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INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL
& MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL
& MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Chemistry the study of matter Composition/Constituents:
Matter anything that occupies space & has mass
(1) composition Matter
(2) structure
(3) changes that matter undergoes Pure Impure/ Mixture
(4) energy involved in such changes
composed predominantly of atoms, molecules, ions Elements Compounds Homogenous Heterogenous
interconvertible w/ energy
▪ Mass refers to the amount of matter present in the material Law of Solution
▪ Weight Mass x pull of gravity Definite Suspension
Units of Measurement Proportion Colloids
Fundamental Quantity SI Unit
Law of
- Length - Meter (m)
Multiple
- Mass - Kilogram (kg)
Proportion
- Time - Seconds (sec)
- Temperature - Kelvin (K) Classification of Matter:
▪ Element simplest form of matter
Properties of Matter 1 kind of material or atom
(1) Intensive/ Intrinsic mass independent
has definite chemical composition
are characteristics of any sample of the cannot be decomposed by simple physical/ chemical
substance regardless of the shape or size of the
means into two or more different substances
sample
▪ Compound substance composed of two or more elements unites
Examples: *Density *Melting point
chemically in definite proportion
*pH *Freezing point
cannot be changed into sipler substance under normal
*Color *Sublimation temperature
laboratory conditions
*Concentration *Optical activity
Law of Definite Elements combined in fixed ratios of
*Boiling point
Proportions whole numbers to form compounds
(2) Extensive/ Extrinsic mass dependent
states that the elemental composition of a
Examples: *Volume
pure compound is always the same
*Weight
regardless
*Pressure
same w/ Law Constant Composition
*Heat content
*Temperature Law of Multiple Elements combined in different ratios of
Proportions whole numbers to form different
compounds
Changes that Matter undergoes:
(1)Physical Change change in phase ▪ Mixture composed of two or more elements/ substances which
(2)Chemical Change in both intrinsic & extrinsic properties are not chemically combined
Evidences of Chemical Change:
*Evolution of Gas Classification of Mixture
*Formation of a precipitate ▪ Heterogenous two or more distinct phases
*Emission of light ▪ Homogenous only one phase or single phase
*Generation of Electricity -Solution uniform mixture
*Production of Mechanical Energy composed of solute & solvent
*Absorption/liberation of Heat wherein atoms, molecules or ions of the substance
become dispersed
Physical State/ Phase -Suspension homogenous dispersion insoluble in a liquid
a. solid (lowest) aka Coarse Mixture
b. liquid finely divided solid materials distributed in a
c. gas (highest) liquid
d. Plasma aka “Mesophase”, “Liquid Crystals” -Colloids contain particles bigger than those in solutions but
has solid like properties smaller that those in suspension
resemble those of a crystal in the formation of loosely particle of solute are not broken down to the size of
ordered molecular arrays similar to a regular crystalline the molecules but are small dispersed throughout
lattice & anisotropic refraction of light the medium.
-Crystal lattice ordered arrangement of atoms exhibit the light scattering effect
-flow properties Properties of Colloids
-LCD liquid crystal display 1. Tyndall Effect light scattering effect
Two main types of Liquid Crystals: 2. Brownian Movement zigzag movement of colloidal
-Smectic (soap- or grease-like) particles
-Nematic (thread-like) 3. Electrically charge
Six Distict Crystal System: Electrophoresis Gel-electrophoresis
1. Cubic (sodium chloride) SDS-PAGE
2. Tetragonal (urea) (used to separate
3. Hexagonal (iodofrom) protein & nucleic acids)
4. Rhombic (iodine) -Cathode () reduction takes place
5. Monoclinic (sucrose) -Anode (+) oxidation takes place
6. Triclinic (boric Acid) 4. Adsorption
Other Laws of Chemical Changes: 5. Saponification a reaction between an alkali & fats/ oils forming
Law of In a chemical reaction, the total mass of soap & glycerol
Conservation of reactant is equal to the total mass of 6. Fermentation action of bacterial/ microorganism on organic
Mass products or mass is neither created nor substances resulting to the production of alcohol.
destroyed in any transformation of matter.
by Antoine Van Lavoisier Nuclear Change chance in the structure of properties,
Physical Changes/ Phase Transformation composition of the nucleus of an atom
resulting I \n the transmutation of the
element into another element
Nuclear Fission splitting of a heavy atom
Nuclear Fusion union of 2 light atoms to form a bigger
molecule.
1. SA + SB neutral salt
HCl + NaOH NaCl +H2O Neutralization aka “acid-base reaction”
2. SA + WB acidic salt involve in determination of acidity or alkalinity of
HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O solutions.
3. WA + SB basic salt Acid + base = salt & water
CH3COOH + NaOH NaCH3COO + H2O point when equal amounts of acid & base reacted;
4. WA+WB neutral, acidic, basic salt non-observable
CH3COOH + NH4OH NH4CH4COO + H20 *Titration process of progressive addition of a solution of known
kA = kB neutal concentration to a substance of unknown concentration
kA>kB acidic salt *Indicator substance that changes color at the end point
kA<kB basic salt *Equivalent Pointis the point in a titration where stoichiometrically
equivalent amounts of analyte & titrant.
In a complex, the metal acts as a Lewis Acid (e- acceptor). *Stoichiometric point
*End point is the point in a titration where we stop adding
titrant(VS).
experimental approximate of neutralization point;
Observable
Basic Principles of Analysis
A. pH
number of grams equivalent of H per liter of soln
pH = -log [H]
or pH = log 1/[H]
pOH= -log[OH]
pH + pOH =14
acidic = pH < 7.0, pOH >7.0
basic= pH >7.0, pOH <7.0
neutral= pH=pOH=7.0
() value of pH is possible
> 14 value is possible as well.
Protolysis a process whereby a proton is transferred from one
molecule to another.
Autoprotolysis a process whereby there is a transfer of a
proton from one molecule to another identical molecule.
Amphoteric properly where a substance can act either as acid
or base.
B. Buffer Capacity
ability/ degree (magnitude) of a buffer solution to resist
changes in pH upon addition of acid/alkali
depends on the amount of the acid & the base from which
the buffer can neutralize before pH begins to change to an
appreciable degree
Van slyke
was responsible for a quantitative expression
amount in g/l of strong acid or a strong base required to be
added to a solution to change its pH by 1 unit.
higher buffer capacity, lower change in pH.
Organic Chemistry branched of chemistry that deals with carbon – containing compounds with: C, H, O, P, S, X (halides – F, Cl, B, I)
Anthracene
(3 rings)
-polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs)
-for dyes
Phenanthrene
-isomer of anthracene
Hydrocarbon Derivatives are hydrocarbons that bear other carbon & hydrogen atoms
& other elements such as Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, or Halogen, Phosphorus, etc
4. Carboxylic Acid
(Carboxyl, -COOH)
Cyclohexane
-Chair most stable
steric effect
Optical Activity ability of a compound to rotate a polarized light either to Haworth Projection presents a cyclic sugar structure
right or to the left Biosostere substituents or groups w/ similar physical or chemical
can only be determined by POLARIMETER properties that in impart similar biological properties to a
Dextrorotatory =d/ (+) chemical compounds
Levorotatory= l/() Purpose:
1. Chiral Center/ Chiral carbon/ Asymmetric chiral carbon -Enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound
aka Stereocenter without making significant changes in chemical structure
is acarbon to which four different atoms -Increase Potency
or group of atoms are attached -Decrease Side effects
2. No symmetry element -Increase duration of action by altering metabolism
Enantiomers mirror images but not superimposable -Isosteric analogs may act antagnonistically w/ the parent molecule
also called as Optical Isomer since they rotate light in
the opposite direction Example of Biososteric replacements:
Diastereomers non-mirror images, not superimposable -Fluorine vs Hydrogen
Mesocompounds mirror images, superimposable -Hydroxyl vs Amino Acids
same compounds -Hydroxyl vs Thiol Groups
Epimer special type of diastereomers -Methyl, Methoxyl, Hydroxyl, Amino groups vs Hydrogen
identical in all except in one chiral center -Fluoro, Chloro, & Bromo, thiol, vs Methyl & other small alkyl groups
differ only in configuration at one asymmetry carbon atom
▪ D-glucose/ D-mannose Epimers at 2 Types of Organic Reactions:
▪ D-glucose/ D-galactose Epimers at 4 1. Addition: CH2 = CH2 + HBr CH3CH2Br
Anomer differ only in configuration at Carbon #1 2. Substitution: CH3CH2OH+Cl CH3CH2Cl
(carbonyl C or anomeric C) 3. Elimination: CH3CH2OH CH2 CH2 +H2O
4. Re-arrangement: CH3CH2CH2Br CH3CHCH3
Br
+
5. Propagation, Inititation, Termination: CH4 + Br CH3* + Br
-anomer -anomer O
Ex: Tartaric Acid 6. Oxidation: CH3CH2OH + H2CrO4 CH3C-OH + Cr +3
HOOCCHCHCOOH 7. Reduction: Nitrobenzene + Fe Aniline + Ferric Hydroxide
OH OH
n Systems of Nomenclature:
= # stereoisomers =2 (n=chiral center) 1. Common uses the name given when it was discovered
2
=2 example: Formic Acid (Latin, formica=ants)
=4 Uses prefixes: -n, -iso, -neo
2. Derived Names derived from a parent compound
Fischer Projection Formula 3. IUPAC (international Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry)
most systemic
example: 2-methylhexane
based on: A. longest continuous C chain or parent chain
B. use of numbers
C. use of C # prefixes
I II III IV QSAR (Quantitative Structure & Activity Relationship)
I-II mirror images IUPAC Rules:
Superimposable 1. Name by considering the longest carbon chain
meso compounds ( compounds w/ stereocenters but are chiral) 2. Number C atoms consecutively from one end so that the branches
optically inactive or substituents are given the lowest position numbers
II-III non mirror images 3. Modify the Suffix based on the type of formula or the functional
Non superimposable group
diastereomers ROH (-ol)
III-IV mirror images
RCHO (-al)
Non superimposable RCOR (-one)
enatiomers RCOOH (-oic acid)
Meso Compounds compounds w/ sterocenters but are chiral 4. Identify the substituents & indicate the positions by using numbers
are characterized by the presence of a plane of CH3 (methyl)
symmetry & are superimposable R (alkyl)
Racemic-mixtures (racemates) OCH3 (methoxy)
produced w/ mixtures of equimolar concentrations OR (Alkoxy)
of dextro & levo isomers
Cl (Chloro)
contain equal amounts of Br (Bromo)
D & L isomers NH2 (Amino)
R & S isomers determine by Cahn-Ingold-Prelog 5. If there is more than one of the same substituent/ alkyl group on
Example: Thalidomide exist 2 chiral center the chain, indicate the number of groups by using prefixes; di-
r-thalidomide sedative/ hypnotic two; tri-three; tetra-four; & so on.
s-thalidomide teratogenic
Thalidomide syndrome because of the
presence of s-thalidomide
phocolmelia (short limb)
amelia (no limb)
Saturated Hydrocarbons 4. Hydration (addition of water/ H20)
Alkanes: CnH2n+2 (-ane) Oxidation of Alkene: 1. Hydroxylation/ Glycol Formation
# of C Rootword + -ane Molecular formula Basis for: Baeyer’s Test (for unsaturated)
1 Meth Methane CH4
Glycol (ex: 1,2-diols) is the genral term
2 Eth Ethane C2H6
tha is used to refer to compounds
3 Prop Propane C3H8
4 But Butane C4H10 having two hydroxyl groups
5 Pent Pentane C5H12 attached to adjacent carbons
6 Hex Hexane C6H14 2. Oxidative cleavage
7 Hept Heptane C7H16 Metabolism: More reactive than alkyl group
8 Oct Octane C8H18
9 Non Nonane C9H20 Hydration
10 Dec Decane C10H22 Epoxidation
Substituents: R-alkyl = alkanes1H atom Peroxidation
yl = methyl: CH3 Reduction
Ethyl: CH2CH3 Alkadienes contain 2 CC
Propyl: CH2CH2CH3
name: Indicate the position of double bond +
Isopropyl: CH3CHCH3
prefix+ diene; CH2CHCHCH2
Alkynes: CnH2n2 (-yne)
Tertairy Butyl: CH3
Triple bond (one or more)
CH3CCH3 HCCH: Ethyne/ Acetylene (simplest alkyne)
Reactive site occur in
x (halo): F: Fluoro CC
Cl: Chloro triple bond (e rich)
Br: Bromo Aromatics contain Benzene Ring that have multiple double bonds
I: Iodo Benzene: C6H6 (subject to Substitution Electrophilic)
NO2: Nitro Toluene methyl derivative of benzene
CN: Cyano Xylene dimethyl benzene
Alkyl groups Aromaticity: (Criteria)
Can participate in Van der Waals Interaction
1. Cyclic
& Hydrophobic Bonding.
Metabolism: Oxidation 2. Flat/ Planar (sp2 C = double bond)
Aryl Groups (Ar) an aromatic (benzene ring) with a 3. Conjugated double bonds having alternating double bonds
hydrogen atom removed 4. Huckel’s Rule : 4n+2 rule
Reactions to Consider:
Combustion a chemical reaction in which HC burns
(rapid oxidation) & produces CO2 & H20
Cycloalkanes: (alkanes that exist in the shape of a ring) 6e- 10e-
Cycopropane / Trimethylene 6=4n+2 10=4n+2
Cyclobutane 4=4n n=2
Cyclopentane n=1
cyclobutadiene: antiaromatic compound
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons have multiple bonds in their molecules 4=4n+2
Alkenes: CnH2n (-ene) n= ½ (therefore, it’s not aromatic)
ethane/ ethylene:
furan: 6e- (n=1)
propene: CH3CHCH2 not benzene ring,
Reactive site occur in But Aromatic
CC
double bond (e rich) – has 1, 1 Pyrole: 6e- (n=1)
react to something not benzene ring,
positive But Aromatic
Eletrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)
Electrophile (E ) e- poor / e- lovinf reagents (+)
Reactions:
NUcleophile (N ) e- rich reagent () 1. Nitration
Electrophilic Addition alkene react w/ electrophiles 2. Halogenation
1. Catalytic hydrogenation (addition of H) – alkenealkane 3. Friedel-Craft’s Alkylation
4. Friedel-Craft’s Acylation
used in production in Margarine 5. Sulfonation only reversible EAS
Fixed oils (Unsaturated Fatty Acids) saturated F.A Other Functional Groups:
Liquids solid Halides: Halogenation
2. Halogenation (addition of Halogen) Formation of an alkyl or aryl halide
Alkene CHCl2/CCl4 Alkyldihalide Examples of Organic halides: -F, -Cl, -Br, -I
Functional Froup: R-X
H2O halohydrin
Alkyl & aromatic halides
3. Hydrohalogenation (addition of HX, -hydrogen halide) electron-withdrawing functional groups
Alkene + HX alkylhalide used to “lock” a drug molecule in a desired conformation
Markonicov’s Rules decrease aromatic oxidation of the drug
H adds to C w/ the greater # of H substituents only F can bind
Ex: Diclofenac, Chloramphenicol
X adds to C w/ the lesser # of H substituents
Electrophilic Groups will most likely attach to 1-pentene Electron-withdrawing Groups impart acid stability
Alcohols Phenols
OH groups can form ion-dipole & H-bonds -aka Phenolics
OH groups enhance water solubility -class of chemical compounds, consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH)
esterified to form prodrugs attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
metabolism: Oxidation, Glucuronidation or sulfate conjufation -they have relatively higher acidities compared to alcohols
Functional group: R-OH -examples of phenols:
Classification: Ortho (catechol)
1. Based on the # of R bonded to the Carbon bearing the –OH group Meta (resorcinol)
(C-OH, carbinol group) Para (hydroquinone)
a. Primary alcohol has only one R-group (1 alcohol) 1-naphthol (alpha-naphthol)
Examples: 2-naphthol (beta-naphthol)
Methyl alcohol: CH3OH -form ion-dipole & hydrogen bonds
Ethyl Alcohol: CH3CH2OH -enhance water solubility
Propyl Alcohol: CH3CH2CH2OH -esterified to form prodrugs
b. Secondary Alcohol two R-groups (2 alcohol) -susceptible to oxidation
Example Air
Isopropyl: CH3CHCH3 Ferric ions
-Metabolism:
OH Sulfation
c. Tertiary Alcohol has three R-groups Glucuronidation
Example: Aromatic Hydroxylation
Tertairy Butyl: CH3 O-methylation
Important Alcohols & Phenols:
1. Methanol aka “Wood Alcohol” (because it was formerly obtained
CH3CCH3
from destructive distillation)
used to produce formaldehyde, a starting material for
OH many plastics
2. Based on the # of hydroxyl groups a good denaturant for ethyl alcohol (makes ethyl alcohol
a. Monohydric 1 OH unfit for drinking) because of its taste & poisonous
b. Dihydric 2 OH (ethylene glycol) properties.
c. Trihydric 3 OH (glycerol) 2. Ethanol aka “Grain Alcohol”, “wine Sprit”,
d. Polyhydric (carbohydrates) ”Spiritus vini rectificatus”
Nomenclature of Alcohols: alcohol present in alcoholic beverages
A. Common names are often used obtained from fermentation of sugars & starch
name of alkyl group + alcohol used as antiseptic (70% solution of ethanol)
CH3OH (methyl alcohol) used as solvent in medicinal preparations (tinctures)
B. Derived names from Carbinol (an old name of metyhanol) unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by addition of
Eg. CH3CH2OH Denatured alcohol (contains Methanol & Benzene)
Methyl carbinol 3. Isopropyl Alcohol component of rubbing alcohol
C. IUPAC Rules: similar to alkanes solvent
1. Parent chain has the –OH intermediate in the production of acetone
2. –OH is given the lower number 4. Cholesterol a complex alcohol that occurs in nature, a sterol found
3. Name ending in –ol in a cell membrane of animal cells; used as precursor
Qualitative Test for Alcohols: for the synthesis of sex hormones & bile acids
1. Lucas Test 5. Glycerol used in the manufacture of certain plastics
-Reagent: Zinc Chloride (catalyst) in concentrated HCl (reactant) used as solvent in liquid medications being nontoxic
-involves in double displacement ingresient in cosmetics formulation due to its moisturizing
-differentiate alcohols by forming an insoluble layer property
-Tertiary alcohols are the most reactive towards this test main constituent of suppositories
Reactivity: 3>2>1>CH3OH 6. Ethylene Glycol antifreeze for automobiles
-Primary alcohols do not undergo the reaction easily & needs heat solvent
-Visible result: Two immiscible layers humectants aids in retaining moisture
2. Dehydration –usually undergone by Methanol & Ethanol 7. Phenol aka “Carbolic Acid”
removal of H2O used as disinfectant for surgical instruments & utensils ets.
3. Oxidation – reagent: K2Cr2O7 starting material in the manufacture of aspirin, detergents,
depend on type of alcohol dyes, herbicides, explosives, etc.
1 aldehyde (oxidized to Carboxylic acid) 8. Cresol saponated cresol (aka “Lysol”) – used as disinfectant which
2 Ketone is better & less toxic than phenol
3 no reaction 9. Resorcinol also used as antiseptic but not as good as phenol
4. With Active Metal (ex: Na) 10. Hexyl Resorcinol a much better antiseptic & germicide,
williamsons reagent for synthesis of ethers commonly used in mouthwash
Reactivity: CH3OH > 1> 2> 3 11. Menthol from oil of Peppermint
12. Geraniol from Rose Oil
Methanol formaldehyde formic acid metabolic acidosis 13. Glucose a carbohydrate basic unit
(blindness)
Antidote: ethanol/ ethyl alcohol Ideal Antiseptic
Ethanol acetaldehyde acetic acid liver damage has a low surface tension
Ethylene Glycol oxalate + CA2+ hypocalcemia should also be non-irritating to tissue & non-allergenic
retain activity in the presence of body fluids
CaC2O4 (kidney stones) rapid & sustained lethal action against microorganisms
Ethers Amines organic compounds that are derived from ammonia by
-aka Organic Oxides replacing 1, 2, or 3 H’s w/ alkyl or aryl (Ar)
ROR Primary Amines: RNH2
ArOAr Secondary Amines: R2NH
ArOR Tertiary Amines: R3N
-glycosidic bond formed in glycoside Quaternary Amines not basic, no lone pair of electrons
Nomenclature fro Ethers amino group: NH
1. IUPAC Rules R-group: e- donor
-use alkoxy as a prefix causes: sterric effect (“crowding”)
-position is indicated by number basicity: 2>3>1> NH3 (more groups, more basic)
-“OXY” Heterocyclic Amines cyclic compounds that contain N atom as
-CH3OCH3 part of the ring
2. Derived Name occur widely in biological systems
-alkyl groups + Ethers
-CH3OCH3 Classification based on the Group attached to N:
Aliphatic Amine Aromatic Amine
Classification of Ethers: CH3NH2
1. Open-chain
a. Symmetrical contains similar R groups -aniline
Ex: Methyl ether (Methoxy methane): CH2OCH3 Basicity: Aliphatic Amine > Aromatic Amine
Ethyl Ether (Ethoxy ethane): CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Classification based on the number of group attached to N
b. Mixed contains different R groups (1, 2, 3 & Quaternary Ammonium Compounds)
Ex:Ethymethyl ether (Methoxy ethane):
CH3CH2OCH3 Important Amines:
2. Cyclic Ethers 1. Aniline used to commercially in the preparation of many dyes &
a. Epoxides/ Oxiranes/ Oxacyclopropane drugs
cyclic ethers in which the ether oxygen is a part of a 2. Choline found in egg yolks, meats,& fish, essential for growth
3-membered ring system 3. Adrenaline/ Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine a neurotransmitter
Ex: Ethylene Oxide gas sterilant 4. Amphetamine a psychomimetic drugs Causes low
alkylation of essential 5. Methamphetamine pH urine or
metabolism of bacteria 6. Pseudoephedrine alkaline
7. Phenylpropanolamine urine
b. More than 3 members included in the ring system 8. Barbituric Acid parent compound of barbiturates (sedatives)
furanose ring: an addictive drug
has both an amino & an acid group
9. Saccharin artificial sweetener, (disadvantage: bitter after taste)
pyranose ring: 10. Other amino-containing compounds: -blockers
-agonists
Important Ethers:
1. Ethyl Ether once widely used as general anesthetic because it is
safe even in long surgical procedures
NH2 recentl discovered compound w/ a composition of
ADR: Irritation of mucous membranes, nausea &
87.5%N & 12.5% H
vomiting
dangerous because it is explosive
solvent for waxes & fats
2. Ethylene oxide gas sterilant
used to fumigate textiles & grains
raw material in the synthesis of other organic
compound
3. Monobenzone depigmenting agent in cases of excessive melanin
formation
reduce melanin formation
can be seen in whitening preparation
4. Eugenol from Clove Oil
when mixed with ZNO forms a cement used by dentist as
temporary fillings
5. Naproxen NSAID
6. Gembrozil
Aldehydes (RCHO) Ketones (RCOR) IUPAC: Parent chain has the –C=O group,
undergone w/ Cannizaro Reaction Its is given the lower number
are oxidized to carboxylic acids, Change –e to –one
& reduced to primary alcohols product of oxidation of Secondary alcohol
IUPAC: Parent chain contains the –CHO, non terminal functional group
same pattern as alkane, Example:
change –e to –al Propanone (acetone)
terminal functional group a substrate can be
Example: used to synthesize
Methanal (formaldehyde) tertiary alcohol
simplest Ketone
Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
Butanone
Ex:
Ethanoyl chloride
(acetyl chloride)
Example:
-Ethanamide:
-N-methylethanolamide:
ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Organic Medicinal Chemistry Physicochemical properties of a drug that
affect its biological action.
the practice of medicinal chemistry is
devoted to the discovery & development Local Anti- Infectives or Germicides
of new drugs Antiseptic compounds that kill (cidal) or prevent the growth of
Drug an agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, (–static) microorganisms when applied to living tissue
cure, or prevention of disease in humans or another animals Disinfectant agents that prevent infection by the destruction of
Receptor a substance to which a drug needs to interact with to elicit a pathogenic microorganisms when applied to inanimate
pharcological response objects
Affinity ability of a drug to bind to the receptor I. Alcohol & Related Compounds
Intrinsic ability of a drug to exert a pharmacologic action # of carbons, antibacterial property
Four Fundamental Pathways: (but up to carbon 8 only)
1. Absorption branching tend to Antibacterial property
2. Distribution (except to isopropyl)
3. Metabolism (a) Alcohol USP (Spiritus vini recticatus)
4. Excretion: Glomerular Filtration ”Grain Alcohol”; “wine spirit”
Active Tubular Secretion the most widely abused of all recreational drugs.
Passive tubular –reabsorption undergo a series of Oxidation reaction in vivo
Enterohepatic Recirculation drugs emptied via the bile duct manufacture from:
into the small intestine can be Fermentation of grain
reabsorbed in the intestinal lumen Hydration of Ethyl
back to the systemic circulation Denatured Alcohol
(LIver intestines Liver) ethanol that has been rendered unfit for use in
intoxicating beverages by the addition of other
Isosterism describes the selection of structural components, the steric substances
electronic & solubility characteristics of a drug which make it completely denatured alcohol contains added
interchangeable with drugs of the same pharmacologic class methanol (wood alcohol) & benzene & is
unsuitable for either internal or external use
Isosteres compounds or groups of atoms having the same number & Diluted Alcohol 49/50 %
arrangement of electrons Rubbing Alcohol 70%
group of atoms that impart similar physical & chemical Absolute Alcohol 95%
properties to a molecule, because of similarities in the size, Dehydrated Algohol 99%
electronegativity, or stereochemistry Isopropy alcohol primarily used to disinfect the skin &
compounds may be altered by isosteric replacements of surgical instruments
atoms or groups, to develop analogues with select biologic rapidly bactericidal in the
example: replacement of the hydroxyl group of folic acid by concentration range of 50% to 95%
an amino group. a 40% concentration is considered to
be equal in antiseptic power to a
60% ethanol concentration
Formic Acid blindness
Ethanol act competitive inhibition
(b) Ethylene Oxide gas sterilant
used to sterilized temperature-sensitive
medical equipment & certain
pharmaceuticals that cannot be
autoclaved
MOA: alkylation of functional groups in
nucleic acids & proteins
carcinogenic
Unknown Tests
Acetate C2H3O2 Sulfuric acid+ ethanol fruity odor of ethyl acetate
Ferric chloride TS brownish red or reddish brown ppt of basic acetates
Aluminum Al Ammonium TS gelatinous ppt. w/c dissolves in excess of ammonium TS
Aluminon reagent red lake
Ammonium NH4SCN Acidic cobalt solution intense blue colored complex at interfeface Co(CNS)4
Thiocyanide Ferric salts blood red ferric thiocyanate
Arsenates AsO4 Silver nitrates TS chocolate brown soluble in nitric acid
Ammonium molybdate yellow ppt
Arsenites AsO3 Silver Nitrate test yellow ppt soluble in nitric acid
Magnesia Mixture no reaction (differentiating test for arsenates & arsenite)
BO3
3
Borates Sulfuric Acid + methanol green bordered flame
Turmeric paper (curcumin) orange + sodium hydroxide olive green
Turmeric paper when dipped into a solution of borate acidified w/ HCl produce reddish brown/ orange-red
Bromine Br Carbon tetrachloride orange color
CO3
2
Carbonate In acidic aqueous solution effervescence
Chloride Cl Silver nitrate test white curdy precipitate ppt soluble in ammonia, insoluble in nitric acid
Citrate C6H5O2 Silver mirror test
CaCl2 or Ca(OH)2 (in excess) no ppt white ppt w/c dissolve on cooling
Pyridine + acetic anhydride (3:1)/ Denige’s reagent (distinguishing test for citrate & tartrates)
Citrates produces Carmine Red
Tartrates produces Emerald Green
Chromium Cr Sodium hydroxide grayish green slug dissolves in excess reagent (turn to yellow upon addition of Na Peroxide)
Cobalt Co Sodium hydroxide blue ppt of CO(OH)2 (boiling) olive green rose red
Potassium nitrite + acetic acid Fernando Gabriel Reyes yellow ppt
-nitroso--naphthol brown ppt soluble in HCl
Nickel Ni Dimethylglyoxime bright red crystalline ppt insoluble in ammonia
-nitroso--naphthol reddish brown ppt soluble in HCl
Copper Cu Fe+ HCl deposit of red film on iron
Potassium ferrocyanide green ppt. forming a blue solution w/ ammonia
I
1
Iodide Chlorine water or potassium permanganate solution violet color
Sulfuric acid+sodium bisulfate (cold) decolorized
Sulfuric acid+oxali acid (hot) decolorized
Cyanate CNO Cobalt acetate +acetic acid azure blue crystal
PO4
3
Phosphate Silver test yellow ppt in nitric acid & ammonia
Ammonium molybdate yellow ppt. soluble in nitric acid & ammonia
Potassium K Flame test violet or iliac color
Tartaric acid white ppt of potassium bitartrate (only insoluble compound of potassium)
Salicylate Ferric chloride violet color
Acid white ppt of salicylic acid
Silver Ag HCl white curdy ppt. insoluble in nitric acid but soluble in ammonia
Sodium Na Flame test intense golden yellow flame
Cobalt uranyl acetate golden yellow ppt
Tartrate C4H4O6 Silver mirror test
Pyridine + acetic anhydride (3:1) emerald green
Thiosulfate S2O3 HCl white ppt turning yellow; SO2
Zinc Zn Hydrogen sulfide white ppt (only white sulfide)
Saccharin (Fluorescein Test)- Resorcinol+ sulfuric acid + excess NaOH Fluorescent green liquid
Common Names of Inorganic Compounds
Zinc (Zn) metal present in Insulin Mercury (Hg) aka “ “Messenger of Gods”,
Quicksilver”, “Liquid Silver” by Theophrastus
as container for batteries & dry cells
can be removed by Sulfur when it falls into Crack &
protective coating of galvanized iron
difficult to clean places
forms a White ppt w/ Sulfur-containing reagent
Pharmacologic Actions:
essential component of Carbonic Anhydrase & many
Diuretic
other enzymes
Antiseptic
w/ Dithizone Test: Red Color Extractable
Cathartic
Pharmacologic Actions:
Treatment of Syphilis
Astringent
Parasiticidal/ Fungicidal
Antiseptic
Industrial Uses:
Antiperspirant
~Manufacture of Thermometers
Protectant
Defficiency: Parakeratosis (have space
containing
Antidote for Zinc Poisoning: NaHCO3 (Baking Soda)
Nitrogen)
Important Compounds of Zinc:
~Formation of Amalgams (dental cement)
1. Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) Toxicity:”Minimata Disease”
aka “Burnette’s Disinfectant Fluid” Antidote:
Antiseptic/ Disinfectant (found in mouthwashes), *EDTA
Topical Protectant, Dentin Desesitizer, Corrosive *Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate NF
2. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) (best Antidote –particulary the
aka “Zinc White”, “Lassar’s Paste”, “Chinese White” bichloride)
Mild Antiseptic, Astringent, Topical Protectant *Egg Albumin (used in mergency)
Ladd’s paste comprises Zinc Oxide, Liquid Petrolatum, -1 egg white for each 250
& Aluminum Powder 1/3 by weight Mercuric Chloride, to induce
3. Zinc Peroxide (ZnO2) Antiseptic emesis,
4. Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO47H2O) aka “White Vitriol” Important Compounds of Mercury:
Emetic, Astringent, 1. Mercurous Chloride (Hg2Cl2) aka “Calomel”
Ingredient of White Lotion, USP Cathartic, Local Antiseptic
w/ Sulfurated potash
2. Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2) aka “Corrosive Sublimate”
5. Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) aka “White Lotion”, “White Sulfide”
also as Mercury Bichloride
active component of White Lotion
Disinfectant
Parasiticide, Topical Protectant,
3. Mercurous Iodide (HgI) Anti-syphilis
Antiseptic
4. Mercury (II) Iodide (HgI2) stimulant of Indolent Ulcers
6. Hydrated Zinc Silicate
aka “Natural Calamine” 5. Potassium Mercuric Iodide (K2HgI4) Antiseptic
Topical Protectant, Anti-itch component of Mayer’s
makes Calamine pink Reagent
7. Zinc-eugenol Cement Dental protective, Dentrifices 6. Ammoniated Mercury (HgNH2Cl) aka “White Precipitate”
Topical Antiseptic/
Cadmium (Cd) Pharmacologic Actions/ Uses: Anti-infective
Astringent 7. Mercuric Oxide (HgO) aka “Yellow Precipitate”
Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis Ophthalmic Antiseptic/ Anti-infective
Other Use: Manufacture of Stink Bomb 8. Red Mercuric Iodide w/ Potassium Iodide produces a
Toxicity: “Itai-itai Disease” solution known as Valser’s Reagent
Antidote: BAL 9. Water-soluble Mercury solid preparation containing
Important Compounds of Cadmium: Mercury (10-20%), Cetyl Alcohol
(70%), Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Dioctyl
1. Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) Emetic,
Sodium Sulfosccunate, Glycerin &
Treatment of Tinea Infection
Water.
2. Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) aka “Yellow Sulfide”
Anti-Seborrheic Dermatitis/ 2+ 2+
Anti-dandruff Differentiation of Hg2 from Hg
2+ 2+
3. Cadmium Sulfate (CdSO4) Ophthalmic Antiseptic Reagent Hg2 Hg
NaOH Hg2O (Black ppt) HgO (Yellow ppt)
KI Hg2I2 (Green ppt) HgI2 (Scarlet ppt)
Excess KI Hg (Black ppt) + K2HgI4 K2HgI4 (Dissolution)
NH3 Hg(NH2)Cl + Hg (Black ppt) Hg(NH2)Cl (White ppt)
HCl HgCl2 (White ppt) HgCl2 (Clear Solution)
GROUP III-A (13): BORON GROUP
+3 oxidation state 7. Aluminum Magnesium Silicate (Hydrated Al Mg Si )
*Hydroxides of this group of elements – tend to show aka “Fuller’s Earth”, “Floretin”, “Floridin”
amphoteric properties except those at the top & bottom is a low of plasticity, clay-like material, which, when,
elements of this group heated, exhibits an increase in its adsorptive
Alum = double salts properties.
Members: Boron (B) 8. Aluminum Magnesium Hydroxide Sulfate aka “Magaldrate”
Aluminum (Al) 9. Aluminum Acetate (AlCH3COO)
Gallium (Ga) 10. Aluminon Reagent tri-ammonium aurine-tricarboxylate
Indium (In) 11. Aluminum Silicate
Thallium (Tl) (a) Kaolin aka “China Clay”,
“Native Hydrated Aluminum Silicate”
Boron (B) bridge element, resemble silicon “White Bole”
Used in Vulcanizing Rubber Intestinal adsorbent in diarrhea, Demulcent,
Important Compounds of Boron: Clarifying agent, Excipient for inorganic salts,
1. Boric Acid (H3BO4) aka “Sal Sativum”, “Sal Sedativum” Dusting Powder
burns with a Green bordered Flame (b) Bentonite aka “Soap Clay”, “Mineral Soap”,
when mixed with methanol & the mass “Swelling Clay”
ignited “Native Colloidal Hydrated Silicate”
Buffer component “Wilhinite”
Eyewash (2% Boric Acid) Suspending agent
Antiseptic Bentonite Magma (5% Bentonite)
Toxicity: “Lobster Appearance” same w/ (c) Pumice porous rock of volcanic origin
Sodium Borate complex of Al, Na, K
2. Boron Trioxide produces by heating Boric Acid to dental abrasive
temperature over 160C Fine Pumice powder form of pumice
3. Sodium Tetraborate (Na2B4O710H2O) (d) Clay contain impurities of calcium, magnesium, iron
aka “Borax”, “Dobell’s Solution” oxides, fragment of quartz etc.
Antiseptic, Eyewash, Wet Dressing for wounds
Gallium (Ga)aka “eka-aluminum”
Aluminum (Al) most abundant metal substitute for mercury in the manufacture Arc Lamps
3rd most abundant element except for Mercury, has the lowest melting point of
is a base-insoluble sulfide the metals (29.75C)
Pharmacologic Actions: appears in transferring, an iron transport CHON, &
Constipation appears to be useful in treating cancer related
Astringent hypercalcemia
67
Antiperspirant as Diagnostic Aid ( GA)
Deodorant Important Compound of Gallium:
Thin Foil is used to treat burns 1. Gallium Nitrate for the treatment of cancer-related
Toxicity: Shaver’s Disease hypercalcemia
Important Compounds of Aluminum:
111 113
1. Aluminum Chloride (AlCl36H2O) Astringent, Antiseptic, Indium (In) as Diagnostic Aid ( In, In)
Antiperspirant,
Deodorant Thallium(Tl) aka “Green Twig”
2. Aluminum Hydroxide [Al(OH)3] Defacqz Reaction (test)
aka Amphogel®, Cremalin Gel® most toxic, similar to Arsenic (Toxic Effects)
Antacid, Protectant rodenticides
can interfere w/ phosphate absorption Poisoning causes Green Tongue & Alopecia
DIsadvatage: Constipation 201
as Diagnostic Aid ( Tl)
Phosphate Deficiency Treatment of Poisoning w/ Thallium:
3. Aluminum Phosphate (AlPO4) -Trihexyphenidyl
aka Phosphagel® -Dimercaprol
Antacid, Astringent, Demulcent
Advantage: Do not interfere w/ PO4 absorption GROUP III-B (3)
4. Aluminum Carbonate [Al2(CO3)3] “Rare Earth Elements”
causes constipation are the first elements that are large enough to permit the
treatment of Phosphatic Calculi addition of electrons to the d orbitals, beginning w/ the third
Phosphate Fecal Route principal quantum number
5. Alum [AlNH4(SO4)212H2O] – NH4 salt Members: Scandium (Sc) “eka-boron”
[AlK(SO4)212H2O] – K salt Yttrium (Y)
aka “Tawas”
Astringent, Antiperspirant, Deodorant
6. Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) aka “Alumina”, “Bauxite”
Treatment of Silicosis
GEW: MW/6
GROUP IV-A (14): CARBON FAMILY
+4 oxidation state
predominantly exhibit covalent bonding, owing to the small
size & high charge on the tetravalent ions.
Oxides of Carbon(C) & Silicon(Si) are acidic, those of other
elements of the group are Amphoteric
Members: Carbon (C)
Silicon (Si)
Tin (Sn)
Lead(Pb)
Germanium (Ge)
Nitrogen (N) aka “Mephitic Air”, “Azote”, “Without Life” Phosphorus (P) aka “Light Carrier”, “St. elmo’s Fire”
occurs free in atmosphere Two Forms:
Most Abundant gas in Air (71% N2; 29% O2) (a) Red Phosphorus non-poisonous & non-
prepared primarily by the fractional distillation of flammable in air, except at high
liquid air temperature.
cause fatal bend in deep sea divers due to (b) Yellow Phosphorys (White Phosphorus)
accumulation in the blood has a distinctive, disagreeable,
provide an atmosphere to retard oxidation of cod liver ozone-like odor.
oil, olive oil & multiple vitamin preparation. ignites spontaneously when expose
most stable diatomic molecule to air or when heated at about
Important Compounds of Nitrogen: 50C.
1, N2 very stable because of 3 covalent bonds insoluble in water,
Since Stable –used as Inert Atmosphere for readily soluble in chloroform, benzene, or
oxidizable substance carbon disulfide
Liquid N2 –used as Refrigerant Allotropic Modifications:
Container: Black (a) Scarlet P (PbBr w/ Hg @240C)
2. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) aka “Laughing Gas” (b) Violet P (white w/ Na @ 200C)
inhalational anesthetic (c) Black/Metallic (P w/ Pb @ 530C)
SE: Diffusion Hypoxia
Container: Blue Important Compound of Phosphorus:
3. Nitric Oxide (NO) causes Vasodilation 1. Phosphate (PO4) Antacids; Cathartics
an important neurotransmitter produced Insoluble Phosphates: -Mg
by neurons & other cells, -Sr
associated w/ the Mechanism of Action -Ba
of Drugs like Sildenafil & Nitroglycerin -Ca
4. Nitrite (NO2) Vasodilator; For Cyanide Poisoning 2. Phosphoric Acid NF used to form soluble salts of insoluble
*all nitrite are soluble in water, medicinal base.
except for Silver Nitrite (sparing soluble) GEW: MW/3
forms red color w/ Giess-Ilosvay Test 3. Hypophosphorous Acid used as an antioxidant in Hydriodic
(sulpahnilic acid- 1 Acid Syrup & Ferrous Iodide Syrup
naphthylamine reagent) powerful reducing agent
5. Nitrate (NO3) preservative 4. Diphosphate Trisulfate (P2S3)
ion when warmed with concentrated sulfuric
acid & metallic Cu, evolved brown gas; (=) Arsenic (As) aka “Lewisite Metal”
result w/ Brown ring test; & no visible component of Salvarsan (Antisyphilis)/ Asphenamine
reaction w/ diluted sulfuric acid. binds to –SH (Keratin nails& hair)
gives white crystalline precipitate w/ the Identification Test: Gutzeit’s Test
presence of Nitron Reagent ( diphenyl-endo- is the modified version of
anilo-dihydrotriazole) Marsh Test
Lunge test – most sensitive test for nitrate Poisoning: Arsenic Poisoning (Mee’s Lines)
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate longest acting Antidote: BAL
nitrate elements that resembled arsenic in action:
6. Nitric Acid, NF 30 is an aqueous solution containing not less -Selenium
than 69% & not more than 71% by -Tellurium
weight of HNO3 Important Compounds of Arsenic:
1. Arsenic Trioxide Insecticide; Antileukemic
Pimary standard for I & Ce(SO4)2
2. Potassium Arsenita Solution aka “Fowler’s Solution”
antileukemic
3. CopperAceto Arsenate aka “Paris Green”
insecticide
4. AsI2 aka “Donovan’s Solution”
red solution
primary standard in the preparation of cerric sulfate
Antimony (Sb) aka “Stybium” GROUP V-B (5)
in the presence of Rhodamine B w/ HCl Tantalum (Ta) for implants
forms Violet Precipitate used in recent years in the surgical repair of
Principal Source: Antimony Glance (Stibnite) large abdominal hernias
Pharmacologic Action: unaffected by body fluids, used in sheet form
Expectorant for surgical repair of bones, nerves, & tissues.
Emetic
Anti-helminthic
*Amorphous form of Antimony – explosive form
antimony
Important Compund of Antimony:
1. Antimony Potassium Tartrate (SbKOC4H4O6)
aka “Tartar Emetic”, “Brown Mixture”
Emetic, Expectorant,
Treatment of Schistosomiasis (Liver Fluke)
no longer use as emetic because it is Toxic
2. Antimony Black a black metallic antimony, obtained by the
action of zinc upon solutions of antimony
trichloride
3. Alloys:
a. Babbit Metal is 80% tin & 20% antimony
b. Antifriction Metal is 75% tin, 12.5% antimony,
12.5% copper
Fluorine (F) aka “Superhalogen” Bromine (Br) Dark reddish brown fuming liquid with a suffocating
strongest oxidizing agent odor
most electronegative element powerful caustic & germicide
except Glod(Au) & Platinum(Pt), it attack all metals at if in contact w/ skin wash immediately w/ a solution
ordinary temp. of NaHCO3 & treated w/ glycerin
Poisoning: Fluorosis or Ammonia Water
Principal Manifestation: Mottled Enamel Three Bromide Elixirs: Na, K, & Ammonium
Abnormal Bone Growth added to Quinalizarin Reagent to differentiate
* Fluoride anticariogenic Agent magnesium & berylium
is one of the metabolites of Methoxy Pharmacologic Action:
flurane responsible for the Sedative
Nephrotoxicity associated w/ thic Depressant
inhaltional anethetic Poisoning: Bromism (Antidote: NaCl & NH4Cl)
Important Compounds of Fluorine: Principal Manifestation: Skin Eruption
1. Sodium Fluoride (NaF) Anticariogenic(prevent dental caries) Psychosis
at 2% solution. Weajness
2. Stannous Fluoride (SnF2) Anticariogenic (8% solution) Headache
3. Sodium Fluoride Phosphate (Na2FPO3) also cariogenic
4. Dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) aka “Freon”
Important Compound of Bromine:
Refrigerant; 1. Kopperchaar’s Solution Bromine, Tenth Normal Solution
Aerosol Propellant solution of K Bromate & K Bromide
0.10N Bromine Solution
Chlorine (Cl) aka “Dephlogisticated Muriatic Acid” by Scheele Used in the assay of Phenol
most abundant Extracellular Anion
used as Water Disifectant
is added into a solution of an Iodine which liberates
color Brown
“Greenish Yellow” Halogen (Chloros) Iodine (I) most metallic of all halogen (except Astatine)
Important Compound of Chlorine: present in thyroid gland
1. Hypochlorite (Na, K) Bleaching Agent a radioactive isotopes which ha a wide use in diagnosis &
2. Chloride (Na, K, Ca) electrolyte replenisher therapy.
cause perment hardness of water 1:5000 (0.02%) –iodine concentration effective to
3. Potassium Chlorate antiseptic combat many common bacteria in distilled water
present in mouthwashes, vaginal its Oxosalts (are very stable)
douche, & othe local cleansing prep. Antidote for Iodine Poisoning: Cornstarch &
4. Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) will form an acid when reacted w/ Sodium Thiosulfate
water Important Preparations of Elemental Iodine:
5. Hydrochloric Acid toilet bowl cleaner. 1. Stong Iodine Solution aka “Lugol’s Solution”
neutalizing, stabilizing, / solubilizing 2. Iodine Tincture Disinfectant
agent 3. Povidone-Iodine Betadine® (10% Iodine)
* Diluted HCl – treatment of Achlordria 4. Iodophor complex of Iodine
5. Boulton’s Solution Phenolated Iodine Solution
expressed in %w/v
6. HI most acidic among the acid of halogen
* Concentrated HCl expressed in %w/w
is used to differentiate Group I cations
6. Hypochlorous Acid (HClO) Astatine (At) synthetic radioactive element(only synthetic halogen)
7. Chlorous Acid (HClO2) resembles Iodine, but more metallic
has no pharmaceutical applications
8. Chloric Acid (HClO3)
9. Perchloric Acid (HClO4)
Pseudohalogen (Halogenoids resemble halide anions)
-CN
-CNS
GROUP VIIB (7) GROUP VIIIA / O (18): NOBLE GASES/ INERT GASES
are colored All Group 0 elements except radon occur in the atmosphere
are metallic in character are all monatomic & unreactive
Members: Manganese (Mn) Members: Helium (He)
Technetium (Tc) Neon (Ne)
Rhenium (Re) Argon (Ar)
Krypton (Kr)
Manganese (Mn) essential trace element Xenon (Xe)
necessary for activation of a variety of enzymes Radon (Rn)
such as Pyruvate Carboxylase Helium (He) 2nd lightest gas/ air
forms a Pink ppt w/ Sulfur-containing reagent Container: Brown
Cofactor involved in: Inhalation of pure Helium produces a
-Protein Synthesis “Donald Duck-like Sound” or “Chipmunk-like Sound”
-Phosphorylation Pharmacologic Uses:
-Fatty Acid & Cholestrerol Synthesis Used to prepare synthetic airs
Poisoning: Parkinson-like (20% O2 + 80% He)
Important Compound of Manganese: Carrier/ Diluent of Medically important gases
1. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) Neon (Ne) for advertising purposes
aka “Mineral Chameleon” Argon (Ar) most abundant noble gas
Oxidizing Agent, Antiseptic substitute to nitrogen as an inert atmosphere for
0.02% Strength as Antimicrobial pharmaceutics
by-product of the fractionalization for possible use as
Technetium (Tc) aka “Technetos”, “eka-Manganese” anesthetics
first element produced artificially Krypton (Kr) least abundant noble gas
used in Preparation of Radiopharmaceuticals anesthetic(investigated for possible use as anesthetic)
99
( Tc) Ramsay & Travers (isolated Krypton from Argon)
Xenon (Xe) is a virtually ideal anesthetic inert gas sufficiently
Rhenium (Re) very rare element potent to provide rapid induction of & emergence
catalyst for dehydrogenation from surgical anesthesia
Radon (Rn) aka “Niton” by Ramsay
synthetic & radioactive noble gas
treatment of cancer (Cervical Cancer)
Recognize by Dorn
Rutherford & Soddy (succeeded in liquefying the
emanation of Radon)
Ramsay & Collie (demonstrated the characteristic
spectrum of Radon)
GROUP VIIIB 12. Iron Pyrite aka “Fool’s Gold”
consists of e elements (TRIADS) 13. Ferri Ferrocyanide, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]2 aka “Prussian Blue”
First Triad: Second Triad: Third Triad: blue print dye
Iron (Fe) Ruthenium (Ru) Osmium (Os) 14. Ferro Ferricyanide, Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 aka “Turnbull’s Blue”
Cobalt (Co) Rhodium (Rh) Iridium (Ir) blue print dye
Nickel (Ni) Palladium (Pd) Platinum (Pt) 15. Cast Iron/ Pig Iron is the crude metal obtained from blast
furnace contains 92 to 94% iron
Iron (Fe) essential trace element 16. White Cast Iron (Cementine) is a solid solution of hard
present in Tyrosine Hydroxylase which catalyzes the rate- brittle iron carbide formed
limiting step in catecholamines when molten iron ir rapidly
Present in: Hemoglobin cooled.
Transferrin 17. Gray Cast Iron (Graphite Scales) are formed when liquid
Ferritin iron is run into sand molds &
Cytochrome Oxidase Enzyme allowed to cool
Enhance Absorption of: Vitamin C 18. Wrought Iron is obtained from removing most of the
Copper impurities from cast iron.
most important element in engineering contains from 99.8% to 99.9% of pure iron.
Alloy: Steel (Iron + 35 Carbon) very malleable & ductile, very tough &
Mucosal Block postulation by Hahn possesses a high tensile strength
best known of the three hypotheses on iron 19. Reduced Iron is made from ferric oxide w/ the addition of
absorption Hydrogen
suggests that dieatary or administered iron is
reduced to the ferrous form which diffuses into Cobalt (Co) essential in development of erythrocyte & hemoglobin
the mucosal cell where it is reoxidized & combined used in manufacture of beer
w/ apoferritin to form stable ferritin pink in appearance
Misch Metal is 70% Cerium & 30% Iron Component of Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
pyrophoric alloys * Vogel’s Reaction(test for Cobaltous ions w/
alloy of copper-nickel resulted from ammonium thiocyanate
removing sulfur from malte produce Beautiful blue)
2+
Fe green in solution Deficiency: Megaloblastic Anemia
Use: Hematinic Important Compounds of Cobalt:
Toxicity: GIT Distress 1. Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2) “Cobaltous Chloride”
Cardiac Collapse aka “Lover’s Ink”,
Antidote: Deferoxamine “Sympathetic Ink”
Important Compounds of Iron: indicator in silica gel beads
1. Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) aka “Green Vitriol” (dessicator)
Hematinic Agent 2. Cobalt Zincate aka “Rinmann’s Green”
most economical & most 3. Cobalt meta-aluminate aka “Thenard Blue”
satisfactory form of iron 4. Cobaltous used as indicator in silica gel beads & other
preparation in the market dehydrating agents
SE: Constipation Nickel (Ni) aka “Old Nick’s Copper”
2. Ferrous Subsulfate Solution aka “Monsel’s Solution” found in fossil fuel combustion
3. Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate aka “Mohr’s Salt” metal in Fancy Jewelries
most important double salt of specified by Dimethylglyoxime Reagent, form Red ppt.
2+
ferrous sulfate w/ alkali sulfate Ni green in solution
4. Ferric Ammonium Sulfate [FeNH4(SO4)2] Nickel Pectinate Tomectin
aka “Ferric Alum” is utilized for the treatment of diarrhea
indicator used in precipitation method of analysis Raney Nickel alloy of nickel & aluminum
5. Ferrous Gluconate FERGON® (Hematinic Agent) Nickel Hydroxide Green
less gastric irritating German Silver Nickel + Zinc + Copper
6. Ferrous Fumarate TOLERON® (hematinic agent)-1957 Constantan alloy of Copper & Nickel
more stable than ferrous sulfate Dimethylglyoxime Reagent precipitating agent of Nickel
most tolerable form of iron
less irritating to the GI tract than any Osmium (Os) heaviest & densest metal
other iron preparations Important Compounds of Osmium:
7. Ferrous Carbonate (FeCO3) aka “Chalybeate Pills”, 1. Osmic Acid
“Ferrunginous Pills”, 2. Osmium Tetroxide
“Blaud’s Pills” *Both used in staining microorganism for microscopic study
Hematinic Agent especially electron microscopy
8. Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) astringent, styptic, Palladium (Pd) catalyst in finely divided steel
detection(test) of tannins & phenols Platinum (Pt) catalyst in finely divided steel
will react with: called as “Noble Metals” because
-Morphine (blue) it shows low oxidation potential
-Benzoic Acid (flesh) & low reactivity
-Resorcinol (violet) Cisplatin treatment of Prostate Cancer
9. Iron + Ammonium Acetate aka “Basham’s Mixture” aka Platinol
Astringent, Styptic a platinum complex
10. Iron Dextran Injection IM only antineoplastic agent prepared by treating
11. Iron Oxide use as pigment potassium chloroplatinate w/ ammonia
Artificial Atmosphere:
-Five Gases are Official:
Nitrogen Activity Series list od metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of
Oxygen oxidation
Helium Active Sites are places in the reacting molecules where they can be
Carbon Dioxide absorb
Nitrous Oxide Reaction Mechanism information on how reaction occurs in step by step
process.
Barium, Strontium, Nickel Coordination Number of the Metal Ion is the number of donor atoms to
placed higher than hydrogen in the electromotive series which is boded.
Metal-ion Indicators:
- Murexide
- Calmagite
- Pyrocathecol Violet
Nuclide is the nucleus of a specific isotope of an element
Nucleon particle found im the nucleus of an atom
Node a locus of points in an atom in which the electron density is zero.
Limiting Reactant reagent that leads to the smallest amount of product
Ewens-Bassett system is an element nomenclature that gives/sites the
charge of the complex ion rather than the
oxidation state of the central unit
Metals are:
- ductile
- lustrous
- malleable
- some are liquid (Gallium & Mercury)
Ionic Hydrides are formed by alkali metals & by the heavier alkaline
earths
Molecular Hydrides are formed by nonmetals & semi-metals
Metallic Hydrides are formed when hydrogen reacts w/ transition
metals
Penicillin
Amphetamine
Methamphetamine
differs in the presence of
N-methyl substituent
(+)-N, alpha-dimethyl
phenthylamine
Phenytoin anticonvulsant
contains the structure -NH in the R’’
position of the structure
Amiodarone
Aspirin
Atomic Atomic Name Symbol 59 140.9077 Praseodymium Pr
number Mass chemical 60 144.24 Neodymium Nd
element 61 145 Promethium Pm
62 150.36 Samarium Sm
1 1.0079 Hydrogen H
63 151.964 Europium Eu
2 4.0026 Helium He
64 157.25 Gadolinium Gd
3 6.941 Lithium Li
4 9.0122 Beryllium Be 65 158.9253 Terbium Tb
5 10.811 Boron B 66 162.5 Dysprosium Dy
6 12.0107 Carbon C 67 164.9303 Holmium Ho
7 14.0067 Nitrogen N 68 167.259 Erbium Er
8 15.9994 Oxygen O 69 168.9342 Thulium Tm
9 18.9984 Fluorine F 70 173.04 Ytterbium Yb
10 20.1797 Neon Ne 71 174.967 Lutetium Lu
11 22.9897 Sodium Na 72 178.49 Hafnium Hf
12 24.305 Magnesium Mg 73 180.9479 Tantalum Ta
13 26.9815 Aluminum Al 74 183.84 Tungsten W
14 28.0855 Silicon Si 75 186.207 Rhenium Re
15 30.9738 Phosphorus P 76 190.23 Osmium Os
16 32.065 Sulfur S 77 192.217 Iridium Ir
17 35.453 Chlorine Cl 78 195.078 Platinum Pt
19 39.0983 Potassium K 79 196.9665 Gold Au
18 39.948 Argon Ar 80 200.59 Mercury Hg
20 40.078 Calcium Ca 81 204.3833 Thallium Tl
21 44.9559 Scandium Sc 82 207.2 Lead Pb
22 47.867 Titanium Ti 83 208.9804 Bismuth Bi
23 50.9415 Vanadium V 84 209 Polonium Po
24 51.9961 Chromium Cr 85 210 Astatine At
25 54.938 Manganese Mn 86 222 Radon Rn
26 55.845 Iron Fe 87 223 Francium Fr
28 58.6934 Nickel Ni 88 226 Radium Ra
27 58.9332 Cobalt Co 89 227 Actinium Ac
29 63.546 Copper Cu 91 231.0359 Protactinium Pa
30 65.39 Zinc Zn 90 232.0381 Thorium Th
31 69.723 Gallium Ga 93 237 Neptunium Np
32 72.64 Germanium Ge 92 238.0289 Uranium U
33 74.9216 Arsenic As 95 243 Americium Am
34 78.96 Selenium Se 94 244 Plutonium Pu
35 79.904 Bromine Br 96 247 Curium Cm
36 83.8 Krypton Kr 97 247 Berkelium Bk
37 85.4678 Rubidium Rb 98 251 Californium Cf
38 87.62 Strontium Sr 99 252 Einsteinium Es
39 88.9059 Yttrium Y 100 257 Fermium Fm
101 258 Mendelevium Md
40 91.224 Zirconium Zr
102 259 Nobelium No
41 92.9064 Niobium Nb 261 Rutherfordium Rf
104
42 95.94 Molybdenum Mo 262 Lawrencium Lr
103
43 98 Technetium Tc 262 Dubnium Db
105
44 101.07 Ruthenium Ru 266 Seaborgium Sg
106
45 102.9055 Rhodium Rh 107 264 Bohrium Bh
46 106.42 Palladium Pd 108 277 Hassium Hs
47 107.8682 Silver Ag 109 268 Meitnerium Mt
48 112.411 Cadmium Cd 110 Darmstadtium Ds
49 114.818 Indium In 111 272 Roentgenium Rg
50 118.71 Tin Sn 112 Ununbium Uub
51 121.76 Antimony Sb 113 Ununtrium Uut
53 126.9045 Iodine I 114 Ununquadium Uuq
52 127.6 Tellurium Te 115 Ununpentium Uup
54 131.293 Xenon Xe 116 Ununhexium Uuh
55 132.9055 Cesium Cs 117 Ununseptium Uus
56 137.327 Barium Ba 118 Ununoctium Uuo
57 138.9055 Lanthanum La
58 140.116 Cerium Ce
Chromium(III)chloride CrCl3
Name Molecular Chromium potassium sulfate CrK(SO4)2
formula Chromium trioxide Cr2O3
Chromium(III)nitrate Cr(NO3)3
Aluminum Al
Cobalt carbonate CoCO3
Aluminum bromide AlBr3
Cobalt metall powder Co
Aluminum chloride anhydrous AlCl3
Cobalt sulfate CoSO4
Aluminum oxide Al2O3
Cobalt(II)sulfate CoSO4.7H2O
Aluminum powder Al
Cobaltic oxide Co2O3
Ammonum aluminum sulfate NH4Al(SO4)2
Cobaltous Co
Ammonium bromide NH4Br
Cobaltous bromide CoBr2
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
Cobaltous chloride CoCl2
Ammonium ferric sulfate NH4Fe(SO4)2
Cobaltous chloride CoCl2
Ammonium ferric sulfate NH4Fe(SO4)2
Copper metal Cu
Ammonium ferrous sulfate FeSO4(NH4)2SO4
Copper oxide CuO
Ammonium fluoride NH4F
Copper(I)iodide CuI
Ammonium iodide NH4I
Copper(I)bromide CuBr
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
Copper(I)chloride CuCl
tri-Ammonium orthophosphate (NH4)3PO4
Copper(II)chloride CuCl2.2H2O
Ammonium perchlorate NH4ClO4
Copper(II)hydroxide carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
Ammonium phosphate dibasic (NH4)2HPO4
Copper(II)sulfate anhydrous CuSO4
Ammonium phosphate monobasic NH4H2PO4
Cupric bromide CuBr2
Ammonium sodium hydrogen NaNH4HPO4
Cupric dichromate CuCr2O4.4H2O
orthophosphate
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 Cupric oxide CuO
Cuprous cyanide CuCN
Ammonium thiocyanate NH4SCN
Ferric oxide red powder Fe2O3
Antimony oxide Sb2O3
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3.nH2O
Antimony pentoxide Sb2O5
Ferrous bromide FeBr2
Antimony tribromide SbBr3
Ferrous chloride FeCl2
Antimony(lumps) Sb
Ferrous orthophosphate Fe3(PO4)2
Arsenic As
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4
Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2
Ferrous sulfide FeS
Barium carbonate BaCO3
Barium chlorate monohydrate Ba(ClO3)2.H2O Fluoboric acid (50% in water) HF
Germanium(IV)chloride GeCl4
Barium chloride BaCl2
Barium fluoride BaF2 Iodic acid HIO3
Iodine I2
Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2
Iodine pentoxide I2O5
Barium oxide BaO
Iron Fe
Barium perchlorate Ba(ClO4)2
Lanthanium oxide La2O3
Barium permanganate Ba(MnO4)2
Lead bromide PbBr2
Barium peroxide BaO2
Lead carbonate PbCO3
Barium sulfate BaSO4
Lead chloride PbCl2
Bismuth metal Bi
Lead chromate PbCrO4
Bismuth nitrate Bi(NO3)3
Bismuth subnitrate BiNO3 Lead dioxide PbO2
Lead fluoride PbF2
Bismuth trioxide Bi2O3
Borax crystals Na2B4O7 Lead iodide PbI2
Lead metal Pb
Boric acid H3BO3
Lead oxide yellow PbO
Cadmium carbonate CdCO3
Lead sulfide PbS
Cadmium chloride CdCl2
Lithium carbonate Li2CO3
Cadmium fluoride CdF2
Lithium chloride LiCl
Cadmium granule. Cd
Lithium fluoride LiF
Cadmium metal, mossy Cd
Cadmium nitrate CdNO3.4H2O Lithium hydroxide LiOH
Lithium iodide LiI
Cadmium selenide CdSe
Cadmium sulfate CdSO4 Lithium nitrate LiNO3
Magnesium bromide MgBr2
Calcium Ca
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
Calcium fluoride CaF2
Magnesium chloride MgCl2
Calcium hypochlorite(~35%Cl) CaCl2O2
Magnesium chloride anhydrous MgCl2
Calcium orthophosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Magnesium ferrocyanide Mg2Fe(CN)6
Calcium oxide CaO
Magnesium fluoride MgF2
Calcium pentahydroxide triphosphate Ca5(PO4)3OH
Magnesium oxide MgO
Calcium peroxide CaO2
Magnesium perchlorate Mg(ClO4)2
Calcium phosphate dibasic CaHPO4
Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 Magnesium silicate MgO,SiO2,Na2SiO4
Magnesium sulfate MgSO4.H2O
Calcium phosphate monobasic Ca(H2PO4)2
Cerium sulfate anhydrous Ce2(SO4)3 Manganese dioxide MnO2
Manganese hydroxide Mn(OH)2
Cesium chloride CsCl
Manganese metal Mn Sodium fluoride NaF
Manganous chloride MnCl2 Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4
Mecurous chloride HgCl2 Sodium hydrogen sulfate NaHSO4
Mercuric iodide HgI2 Sodium hydrogen sulfite NaHSO3
Mercuric nitrate HgNO3 di-Sodium hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4.2H2O
Mercuric thiocyanate Hg(CSN)2 Sodium iodate NaIO3
Mercurous fluorude Hg2F2 Sodium iodide NaI
Mercurous iodide Hg2I2 Sodium meta-periodate NaIO4
Mercurous nitrate HgNO3.H2O Sodium methaborate NaBO2.2H2O
Mercury(II)chloride HgCl2 Sodium perchlorate NaCl3O4
Mercury(II)iodide HgI2 Sodium peroxide Na2O2
Mercury(II)nitrate Hg(NO3)2 Sodium persulfate Na2S2O8
Molybdenium trioxide MoO3 Sodium polyphosphate (NaPO3)12-13.Na2O
Nickel carbonate NiCO3 Sodium pyrophosphate Na4P2O7
Nickel chloride NiCl2.6H2O Sodium silicate Na2Si3O7
Nickel fluoride NiF2 Sodium sulfate Na2SO4.10H2O
Nickel oxide green NiO Sodium sulfite Na2SO3
Nickel sulfamate Ni(SO3NH2)2.4H2O di-Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7
Nickel sulfate NiSO4.6H2O Sodium tungstate Na2WO4.2H20
Perchloric acid HClO4 Stannic chloride SnCl4
Phosphormolybdic acid H3[P(MoO3O10)4]aq Stannous chloride SnCl2
Phosphorus in water P Stannous chloride SnCl2.2H2O
Phosphorus pentasulfide P2S5 Stannous fluoride SnF2
Phosphorus wite P Stannous oxide SnO
Potassium antimonate(pyro) KSb(OH)6 Strontium carbonate SrCO3
Potassium biiodate KH(IO3)2 Thallium wire Tl
Potassium bisulfate KHSO4 Thallous nitrate TlNO3
Potassium bisulfite KHSO3 Tin Sn
Potassium bromate KBrO3 Tin gran. Sn
Potassium bromide KBr Titanium carbide TiC
Potassium chlorate KClO3 Titanium hydride TiH2
Potassium cyanate KCN Vanadium boride VB2
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4 Vanadium carbide VC
Potassium disulfate(pyrosulfate) K2S2O7 Vanadium oxide V2O4
Potassium ferro(III)cyanide K4Fe(CN)6 Yttrium nitrate Y(NO3)3
Potassium metabisulfite K2S2O5 Yttrium oxide Y2O3
Potassium nitrate KNO3 Zinc Zn
Potassium nitrite KNO2 Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
Potassium perchlorate KClO4 Zinc chloride ZnCl2
Potassium persulfate K2S2O8 Zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2
Potassium phosphate monobasic KH2PO4 Zinc selenide ZnSe
Potassium pyrophosphate K4P2O7 Zinc sulfate ZnSO4.7H2O
Potassium selenocyanate KSeCN Zirconium boride ZrBo
Potassium thiocyanate KSCN Zirconium hydride ZrH2
Selenium metall Se Zirconium(IV)oxide ZrO2
Silicic acid SiO2.aq
Silver nitrate AgNO3
Silver sulfate Ag2SO4
Silver sulfate Ag2SO4
Sodium bismuthate NaBiO3
Sodium bromide NaBr
Sodium chlorate NaClO3
Sodium cobaltinitrile CoN6Na3O12
Sodium dithionite Na2O4S2
VALENCES OF COMMON ELEMENTS & RADICALS
+1 +2 +3 +4 ous ic
H Ba Al C ANTIMONY Sb +3 +5
Li Ca B Si ARSENIC As +3 +5
K Bd Fe BISMUTH Bi +3 +5
Na Mg Cr CHROMIUM Cr +2 +3
Ag Ra Ni COBALT Co +2 +3
Cu Sr Co COPPER Cu +1 +2
Zn Bi GOLD Au +1 +3
Cu As IRON Fe +2 +3
Fe Sb LEAD Pb +2 +4
Pb MANGANESE Mn +2 +4
Hg MERCURY Hg +1 +2
Ni NICKEL Ni +2 +3
Co NITROGEN N +3 +5
Cd PHOSPHORUS P +3 + 5
Mn PLATINUM Pt +2 + 4
Sn TIN Sn +2 + 4
-1 -2 -3 -4
Br O As C
Cl S N Si
F P
H
I
IV.Common Radicals
-1 -2 -3
ACETATE C2H3O2 CARBONATE CO3 ARSENATE AsO4
ALUMINATE Al(OH)4 CHROMATE CrO4 ARSENITE AsO3
BICARBONATE HCO3 DICHROMATE Cr2O7 BORATE BO3
BROMATE BrO3 MANGANATE MnO4 CITRATE C6H5O2
BROMIDE Br MOLYBDATE MoO4 FERICYANIDE Fe(Cn)6
CHLORATE ClO3 OXALATE C2O4 PHOSPHATE PO4
CHLORIDE Cl OXIDE O PHOSPHITE PO3
CYANATE CNO PEROXIDE O2
FLOURIDE F HYDROPHOSPHATE HPO3 -4
HYDROXIDE OH SILICATE SiO3 PYROARSENATE As2O7
HYPOCHLORITE ClO SULFATE SO4 PYROPHOSPHATE P2O7
IODATE IO3 SULFIDE S ORTHOSILICATE SiO4
IODIDE I SULFITE SO2
METABORATE BO2 STANATE SnO3 +1
MEATAPHOSPHATE PO3 TARTRATE C4H4O6 AMMONIUM NH4
NITRATE NO3 TETABORATE Br4O7 COPPER (I) Cu
NITRITE NO2 THIOSULFATE S2O3 MERCURY (I) Hg2
PERCHLORATE ClO4 ZINCATE ZnO7
PERMANGANATE MnO4
THIOCYANATE SCN