Study Guide for Intermediate

Greek I

Nominative Case
1. Know that the nominative case is the "naming case" (p. 37).
2. Know the equative verbs: , , , and the passive forms of

 and  (p. 40).

3. Know how to distinguish a subject from a predicate nominative (pp. 42-44).
a. The subject will be a pronoun, whether stated or implied.
b. The subject will be articular (have an article).
c. The subject will be a proper name.
d. The order of priority is:
1) pronouns
2) articular nouns and proper names have equal priority
4. Know that  plus the accusative is occasionally substituted for a predicate
nominative due to a Semitic influence ( plus ).

 (Mark 10:8)

the two shall become one flesh.
5. Know that the nominative absolute is used in introductory materials (such as titles,
headings, salutations, and addresses), which are not to be construed as sentences

(p.49).
6. Be able to recognize a Pendent Nominative (Hanging Nominative) (pp. 51-53).

 (Rev. 3:12)

The one who overcomes, I will make him a pillar

 (John 1:12)

but as many as received Him, He gave to them authority
7. Know that the nominative form can function for the vocative case (p. 56-59).
8. Know that a nominative substantive is used in an exclamation without any

grammatical connection to a sentence (nominative of exclamation) (pp. 59-60).

 (Mark 3:34)

Behold My mother and My brothers!

1
Vocative Case
9. Be able to recognize simple and emphatic (emotional) addresses (pp. 67-68)
a. A simple address will be without  preceding it.
b. An emphatic address will be with  preceding it.
10. Know the exceptional usage in Acts (p. 69).
a.  with the vocative (or nominative) in mid-sentence is unemphatic.
b.  at the front of the sentence is emphatic (emotional).
Genitive Case
11. Know that a descriptive genitive is more emphatic than an adjective (p. 76).
12. Be able to correctly label genitive usages from the examples.
a. Adjectival Genitives
1) Descriptive Genitive (characterized by, described by) (pp. 79-81)


(John 2:16)
do not make My Father's house a house of (characterized by) merchandise

 (2 Cor. 6:2)

in the day of (characterized by) salvation.

2) Attributive Genitive (pp. 86-88)

 (Luke. 18:6)

the judge of unrighteousness (the unrighteous judge)

 (Acts 9:15)

this one is a vessel of choice (chosen vessel) to Me

3) Attributed Genitive (pp. 89-91)


(Rom. 6:4)
thus also we should walk in newness of life

4) Possessive Genitive (belonging to, possessed by) (pp. 81-83)

 (Matt. 26:52)

the slave of the high priest

5) Genitive of Relationship (pp. 83-84)

 (John 21:15)

Simon, [son] of John

2
 6) Partitive Genitive (pp. 84-86)

 (Rom. 15:26)

the poor of the saints

7) Genitive of Material (made out of, consisting of ) (pp. 91-92)

 (Rev. 18:12)

a cargo of (consisting of) gold and silver and precious stones

8) Genitive of Content (full of, containing) (pp. 92-94)

a) Nominal Usage

 (John 21:8)

the net full of fish

b) Verbal Usage

 (Acts 2:4)

all were filled with the Holy Spirit

9) Genitive of Apposition (pp. 95-100)

 (John 2:21)

He was speaking about the temple of (which is) His body

10) Genitive of Purpose (for, intended for) (pp. 100-101)

 (Rom. 8:36)
we were regarded as sheep intended for slaughter
This is from Ps. 44:22. See Gesenius, 128q.

11) Predicate Genitive

 (1 Thess. 5:5)

we are not of the night

12) Genitive of Subordination (over) (pp. 103-104)

 (Matt. 9:34)

the ruler of (over) the demons

13) Genitive of Product (pp. 106-107)

 (Rom. 15:13)

the God of (who produces) hope

b. Ablatival Genitives

3
 1) Genitive of Separation (out of, away from, from)

 (Eph. 2:12)

having been alienated from the commonwealth of Israel
2) Genitive of Source (out of, derived from, produced by)


(Acts 1:4)
to await the promise of the Father which you heard from Me
 is a subjective genitive and  is the genitive of source.
3) Genitive of Comparison (than) (pp. 110-112)

 (John 14:28)

the Father is greater than I
c. Genitives Joined to a Verbal Noun
1) Subjective Genitive (pp.113-116)

 (Mt. 24:27)

so shall the coming of the Son of Man be
2) Objective Genitive (pp. 116-119)


(Matt.12:31)
but the blasphemy of the Spirit shall not be forgiven
d. Adverbial Genitives
1) Genitive of Price (for) (p. 122)

 (1 Cor. 6:20)

for you were bought for a price
2) Genitive of Time (with in which, during which) (pp. 122-124)

 (John 3:2)

he came to Him during (the) night
3) Genitive of Place (in, at, through) (p.124)

 (Luke 16:24)

in order that he might dip the tip of his finger in water
4) Genitive of Means (by) (p. 125)

 (James 1:13)

4
 for God is not tempted by evil (things)
5) Genitive of Agency (by after a passive verb or passive verbal adjective)
(p. 126)
a) After a Passive Verb

 (Matt. 25:34)

come, you who are blessed by My Father
b) After a Passive Verbal Adjective

 (John 6:45)

they shall all be taught by God
6) Genitive of Reference (with reference to, with respect to) (pp. 127-128)


(Heb. 5:13)
for everyone who partakes of milk (is) unskillful in (with respect to) (the)
word of righteousness
7) Genitive of Association (with) (pp. 128-130)
Most commonly after words prefixed with -.


(Matt. 23:30)
we would not have shared with them in the blood of the prophets

 (Eph. 2:19)

you are fellow-citizens with the saints

e. Genitive of Direct Object

There are four types of verbs which take a genitive direct object:
a) sensation
b) emotion/volition
c) sharing
d) ruling

Dative Case
13. Be able to correctly label dative usages from the examples.
a. Dative of Indirect Object (pp. 140-142)

 (Mk. 2:2)

He was speaking to them the Word
b. Datives of Personal Interest

5
 1) Dative of Disadvantage (pp. 142-144)

 (Matt. 23:31)

you are testifying against yourselves
2) Dative of Advantage (p. 144)

 (1 Cor. 6:13)

foods are for the stomach
3) Ethical Dative (Dative of Viewpoint) (pp. 146-147)


(1 Cor. 1:18)
the Word . . . is foolishness to the ones perishing
c. Dative of Reference (pp. 144-146)


(Rom. 6:2)
we who died with reference to sin, how shall we still live in it?

d. Dative of Destination (pp.147-148)

 (Matt. 21:5)

your King is coming to you

e. Dative of Possession (pp. 149-151)

This is a Hebraism.

 (Luke 1:7)

and a child was not to them (and they had no child)

f. Dative of Place or Sphere (pp. 153-155)

 (Matt. 5:8)

Blessed are the pure in heart.

g. Dative of Time (point in time) (pp. 155-157)

 (Matt. 17:23)

on the third day he will be raised

h. Dative of Accordance (Rule) (pp. 157-158)


(Gal. 6:16)
as many as will live by (according to) this standard, peace upon them

6
i. Instrumental Datives
1) Dative of Association (pp. 159-161)
Most commonly after words prefixed with sun-.

 (Eph. 2:5)

He has made us alive together with Christ
2) Dative of Manner (pp. 161-162)

 (John 7:26)

He speaks with boldness (boldly)
3) Dative of Means/ Instrument (pp. 162-163)

 (Matt. 8:16)

He cast out the spirits with (by means of) a word
4) Dative of Agency (pp. 163-165)

 (Gal. 3:18).

But if you are being led by the Spirit, you are not under the law.

5) Dative of Measure (pp. 166-167)


(Phil. 2:12)
you obeyed . . . much more in my absence

6) Dative of Cause (pp. 167-168)

 (Gal. 6:12)

only that they might not be persecuted because of the cross of Christ

7) Cognate Dative (pp. 168-169)

a) Cognate in Form

 (Luke 22:15)

I desired with desire (I greatly desired)

b) Cognate in Meaning

 (1 Peter 1:8)

you rejoice with joy (you greatly rejoice)

8) Dative of Material (pp. 169-170)

 (2 Cor. 3:3)

written not with ink

7
 9) Dative of Content (pp. 170-171)

 (Luke 2:40)

being filled with wisdom

j. Dative Direct Object (pp. 171-173)

Several verbs, which are used for discipleship, take their objects in the dative
case (, , , , ).

 (Mark 1:18)

they followed Him

Accusative Case
14. Know that the accusative is the case of extent or limitation (p. 178).
15. Be able to correctly label accusative usages from the examples.
a. Substantival Uses
1) Accusative Direct Object (pp. 179-181)

 (John 3:16)

God loved the world
2) Double Accusatives
a) Double Accusative of the Person and Thing (pp. 181-182)

 (John 14:26)

that One shall teach you all things
b) Predicate Accusatives (Acc. of Object-Complement) (pp. 182-189)
i. After Verbs of Calling, Designating, or Confessing

 (John 15:15)

I am no longer calling you servants
ii. After Verbs of Making or Appointing

 (John 4:46)

He made the water become wine
iii. After Verbs of Sending or Expelling

 (1 John 4:14)

the Father sent the Son to be Savior
iv. After Verbs of Considering or Regarding

8
 
(Rom. 6:11) consider yourselves to be dead to sin
v. After Verbs of Having or Taking

 (James 5:10)

take the prophets as an example
vi. After Verbs of Declaring or Presenting

 (Rom. 3:25)

whom God put forth as a propitiation
The object and the object complement can be distinguished
according to the following guidelines (p. 184).
• If one of the two is a pronoun, it will be the object
• If one of the two is a proper name, it will be the object.
• If one of the two is articular, it will be the object.
These guidelines are listed according to priority.
3) Cognate Accusative (pp. 189-190)
a) Lexical Cognate

 (Matt. 2:10)

they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy
b) Conceptual Cognate

 (1 Peter 3:6)

not being afraid with any fear
4) Accusative Subject of the Infinitve (Accusative of General Reference)
(pp. 192-197)

 (Rev. 10:11)

it is necessary (for) you to prophesy again
5) Accusative of Retained Object (p. 197)
An object after a passive verb which takes two objects when active.

 (1 Cor. 9:17)

I have been entrusted with a stewardship
The active construction would be: God entrusted me with a stewardship.
6) Pendent Accusative (Hanging Accusative) (p. 198)


 (Matt. 21:42)

9
 the stone that the builders rejected, this has become the cornerstone
b. Adverbial Uses
1) Accusative of Manner (pp. 200-201)

 (Matt. 10:8)

you freely received, freely give
2) Accusative of Measure (pp. 201-203)
a) Accusative of Space


 (Luke 2:44)
but assuming that he was in the group, they went a day's journey
b) Accusative of Time


 (Matt. 28:20)
I shall be with you all the days until the end of the age
The dative of time expresses the point of time. The genitve of
time expresses the type of time. The accusative of time expresses
the extent of time.
dative

•
genitive

accusative

3) Accusative of Reference (pp. 203-204)

 (Eph. 4:15)

may grow up into Him in (with reference to) all things
4) Accusative in Oaths (pp. 204-205)

 (1 Thess. 5:27)

I adjure (implore someone to swear) you by the Lord
________________________________________________________________________

The Article
16. Be able to correctly identify the uses of the article from the examples.
a. As a Pronoun (pp. 211-216)

10
 1) Personal Pronoun (pp. 211-212)

 (John 4:32)

but He said to them.
2) Alternative Personal Pronoun (the one . . . the other)
This use is found with  and . The singular (  . . .  ) is
normally translated "the one . . . the other." The plural ( . . . )
is normally translated "some . . . others."


 (1 Cor. 7:7)
each one has his own gift from God, the one in this manner, another in that
manner.


 (Acts 14:4)
and some were with the Jews, and others with the apostles
3) Relative Pronoun (pp. 213-214)

 (1 Cor. 1:18)

the word which is of the cross
4) Possessive Pronoun (pp. 215-216)


(Matt. 4:20)
and they immediately left their nets and followed Him
b. With Substantives (pp. 216-231)
1) Simple Identification (pp. 216-217)

 (Acts 10:9)

Peter went up to the housetop to pray
2) Anaphoric (Previous Reference) (pp. 217-220)
The sense is generally best represented by a demonstrative pronoun.



(James 2:14)
What is the benefit, my brothers, if someone says that he has faith, but
does not have works? This [kind of] faith is not able to save him, is it?
3) Deictic ("Pointing" Article) (p. 221)
The article may be used to point out an object or person that is present
at time of the speaking. It generally has a demonstrative force.

11
 
(Matt. 14:15)
the disciples came to Him, saying, "This place is deserted."
4) Superlative (Par Excellence) (pp. 222-223)


(Jn. 3:10)
you yourself are the teacher of Israel and you do not know these things?
5) Monadic ("One of a Kind" or "Unique") (pp. 223-224)

 (Mark 13:24)
the sun will be darkened and the moon will not shed its light
6) Well-Known ("Celebrity" or "Familiar") (p. 225)
 (Matt. 13:55)
Is this not the son of the carpenter?
7) Abstract (i.e., the Article with Abstract Nouns) (pp. 226-227)
Many times the article is best left untranslated.
 (Matt. 7:23)
the ones working lawlessness
8) Generic (Categorial) (pp. 227-231)
The article is used with a noun that represents a class.

 (Luke 10:7)

the laborer is worthy of his wages

c. As a Substantiver (With Certain Parts of Speech)

1) With Adverbs (pp. 232-233)

 (Acts 18:6)

from the now, I will go to the Gentiles

2) With Adjectives (p. 233)

 (Matt. 5:5)

Blessed are the meek

3) With Participles (pp. 233-234)

 (Luke 7:19)

are you yourself the one who is coming?

12
 4) With Infinitives (pp. 234-235)


 (Rom. 7:18)
the willing is present with me, but the doing of the good is not

5) With a Prepostional Phrase (p. 236)

(1 Jn. 2:13)

you have come to know the One who was from the beginning

6) With Clauses, Statements, and Quotations (pp. 237-238)


 (Lk. 9:46)
An argument arose among them, namely, who was greatest among them.

d. As a Function Marker (Used to Indicate Case)(pp. 238-243)

1) With Indeclinable Nouns (pp. 240-241)

The article is frequently used to indicate the case of an indeclinable
noun.

 (Gal. 3:29)

you are the seed of Abraham

2) With an Infinitive (Not in Wallace)

The article is frequently used to indicate the case of an infinitive. It is
most commonly used when the infinitive is the object of a prepositional
phrase.

 (Lk. 11:37)

and in the speaking (while He was speaking)

 (Heb. 5:12)

again you are having need of someone to teach you.
The infinitive is an objective genitive to . The verb form is .

The Absence of the Article

17. Know the ten constructions in which a noun may be definite without an article.

a. Proper Names (pp. 245-247)

 (Jn. 1:45)

13
 Philip found Nathanael
Since  is indeclinable, the article is used to indicate its case.

b. Object of a Preposition (p. 247)

 (Jn. 1:1)

in the beginning was the Word

c. With Ordinal Numbers (p. 248)

 (Jn. 4:6)

it was about the sixth hour

d. Predicate Nominative (p. 248)

When a predicate nominative stands before the copula, it may be definite
without an article.

(Matt. 27:42)
He is the king of Israel

e. Complement in Object-Compliment Construction (p. 248)

 (Jn. 5:18)

He is calling God his own father

f. Monadic Nouns (pp. 248-249)

 (Lk. 21:25)

there will be signs in the sun and the moon.

g. Abstract Nouns (pp. 249-250)

Words such as love, joy, peace, faith, etc. are commonly without the
article even though they are not indefinite.

 (Jn. 17:17)

Your Word is truth

h. In a Genitive Construction (pp. 250-252)

When a noun without the article is joined to a definite genitive noun, it will
almost always be definite.

 (Rom. 1:18)

the wrath of God is revealed

i. Pronominal Adjectives (p. 253)

Nouns with , , etc. do not need the article to be definite, for either
the class as a whole ("all") or distributively ("every") is being specified.

14
  (Rom. 11:26)
all Israel shall be saved

j. Generic Nouns (pp. 253-254)

A generic noun, because it expresses an entire class, is definite and
therefore does not require, but may have, an article.

 (1 Cor. 11:7)

the wife is the glory of the husband
Notice that  is definite because it is joined to a definite genitive noun.

Special Uses and Non-Uses of the Article

18. Know the special uses and non-uses of the article.
a. Anarthrous Pre-Verbal Predicate Nominatives (pp. 256-270)
1) The General Rule (p. 262)
An anarthrous pre-verbal predicate nominative is normally qualitative
(80%, p. 261), sometimes definite, and only rarely indefinite

2) Definite Predicate Nominatives (pp. 263-264)

 (John 1:49)

You Yourself are the king of Israel

3) Qualitative Predicate Nominatives (p. 264)

 (John 1:14)

the Word became flesh

4) Indefinite Predicate Nominatives (pp. 265-266)

 (John 4:19)

I perceive that you are a prophet

5) Know which is the correct understanding of  is John 1:1

(pp. 266-270).
a) Is it indefinite?
b) Is it definite?
c) Is it qualitative?

b. The Article with Multiple Substantives Connected by  (pp. 270-290)

(Granville Sharp Rule and Related Constructions)
1) Rule for the Article-Substantive--Substantive Construction (ASKS)

15
 (pp. 272)
In the ASKS construction, the second noun refers to the same person
mentioned with the first noun when:
a) neither is impersonal;
b) neither is plural;
c) neither is a proper name.

2) Nouns in the ASKS Construction (p. 274)


(Titus 2:13)
our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ

3) Participles in the ASKS Construction (pp. 274-275)

 (John 6:33)

the One who comes down from heaven and who gives life

4) Adjectives in the ASKS Construction (p. 275)

 (Acts 3:14)

but you yourselves denied the holy and righteous One

5) Mixed Elements in the ASKS Construction (p. 275)


 (Phil. 2:25)
Epaphroditus, my brother and fellow-worker and fellow-soldier
This example shows that a possessive pronoun added to one of the
nouns does not invalidate the rule

6) ASKS Constructions Involving Impersonal, Plural, and Proper Nouns

(pp. 277-290
a) Proper Names (p. 277)

 (Matt. 17:1)

b) Plural Personal Constructions (pp. 278-283)
i. Distinct Groups, though United (pp. 278-279)

 (Matt. 3:7)

the Pharisees and Sadducees
ii. Overlapping Groups (pp. 279-280)

16
 
 (Lk. 14:21)
the poor and maimed and blind and lame
iii. First Group a Subset of the Second (p. 280)

 (Matt. 9:11)

the tax-collectors and other sinners

iv. Second Group a Subset of the First (p. 280-281)

 (Mk. 2:16)

the sinners and tax-collectors
v. Both Groups Identical (pp. 281-283)

 " (Jn. 20:29)

blessed are those who have not seen and yet believe

Adjectives
19. Know the non-adjectival uses of the adjective.
a. The Adverbial Use (pp. 293-295)

 (Matt. 6:33)

but seek first the kingdom of God
b. The Substantival Use (pp. 294-295)
Normally the adjective will have the article, but not always.

 (Matt. 6:13)

deliver us from the evil one

 (Matt. 13:17)

many prophets and righteous men
20. Know the use of the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of the adjective.
a. The Use of the Positive Adjective (pp. 297-298)
1) Normal Usage (p. 297)

 (Rev. 20:2)

the old serpent
2) Positive for Comparative (p. 297)


(Matt. 18:8)

17
 it is better for you to enter life crippled
3) Positive for Superlative (p. 298)

 (Matt. 22:38)

this is the greatest and first commandment
b. The Use of the Comparative Adjective (pp. 298-301)
1) Normal Usage (p. 299)


 (Heb. 4:12)
the Word of God is living and active and sharper than every two-edged
sword
Notice the use of the preposition  in the comparison.

2) Comparative for Superlative (pp. 299-300)

 (Lk. 9:48)

the least among you all . . . is greatest
3) Comparative for Elative (pp. 300-301)


(Acts 17:22)
I perceive how very religious you are in every way
c. The Use of the Superlative Adjective (pp. 301- 305)
1) "Normal" Usage (pp. 301-302)

 (1 Cor. 15:9)

I myself am the least of the apostles
2) Superlative for Elative (p. 303)

 (Mk. 4:1)

a very great crowd gathered before Him
3) Superlative for Comparative (pp. 303-305)


 . . . (Matt. 21:28)
a man was having two children, and coming to the first he said . . .
21. Be able to fill in the following chart (p. 305)

Form Positive Comparative Superlative

18
 Function
Positive X O O
Comparative X X X
Elative O X X
Superlative X X X

Notice that each form has three possible functions out of four and that the
comparative and superlative forms share the same functions.

The Relation of Adjective to Substantive

22. Know the various uses when the article is present (pp. 306-309).
a. The Attributive Positions (pp. 306-307)
1) First Attributive Position (article-adjective-substantive)
The adjective receives greater emphasis than the substantive.

 (Lk. 6:45)

the good man
2) Second Attributive Position (article- substantive-article-adjective)
The adjective and substantive receive equal emphasis. Blass and
Debrunner, however, say that the substantive receives more emphasis
(p. 141).

 (Acts 11:15)

the Holy Spirit fell on them
3) Third Attributive Position (substantive-article-adjective)

 (Lk. 15:22)

quickly bring out a robe, the best one

b. The Predicate Positions (pp, 307-308)

1) First Predicate Position (adjective-article-substantive)
The adjective seems to be slightly more emphatic than the substantive.

 (2 Cor. 1:18)

God is faithful
2) Second Predicate Position (article-substantive-adjective)
The adjective and substantive seem to receive equal emphasis, or

19
 slightly more on the substantive.

 (Jn. 3:33)

God is true
23. Know the various uses when the article is absent (pp. 309-311).
a. The Anarthrous Adjective-Substantive Construction
1) First Attributive Position (adjective-substantive)

 (1 Cor. 3:10)

as a wise master builder
2) First Predicate Position (adjective-substantive)

 (Jas. 1:12)

blessed is the man who endures a trial
b. The Anarthrous Substantive-Adjective Construction (pp. 310-311)
1) Fourth Attributive Position (substantive-adjective)

 (Jn. 3:33)

he should not perish but have eternal life
2) Second Predicate Position

 (Rom. 7:8)

apart from the law, sin is dead
24. Know the general rules for determining the relation of adjective to noun in
anarthrous constructions (pp. 311-312)
a. For nonequative clauses (i.e., a clause that does not principally make an
assertion about the subject; thus its main verb is other than the copula) the
general rule is that an anarthrous adjective related to an anarthrous noun is
normally attributive.
b. For equative clauses (i.e., a clause that primarily makes an assertion about
the subject; thus its main verb [whether expressed or implied] is the copula)
the general rule is that an anarthrous adjective related to an anarthrous noun
is normally predicate. This is especially true when the order is
noun-adjective.
25. Know that the nominative of personal pronouns is used for emphasis.
a. Contrast (p. 321)


(Jn. 15:16)
you did not choose Me, but I chose you
b. Subject Focus (pp. 322-323)

20
  (Jas. 1:13)
but He tempts no one

26. Know that  regularly expresses proximity and  regularly
expresses remoteness (pp. 326-327).
27. Know the difference between direct and indirect attraction (pp. 338-339)
a. Direct attraction occurs when the relative pronoun is attracted to the case of
the antecedent.
b. Indirect attraction occurs when the antecedent is attracted to the case of the
relative pronoun.
28. Know that  frequently functions like  in that it has a definite referent in
view (p. 344).
29. Know the two uses of the intensive pronoun (pp. 348-349)
a. As an Intensive Pronoun

 (Mk. 12:36)

David himself spoke in the Spirit
b. As an Identifying Adjective
An article will normally be immediately before the pronoun.

 (1 Cor. 12:5)

the same Lord
30. Know that prepositional phrases can function either adverbially or adjectivally
(p. 357).
31. Know that prepositions are either stative or transitive (imply motion) (p. 358).
32. Know that stative verbs generally override the transitive force of transitive
prepositions and transitive verbs generally override the stative force of stative

______________________________________________________________________

21