11 (Nov.),
42
"Tiny Lamps that Glow for 100
Years," Western Electric Com-
pany, Inc .. 21/2 (Feb.), 53
Tirney, Thomas R.. "Education
for Data Processing: Yester-
day, Today, Tomorrow," 21/7
(July), 14
Toll calls, "No.4 ESS Will
Triple Toll Call Capacity,"
21/8 (Aug.), 45
Townsend, D. R., "Effective Man-
a\lement of an I nstrument Pool,"
21/5 (May), B
Toxicology, "TOXICON Service Be-
gins Operations," 21/10 (Oct.),
44
"Toxicol()gy Research Data Avail-
able Via On-Line Nationwide
Network," 21/6 (June), 44
"TOXICON Service Begins Opera-
tions," 21/10 (Oct.), 44
Traffic problems, "Harbor Sur-
veillance System Foresees Col-
lisions, Surface Traffic Prob-
lems," 21/3 (Mar.), 41
Traffic regulation, "Camera Plus
Computer for Traffic Regula-
tion: A New Observing System
for Multi-Purpose Data Gather-
in·g," by Stanley E. Wilkes, Jr.,
21/9 (Sept.), 7
Training, "Georgia Inaugurates
Statewide Computerized Train-
ing Program in Vocational Tech-
nical Schools," 21/8 (Aug.), 44
Training Center Coming to Har-
lem, NY," 21/5 (May), 42
"A Transportation Information Sys-
tem," by Anthony J. D'Anna,
21/9 (Sept.), 14
Tree-care, "Computer Helps a Tree-
Care Company Schedule and PI an, "
21/6 (June), 44
Truth: "Encouragement for the
Pursuit of Truth," from Mrs.
Ruth Shapin, Mrs. Lucy Bell,
William H. Wynne, Rainer M.
Goes, and Thomas D. Bryant,
21/11 (Nov.), 38
"The Pursuit of Truth in Input,
Output, and Processing," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/8
(Aug.), 6
Tumiati, Peter. "Persuasion --
Italian Style," 21/6 (June), 41
"Two Wisconsin Rivers Are Clean-
er -- Officials Credit Compu-
ter," 21/9 (Sept.), 41
Typewri ting, "The Dvorak Simpli-
fied Keyboard: Forty Years of
Frustration," by Robert Parkin-
son, 21/11 (Nov.), 18
Typists, "The Shortage of Good
Typists -- and the JJ Command,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/6
(June), 6
u
"Undergraduate Mathematics Train-
ing in 1984 -- Some Predic-
tions," by Dr. Murray Gersten-
haber, 21/11 (Nov.), 11
"Unhappy Subscriber to Sati s-
fied One," from John Kaler and
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/7
(July),38
Uni ted Air Lines, "New Computers
for United Air Lines," 21/9
(Sept.),42
"The U.S. Center for Computer
Sciences and Technology," by
Ruth M. Davis, 21/3 (Mar.), 7
Uni vac computers, "French Na-
tional Railway Implements Ad-
ditional Computerization To
Enhance Profitability," 21/9
(Sept.>, 40
Univac Div., Sperry Rand, "Hur-
ray for the Univac Division
of Sperry Rand," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/1 (Jan.), 6
Uni versi ties, "Roster of College
and Universi ty Computer Facil-
ities," 21/6B (Aug.), 149
"University Computer Helps Doc-
tors wi th 'Bedside Teaching' ,"
21/11 (Nov.), 42
"Unsettling, Disturbing, Criti-
cal ... ": 21/4 (Apr.), 34;
21/5 (May), 28; 21/7 (July),
35; 21/9 (Sept.), 35; 21/10
(Oct.), 39; 21/11 (Nov.), 31;
21/12 (Dec.), 33
Users Groups, "Roster of Compu-
ter Users Groups," 2l/6B
(Aug.), 177
Utilities: "Does Telephone Reg-
ulation Protect the User?,"
by Bernard Strassburg, 21/12
(Dec.), 11
"Telephone Rate Structures:
A Squeeze for the Average
American," by Francis J.
Riordan, 21/12 (Dec.), 8
"Telephone Service: The Rules
of the Game When the Game Is
Changing," by T. L. Simis,
21/12 (Dec.), 13
v
Vectors' Staff, "Forty + One
Ways To Cut a Coat," 21/3
(Mar.), 22
"Videotelephony Via Glass Fiber,"
21/11 (Nov.), 42
Vietnam, "Moment of Truth in
Vietnam?," from Charles A.
Wells, 21/10 (Oct.), 39
Vocational Technical Schools,
"Georgia Inaugurates Statewide
Computerized Training Program
in Vocational Technical Schools,"
21/8 (Aug.), 44
w
Wald, George, "The Reality Behind
the Lies in South Vietnam," 21/
12 (Dec.), 31
Wallace, George C.: "The Shoot-
ing of Governor George C.
Wallace Candidate for Presi-
dent," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
21/7 (July). 10
"The Shooting of Presidential
Candidate George C. Wallace:
I,
A Systems-Analysis Discus-
sion," by Thomas Stamm and
Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/7
(July), 32
"Wal ter Sheridan -- Democrats'
Investigator? or Republicans'
Countermeasure?," by Richard
E. Sprague, 21/11 (Nov.), 29
Wang Laboratories, "New Algebra
Option Promises Breakthrough
in Calculator Programming,"
21/8 (Aug.), 44
Ward, R. E., and Dr. Samy E. G.
Elias, Michael Wilson, "Per-
sonal Rapid Transit, Computer-
ized, in Morgantown, West Vir-
ginia, Part II: The Computer as
the Beart of Personal Rapid
Transit," 21/6 (June), 13
Warehouse distribution, "60 Sec-
ond Order Processing at Ware-
house Distribution Center," 21/
12 (Dec.), 42
Warehousing system. "New High-
Densi ty Warehousing System An-
nounced by Litton UIlS," 21/9
(Sept.), 42
Warfare, "How Fiendish Can You
Get?," by Helsingen Sanomat,
Ian Low, Judy Bellin. Bella
Abzug. and Edmund C. Berkeley.
21/5 (May), 31

"Water Meter Readings Stream-
lined by Computer," 21/8
(Aug.), 43
Watergate incident: "Bernard L.
Barker: Portrait of a Wa-
tergate Burglar," by Edmund
C. Berkeley, 21/11 (Nov.),
26
"The June 1972 Raid on Demo-
cratic Party Headquarters,"
21/8 (Aug.), 33
"The June 1972 Raid on Demo-
cratic Party Headquarters
(The Watergate Incident) --
Part 2," by Richard E. Spra-
gue, 21/10 (Oct.), 18
"The June 1972 Raid on Demo-
cratic Party Headquarters
(The Watergate Incident) --
Part 3," by Richard E.
Sprague, 21/12 (Dec.), 24
Weizenbaum, Joseph, "The Impact
of the Computer on Society --
Some Comments," 21/7 (July),
18
Wells, Charles A., "Moment of
Truth in Vietnam?," 21/10
(Oct.), 39
Wessel, Mil ton R.: "Computers
at Crisis," 21/2 (Feb.), 10
"On the Legal Side: Company
Name Selection," 21/5 (May),
29
"On the Legal Side: A Lien on
Computer Tapes?," 21/6
(June), 39
"On the Legal Side: The Out-
side Director," 21/4 (Apr.),
7 (Computer Art), by Steven A.
Western Electric Company, Inc.:
"Helping Out," 21/7 (July), 42
"Tiny Lamps that Glow for 100
Years," 21/2 (Feb.), 53
Wetterhuus, Alan, "The Cashless,
Checkless Society: On Its
Way?," 21/11 (Nov.), 14
"What Have Computers Done for
Us Lately?," by Congressman
Jack 8rooks, 21/10 (Oct.), 7
"Whiskered Frisby" (Computer
Art), by Judy Dayhoff, 21/8
(Aug.), 13
Whi te House Si tuation Room,
"Spotlight on McGeorge Bundy
and the White House Situation
Room, November 22, 1963," 21/
1 (Jan.), 57
Whitehead, Clay T., "The Infor-
mation Industry and Government
Policy," 21/4 (Apr.), 24
"Who Shot President Kennedy --
or Fact and Fable in History,"
by Gareth Jenkins, 21/2 (Feb.),
43
"Who-OO-oo-oo Is Watching You"
Schmidt, 21/8 (Aug.), 19
"Who's Who in Computers and
Data Process ing": 21/5 (May),
30; 21/6 (June), 2; 21/7
(July), 2; 21/8 (Aug.), 2;
21/10 (Oct.), 30; 21/11 (Nov.),
37; 21/12 (Dec.), 41
Wilkes, Stanley E., Jr., "Cam-
era Plus Computer for Traffic
Regulation: A New Observing
System for Multi-Purpose Data
Gathering," 21/9 (Sept.), 7
Williams, Arthur, "Marriage of
Computers Meets Special Data
Process ing Needs of B. F. Good-
rich," 21/1 (Jan.), 49
,\(tlson, Michael, and Dr. Samy E.
G. Elias, R. E. Ward, "Per-
sonal Rapid Transit, Compu-
terized, in Morgantown, West
Virginia, Part II: The Com-
put.er as the Heart of Person-
a"! 'Rapid Transit," 21/6
(June), 13
"Winner of U.S. Chess Champion-
ship," 21/11 (Nov.), 43
Wisconsin rivers, "Two Wiscon-
sin Rivers Are Cleaner --
Officials Credit Computer,"
21/9 (Sept.), 41
Wisdom, "Common Sense, Wisdom,
General Science, and Compu-
ters -- II," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 21/1 (Jan.), 11
Wood, William P., III, "Do You
Want To Stop Crime?," 21/4
(Apr.), 31
"World Computer Census," by
Neil Macdonald, 2l/6B (Aug.),
133
"World Peace Tax Fund Act --
Proposed Legislation," by
Representative Ronald V. Del-
lums, 21/10 (Oct.), 36
Annual Index
Wright, Douglas, "The Master
Discriminatory Tool," 21/9
(Sept.),22
Wynne, William H., and Mrs.
Ruth Shapin, Mrs. Lucy Bell,
Rainer M. Goes, Thomas D.
Bryant, "Encouragement for the
Pursuit of Truth," 21/11
(Nov.), 38
XYZ
"X-Rays Air Luggage for Bombs
at High Speed," 21/5 (May),
43
Yaeger, Bradley, and Associates,
"Don't Die, Ducky, Don't Die
...... 21/8 (Aug.), 40
Zimmerman, Bil~, "North Vietnam
and American Bombing: Six
American Government Lies,"
21/9 (Sept.), 33
"ZINGO -- A New Computer Game,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 21/2
(Feb.), 32
"ZINGO -- A New Game for Compu-
ters and/or People": 21/3
(Mar.), 2; 21/11 (Nov.), 3

Political Assassination in the United States

A Few of the Articles Published in Computers and Automation 1970 - 1971
Titles, Authors, and Summaries

May 1970 James Earl Ray says he was coerced into

30 THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY: entering a plea of guilty to killing Martin
THE APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS TO THE PHOTOGRAPHIC Luther King •.• and contrary evidence (plus
EVIDENCE other evidence) have led to filing of legal
by Richard E. Sprague petitions for "post-conviction relief".
A reexamination of some of the evidence re-
lating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy July 1971
-- with emphasis on the possibilities and 51 THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY AND THE NEW
problems of computerized analysis of the YORK TIMES
photographic evidence. by Samuel F. Thurston, President, Responsive
Information Systems, Newton, Mass.
August 1970 The issue of systematic suppression of
48 THE ASSASSINATION OF SENATOR ROBERT F. KENNEDY: questions about the assassination of Presi-
48 Preface, by Edmund C. Berkeley dent John F. Kennedy, and a hypothesis.
50 Two Men With Guns Drawn at Senator Kennedy's
Assassination: Statement to the Press, by August 1971
Theodore Charach 37 JIM GARRISON, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ORLEANS PARISH,
50 Map of the Scene of the Assassination of VS. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Senator Robert Kennedy by Bernard Fensterwald, Attorney, Executive
51 The Pantry Where Senator Robert Kennedy Was Director, National Committee to Investigate
Assassinated Assassinations
52 Bullet Holes in the Center Divider of the How District Attorney Jim Garrison of New
Pantry Door Orleans became interested in the New Orleans
phase of the assassination of President Ken-
September 1970 nedy; and how the Federal government frus-
39 PATTERNS OF POLITICAL ASSASSINATION: How Many trated and blocked his investigation in more
Coincidences Make a Plot? than a dozen ways.
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, "Computers and
Automation" September 1971
How the science of probability and statistics 26 THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION AND THE
, can be used as an instrument of decision
to determine if a rare event is: 0) within
ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY
by Bernard Fensterwald, Attorney
a reasonable range; (2) unusual or strange How J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI withheld
or suspicious; or (3) the result of correla- much pertinent information from the Warren
tion or cause or conspiracy. Commission, flooded them with irrelevant in-
formation, and altered some important evi-
October 1970 dence, thus concealing Oswald's connections
52 THE CONSPIRACY TO ASSASSINATE SENATOR ROBERT F. with the FBI.
KENNEDY AND THE SECOND CONSPIRACY TO COVER IT UP
by Richard E. Sprague October 1971
A summary of what researchers are uncovering 41 THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY -- DE-
in their investigation of what appears to be CLASSIFICATION OF RELEVANT DOCUMENTS FROM THE
not one but two conspiracies relating to the NATIONAL ARCHIVES
assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy. by Richard E. Sprague
The titles of the documents and other evi-
December 1970 dence indicate convincingly that Lee Harvey
39 THE ASSASSINATION OF REVEREND MARTIN LUTHER Oswald was trained in spy work by the CIA
KING, JR., THE ROLE OF JAMES EARL RAY, AND THE before his visit to Russia; etc. Like the
QUESTION OF CONSPIRACY Pentagon Papers, these documents should be
by Richard E. Sprague declassified.

29
 COMPUTER DIRECTORY AND
BUYERS' GUIDE, 1972
18th ANNUAL EDITION

... a special 13th issue of

Computers and Automation is off
the press and being mailed.
The COMPUTER DIRECTORY is:
• an annual comprehensive di-
rectory of the firms which of-
fer products and services to
the electronic computing and
data processing industry
• the basic buyers' guide to the
products and services available
for designing, building, and
using electronic computing
and data processing systems
Computers and Data Processing:
Organizations and Products
Roster of Organizations in Computers and 4
Data Processing
Buyers' Guide to Products and Services in Computers 63
and Data Processing
Geographic Roster of Organizations in Computers and 51
Data Processing
Roster of College and University Computer Facilities 149
Roster of Computer Associations 168
Roster of Computer Users Groups 177

CONTENTS: See at right -~.~

. The Computer Industry
PRICE: Characteristics of Digital Computers 92
by GML Corp., Lexington, Mass.
• Price for subscribers to Over 2300 Applications of Computers and Data 137
Computers and Automation Processing
whose present subscription
by Linda Ladd Lovett
does not include the Direc-
tory (magazine address label Counting the Number of ~pplications of Computers 3
is marked *N) ..... $12.00 by Edmund C. Berkeley
World Computer Census 133
• Price for non-subscribers
by Neil Macdonald
..... $17.50
The Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide, 176
NOTE: 1973 - Notice

The Directory is included in
the $18.50 full annual sub-
scription (13 issues) to
Computers and Automation
(magazine address label is
marked *0)
Send prepaid orders to:
cornI?nHE!!!:i!
815 Washington St.
Newtonville, Mass. 02160
Entry Forms for the 1973 Computer Directory and 178
Buyers' Guide - Notice
Computer Programming
Roster of Programming Languages, 1972 123
by Jean E. Sammet, IBM Corp., Cambridge, Mass.
Computers, Mathematics, and Computer Codes
Some Basic Arithmetical Tables 179
American Standard Code for Information 180
Interchange (ASCII)

If not satisfactory, the Directory

is returnable in seven days for
full refund.

30 COMPUTERS and AUTOMA nON for January. 1973

EIGHT PHOTOGRAPHS OF A BUSH:
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor, Computers and Automation
"There undoubtedly is a place for non-verbal, non-
mathematical testing which is not culture-limited,
not occupation-limited, and not background-limited
... and which would enable finding and employing
many useful people -- including programmers -- who
do not have American, middle-class backgrounds."
The pictorial reasoning tests which we have been
publishing since October 1971 require: observation.
perception, comparison, recognition of shapes and
designs, and reasoning. These operations are dif-
ficult for a computer program (except for. the rea-
soning), yet stimulating to a human being. The
techniques needed are those which we as human beings
have had to use (and improve) all our lives.
New Style of Test
In the October issue we published a sample of a
new style of test, Style 6. It consisted of eight
photographs of the same bush taken from time to
time during 1972. The photographs were printed in
a random sequence, and the test consisted of a num-
ber of questions about the photographs. The photo-
graphs were published on successive odd-numbered
pages of the October issue of "Computers and Auto-
mation" so that a reader might cut the eight pic-
tures out of the magazine, place them side by side,
and compare them.
Here we give the answers to the test, with some
explanation of the observations and the reasoning
needed. To understand fully these answers, please
refer to the October issue of "Computers and Auto-
mati on", to the eight pictures (labeled A to H)
printed on pages 29, 31, 33, and 35. Except for
the pictures, the following discussion is largely
self-contained and is independent of what was
printed in the October issue.
The introduction to the text contained important
information for answering the set of questions:
Across from our office which is on the north
side of Washington St. in Newtonville, Mass. is
a strong wire link fence. This fence separates
Washington St. from a steep embankment descend-
ing to lower ground, occupied by a railroad and
a turnpike. At one place on the steep bank be-
hind the fence grows a vigorous bush which
pushes its branches against and through the
wire fence. The distance between the left end
and the right end of one link in the wire fence
has been measured at 3~ inches.
This information implies that (1) the photographs
were all taken in the same direction, south, and
also (2) gives a scale for measuring what is in
any picture.
Bush. Question 1: What kind of bush is pictured?
Answer: A rose bush. The five petaled flower: show-
ing in picture B (two inches in from the left edge,
and one inch above the pipe) is typically the flower
of..Jl rose.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
ANSWERS-
Pictorial Reasoning Tests -Part 8
Chronological Sequence. Question 2: What is the
correct sequence of the pictures? Answer:
F HE BGCDA
Reasons: (1) The buds and the flowers provide the
key to the first four pictures. In F, the buds com-
pared with the leaves are smallest. In H, the buds
are larger, but there are still no flowers. In E,
there is an open flower. In B, there are more open
flowers, but many petals have fallen off. In G, D,
C, and A, there are no buds and no flowers, and so
we have to look further for more evidence.
(2) The sepals (bud coverings) provide some of
the key for the last four pictures. They are curved
out and backwards in pictures G, D, and C; and they
have all fallen off in picture A, which is therefore
the last.
(3) The tallest and most prominent flower stalk
showing in pictures F, H, and E, about 3 inches in
from the left edge, is missing in. all later pic-
tures. Evidently some one cut it off. The stalk
by itself shows in pictures Band G. In D, the
stalk has put out a shoot, with pale leaves, ~bout
2 or 3 inches long, showing in front of the pIpe and
partially crossing it. In C, the shoot is twice as
big, about 5 inches long (entirely crossing the
pipe), still with pale leaves; and in A the leaves
of the shoot are like the rest of the bush, all of
the same degree of darkness; and the shoot is no
longer clearly distinct.
Time of Day and Compass Direction. Questions 3
and 4: About what time of day were the pictures
taken? and what was the approximate compass direc-
tion of the sun?
Answer: The question implies that all the pic-
tures-were taken at about the same time of day. In-
spection of the eight pictures shows that this is
reasonable. Picture H shows brightly contrasting
light and shadow; at the bottom, about 3 inches in
from the left edge, the shadow of a stem falls
across the middle of a leaf to the left; therefore,
the sun is at the right. To the right of south is
west (in the Northern Hemisphere). Therefore, the
sun is in the west, and the time of day is the later
part of the afternoon.
Weather. Question 5: For each picture, was the
weather sunny and bright? or hazy and dull?
Answer: D, G, and H show sharp contrasts between
leaves in sun and leaves in shadow; therefore, in
those pictures, the weather was sunny and bright.
For the other five pictures, A, B, C, E, F, the
weather was hazy and dull, with no sharp shadows.
Distance. Questions 6 and 7: What pictures were
taken closest and furthest?
Answer: It is reasonable to assume that all the
pictures were taken with the same kind of camera,
lens, and film. (This was in fact true.) By meas-
uring the size of the fence links, or by counting
the number of links shown in each picture, we can
31
deduce that D was taken closest to the bush and E
was taken furthest away. NUMBLES
Duration. Question 8: What was the approximate
period of time from the earliest picture to the
latest picture? Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
Answer: About two months (or nine or ten weeks). Computers and Automation

Time Intervals between Pictures. Question 9: A "numble" is an arithmetical problem in which: digits
What was the approximate interval of time between have been replaced by capital letters; and there are two
one picture and the next one? Were all the inter- messages, one which can be read right away and a second
vals about the same? one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the
Answer: The first seven pictures are about a digits.
week apart. The last picture is about three or Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for
four weeks after the next to the last. just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more
than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in
Calendar Date. Question 10: Approximately what
calendar date or calendar week was each picture numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key)
taken? into letters so that it may be read; but the spelling uses
puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic
This question can probably be answered well only methods of deciphering.
by someone who actually has uncommon knowledge about We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with
roses, and who can adjust his knowledge to the sea-
sons in the Boston area. Under these condi tions, the human programs or computer programs which will produce
following answer is deducible from the pictures. the solutions. This month's Numble was contributed by:
Answer: First picture, end of June / Next four pic-
tures, weekly in July / Next two pictures, first Andrew M. Langer
week and second week in August / Last picture, first Newton High School
or second week in September. -- The actual dates of
the pictures (this of course is not deducible from Newton, Mass.
the pictures) are: F, June 29; H, July 7; E, July
12; B, July 20; G, July 26; D, Aug. 4; C, Aug. 10;
A, Sept. 8 (1972).
NUMBLE 731
History. Question 11: What were some ten major
events that happened to the bush during the period F 0 R E P=E
of the series of pictures?
x 5 1 G HT F=R
Answer: Buds opened into flowers / Flowers
bloomed / Flower petals fell off / Sepals (the bud G F E R
coverings) opened / Sepals bent back / Sepals fell
off / Rose haws formed / Rose haws became quite oGLG0
large / Two major flower stalks were picked / The P N E N G
stub of one of the flower stalks put forth a shoot
/ The shoot grew vigorously / The pale green leaves H E 5 H N
of the ihoot changed to normally dark green leaves.
/ Apparently, between the last two pictures, some- G L N L H
thing happened to the top of the shoot, for its top
does not show in the last picture; one thing that GH5 E NT P 5 1 83270 81294 715
might have happened is that it withered as a result
of late summer drought. Solution to Numble 7212
In Numble 7212 in the December issue, the digits 0
I showed this test to a friend of mine who through 9 are represented by letters as follows:
teaches botany: she said "This would be an exce::'lent
test for students in botany and biology classes".
Whether it is as good a test for persons who have
~nly casual acquaintance with plants is open to
G=O 5=5
question. But there is little doubt in my mind R= 1 C=6
that Sherlock Holmes, Arthur Conan Doylets famous
detective character, would have done extremely well N=2 1=7
on this test -- for he made it his business to be
as observant as possible of details that related to L=3 0=8
deducing conclusions about what had happened in re-
lation to crimes or potential crimes. F, E = 4 A=9
Perhaps some readers of "Computers and Automa- The message is: Life is a dancing girl.
tion" would like to send us a set of 8 related
photographs (6 is rather few, 10 is rather many) of
a subject, with searching questions in observation Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting
and reasoning; we would be much interested in pub- their solutions - to Numble 7211: Harold Schofield,
lishing additional pictorial reasoning tests of this Davenport, Ia.; Jack Smock, Palo Alto, Calif. - to Numble
nature.
7210: E. A. Finn, Tucson, Ariz. - to Numble 729:
Also, does any reader have a computer program T. M. Kaegi, CH-9500 Wil, Switzerland; M. H. Davies,
which might attain a good score on this test? [] Bath, England.

32 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973

President Richard M. Nixon, the Bay of Pigs, and
Richard E. Sprague
Hartsdale, N. Y. 10530
"The similarities between the actions of E. Howard Hunt, Jr., James McCord,
Bernard Barker, Frank Sturgis, and others in 1960 planning for the Bay of Pigs
and in 1972 planning for re-election of Richard M. Nixon are very striking."
Introduction
This article is another installment of a contin-
uing report on the Watergate Incident, and its rami-
fications. The incident consisted of the breaking
in of the offices of the National Committee of the
Democratic Party, on the 6th floor of the Watergate
Office Building, Washington, D.C., and resulting ar-
rests. The forced entry took place around 2:30 a.m.,
Saturday, June 17; five men were arrested by Wash-
ington police. They had with them extensive photo-
graphic equipment and electronic surveillance de-
vices, and wore rubber surgical gloves. The five
men arrested were:
-James W. McCord; a Lt. Colonel in the U.S.
Air Force Reserve; 19 years service with
the CIA; head of a security agency; on
the payroll of the Committee to Re-elect
the President as late as May 31, 1972; an
organizer of the CIA for the Bay of Pigs
invasion of Cuba in 1961.
-Bernard L. Barker; a Cuban-born Miami business
man; long associated with the CIA; he es-
tablished secret Guatemalan and Nicaraguan
invasion bases.
-Frank Fiorini (alias Frank Sturgis)
-Eugenio R. Martinez
-Virgilio R. Gonzalez
These men were closely connected with:
the Republican Party,
the White House,
President Richard M. Nixon,
the Central Intelligence Agency, and
the Committee for Re-Election of the President.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
the Watergate Incident
For more information and background, see the
prior articles on this subject, published in
"Computers and Automation", August, October, and
December, 1972.
Questions to President Nixon
The Watergate Incident raised questions during
the election campaign about the relationships be-
tween President Richard M. Nixon and the Watergate
invasion team. The President denied any knowledge
of the Watergate affair and issued statements saying
that no one in the White House was connected with
the operation. To test the reliability of Mr.
Nixon's official statements it is necessary to go
back to the campaign of 1960 and the Bay of Pigs.
The Bay of Pigs Invasion
Many citizens of America have forgotten that
Richard Nixon in 1959 and 1960 was Vice President
of the United States. As an old anti-communist
from Alger Hiss and Khrushchev debate days, Nixon was
in the forefront of pressure for the Bay of Pigs
invasion of Cuba. What has not been remembered
is that Nixon was largely responsible for the covert
training of Cuban exiles by the CIA in preparation
for the Bay of Pigs. He so stated in his book
"Six Crises".
Nixon's Lies October 1960
Mr. Nixon's truth-telling capacity during an
election campaign is nowhere more clearly demon-
strated than by the deliberate lies he told on
national TV on October 21, 1960. He said in his
book that the lies were told for a patriotic reason,
namely to protect the covert operations planned for
the Bay of Pigs at all costs. The significance of
this is that Mr. Nixon considers patriotism as
covering the protection of plans or the actions of
individuals that he considers are working for the
United States' best interests.
33
 The similarities between the actions of.Everette
Howard Hunt, Jr., James McCord, Bernard Barker,
Frank Sturgis, and others in 1960 planning for the
Bay of Pigs and in 1972 planning for the re-election
of Richard M. Nixon are very striking. In both
cases, what the plotters themselves considered to
be patriotic, anti-Communist actions, were involved.
In 1960 the actions were directed against Fidel
Castro, a man they hated as a Communist. In 1972
the actions were directed against Edward Kennedy,
Edmund Muskie, and finally George McGovern. Bernard
Barke~ stated the group's collective belief when
he said after his arrest that, "We believe that an
election of McGovern would be the beginning of a
trend that would lead to socialism and communism
or whatever you want to call it." ' tunity for the U.S. to bring influence on behalf of
Nixon admitted lying to the American people to
protect Hunt, Barker, Sturgis, and McCord in 1960.
The likelihood that he lied to protect them again in
1972 seems to be quite good. The likelihood that he
actually hired the same old crew he trusted from the
Bay of Pigs days for the 1972 Watergate and other
espionage activities, also seems to be rather good.
Here are the facts.
Nixon's Statements in "Six Crises"
Richard Nixon stated in "Six Crises,,:l "The co-
vert training of Cuban exiles by the CIA was due in
substantial part, at least, to my efforts. This had
been adopted as a policy as a result of my direct
support." "President Eisenhower had order the CIA
to arm and train the exiles in May of 1960. Nixon
and his advisors wanted the CIA invasion to take
place before the voters went to the polls on Novem-
ber 8, 1960."2
While the Bay of Pigs operation was under the
overall CIA direction of Allen Dulles, Richard M.
Bissell, Jr. was the CIA man in charge, according
to Ross & Wise. 3 Charles Cabell,4 the deputy direc-
tor of the CIA, and a man with the code name Frank
Bender, were also near the top of the operational
planning. 5
E. Howard Hunt
Everette Howard Hunt, Jr. was in charge of the
actual invasion, using the code name "Eduardo".
Bernard L. Barker, using the code name "Macho,"
worked for Hunt in the CIA Bay of Pigs planning.
James McCord was an organizer for the invasion and
was one of the highest ranking officials in the CIA.
Frank Sturgis, alias Frank Fiorini, was also involved
in the Bay of Pigs operations. Virgilio Gonzales
was a CIA agent active in the Bay of Pigs and so was
Eugenio Martinez. Charles Colson was a former CIA
official who knew McCord and Hunt during the Bay of
Pigs period. 6
Hunt, Barker, McCord, Sturgis, Gonzales, and
Martinez are under indictment for the Watergate
affair. Colson is Nixon's special counsel who han-
dles "touchy" political assignments. According to
Time magazine, Colson brought all of the others
into the re-election committee espionage project at
the request of Nixon. 7
In other words, the same basic group who worked
for Nixon, Bissell and Co. in 1960, were also work-
ing for Nixon, Colson and Co. in 1972. They were
all "loyal, patriotic," anti-Communist, anti-Castro
CIA agents with covert (black) espionage training.
They needed Nixon's protection in 1960 and 1972, and
they got it both times.
In 1960 here is how Nixon protected them. 8
34
Kennedy-Nixon Debates, 1960
John Kennedy and Richard Nixon engaged in a ser-
ies of national TV debates during the 1960 campaign.
Kennedy was briefed by Allen Dulles, head of the CIA
at Eisenhower's request, on secret CIA activities and
international problems, on July 23, 1960. Nixon was
not aware of the briefing contents and was not sure
whether Dulles told Kennedy about the Bay of Pigs
plans. As it turned out Dulles had not mentioned the
plans but had kept his remarks rather general about
Cuba.
On October 6, 1960, Kennedy gave his major speech
on Cuba. He said that events might create an oppor-
the cause of freedom in Cuba. He called for encour-
aging those liberty-loving Cubans who were leading the
resistance to Castro.
Nixon became very disturbed about this because he
felt Kennedy was trying to pre-empt a policy which he
claimed as his own. Nixon ordered Fred Seaton, Sec-
retary of the Interior, to call the' White House and
find out whether Dulles had briefed Kennedy on the
Cuban invasion plans. Seaton talked to General
Andrew Goodpaster, Eisenhower's link to the CIA, who
told Seaton that Kennedy did know about the Bay of
Pigs plans.
Attack on Kennedy by Lying
Nixon became incensed. He said, "There was only
one thing I could do. The covert operation had to
be protected at all costs. I must not even suggest
by implication that the U.S. was rendering aid to
rebel forces in and out of Cuba. In fac t, I mus t go
to the other extreme: I must attack the Kennedy
proposal to provide such aid as wrong and irrespon-
sible because it would violate our treaty commit-
ments. ,,9
So Richard M. Nixon, then our Vice President, now
our President, actually went on national TV (ABC) on
October 21, 1960, knowing we were going to invade
Cuba, and lied like a "patriotic" trouper. He said
during the fourth TV debate that Kennedy's proposal
was dangerously irresponsible and that it would vio-
late five treaties between the U.S. and Latin Ameri-
ca as well as the United Nations' Charter. lO
On October 22 at Muhlenberg College, Nixon really
turned on the fabrication steam. He said, "Kennedy
called for -- and get this -- the U.S. Government
to support a revolution in Cuba, and I say that this
is the most shockingly reckless proposal ever made
in our history by a presidential candidate during a
campaign -- and I' 11 tell you why. . .. "
The reason we must take with a grain of salt
whatever words the President utters about Watergate
and Donald Segretti 1 s espionage is clearly demon-
strated in that October 22, 1960 speech. He not
only fiercely attacked John Kennedy for advocating
a plan that he, Richard Nixon, secretly advocated
but one that he claimed as his own creation. Not
only that, but he later had the sheer gall to brag
about it in his own book as a very patriotic act.
Today, the "patriotic" act is the re-election of
Mr. Nixon, and the prevention of communism from
taking over the White House:'
Protection of Hunt and Co.
How is Nixon protecting Hunt and company now?
He is using the Justice Department and the Republi-
can Congressmen, plus others, to delay and dilute
the prosecution of the Watergate seven. He has
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
 slowed down. suppressed, and all but stopped six Mother's Ethel Jean Ethel Jean
separate investigations, suits, and trials of the Maiden Name Totterdale Totterdale
affair. These are: Wright Patman's House Banking Residence Witches Island. 5029 Millwood Lane,
Committee investigation, the FBI-Justice Department River Road, Washington, D.C.
investigation, a White House investigation by John Potomac. Md. (963)
Dean, a General Accounting Office investigation, a (972)
suit by the Democratic Party. and a trial in crimi- Pseudonyms Robert Dietrich. Gordon Davis
nal court of the seven invaders. Only two trials or John Baxter,
investigations have a chance of exposing the truth. Gordon Davis
One of these. a trial of Bernard Barker in Florida. Occupation Public Relations U.S. Government,
has ended with not much help. The other is an in- Consultant, au- Internal Revenue
vestigation promised by Senator Edward Kennedy using thor, government Service
his Senate subcommittee. official
Education AB, Brown Univer- CPA George Wash-
So the battle for truth boils down again to a sity, 1940 ington Univer-
Nixon vs. a Kennedy. Apparently, the only power or sity. 1950;
strength in the U.S. since 1959 able to contest LLB, George Wash-
the power of Richard M. Nixon and his cohorts is the ington Univer-
strength of the Kennedy family and name. sity, 1957
Military USNR 1940-42, U.S. Army Infantry
USAAF 1st Lt •• 1951-53 Is t Lt.,
Political Of- Bronze Star
ficer-Far East
Footnotes Comd. 1954-56
, Marital Married-Dorothy None listed
1. "Six Crises". Richard M. Nixon. Doubleday. 1962. Status Wetzel Sept. 7,
2. "The Invisible Government". Wise & Ross. Random 1949
House. 1964. Children Lisa Tiffany. None listed
3. Ibid. Kevan. Howard,
4. Brother of Earl Cabell. mayor of Dallas when David
Kennedy was assassinated. Career Movie script writ- U.S. Government,
5. Ibid. er. editor March Internal Revenue
6. "New York Times" articles on Watergate. June 18 of Time, war cor- Service 1949-51,
to July 2. 1972. respondent Life private tax
7. "Time" magazine. September 8. 1972. magazine 1943, consultant 1953-
8. This episode is related in detail in "The Invisi- screen writer 63
ble Government". 1947-48. attached
9. "Six Crises". U.S. embassy
10. "The Invisible Government". Paris, France
1948-49. Vienna.
Appendix 1 Austria 1949-50,
E. Howard Hunt Mexico City 1950-
53. Far East Com-
Who is Everette Howard Hunt? His cover identity mand Tokyo 1954-
as a CIA agent by the name of "Eduardo" during the 56. First Secre-
Bay of Pigs is well known. His novels about spies. tary consul Mon-
writing under the pseudonyms of Robert Dietrich. tevideo. Uruguay
Gordon Davis. and John Baxter. are also well known. 1957-60. Dept. of
Defense 1960-65.
Apparently Mr. Hunt had teason to disguise his Dept. State 1968-
true identity when he became an author named 70, Robert Mullen
Dietrich. At least he seemed to try and mislead the & Co. 1970-71,
publishing field. The chart below shows how Mr. Consultant to the
Hunt described himself to both Who's Who in America. President 1971-72
and Contemporary Authors. a publication listing each Awards Guggenheim fellow None lis ted
year new or recent authors. 1946
Clubs Brown University American Institute
It should be remembered that Who's Who does some (NYC), Army & of Accountancy,
checking on the person listed. while Contemporary Navy. Lakewood Bar Association
Authors does not. Contemporary Authors merely re- Country Club District of Co-
prints whatever the author sends in. Also. the only Washington, D.C. lumbia. Army &
link in the two publications between the two men is Navy. Lawyers
the pseudonym Robert Dietrich listed under Hunt's Agent: Littauer
biography in Who's Who. & Wilkinson
(NYC), office
Comparison of E. Howard Hunt & Robert Dietrich Washington Bldg.
Washington. D.C.
Who's Who in Contemporary Writings Author 1942-72, 11 books listed
Source America 1972 Authors 1963 Pseudonyms: Rob- under Gordon
ert Dietrich. Davis
Name Everette Howard Robert Salisbury John Baxter.
Hunt, Jr. Dietrich Gordon Davis;
Birthdate October 9. 1918 October 9. 1928 Contributor to
Birthplace Hamburg, N. Y. Washington, D.C. foreign affairs
Age 54 44 and poli tical
Father Everette Howard Everette Howard journals
Hunt Dietrich Hobbies None listed Sailing, shooting.
Mother Ethel Jean Hunt Ethel Jean Dietrich riding
(Continucd on next page)
COMPUTERS and AUTOMAliON for January, 1973 35

PROBLEM CORNER
Walter Penney, COP
Problem Editor
Computers and Automation
PROBLEM 731: A SIMPLE SOLUTION
Bob had hardly entered the Computer Center when AI
asked him, "Ever have the experience of telling someone
how to solve a problem only to have him say, 'We haven't
had that yet in this course; we can't use that'?"
"Many times," Bob replied. "It's a little like speaking
Basic English. You have to keep thinking of what words
not to use. What brought this up?"
"Joe has a problem in his course which involves finding
the larger of two numbers, using a certain very simple
computer. It can perform only the operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking the abso-
lute value. Joe's a little puzzled." . short-term memory (working space) were not better
"Why doesn't he just subtract one from the other and
see whether the result is positive or negative?"
"That was his first thought," AI said. "But 'see
whether the result is positive or negative' is not in the in-
struction set of his computer."
"Hmm. He might be able to Monte Carlo it. Try all
sorts of random combinations of the five operations
and ... "
"No need to do anything so complicated," Al inter-
rupted. "It's very simple."
How can the larger of two numbers be determined
using only the operations mentioned?
Solution to Problem 7212: No Losers
AI, Bob, and Charlie began with $32, $56, and $74
respectively. After the first game they had $96, $24, and
$42; after the second game, $72, $72, and $18; and after
the third game, $54 each.
Readers are invited to submit problems (and their
solutions) for publication in this column to: Problem
Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St.,
Newtonville, Mass. 02160.
Sprague (continued from previous page)
Appendix 2
Postscript
Mrs. E. Howard Hunt was unfortunately killed in a
crash of a United Airlines jet at Chicago on Decem-
ber 8, 1972. The crash investigators found in her
purse 100 crisp new $100 bills. When Mr. Hunt was
queried, he claimed she was carrying the money to a
relative in Chicago for a real estate investment.
But it is reasonable to suspect that these bills
bore serial numbers in the same sequential series
as those found on Bernard L. Barker when he was
arrested, and that Mrs. Hunt was transferring "hot
money" to a new location. 0 can tell".
36
Michie - Continued from page 9
The Future
Although no one has yet begun to apply relational
structure techniques to computer chess, these tech-
niques are currently under vigorous development for
a wide range of other applications. In our own la-
boratory in Edinburgh R. M. Burstall, H. G. Barrow,
R. J. Popplestone and others have used this approach
for writing a "teachable" program for recognizing or-
dinary objects viewed through the TV camera, with
special reference to ultra-fast methods for matching
descriptions in the machine and coping with partial
matches in a quantitative fashion. A number of la-
boratories are exploring the use of relational struc-
tures - sometimes called "semantic nets" - for
storing facts about storybook worlds extracted from
English language input. It is a matter of time be-
fore the next person to write a chess program avails
himself of the new methodology~
No single technique is going to bring about a
magic transformation. But the consequences of effec-
tive methods for representing chess knowledge could
be great. Progr~ms of existing type have knowl-
edge-bases not significantly larger than that of a
chess beginner. If the machine look-ahead speed and
than human, such programs would necessarily play
like beginners.
But the speed and accuracy of modern computing
hardware, and the large scale of mechanized tree-
searching operations (Gillogly's program has, at
times, a tree containing up to 500,000 possible
board positions under review), enable these mechan-
ized ignoramuses to play at tournament level. The
"brute force" factor is evidently worth a lot of
points on the USCF scale.
A Much Stronger Strategy
Hence if the knowledge of the chess-master were
built into a computer program we would see not mas-
ter chess, but something very much stronger. As
with other sectors of machine intelligence, rich re-
wards await even partial solutions to the represen-
tation problem. To capture in a formal descriptive
scheme the game's delicate structure - it is here
that future progress lies, rather than in nanosecond
access times, parallel processing, or mega-mega-bit
memories.
An interesting possibility which arises from the
"brute force" capabil i ti es of contemporary chess pro-
grams is the introduction of a new brand of "consul-
tation chess" where the partnership is between man
and machine. The human player would use the program
to do extensive and tricky forward analyses of varia-
tions selected by his own chess knowledge and intui-
tion~ and to check out proposed lines of play for
hidden flaws. In this way the worth of the "brute
force" component, which might perhaps be estimated
as lying somewhere in the 500-1000 interval, could
actually be measured on the USCF scale.
A Wager
In 1968 John McCarthy, Seymour Papert and I com-
bined to make a bet with a young computer scientist,
David Levy, now an international chess master. We
wagered £ 1000 that he would be beaten by a chess
program by the year 1978. The former world champion
M. M. Botvinnik has told Levy, "I feel very sorry for
your money," but M. Euwe, also an ex-world champion,
thinks otherwise. Levy's own comment is "Only time
0
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
The Frenchman Who Was to Kill Kennedy
Phillippe Bernert
Camille Gilles
L 'Aurore, October 2, 1972
Paris
France
translated by
Ann K. Bradley
Computers and Automation
and People
"Armed with a rifle with an infra-red sight, I
was supposed to miss General de Gaulle and kill
President Kennedy. This, precisely, onMay 31, 1961,
during Kennedy's official visit to France. The
attempt was to take place on the Rue de Rivoli or,
preferably, on the Champs-Elysees. I really didn't
need the infrared sight -- I was considered one of
the best sharpshooters in the French army."
The man who just made this fantastic revelation,
a revelation capable of turning a whole page of
contemporary history upside down, of calling into
question the famous Warren Report and breaking wide
open the investigation into into a plot against
Kennedy at the time of the Dallas assassination
this man's name is Jose Luis Romero.
Nine years after Kennedy's assassination, Romero
has decided to talk. Leaving his hacienda somewhere
in South America, he made a quick trip to Paris to
sign an exclusive contract with Marcel Julian, P.O.
P.O.-G. of PIon and Julliard, publishers. This took
place last Saturday afternoon. In PIon's summer
garden -- they are the editors of General de Gaulle's
"Memoi rs" -- thi s veteran ki ller of the Delta com-
mandos during the war in Algeria began to dictate
his extraordinary confession to my colleague Camille
Gilles, well-known reporter of pied noir origin and
chronicler of the Algerian drama in hi s novel oil sont
les roses de Fouka? (Where are the roses of Fouka?)
COMPUTERS and AUTOMAnON for January. 1973
The extraordinary confession revealed in an exclusive interview
to Camille Gilles by a veteran officer of the 1st REP, ex-chief
of the Delta Commandos of the O.A.S., who is now raising
livestock in South America.
On May 31, 1961, from the top of an apartment building
in the Rue de Rivoli or the Champs-Elysees, ex-lieutenant
Romero of the O.A.S. was supposed to shoot down President
Kennedy while pretending to aim at General de Gaulle. The
attempt would have been called a tragic error, due entirely to
internal French problems. And no one would have dreamed
of looking for the real instigators of the plot: Americans.
It was while working on his new book about the
dozen veteran killers who regrouped, in the heart
of the O.A.S., around the celebrated Jesus de Bab-
el-Oued ("Jesus and his apostles") that Camille
Gilles established contact with Jose Luis Romero
and uncovered the story of an earlier secret plot
against Kennedy.
At the heart of the affair was Romero: a big fel-
low over 6'1", with intensely black eyes, his body
covered with tattoos and with scars from the splin-
ters of a mine that exploded in Indochina. A colos-
sal man whose hair, today, is entirely white. "Late
in 1963, several weeks after I learned of the murder
of Kennedy in Dallas, I woke up one morning with my
hair like this. My moustache was white, and all the
hair on my body had turned White."
But this is the same man who, two and a half
years earlier, had agreed to kill Kennedy "for the
money and the adventure". He was offered two hun-
dred million old francs.
But who is Romero? Born in Madrid ill 1926, son
of a revolutionary hunted by Franco's forces, he
sought refuge with his family in France, spent two
years in a refugee camp at Argeles, near Perpignan,
and then joined the underground resistance with his
father, who was a leader in the F.T.P. Following
37
that he left France for Oran where his father, a
shoemaker, started to produce espadrilles.
When he was twenty, Jose Luis joined the French
Foreign Legion and fought in Indochina, then in Al-
geria. After serving in the 2nd B.E.P. he became
one of the best officers in the 1st B.E.P. under
Dufour, Sergent, Denoix de Saint-Marc. He found
himself among those responsible for keeping the
Casbah under control. It was around 1958 that Lt.
Romero became friends with a counselor at the
American consulate in Algiers, a friendship founded
on confidence and mutual esteem.
Mysterious Mike
The American, whom we shall call Mike from his
code name, worked visibly for certain U.S. secret
service organizations. But at the same time he
showed himself to be very sympathetic toward ele-
ments in the French Army that wanted a French Al-
geria. He even said one day to Jose Luis (whom
he called "Gt::orge"):
"I know certain U.S. financiers who wouldn't be
unhappy to put their money into Algeria. But in a
French Algeria or, at least, an independent Algeria
that was dominated by European interests."
In brief, like Lt. Romero, Mike showed himself
to be violently anti-Gaullist and anti-communist.
And when part of the Army revolted and formed the
O.A.S., Mike kept up hi s contacts wi th Romero and
provided him with information, false passports, mo-
ney, arms, and explosives.
At this time Romero, who had organized the Delta
commandos, had shed his uniform and was strictly a
clandestine operator, going around in cotton knit
shirts, light chinos and string sole shoes, shoes
all the Delta commandos wore because they were ideal
for running and for scaling walls without slipping
and falling.
This is what he was wearing one evening in May,
1961, on his way to a meeting his friend Mike had
arranged with him at a Vietnamese restaurant in
Algiers, the Madrague, not far from the sea. Every-
thing started that night. Here is how Romero told
it Saturday to the man writing this incredible his-
tory, the journalist Camille Gilles:
"Mike was supposed to bring me some false pass-
ports so that some of our men could rejoin Capt.
Sergent, chief of the O.A.S., i,n continental France.
I left my two bodyguards standing outside the res-
taurant, in front of the door, and slipped my Luger
under my bath towel that I'd left lying on a chair
beside me."
"A few minutes later two men came in and, with-
out hesitating a second, walked over to me and sat
down ,at my table. With their typical walk, as if
they were afraid of breakini eggs, and their black
hats with the wide ribbon, they had to be Yankees.
They came, they told me, from Mike.
"First of all they gave me the passports Mike
had promised me, as well as a plain envelope filled
with bank notes. They said it was for the O.A.S.
We had dinner together. Then t after we had finished t
the bigger one, the one who did the most talking
(the other seemed content with monosyllables) sud-
denly said to me:
"I want to talk to you seriously. I want you
to get rid of those two gori lIas that are wai ting
for you outside and then we'll go for a ride so I
can explain to you what I have in mind."
38
A Strange Contract
"I didn't have any reason to be suspicious of
Mike's friends, so I agreed. A little later, after
they stopped the car in the forest of Sidi Ferruch,
the spokesman for the two proposed the following
"contract" to me. On May 31, President Kennedy
would be in Paris on an official visit. I was sup-
posed to fake an attempt on the life of General de
Gaulle (an almost classic phenomenon at present:
insurrection in Algeria, trial of Generals Challe
and Zeller in Paris, etc.) and to "accidentally"
kill Kennedy, at the moment when he would be next
to the President of the French Republic."
"My interlocutors knew exactly who they were
talking to. They seemed to know my record as a
sharpshooter, that I hit the bullseye 98 times out
of 100. They offered me $400,000 -- half right
away, the rest once the thing was over."
" -- But you have to make up your mind now.
Drop everything and come with us."
"I accepted. They took me immediately to the
little port of Bou-Haroun, near Castiglione. There
they gave me a Swi ss passport in the name of Broeger,
issued April 20, 1961 by the Canton of Geneva. Then
they put me on a French trawler that sailed that
night. The sea was rough and I suffered down in
the hold on my air mattress. The whole night the
boat resounded with hammer blows. The next morn-
ing we reached the small Spanish port of Andraix di
Porto."
"Curiously, the trawler was no longer French ~ut
was flying the Spanish flag, with a Spanish maritime
registry number. A Seat, a Spanish-made car, was
waiting for us on the quay. We drove for three long
hours, but it seemed more like centuries to me. Af-
terwards I found out that the villa they were taking
me to was actually only twelve miles from Andraix."
"At the villa I was able to shower, shave and
change clothes. I found a shirt, suit and a pair
of shoes, all in my size, but there was nothing in
any of them to show where they came from. I also
saw my friend Mike again there, but it was for the
last time. The diplomat who had helped us so much
in Algeria greeted me effusively."
" -- I knew you'd come I" he said.
"Mike completed my transformation into a Swiss
citizen by giving me a Swiss driver's license in
the name of Broeger, a membership card to a private
club in Geneva, and the number of my bank account
in Lausanne where $100,000 in West German marks had
already been deposited in my name. It had been
agreed that my pay would be entirely in marks."
"And for a start," Mike announced, "We are going
to give you your first $100,000 right now, for your
trip."
Prelude to Dallas
"They gave me a belt that I put on, with the
Deutsch marks in slits on the inside. First I
went to Geneva, where a car was waiting that took
me to Lausanne. The second half of the funds had
already been deposited in my account there. I
withdrew the money and was careful to redeposit it
in a new account. The evening of May 30, I was in
Paris."
"I immediately took a cab to a cafe in the Champs-
Elysees, 'Le Paris'. There a contact gave me a plan
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
that I still have -- in a safe place. The plan of-
fered me three alternatives. The first was to fire
on Kennedy from the top of an apartment house on the
Rue de Rivoli, along the route the presidential mo-
torcade was to take. It gave the addresses of two
apartments, along with the names of their occupants
both of them old people living alone, who could
be locked up in another room while I was taking care
of things at the front window."
"The second possibi li ty was to try to shoot Ken-
nedy from one side of the Place de l'Etoile, just as
the two presidents were getting out of their car to
approach the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Here again,
an apartment had been selected that was on the next
to the last floor and had windows that were well lo-
cated for our purposes. This was the same tactic
Oswald used two years later in Dallas
"The gun I was supposed to use, a Remington car-
bine 280 wi th an infrared sight, was in a small trunk
in the baggage room at the Gare du Nord. To get the
key to the trunk, I had to go to the Lost and Found
at the station and stand near a particular newsstand,
where a man would give it to me."
"It was up to me to choose the place where I
wanted to shoot, but either way my contacts promised
me a safe escape -- cars would be waiting near each
of the si tes to make sure I got away wi thout a trace."
"I don't know why, but on my way to my hotel in
the Champs-Elysees, to think things over, I suddenly
felt very uneasy. All at once it hit me what a
really shrewd plan my employers had come up with.
The "accidental" murder of Kennedy was to be blamed
on the O.A.S. which, they would say, had decided to
kill de Gaulle but failed. A nice, neat 'secret
plot' story that would cover their own trail per-
fectly."
"I said to myself that this small group of Ameri-
cans had chosen me not just for my strong anti-Gaul-
list feelings, but also so that, if I were ever cap-
tured, people would think I was a li ttle "cracked".
I had to have a trepaning operation in Indochina
after I was wounded in a mine explosion. So, if I
started talking in front of police and judges about
a U.S. plot against Kennedy, they would simply fig~
ure I didn't know what I was talking about."
Algiers Intervenes
"And then, almost as if I'd foreseen Oswald's
fate -- to be killed only 24 hours after shooting
Kennedy in Dallas -- I told myself 'This is too big.
They'll never let you live after you finish the job;
they'll have to get rid of you.' Anyway. I was wor-
ried enough to ask my commanding officers in the
O.A.S. for their advice."
"As soon as I got back to the hotel I put in a
call to Algiers. I told the O.A.S. staff there
honestly what the situation was. My colonel said,
'I'll call you back in half an hour. Don't make a
move until you hear from us.' Half an hour later
the order came from Algiers. 'Don't touch this
deal. Let the Americans take care of their own
dirty business. The whole thing is likely to back-
fire on usl' I may be wrong, but I think that Gen-
eral Salan himself was consulted about it and that
he was the one who made the final decision. The
O.A.S. saved Kennedy's life that day."
"My problems were just beginning though, because
I'd felt I was being followed ever since I'd left
the Vietnamese restaurant, "La Madrague", near
Algiers -- guarded, but watched, too. How could I
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
give my employers the slip at this point in the
game? The best way, I figured, was just to pre-
tend I was still going through with the whole thing.
So I caught the subway at the George-V station and
got off at the Gare du Nord. There I went up to
the woman selling papers and asked her loudly where
the toilets were."
Stop
"To get my contact, as well as the men following
me, to wait for me by the newsstand, I went off in
the direction of the toilets. But since I knew the
station like the back of my hand, I slipped out as
soon as I could and then ran what must have been a
record hundred meters. Then, figuring I'd given
everyone the slip, Iwent back to the Porte d'Italie.
I didn't even try to stop at the hotel. With my
belt still stuffed with Deutschmarks, I hitched to
Nice. My Swiss passport got me into Italy and from
there I went on to Lausanne."
"Once in Lausanne, instead of foolishly putting
in a personal appearance at the bank, I asked to
have my account transferred to another branch. There
I had the bank change the marks in my account into
dollars. Then, with my little bundle safely tu~ked
away, I returned to Rome. Since I was still afraid
of being followed by Mike's friends, I ended up en-
listing with a group of mercenaries that were leav-
ing for the Congo. No one was going to find me
fighting in the Congo -- it was the ideal hiding
place. After the Congo business was over, I hit
the road for South America. With the money Mike
had given me, the money that was supposed to pay
for Kennedy's assassination, I finally set myself
up there in a hacienda where I'm now happily rais-,
ing bulls."
"This whole story might sound crazy to you, of
course. I know what it implies -- that from 1961
on there were men trying to eliminate Kennedy by
means of a hired killer. Maybe the same men finally
succeeded two years later in Dallas, with Oswald.
Why did I wait so long to talk? Because my friends
told me the time had come to explain some things,
because my former commanding officers in the O.A.S.
gave me the green light -- and because I decided
when I met Camille Gilles that he was a journalist
who deserved to write this story."
"1 will no doubt be asked to prove what I'm tell-
ing you. The proof exists, and the men who contact-
ed me know it. It's now safely in the hands of a
lawyer in Geneva: letters I exchanged with 'Mike't
the American diplomat; the three passports they
gave me; the addresses of the Paris apartments that
were supposed to be used; the names of the people
living there; the actual written plans I got from
the go-betweens, and the little official notebook
they gave me that described in detail the schedule
Kennedy was to follow."
"I'm not talking for money. I'm rich and happy
already. I spend my life on horseback, in the
middle of my herds. I've had enough of adventure.
But the moment of tr11th always arrives. There are
certain things you can't keep to yourself forever ... "
Saturday evening, ex-lieutenant Romero was back
in South America. He is corresponding by means of
tape recordings with his biographer, Camille Gilles,
and his editor, Marcel Julian. Will we, thanks to
the revelations of this solitary adventurer, finally
be able to penetrate the darkness surrounding the
death of Kennedy in Dallas? Was the attempt that
misfired in Paris nothing but a dress rehearsal
for the tragedy that shook the world? []
39
 Why I Distrust the Romero Story
Robert P. Smith, Director of Research
Committee to Investigate Assassinations
~927 15th St., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
As Director of Research for the Committee to In-
vestigate Assassinations, I sit at the hub of a
sort of wheel of information. Some may say, per-
haps not without cause, that it is a wheel of mis-
information. Certainly there are some rickety
spokes to it, and it isn't always easy to keep from
running off the road. After long practice, though,
and after having read and heard a lot of stories, I
think I may have acquired some skill in avoiding the
more obvious ditches.
I. F. Stone, now with the "New York Review" but
whose "Newsletter" was rightly regarded as one of the
best in the country for many years, is said to have
called the efforts to solve the mysteries of Presi-
dent Kennedy's assassination a "swamp of paranoia".
He may be partially right.
But with all deference to psychoanalysis, I sub-
mit that the investigation of President Kennedy's
assassination is a good deal more. It is, for one
thing, a serious avocation for some very sincere and
competent people who are trying to find out what
really happened on November 22, 1963. Our Government
has failed to explain it satisfactorily.
Secondly, it is a challenge to a number of dedi-
cated researchers and students of the factual de-
tails of the assassination. Some of them are pro-
fessionals in their own fields, and they find this
case, quite literally and for absolutely objective
and non-neurotic reasons, to be more baffling than
any Sherlock Holmes story ever written. I do not
exaggerate.
Those opinion leaders who believe this case is
solved cannot have tried to grapple with the physi-
cal evidence of the case. Their persistence in
pooh-poohing the problems of reconstructing the ac-
tual shooting, for example, reflects a kind of para-
noid gullibility of their own.
Thirdly, and unfortunately, pursuit of the facts
behind the JFK assassination tends to be an abode
for a certain number of jokers and opportunists who
are out to make a buck by exploiting the gullible.
With these I have lost all patience. They interfere
with the serious things that need to be done, and
they bring ridicule on the genuine efforts at under-
standing.
In regard to the killing of President John F. Ken-
nedy, it is an unpleasant but very real fact that one
can find in the National Archives many scores of re-
ports about people who said they wanted to kill the
President, or who expected someone to do it, or who
claimed they knew someone who actually planned to do
it. I have read a great many of these reports.
The motives, or implied motives, are allover the
political spectrum. Moreover, some of the stories
were on record before the assassination and were
every bit as plausible, from any standpoint, as the
Romero story. So why should we believe Romero, whose
story didn't come to light until nine years after the
JFK assassination and eleven years after the plot it-
40
self? He says he was afraid, which may account for
him, but the question is, why should we believe?
There are curious details in Romero's story that
make no sense to me:
Item 1: Why an "infra-red sight" on the rifle
when the assassination is to take place in
broad daylight?
Item 2: Why did Romero, while going to what he
expected was merely a rendezvous with his
"friend" Mike, take along two bodyguards?
Item 3: Why later, at the restaurant, but still
before he knows that anyone besides Mike is
coming, does he place his Luger under a
towel on the next chair?
Item 4: How can he be a "sharpshooter for hit-
ting 98 bull's-eyes out of a hundred", with
nothing said about the distance of the tar-
get or any of the other details needed to
attach significance to such a figure?
Item 5: Why couldn't Romero have been given the
key to the trunk (containing the special rifle)
in advance, instead of using another man to
give him the key, with the added and unneces-
sary risks that this implies? (After all, they
had already given him the money and other
papers.)
These dubious details, of which many other examples
could be cited, sound more like melodrama than
reali sm.
There is more to this story -- not Romero's, but
the story about Romero's story. Not all of it is
yet known to me, but I do know that CBS, which is
certainly a large and competent news organization
with offices in Paris, spent a fair amount of time
and money checking it out.
Actually, they were drawn into it by a later em-
bellishment in which Romero purportedly identified
two of the "Watergate Five" as being the two Ameri-
cans who approached him in 1961. This added sensa-
tion involved some intermediaries who, I am con-
vinced, were entirely sincere in their beliefs. But
the end result of all this effort was a flat zero.
The news organization concluded that the whole busi-
ness was a hoax. I had previously come to the same
belief for the reasons I have stated above.
Does this imply that the CBS investigation was
CIA-controlled, and that the CIA influenced it to
arrive at this conclusion?
The answer is that I don't know. I haven't any
evidence either way. But why should I impugn the
integrity of a large organization involving many
people, in effect assuming that they were Q!l CIA
influenced, in favor of believing the story of one
man who has no corroboration from anybody and who
keeps his supposed evidence locked up in a vault
somewhere? Particularly I cannot believe him when
his story fails to hang together and when I know at
least a half-dozen similar kinds of story (contra-
dictory to Romero's, however) which are just as
"plausible" as his.
Finally, I ought to make one other point that may
appeal to those who insist on reasoning from motives.
I do believe that Romero was (and is) part of a con-
spiracy. Cui bono? Yes, a good question and
here's my answer: The conspiracy was one to sell
books I 0
COMPUTERS and AUTOMAliON for January. 1973
 ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK
Computing and Data Processing Ne,wsletter
Table of Contents
APPLICATIONS
Computerized Feed Mixing Begins at Gooch Mill 41
Minicomputers Deliver Daily Newspapers 41
in Fort Worth, Texas
EDUCATION NEWS
. New Prison Arrival Sparks Computer 42
Programming Studies
General Turtle, Inc. ~ A Small Company 42
With a Strange Name
APPLICATIONS
COMPUTERIZED FEED MIXING
BEGINS AT GOOCH MILL
Mervin Eighmy, Gen. Manager
Millard Farmer, DP Manager
Gooch Feed Mill Corp.
Lincoln, Nebr.
Gooch Feed Mill Corp. has begun using a small com-
puter to control the measuring-in of ingredients for
its animal feeds. Until now the process of compound-
ing numerous ingredients has been largely manually
controlled. The System/7 computer, using predeter-
mined feed formulas stored in its memory, calls out
the precise amount of each of up to 20 ingredients
for any of 20 different feed mixes. The feed formula
itself is determined by another IBM computer based on
the nutrient requirement of the particular animal to
be fed, also taking into account the unit cost of
each ingredieni.
The feed is mixed in three-and-one-half ton mix-
ers. Because there is such wide variation between
the amounts of the several ingredients needed, a
blend may call for a quantity weighing as little as
an ounce and as much as a ton or more. When a par-
ticular kind of feed is called for, an operator
merely enters the feed number into the computer. The
computer automatically begins selecting ingredients
stored in any of 50 bins. The System/7 transmits a
signal to the selected bin, which sets in motion an
auger. The auger starts pulling out the selected
ingredient into an enclosed chute which empties on
to a scale. As the ingredient hits the scale, the
computer begins measuring the weight, shutting off
the auger when the precise weight has been reached.
If when selecting the desired bin -- say of soy-
bean meal -- it is empty, the computer signals the
operator that is should be refilled, and goes on to
the next soybean meal bin for its needs. This en-
sures that the mixing process will not be interrupted
as long as the needed ingredient is available in any
bin to which the computer has access.
Besides more accurate feed mixes, there is better
control of inventory. For the first time Gooch Mill
can track the precise amount of each ingredient from
the time it arrives at the mill until it leaves in
the completed blend. This is a major factor for a
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
NEW PRODUCTS
Nova Computer Becomes Teacher's Aid in 43
New Singer Driver Training System
Computer Program Helps in Treatment 43
of Heart Patients
Risk of Analysis Program Announced by 43
McDouglas Corp .
MISCELLANEOUS
SDA Information Sciences, Inc., Elects 45
President and Chairman of the Board
mill such as Gooch, which can produce 700 tons, or
1,400,000 pounds of feed a day.
MINICOMPUTERS DELIVER DAILY
NEWSPAPERS IN FORT WORTH, TEXAS
A. T. Le Ance
Computer Automation, Inc.
18651 Von Karman
Irvine, Calif. 92664
In Fort Worth, Texas, a minicomputer is the heart
of a new Automated Newspaper Delivery System (ANDS).
The ANDS (developed and produced by AVCON, Inc., of
Fort Worth) is a self-contained, on-board system
which guides a delivery truck along a complex route
and tells two men on either side of a specially de-
signed vehicle, when to throw their papers. Accord-
ingto the AVCON people, they never miss.
The system continuously measures the vehicle's
location in relation to a pre-planned route, then
issues audio and visual instructions which guide
the driver and the paper throwers on their appointed
rounds. It even activates the vehicle's turn sig-
nals shortly before it is scheduled to make a turn,
giving the driver added warning of the impending
maneuver. In addition, the ANDS detects driver
errors and immediately prescribes appropriate cor-
rective actions.
Because of the system's unique guidance capabili-
ties, neither the driver nor the throwers need maps,
subscriber lists, or prior knowledge of the route.
It is all done by tape and computer memory. First,
a fixed route is divided into segments and a "sig-
nature" for each segment is recorded by driving
over the segment with the AVCON system operating
in its mapping mode. Locations of delivery points
are recorded in terms of their distance from the
beginning point, when the driver or an assistant
depresses a switch at each location. For basic
route control, verbal instructions are recorded on
audio tape. To travel over a previously mapped
route, the driver simply starts the route at a
specified point and follows the system's real-time
audio and visual commands.
The paper throwers mounted by open windows on
either side of the van wear earphones that receive
the signals telling them when to hurl their rolled-
up papers. Lead times for the throwers are auto-
41
matically adjusted to the speed of the truck, which
may be traveling anywhere from 15 to 30 miles an
hour along its routes.
The system hardware is mounted above the truck's
windshield, except for a digital display console
which is mounted atop the dashboard in front of the
driver and provides visual instructions. The ANDS
includes a miniature NAKED MINI 16 digital process-
ing and logic unit (built by Computer Automation,
Inc., Irvine, Calif.), a tape cartridge drive, pro-
prietary sensing devices, control/display console
with message printer, and a variety of annunciator
and actuator devices.
EDUCATION NEWS
NEW PRISON ARRIVAL SPARKS
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING STUDIES
Honeywell Inc.
60 Walnut St.
Wellesley, Mass. 02181
A new "inmate" has been welcomed to Massachusetts
maximum security prison at Walpole, Mass. The new
resident of the prison is a computer to be used by
prisoners who study computer programming. The com-
puter, formerly in Honeywell's custody, is being
loaned permanently to the inmates.
For the past five years, volunteers from the com-
pany have been teaching programming courses to a
group of inmates at the Massachusetts Correctional
Institution (MCI) in Walpole in response to an
inmate-initiated request for courses in computer
programming. The career-training program has paid
off in both professional accomplishment and an ex-
tremely low recidivism rate for those in the group
who have been paroled -- only 4 1/2 per cent com-
pared to a national rate of 68 per cent.
Malcolm D. Smith, a professional teacher and pro-
grammer who was then a Honeywell staff adviser in
programming systems, was in charge of setting up the
program, which he designed to be self-perpetuating.
When students complete their first course, they
teach what they have learned to a new class, at the
same time beginning the second phase of their own
program. Students in the first phase of the program
work at other prison jobs during the morning and at-
tend classes in the afternoon. Those who success-
fully complete the courses join the group of 12 men
who are fUll-time programmers.
The Walpole programmers have complete responsi-
bility for conducting classes for students in the
first phase of the program, as well as for the pro-
fessional programming work done for the state and
municipalities. They also attend advanced classes
conducted by Honeywell instructors. According to
Smith, now manager of Honeywell's Conversion Tech-
nology Center and still head of the Honeywell group,
"The Walpole instructors have been extremely meticu-
lous in their teaching. The way they have handled
their teaching and programming responsibilities
shows they are very competent professionals."
In addition to these significant personal accom-
plishments, the Walpole programmers have been doing
professional programming for the state departments
of Education, Natural Resources, and Corporations
and Taxation, and for several cities and towns in
Massachusetts. Estimated savings to thei r "clients"
42
have amounted to over $700,000 in four years, even
after deducting wages of 50 cents per day paid to
inmates and the costs of keeping a man in prison.
Before installation of the Honeywell Model 55
none of the inmates had seen a computer. They wrote
their programs and keypunched them on cards or coded
them with a Honeywell Key tape (provided by the state
Department of Education) onto magnetic computer tape.
The card decks and tapes were picked up twice a week,
transported to a "client" computer si te where the
programs were run. The results were returned to the
inmates later for corrections. Having their own com-
puter will enable inmates to work on program devel--
opment and to tryout their ideas while they are
fresh. There will be greater continuity between
each phase of development, -- and the Walpole pro-
grammers will be able to supply their clients with
finished products.
The computer also will permit expansion of the
program to include computer maintenance and operator
training courses. Instructors from HoneywelPs Field
Engineering Division have begun teaching a group of
six inmates the computer maintenance courses. This
program also will be self-perpetuating. Operator
training courses will be conducted by the Walpole
programmers. This course will be aimed at men who
do not have enough prison time left to complete pro-
gramming courses or who are more interested in com-
puter operation than programming.
GENERAL TURTLE, INC. - A SMALL
COMPANY WITH A STRANGE NAME
General Turtle, Inc.
545 Technology Square
Cambridge, Mass. 02139
A new educational technology has recently become
available from General Turtle Inc. -- a small com-
pany with a strange name. General Turtle Inc. has
been formed in response to requests from schools and
research groups for computer-controlled devices sim-
ilar to those used in the program of Research on
Education conducted by the "LOGO GROUP" of MIT Arti-
ficial Intelligence Laboratory.
The set of devices, developed by the new company,
is designed to be compatible with the financial,
technical and computational resources typically
available in schools which already are using a mini-
computer or telephone connections to a time-shared
service The devices have, however, been designed
to serve even better where more computational re-
sources are available -- so that when computer re-
sources grow, these devices will not become obsolete
but will also grow in power.
By means of General Turtle's devices, schools can
extend the range of programming projects to include
generating music, graphics, controlling cybernetic
turtles, and more. The new applications reach more
students and also deepen the intellectual content of
the computer experience. They appeal to "mathepho-
bic" children who find traditional programming "too
mathematical" as well as to "math buffs" who want
something involving more hard core mathematics.
The recommended starter mini-system includes the
following components: turtle with touch sensors;
plotter; music generator; a components kit of motors.
relays and sensors, and a controller to connect the
precending devices to a freestanding or remote
computer.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
 The simplest mode of operation of the mini-system
requires no expertise in hardware or systems soft-
ware and no changes to the operating system or lan-
guage already in use. Other modes of operation re-
quire small changes to the system software. General
Turtle will design configurations to meet individual
needs, plans, and budgets.
NEW PRODUCTS
COMPUTER PROGRAM HELPS IN
TREATMENT OF HEART PATIENTS
Robert A. Morris
Manager of Information
IBM Corporation
Data Processing Division
1133 Westchester Ave.
White Plains, N. Y. 10604
Cardiologists can interpret large volumes of
electrocardiograms -- used in identifying heart
disorders -- faster and more easily with a new
computer program recently announced by IBM Corpora-
tion, White Plains, N.Y. Using the IBM Health Care
Support Electrocardiogram (ECG) Analysis program,
cardiologists can significantly reduce the time it
normally takes to analyze ECGs (recordi ngs of the
heart's electrical impulses). They can then speed
their interpretations to attending physicians for
use in dingnosis and treatment of heart patients.
When the new ECG Analysis program, an IBM Sys-
tem/370 or System/360 processes -- in less than a
minute -- the ECG readings which have been recorded
in digital form on magnetic tape. The computer
produces a printed report containing interpretative
statements about the condition of the patient's
heart. Cardiologists can quickly validate the
statements by comparing the printed report with the
strip chart recording, which are then sent to the
patient's doctor.
The Health Care Support Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Analysis program is scheduled to be available in
February 1973, at a monthly charge of $350.
RISK ANALYSIS PROGRAM ANNOUNCED
BY MCDONNELL DOUGLAS CORP.
McDonnell Douglas Corp.
Box 516
St. Louis, Mo. 63166
The construction business, like a poker game,
involves a great many risks. Poker is less a gam-
ble, though, when the odds are known and the hands
played accordingly.
To help take some of the gamble out of the con-
struction business, McDonnell Douglas Automation
Company is marketing and processing a computerized
risk analysis program developed by Decision Sci-
ences Corporation, St. Louis. Called Contractor's
Early Warning System (CEWS), the program helps re-
duce the risk involved in construction cost bidding
by alerting a contractor to a possible cost overrun
soon enough to allow him to adjust his bid.
Using McDonnell Douglas's IBM Model 195 computers,
5000 simulations can be performed in less than one
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
~
I
minute. A wide variety of conditions, including
labor strikes and weather, can be considered to de-
termine the possible effects on the contractor's po-
tential profit on a project. The contractor need
have no knowledge of statistical variations and
standard deviations. He simply identifies those
cost items which can vary by more than one per cent
of the total anticipated profit. The program pro-
duces eight management reports which may be used to
examine company risks involved in making a bid.
CEWS is available exclusively through a process-
ing or licensing agreement from McDonnell Douglas
Automation Company, a division of McDonnell Douglas
Corporation.
NOVA COMPUTER BECOMES TEACHER'S AID
IN NEW SINGER DRIVER TRAINING SYSTEM
Data General Corp.
Routes 9 and 495
Southboro, Mass. 01772
From the time Janet Austin began her across-
town drive to the moment she backed into a parking
space and turned the engine off, everything she
did was meticulously noted and recorded by a small
Nova computer, made by Data General Corporation of
Southboro, Mass. Janet was one of a group of high
school students "dri vi ng" a new LinkGJ Model L-210
simulator, a streamlined driver training device
that looks like the driver's section of a new car.
It has dashboard instruments, steering wheel, gear
selector, and driver's seat. The trainer is made
by The Singer Company's Simulation Products Divi-
sion, Binghampton, N.Y.
The Nova, mounted in a small cabinet under the
instructor's control console, lets the instructor
monitor the actions of an entire group, part of a
group, or an individual. The instructor can select
percentage levels of achievement at the console,
and the Nova indicates which students fall below
that level.
Students "drive" on a realistic motion picture
roadway projected on a screen at the front of the
room. A binary code track on the film triggers the
Nova, which starts all the automatic functions of
the system, and monitors student responses to vari-
ous driving situations. Some of the automatic
functions handled by the Nova are:
• checking student responses to filmed situa-
tions
• displaying results on the instructor's
console
• indicating when group performance needs im-
provement
Student errors are classified in five categories
acceleration, speed, braking, steering, and sig-
nal. When a student makes a mistake, an indicator
in the simulator lights, and stays on until the
student takes corrective action. The Nova keeps a
running check on the number of checks in each of
the five categories and the number of errors for
each student in each category. When a class is
over, the instructor can determine such information
as total checks by category, total errors for each
student in each category, and the student's score.
An optional package lets the instructor accumulate
student performance over a period of time. In ad-
dition, the instructor can override the computer
and make unprogrammed checks into the system.
(please turn to page 45)
43
NEW CONTRACTS
Sanders Associates, Inc.,
Nashua, N.H.
Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
Mich.
TRW Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
Computer Sciences Corp.,
Los Angeles, Calif.
Sperry Univac Div., Sperry
Rand Corp., Blue Bell, Pa.
Honeywell, Inc., Tampa,
Fla.
TBS Computer Centers Corp.
(NASDAQ: TBSC) , New York, N.Y.
National Cash Register Co.,
Postal Systems Division, Day-
ton, Ohio
Intermetrics Inc., Cambridge,
Mass.
Autonetics Div., North American
Rockwell Corp. (NR), Anaheim,
Calif •
SYSTEMS Engineering Labora-
tories, Inc., Fort Lauder-
dale, Fla.
Varian Data Machines,
Irvine, Calif.
Honeywell, Inc.
Wellesley Hills, Mass.
SYSTEMS Engineering Labora-
tories, Inc., Fort Lauder-
dale, Fla.
Optical Scanning Corp.,
Newtown, Pa.
Bunker Ramo Corp., Westlake
Village, Calif.
Computer Audit Systems, Inc.,
East Orange, N.J.
Auerbach Associates, Inc.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Bunker Ramo Corp., Electronics
Systems Div., Westlake Village,
Calif.
Computer Sciences Corp.,
Los Angeles, Calif.
Quantum Science Corp., Palo
Alto, Calif.
44
Lockheed-California Co.
National Life and Accident
Insurance Co., Nashville,
Tenn.
Swedish State Power Board,
Stockholm, Sweden
Strategic Air Command (SAC),
Omaha, Neb.
South African Coal, Oil and
Gas Corp. (SASOL), Sasolburg,
Orange Free State, South
Africa
Safeguard Communications
Agency (SAFCA), Grand Forks,
N. Dak.
Catalina and Cole of Califor-
nia , Inc. , di v. of Kayser-Roth
United States Postal Service
North American Rockwell (NR)
Space Div., Downey, Calif.
U.S. Department of Transpor-
tation
NASA's Manned Spacecraft
Center, Houston, Texas
State Bank of Czechoslovakia,
Prague and Bratislava,
Czechoslovakia
Australian National Line,
Melbourne, Australia
National Severe Storms Labora-
tory (NSSL), Norman, Okla.
U.S. Navy
Colonial Pipeline Co., At-
lanta, Ga.
U.S. Comptroller of Currency
u.S. Department of Commerce,
National Bureau of Standards,
Fire Technology Div.
McDonnell Douglas Automation
Co., Long Beach and Torrance,
Calif.
National Can Corp., Chicago,
Ill.
State of Israel
Long lead preparation and startup costs $6 million
on second production lot (Lot IV) of ac- (approximate)
coustic data processors for Navy's new S-3A
carri er-based anti -submari ne warfare a ircra ft
Electronic terminal computers and other $4.5 million
equipment for use in nationwide communi-
cations system
A Totally Integrated Data System (TIDAS) $3 million
for electrical power production and power (approximate)
system control; TRW's role includes inte-
gration of total system, and design and
fabrication of central data processing sys-
tem; ASEA is prime contractor for the $15.5
million proj ect
Serving as prime contractor for the inte- $2.1 million
gration phase of the 436M program at SAC's
Omaha headquarters; includes supply of all
equipment, computer programs and engineer-
ing services
A UNIVAC 1106 system to be used for linear $1.8 million
programming, production statistics and (approximate)
other general office and general account-
ing applications
An automated communications circuit-moni- $1.7 million
toring system
3-year renewal of original contract pro .. $1.5+ million
viding various data processing services
A number of service test models of the $1.3+ million
Postal Service's advanced facer/canceler
machine for high-speed automatic process-
ing of letter mail
A high-level computer programming language, $1 million
designated HAL, tailored specifically for (approximate)
Space Shuttle's flight computers
Studying and defining an air traffic man- $948,171
agement system for the 1985 and beyond
time period
Dual SYSTEMS 86 computers to be used as $925,000
part of dedicated hybrid digital/analog (approximate)
complex for agency's space shuttle program
Multiple Varian 620/L-IOO minicomputers, $810,000+
multiplexers, controllers, adapters and
other devices for use in eight bank data
acquisition and communications systems
A Honeywell Series 2000 computer system $750,000
to control ANL's central booking office
for its passenger ships, to rationalize in-
ternal supply and purchase accounting sys-
tems, and monitor container movements in
Austral1lsia
SYSTEMS 86 computer for research methods $362,000
program related to weather predicition (approximate)
and storm notification throughout the
central United States.
Thirty OpScan 17 Optical Scanning systems $250,000
for use at Naval Air Training stations to (approximate)
process pilot evaluation forms
A major expansion to the dual BR-340 com- $175,000+
puter system.
Installing a customized version of Com- $67,000
puter Audit Retrieval System (CARS 2) to
help agency achieve a unified program for
national bank examinations
Designing National Fire Loss Data System
(NFLDS) to serve as central source of data
concerning fire losses, fatalities, and
injuries in U.S.
Development of a factory data entry system
to be installed initially at DAC's Long
Beach and Torrance facilities
Development of a nationwide on-line informa-
tion system linking more than 40 manufactur-
ing plants with a central computer facility
at NCC's headquarters
A study of Israel's data communications re-
quirements through the mid 1980's -- recom-
mendations on services to be offered, tech-
nologies to be used, tariff policies for
communication network
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973
 NEW INSTALLATIONS

Cyber 70 Model 73 system Philco-Ford Corp., Houston,
Texas
(2 systems)
DECsystem-l055 Plessey Telecommunications,
Liverpool, England
IBM System/3 Braille Institute of America,
Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.
IBM System/7 Cook County, Chicago, Ill.
IBM 360 system Florida Software Services,
Orlando, Fla.
NCR Century 50 system Present Co., Inc., Rochester, N.Y.
Wilmorite, Inc., Rochester, N.Y.
NCR Century 101 system Rochester Germicide Co., Rochester,
N.Y.
UNIVAC 1106 system Fisher-Price, East Aurora, N.Y.
State Universi~y of New York (SUNY),
Buffalo, N.Y.
UNIVAC 9200 system City of Santa Fe, Santa Fe, New
Mexico
Mr. Insurance, Smyrna, Ga.
UNIVAC 9200-11 system Chiltonian Limited, London,
England
UNIVAC 9211 system Mahoning Valley Joint Vocational
School, Canfield, Ohio
Xerox Sigma 3 system Air Combat Maneuvering Range
Xerox Sigma 5 systems (ACMR), Marine Air Station,
Yuma, Ariz.
Scientific data processing for the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration (NASA); applica-
tions include data management of multiple data
bases, data base maintenance, inter-processor com-
munications with NASA's RTCC and processing of
Earth Resources data
Software development, testing and exchange inter-
face integration before installation at interna-
tional telephone exchange currently under con-
struction in London
"Talking Book" service which helps librarians
gather and mail out tons of recorded books to the
blind; system will eventually handle cassette tape
recordings, Braille books and recorded periodicals
Helping reduce air pollution; monitors pollution
levels in county and spots dangerous pollution
buildups for early corrective action
Providing data processing services to clients
New inventory control system
Payrolls, accounts payable, and job costing for
firm and two other associated companies
Managing invoicing system
Order entry and order status systems, on-line in-
quiry for credit and collections, a complete as-
sortment of sales and marketing statistical re-
ports and summaries
(system valued at $1.3 million)
Added capacity permitting improved administrative
computer services; replaces older computer equip-
ment
Payroll, general accounting, paving assessments,
criminal statistics, and a system for municipal-
ity's "Model Cities" program
Policy accounting and statistical reports
Sales ledger, sales analysis, stock control and
payroll and an extended management information
system; replaces tabulating equipment
Training students for opportunities in data pro-
cessing; future use includes administrative tasks
Monitoring pilots' performance in Air Combat Man-
euvering Range (ACMR) -- Sigma 3; Missile simula-
tions and computing missile hits and misses --
Sigma 5; computing spatial position and inter-
aircraft parameters -- 2nd Sigma 5; and 3rd Sigma
5 will control the other computers as well as two
interactive display systems

Across the Editor's Desk - Continued from page 43 SDA Information Sciences, Inc., a publicly held
corporation with stock traded over the counter, con-
ducts market research studies and surveys in many
MISCELLANEOUS areas. These have included
toiletries, drugs, foods,
banking, packaging, adver-
tising, household commodi-
SDA INFORMATION SCIENCES, INC. ELECTS
ties, and airlines. It
NAOMI J. SPINNER PRESIDENT AND supplies interviewing na-
CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD tionwide; study question-
naire and sampling design;
editing, coding, tabula-
Frances Greenberg tion of data, and prepara-
SDA Information Sciences, Inc. tion of a final printed
1540 Broadwav report with tables and
New York, N. Y. 10036 analysis.

At a recent meeting of the Board of Directors of The corporation has a

SDA Information Sciences, Inc., Naomi J. Spinner
was elected President and Chairman of the Board.
She succeeds the late Robert E. Spinner. Prior to
her election to these offices, Mrs. Spinner had been
Treasurer of SDA as well as a member of the Board,
and had served actively in the management and opera-
tion of the corporation.
wholly-owned subsidiary, SDA Systems, Inc., a com-
pany which specializes in the solution of source
data automation problems. This is done primarily
through the manufacturing and marketing of a porta-
ble data collection device called the Porta-Station®
Mrs. Spinner will also act as President of this sub-
sidiary.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973 45

)
 CALE,NDAR :OF C'OMING EVENTS
Jan. 17-19, 1973: Hospital Information Systems Sharing Group,
Information Science and the Health Care Institution seminar,
Frontier Hotel, Las Vegas, Nev. / contact: Dean R. Cannon,
P.O. Box 305, Bountiful, UT 84010
Jan. 17-19, 1973: 1973 Winter Simulation Conference, San Fran-
cisco, Calif. / contact: Robert D. Dickey, Bank of California,
400 California St., San Francisco, CA 94120
Jan. 31-Feb. 1, 1973: San Diego Biomedical Symposium, Sheraton-
Harbor Island Hotel, San Diego, Calif. / contact: Dr. Robert H.
Riffenburgh, Program Chmn., San Diego Biomedical Symposium
P.O. Box 965, San Diego, CA 92112
Feb. 20-22, 1973: Computer Science Conference, Neil House,
Columbus, Ohio / contact: Dr. Marshall Yovits, 101 Caldwell
Lab., 2024 Neil Ave., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210
Mar. 4-9, 1973: SHARE Meeting, Denver, Colo. / contact: D.M.
Smith, SHARE, Inc., Suite 750, 25 Broadway, New York, NY
10004
Mar. 7-8, 1973: 1973 Annual Spring Conference of the Association
for Systems Management, Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Ontario /
contact: Mr. R. H. Crawford, Comptroller's Department,
Imperial Oil Limited, 825 Don Mills Rd., Don Mills, Ontario,
Canada
Mar. 9, 1973: 4th Annual AEDS Conference on the Development
and Evaluation of Educational Programs in Computer Science
and Data Processing, St. Louis, Mo. / contact: Ralph E. Lee,
P.O. Box 951, Rolla, MO 65401
Mar. 7-9, 1973: 6th Annual Simulation Symposium, Tampa, Fla. /
contact: Annual Simulation Symposium, P.O. Box 22573,
Tampa, FL 33622
Mar. 12-14, 1973: A Programming Language (APL), Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. / contact: Cyrus J.
Creveling, Code 560, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,
MD 20771
Mar. 26-29, 1973: IEEE International Convention (lNTERCON),
Coliseum & New York Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact:
J. H. Schumacher, IEEE, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017
Mar. 27-29, 1973: 1st Conference on Industrial Robot Technology,
University of Nottingham, England / contact: Organising Secre-
tary, CI RT, Dept. of Production Engineering and Production
Management, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD,
England
Mar. 29-31, 1973: 10th Symposium on Biomathematics and Com-
puter Science in the Life Sciences, Houston, Texas / contact:
Office of the Dean, The University of Texas Graduate School of
Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Division of Continuing Educa-
tion, P.O. Box 20367, Houston, TX 77025
April 2-5, 1973: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING FOR TELECOM-
MUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS, University of Essex,
Essex, England / contact: Mrs. Penelope Paterson, Institution
of Electrical Engineers Press Office, Savoy Place, London WC2R
OBL, England
April 10-12, 1973: Datafair 73, Nottingham University, Notting-
h;!m. Fngland ! contact: John Fow!er & Partners Ltd., 6-8
Emeral St., London WCl N 30A, England
April 10-13, 1973: PROLAMAT '73, Second International Confer-
ence on Programming Languages for Numerically Controlled
Machine Tools, Budapest, Hungary / contact: I FIP Prolamat,
'73, Budapest 112, P.O. Box 63, Hungary
April 24-26, 1973: I.S.A. Joint Spring Conference, Stouffer's
Riverfront Inn, St. Louis, Mo. / contact: William P. Lynes,
c/o Durkin Equipment, 2384 Centerline Ind. Dr., St. Louis, MO
63122
46
April 30-May 2, 1973: 1st Symposium on Computer Software Re-
liability, Americana Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact: David
Goldman, IEEE Hdqs., 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017
May 3-4, 1973: 10th Annual National Information Retrieval
Colloquium, Independence Mall Holiday Inn, 400 Arch St.,
Philadelphia, Pa. / contact: Martin Nussbaum, Computamation,
2955 Kensington Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19134
May 13-16, 1973: 1973 International Systems Meeting, Hilton
Hotel, Denver, Colo. / contact: R. B. McCaffrey, Association
for Systems Management, 24587 Bagley Rd., Cleveland, OH
44138
May 14-17, 1973: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Convention
Hall, Atlantic City, N.J. / contact: AFIPS Hdqs., 210 Summit
Ave., Montvale, NJ 07645
June 4-6, 1973: 1973 8th PICA Conference, Radisson Hotel,
Minneapolis, Minn. / contact: IEEE Hdqs., Tech. Svcs., 345 E.
47th St., New York, NY 10017
June 4-8, 1973: National Computer Conference and Exposition,
Coliseum, New York, N.Y. / contact: AFIPS Hdqs., 210 Sum-
mit Ave., Montvale, NJ 07645
June 22-23, 1973: 11th Annual Computer Personnel Conference,
Univ. of Maryland Conference Center, College Park, Md. / con-
tact: Prof. A. W. Stalnaker, College of Industrial Management,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
June 26-28, 1973: Workshop of Computer Architecture, Univer-
siti~ de Grenoble, Grenoble, France / contact: Grenoble Ac-
cueil, 9, Boulevard Jean-Pain, 38000, Grenoble, France
June 26-29, 1973: DPMA 1973 International Data Processing Con-
ference & Business Exposition, Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago,
III. / contact: Richard H. Torp, DPMA International Hdqs., 505
Busse Highway, Park Ridge, I L
July 20-22, 1973: 1973 International Conference of Computers in
the Humanities, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. /
contact: Prof. Jay Leavitt, 114 Main Engineering Bldg., Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
July 23-27, 1973: 3rd Annual International Computer Exposition
for Latin America, Maria Isabel-Sheraton Hotel, Mexico City,
Mexico / contact: Seymour A. Robbins and Associates, 273
Merrison St., Box 566, Teaneck, NJ 07666
Aug. 13-17, 1973: SHARE Meeting, Miami Beach, Fla. / contact:
D. M. Smith, SHARE, Inc., Suite 750, 25 Broadway, New York,
NY 10004
Aug. 20-24, 1973: 3rd International Joint Conference on Artificial
Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. / contact: Dr.
Max B. Clowes, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Univer-
sity of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BNl 90Y, England
Aug. 27-29, 1973: ACM '73, Atlanta, Ga. / contact: Dr. Irwin E.
Perlin, Georgia Institute of Technology, 225 North Ave., N.W.,
Atlanta, GA 30332
Aug. 30-Sept. 1, 1973: International Conference on Systems and
Control, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India / con-
tact: Dr. R. Subbayyan, PSG College of Technology, Coimba-
tore 641004, Tamil Nadu, India
Sept. 4-7, 1973: !ntcri1~t:onu! Computing Sympo:;:um 1973, Duvo:;,
Switzerland / contact: Dr. H. Lipps, I nternational Computing
Symposium 1973, c/o CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
Oct. 2-4, 1973: 2nd International Computer-Aided Design and
Computer-Aided Manufacturing Conf., Detroit Hilton Hotel,
Detroit, Mich. / contact: Public Relations Dept., Society of
Manufacturing Engineers, 20501 Ford Rd., Dearborn, MI 48128
Oct. 8-12, 1973: BUSINESS EQUIPMENT SHOW, Coliseum, New
York, N.Y. / contact: Rudy Lang, Prestige Expositions, Inc.,
60 East 42 St., New York, NY 10017
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973
 MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
Neil Macdonald
Survey Editor
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION

The following is a summary made by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION of re-
ports and estimates of the number of general purpose electronic digit-
al computers manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured and on
order. These figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers
from time to time for their information and review, and for any updat-
ing or comments they may care to provide. Please note the variation
in dates and reliability of the information. Several important manu-
facturers refuse to give out, confirm, or comment on any figures.
Our census seeks to include all digital computers manufactured any-
where. We invite all manufacturers located anywhere to submit infor-
mation for this census. We invite all our readers to submit informa-
tion that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as
possible.
Part I of the Monthly Computer Census contains reports for United
States manufacturers. Part I I contains reports for manufacturers
outside of the United States. The two parts are published in alter-
nate months.
SUMMARY AS OF DECEMBER 15, 1972
The following abbreviations apply:
(A) -- authoritative figures, derived essentially from information
sent by the manufacturer directly to COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION
C figure is combined in a total
(D) acknowledgment is given to DP Focus, Marlboro, Mass., for
their help in estimating many of these figures
E figure estimated by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
(N) manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of in-
stallations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any
way on those numbers stated here
(R) -- figures derived all or in part from information released
indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other
sources likely to be informed
(S) sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated
X no longer in production
information not obtained at press time

DATE OF AVERAGE OR RANGE NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS NUMBER OF

NAME OF NAME OF FIRST OF MJNTHLY RENTAL In Outside In UNFILLED
MANUFACTURER COMPUTER INSTALLATION $(000) U.S.A. U.S.A. World ORDERS
Part 1. United States Manufacturers
Adage, Inc. AGT 10 Series 4/68 X 32 3 35 X
Brighton, Mass. AGT 100 Series 1/72 100-300 (S) 8 3 11 3
(A) (11/72)
Autonetics RECOMP II 11/58 X 30 0 30 X
Anaheim, Calif. RECOMP III 6/61 X 6 0 6 X
(R) (1/69)
Bailey Meter Co. Metrotype 10/57 40-200 (S) 8 0 8 0
Wickliffe, Ohio Bailey 750 6/60 40-250 (S) 37 15 52 0
(A) (6/72) Bailey 755 11/61 200-600 (S) 7 0 7 0
Bailey 756 2/65 60-400 (S) 15 12 27 2
Bailey 855/15 12/72 50-400 (s) 0 0 0 2
Bailey 855/25 4/68 100-1000 (S) 16 0 16 0
Bailey 855/50 3/72 100-1000 (S) 0 0 0 12
Bunker-Ramo Corp. BR-130 10/61 X 160 X
Westlake Village, Calif. BR-133 5/64 X 79 X
(A) (12/72) BR-230 8/63 X 15 X
BR-300 3/59 X 18 X
BR-330 12/60 X 19 X
BR-340 12/63 X 19 X
BR-1018 6/71 23.0 (S)
BR-1018C 9/72
Burroughs 205 1/54 X 25-38 27-40 X
Detroit, Mich. 220 10/58 X 28-31 30-33 X
(N) (12/72) BlOO/B500 7/65 2.8-9.0
B2500 2/67 4.0 52-57 12 64-49 117
B3500 5/67 14.0 45 18 62 190
B5500 3/63 23.5 65-74 7 72-81 8
B5700 1
B6500 2/68 33.0 4 4 60
B6700 1
B7500 4/69 44.0 13
B8500 8/67 200.0 1 1 5
Computer Automation, Inc. 108/208/808 6/68 5.0 (S) 165 10 175 110
Newport, Calif. 116/216/816 3/69 8.0 (S) 215 20 235 225
(A) (4/71)
Consultronics, Inc. DCT-132 5/69 0.7 35 65 100
Garland, Texas
(A) (12/72)
Control Data Corp. GIS 7/55 X 295 X
Minneapolis, Minn. G20 4/61 X 20 X
(R) (7/71) LGP-2l 12/62 X 165 X
LGP-30 9/56 X 322 X
RPC4000 1/61 X 75 X
636/136/046 Series 29
160/8090 Series 5/60 X 610 X
92l/924-A 8/61 X 29 X
1604/ A/B 1/60 X 59 X
l700/SC 5/66 3.8 425-475 0
3100/3150 5/64 10-16 83-110 C
3200 5/64 13.0 55-60 C
3300 9/65 20-38 205 C
3400 11/64 18.0 15 C
3500 8/68 25.0 15 C
3600 6/63 52.0 40 C
3800 2/66 53.0 20 C
6200/6400/6500 8/64 58.0 108 C
6600 8/64 115.0 85 C
6700 6/67 130.9 5 C
7600 12/68 235.0 8 C
Total:
160 E
Data General Corp. Nova 2/69 9.2 (S) 920
Southboro, Mass. Supernova 5/70 9.6 (S) 200
(A) (11/72) Nova 1200 12/71 5.4 (S) 2100
Nova 800 3/71 6.9 (S) 310

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973 47

1
 DATE OF AVERAGE OR RANGE NilllEER OF INSTALLATIONS NilllEER OF
NMlli OF NAHE OF FIRST OF HONTHLY RENTAL In Outside In UNFILLED
HANUFACTURER CO~1PUTER INSTALLATION $ (000) U.S.A. U.S.A. World ORDERS
Data General (cont'd) Nova 1210/1220 2/72 4.2 ;5. 2 (S) 535
Nova 820 4/72 6.4 (S) 85
Datacraft Corp. 6024/1 5/69 52-300 (S) 17 0 17 2
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 6024/3 2/70 33-200 (S) 108 13 121 55
(A) (11/72) 6024/5 12/71 11-80 (S) 28 0 28 65
Digiac Corp. Digiac 3060 1/70 9.0 (S) 78 78 8
Plainview, N. Y • Digiac 3080 12/64 X 16 16 X
(A) (5/72) Digiac 3080C 10/67 X 8 8 X
Digi tal Computer Controls, Inc. D-112 8/70 10.0 (S) 634 100 734
Fairfield, N.J. D-116 1/72 10.0 (S) 488 30 518
(A) (11/72)
Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-l 11/60 X 48 2 50 X
Haynard, Nass. PDP-4 8/62 X 40 5 45 X
(A) (5/72) PDP-5 9/63 X 90 10 100 X
PDP-6 10/64 X 23 X
PDP-7 11/64 X 100 X
PDP-8 4/65 X 1402 X
PDP-8/1 3/68 X 3127 X
PDP-8/S 9/66 X 918 X
PDP-8/L 11/68 X 3699 X
PDP-8/E 4.9 (S) 3787
PDP-8/N 3.9 (S) 365
PDP-8/F 5/72 3.9 (S) 2
PDP-9 12/66 X 436 X
PDP-9L 11/68 X 40 X
DECSystem-10 12/67 700-3000 (S) 243
PDP-11/20 10.8 (S) 2740
PDP-11R20 13.8 (S) 14
PDP-11/05 10.8 (S) 0 0 0
PDP-11/45 0 0 0
PDP-12 9/69 620
PDP-IS 2/61 17.0 (S) 545
LINC-8 9/66 X 200 X
Total:
18456
Electronic Associates Inc. 640 4/67 1.2 109 61 170 1
West Long Branch, N.J. 8400 7/67 12.0 21 8 29 0
(A) (11/72) PACER 100 7/72 1.0 12 18 30 18
EHR Computer EHR 6020 4/65 5.4 15 1 16 0
Hinneapolis, Ninn. EHR 6040 7/65 6.6 6 0 6 0
(A) (11/72) EHR 6050 2/66 9.0 15 2 17 0
ENR 6070 10/66 15.0 7 8 15 0
EHR 6130 8/67 5.0 34 13 47 0
E}1R 6135 2.6 36 5 41 4
E}1R 6145 7.2 8
E}1R 6140 0
General Automation, Inc. SPC-12 1/68 1400
Anaheim, Calif. SPC-16 5/70 800
(A) (8/72) System 18/30 7/69 200
General Electric GE-PAC 3010 5/70 2.0 25 1 26 35
West Lynn, Hass. GE-PAC 4010 10/70 6.0 30 4 34 32
(Process Control Computers) GE-PAC 4020 2/67 6.0 200 60 260 32
(A) (10/72) GE-PAC 4040 8/64 X 45 20 65 X
GE-PAC 4050 12/66 7.0 23 2 25 1
GE-PAC 4060 6/65 X 18 20
Hewlett Packard 2114A, 2114B 10/68 0.25 1182
Cupertino, Calif. 2115A 11/67 0.41 333
(A) (7/72) 2116A, 2116B, 2116C 11/66 0.6 1171
2100A 3/71 0.5 2080
Honeywell Information Systems G58 5/70 1.0
Wellesley Hills, Hass. G105A 6/69 1.3
(R) (6/72) G105B 6/69 1.4
G105RTS 7/69 1.2
G115 4/66 2.2 200-400 420-680 620-1080
Gl20 3/69 2.9
G130 12/68 4.5
G205 6/64 X 11 0 11 X
G210 7/60 X 35 0 35 X
G215 9/63 X 15 1 16 X
G225 4/61 X 145 15 160 X
G235 4/64 X 40-60 17 57-77 X
G245 11/68 X 3 3 X
G255 T/S 10/67 X 15-20 15-20 X
G265 T/S 10/65 X 45-60 15-30 60-90 X
G275 T/S 11/68 X 10 X
G405 2/68 6.8 10-40 15-45
G410 T/S 11/69 1.0
G415 5/64 7.3 70-100 240-400 240-400
G420 T/S 6/67 23.0
G425 6/64 9.6 50-100 20-30 70-130
G430 T/S 6/69 17.0
G435 9/65 14.0 20 26
G440 T/S 7/69 25.0
G615 3/68 32.0
G625 4/65 X 23 3 26 X
G635 5/65 47.0 20-40 3 23-43
1I-110 8/68 2.7 180 7 255 0
H-115 6/70 3.5 30 30
H-120 1/66 4.8 800 160 960
H-125 12/67 7.0 150 220 370
H-200 3/64 7.5 800 275 1075
H-400 12/61 10.5 46 40 86 X
H-800 12/60 30.0 58 15 73 X
H-1200 2/66 9.8 230 90 320
H-1250 7/68 12.0 130 55 185

48 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973

\-.
 DATE OF AVERAGE OR RANGE NUHBER OF INSTALLATIONS NlJ}1BER OF
NANE OF NANE OF FIRST OF HONTHLY RENTAL In Outside In UNFILLED
NANUFACTURER COHPUTER INSTALLATION $(000) U.S.A. U.S.A. Hor1d ORDERS
Honeywell (cont'd) H-1400 1/64 14.0 4 6 10 X
H-1800 1/64 50.0 15 5 20 X
H-2200 1/66 18.0 125 60 185
H-3200 2/70 24.0 20 2 22
H-4200 8/68 32.5 18 2 20
H-8200 12/68 50.0 10 3 13
DDP-24 5/63 2.65 90 X
DDP-116 4/65 X 250 X
DDP-124 3/66 X 250 X
DDP-224 3/65 X 60 X
DDP-316 6/69 0.6 450
DDP-416 X 350 X
DDP-516 9/66 1.2 900
H112 10/69 75
H632 12/68 3.2 12
H1602
H1642
H1644
H1646
H1648 11/68 12.0 20
H1648A
IBN • 305 12/57 3.6 40 15 55
Hhite Plains, N.Y. 650 10/67 4.8 50 18 68
(N) (D) (12/72) 1130 2/66 1.5 2580 1227 3807
1401 9/60 5.4 2210 1836 4046
1401-G 5/64 2.3 420 450 870
1401-H 6/67 1.3 180 140 320
1410 11/61 17.0 156 116 272
1440 4/63 4.1 1690 1174 2864
1460 10/63 10.0 194 63 257
1620 I, II 9/60 4.1 285 186 471
1800 1/66 5.1 415 148 563
7010 10/63 26.0 67 17 84
7030 5/61 160.0 4 1 5
704 12/55 32.0 12 1 13
7040 6/63 25.0 35 27 2
7044 6/63 36.5 28 13 41
705 11/55 38.0 18 3 21
7020, 3/60 27.0 10 3 13
7074 3/60 35.0 44 26 70
7080 8/61 60.0 13 2 15
7090 11/59 63.5 4 2 6
7094-1 9/62 75.0 10 4 14
7094-II 4/64 83.0 6 4 10
System/3 Hodel 6 3/71 1.0 2
Sys tem/ 3 Hodel 10 1/70 1.1
System/7 11/71 0.35 and up
360/20 12/65 2.7 7161 6075 13236 1780
360/25 1/68 5.1 1112 759 1871 1287
360/30 5/65 10.3 5487 2535 8022
360/40 4/65 19.3 2454 1524 3977 1363
360/44 7/66 11.8 109 57 166 39
360/50 8/65 29.1 1135 445 1580 662
360/65 11/65 57.2 601 144 745 562
360/67 10/65 133.8 57 6 63 99
360/75 2/66 66.9 50 17 67 12
360/85 12/69 150.3 11 1 12 55
360/90 11/67 5 5
360/190 13 15
360/195 4/71 232.0 9 48
370/135 5/72 14.4 3
370/145 9/71 23.3 1
370/155 2/71 48.0
370/158 -/73 49.5-85.0
370/165 5/71 98.7
370/168 -/73 93.0-170.0
370/195 6/73 190.0-270.0
Interdata Nadell 12/70 3.7 205 75 280 85
Oceanport, N.J. Nadel 3 5/67 200 X
(A) (11/72) Hodel 4 8/68 8.5 270 115 385 40
Hodel 5 11/70 X 70 20 90 X
Hodel 15 1/69 20.0 40 24 64 X
Hodel 16 5/71 X 1 5 6 X
Hodel 18 6/71 X 2 6 8 X
Hodel 50 5/72 6.8 7 3 10 21
Hodel 70 10/71 6.8 207 49 256 141
Hodel 80 10/72 14.9 4 0 4 21
Hicrodata Corp. Hicro 400 12/70 0.1-0.5 160 0 125
Santa Ana, Calif. Hicro 800 12/68 0.2-3.0 1916 700 2616
(A) {11/72) Hicro 1600 12/71 0.2-3.0 263 80 343
NCR 304 1/60 X 5 2 7 X
Dayton, Ohio 310 5/61 X 8 0 8 X
(A) (12/72) 315 5/62 7.0 255 200 455
315 RHC 9/65 9.0 55 35 90
390 5/61 0.7 160 325 485
500 10/65 1.0 llOO 1750 3650
Century 50 2/71 1.6 580 0 600
Century 100 9/68 2.6 1175 780 1955
Century 101 12/72 3.7 50 50
Century 200 6/69 7.0 575 330 905
Century 300 2/72 21.0 5 5 10
Phil co 1000 6/63 X 16 X
Willow Grove, Pa. 200-210,211 10/58 X 16 X
(N) (1/69) 2000-212 1/63 X 12 X

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1973 49

 DATE OF AVERAGE OR RANGE NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS NUMBER OF
NAME OF NAME OF FIRST OF MONTHLY RENTAL In Outside In UNFILLED
MANUFACTURER COMPUTER INSTALLATION $(000) U.S.A. U.S.A. World ORDERS
Raytheon Data Systems Co. 250 12/60 X 115 20 135 X
Norwood, Mass. 440 3/64 X 20 X
(A) (10/72) 520 10/65 X 26 1 27 X
703 10/67 12.5 (5) 175 33 208 4
704 3/70 7.2 (5) 260 70 330 30
706 5/69 19.0 (5) 75 15 90 2
Standard Computer Corp. IC 4000 12/68 9.0 9 0 9 2
Los Angeles, Calif. IC 6000-6000/E 5/67 16.0 3 0 3
(A) (6/72) IC 7000 8/70 17.0 4 0 4
IC-9000 5/71 400.0 (5) 1 0 1
Systems Engineering Laboratories SYSTEMS 810B 9/68 2.6 168 10 178
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. SYSTEMS 71 8/72 0.9
(A) (12/72) SYSTEMS 72 9/71 1.0 14 3 17
SYSTEMS 85 7/72 6.0 3 1 4
SYSTEMS 86 6/70 10.0 31 1 32
UNIVAC Div. of Sperry Rand I & II 3/51 & ll/57 X 23 X
New York, N.Y. III 8/62 X 25 31 X
(A) (4/72) File Computers 8/56 X 13 X
Solid-State 80 I, II,
90, I, II, & Step 8/58 X 210 X
418 6/63 11.0 80 39 119 23 E
490 Series 12/61 30.0 76 14 90 15
1004 2/63 1.9 1522 610 2132
1005 4/66 2.4 617 248 865 72
1050 9/63 8.5 l36 59 195
1100 Series (except
ll07, 1108) 12/50 X 9 0 9 X
1107 10/62 X 8 3 11 X
1108 9/65 68.0 103 129 232 58 E
9200 6/67 1.5 1106 835 1941 725
9300 9/67 3.4 412 62 474 510 E
9400 5/69 7.0 82 41 123 83 E
LARC 5/60 135.0 2 0 2
UNIVAC - Series 70 301 2/61 7.0 144
Blue Bell, Pa. 501 6/59 14.0-18.0 16
(A) (11/72) 601 11/62 14.0-35.0 3
3301 7/64 17.0-35.0 71
Spectra 70/15, 25 9/65 4.3 17
Spectra 70/35 1/67 9.2 102
Spectra 70/45 11/65 22.5 303
Spectra 70/46 33.5 34
Spectra 70/55 11/66 34.0 15
Spectra 70/60 11/70 32.0 12
Spectra 70/61 4/70 42.0 7
70/2 5/71 16.0 58
70/3 9/71 25.0 4
70/6 9/71 25.0 l3
70/7 12/71 35.0 7
Varian Data Machines 620 11/65 X 75 X
Newport Beach, Calif. 620i 6/67 X 1300 X
(A) (8/72) R-620i 4/69 80
520/DC, 520i 12/69;10/68 350
620/f 11/70 201 3
620/L 4/71 474 114
620/f-l00 6/72 13 16
620/L-100 5/72 21 19
Varian 73 12
Xerox Data Systems XDS-92 4/65 1.5 43 4 47
E1 Segundo, Calif. XDS-910 8/62 2.0 170 10 180
(N) (R) (12/72) XDS-920 9/62 2.9 120 12 132
XDS-925 12/64 3.0 15 1 16
XDS-930 6/64 3.4 159 14 173
XDS-940 4/66 14.0 32 3 35
XDS-9300 11/64 8.5 25-30 4 25-34
Sigma 2 12/66 1.8 163 36 199
Sigma 3 12/69 2.0 13 0 10
Sigma 5 8/67 6.0 29 14 43
Sigma 6 6/70 12.0
Sigma 7 12/66 12.0 30 37
Sigma 8 2/72 3
Sigma 9 35.0

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COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, 815 Washington St.,
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50 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January. 1973 .~
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; .'
~~WHO'S WHO IN COMPUTERS
AND DATA PROCESSING"
EDITION 5.2 = 5th
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What do they do ?
Where do they do it ?
Consult
"WHO'S WHO I N COMPUTE RS
AND DATA PROCESSI NG"
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"Who's Who in Computers and Data Processing" has
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1. The latest Cumulative Edition (the 5th edition
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Each computer professional has a capsule biography
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\ 'I
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EDITION + 2 SUPPLEMENTS
ANDREE, Richard V. / professor, author, lecturer,
consultant / b: 1919 / ed: BS, Univ of Chicago,
PhD, Univ of Wisconsin / ent: 1948 / m-i: A Ma
P Sy; writing, information science / t: professor o~
math, research associate in computing science I.
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SIAM lecturer, American Assn for the Advance-
ment of Science, American Math Society, Ameri-'
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World Who's Who, editor, 12 books, 8 paperbacks,
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73069
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