Arcing Behaviour of A Potential High-Temperature

mechanism is maintained with a time constant offrrst order [6].

A. Fault Analysis
Superconductor
The HTS arc model describes electrical (HTS) Circuit Breaker Arc Model
arcing, the current
interruption and the steady state voltage and by steadily change
the arc conductivity. The setup is modelled as a frequency
dependent A.model.
Ullah,When T.T. Lie,11 kV K. supply is applied, it results in a
Gunawardane N.K.C. Nair
highDepartment
current thatofexceeds the circuit breaker
Electrical and Electronic Engineering current rating and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
hence the breaker trips. The reset
Auckland University of Technology (AUT) is then pressed, and the The University of Auckland
voltage is ramped up. The breaker
Auckland, New Zealand. trips beyond the circuit Auckland, New Zealand
breaker current rating. This is the simple mechanism for the
HTS arc model. A device block is used to switch the
differential
Abstract- into
Abstract physical
Circuit breaker measurement
is a vital and signals pressure,part
sophisticated P andof additional development of HTS implementation pathway. The
temperature,
protection T. In order
accessories to usesystem.
in power the breaker
An arcespecially
model of afor other
circuit electrical behavior ofHTSCB can be predicted by an arc model.
HTS application,
breaker can determine thetheMATLAB
dynamic and model
static assumes
feature foranarcingideal An HTS breaker arc model with complex physical operations
directed
pressureby anda temperature
power circuit. The idea
sensor. of HTS Circuit
The pressure Breaker
and temperature
(HTSCB) evolves with of HTSCB is developed earlier [6]. The prescribed arc model
are assessed across twotheports concept
of the ofHTSHTS contacts
breaker in liquid
arc model.
nitrogen arc medium. demonstrates the arcing scenario when the contacts of HTCB
This study helps toBrowne's
develop aHTS arc model
precise for HTSCB
mathematical model andto
its characteristics were developed and investigated earlier in order makes the separation. Further investigation of the model with
todetermine
address theandarcing
sum uplimitations
the specific behaviorcircuit
of existing ofHTS switch arc.
breakers for an HTS transformer shows significant advantage of very low
Moreover,
HTS it helps in focusing
power applications. The modelthe waschance
mainlyof applyingfrom
developed this Rate of Rise of Re-striking voltage as well [7]. The simulation
the classical
model intoarcing equations. In Control
the Supervisory this paper, And Data arc
the same model is
Acquisition data displayed an acceptable agreement for future
investigated
(SCADA) for for real-time
the functionality
system. of arc characteristics
These simulation
differential equations are
response. It is found the arc model has closed relationship with implementation.
solved using ODE solver in MA TLAB®for
time constant, reference voltage and other parameters. The 77 Kelvin (K). The The major difficulty of arc simulation is to determine the
model is used
parameter sweeptotechnique
understand for the current the
minimizing interruption
arcing time capability
ofHTS time varying parameters. In this paper, a parameter sweep
arc model time
or arcing parameters
of HTSshows breakerthe against
trend ofswitching
arcing voltage
voltageandor technique is initially carried out initially in order to investigate
current from the change of arc model's parameters. A test bed arc voltage, current and resistance for the variation ofarc model
current for different cases. The theoretical basis and the
environment is developed in MATLAB® Simulink by using the
structure of thevalues
modelto that are deveped in this analysis parameters. The iterative simulation shows the transient
final parameter perform the interruption scenario are of
HTSCB. response results of HTS arc model. The results are fmally
availableThe in results
[6]. The dealmodel
with different
is validatedarcingonterms like arcof
a sample
current peak, arcingThree
time, fault duration, transient compared with the experimental analysis.
measured results. characteristics from the results
arc modelofHTS are
arc model and the wave form transition tendency. Finally, the
found are
results andcompared
they are with as follow: (i) The arcanalysis
the experimental acts as anda non-linear
found in II. DEVELOPMENT OF HTS BLACK BOX ARC MODEL
resistance.
good (ii) The power input for the arc channel recorded is
agreement. Arcing is the major concern of the interruption procedure.
nearly
lndex zero
Index Terms value.Circuit
Terms- (iii) The arc voltage
Breaker, DC-AC recorded
inverter,is constant
arc model, for The arc movement is identified as thermal plasma that is
the high
power current period
conditioning system, [6].Arc Model. manifested by thermodynamic and electromagnetic principles.
The research of arcing characteristics and numerous arc models
B. Controlled switching ofHTS arc model
I. INTRODUCTION are performed for years in order to comprehend arc behaviour.
The controlled switching of AC circuit breakers is a A physical arc model is often incredibly complex to operate. An
Themethod
popular study ofHTS for power
to overcome systemcurrent.
the inrush productHowever,
enhancementthere arc model can be utilised to investigate overall arc behaviour in
has been thoroughly investigated and implemented
are some uncertainties in the measurement of circuit as industrial
breaker's details throughout the interruption [6].
prototypes
operating time during
[12]. the
ClORE Zl stis noted
century. Thegood
to have significant
research The basic objective of the proposed black box arc model is
advancement of HTS application for power
works regarding the need of HVAC circuit breakers with industry has
to determine the relationship between the electrical circuit and
introduced
controlled numerous
switching prospective aspects with
controller [13-15]. The new pathway
method helps ofto
the arc during interruption procedure. The black box model
research. This covers
reduce dielectric and research areas such
thermal stresses as BhSr
during switching
zCaZCu3 of0shunt
lO+x
represents non-linear arc conductance variation with respect to
series HTScapacitors
reactors, product development,
or transformers. HTS magnets switching
Controlled and systems, has
significantalongside
fmanciallarge-scale
advantage manufacturing
along with several technical time. The models are described by first or second order
methods, strategies and
of HTS breaker differential equations that are developed with assumptions in
benefits. The performance
techniques. Several companies e.g. arc model hasCable
General been
used in this research order to streamline arc physics. The black box arc model comes
Superconductors Ltd.,with the controlled
HTS-110 Ltd. etc.switching mode. This
are supporting the
is vital to get steady operating time of HTS circuit breaker with the hypothesis of local and global thermal equilibrium. It
comprehensive research on this commercial rollout. Otheror
breaker arc
institutes likemodel throughout
Industrial the operations.
Research Ltd. (IRL)Usually, most of
and Robinson also includes the theory of energy conservation for arcing
the modem era breakers scenario. This is important to determine the best optimized
Research Institute [1] are present outstanding
also playing pivotaloperating
role for time
the
regularity within ±0.5 technologies.
ms. values for the parameters of black box arc model in accordance
development of these The study of HTS cables,
HTS transformers [2,3], HTS windOF
turbine generators to the experiment results. The primary results of arc model
III. PARAMETER SWEEP HTS ARC MODELand HTS usually predicts the arc current and voltage behaviour. A
Fault Current Limiter [4], HTS external rotor machine [5] have
It is frequently required to execute multiple iterations of an Browne's model for HTS application and its calculation of
been developed and validated. The investigation of HTSCB is
arc circuit to recover its faulty features. A parameter sweep of power system transients is performed using MATLAB®
therefore highly relevant and impactful in the context of
a complex circuit like arc model can be executed for a different Simulink program. In this proposed model the HTS breaker

l-))) 
mechanism is maintained with a time constant offrrst order [6]. variation of analysis frequencies. It can be used in to estimate
unknown model parameters and tune control parameters or to
A.
A. Fault
Fault Analysis
Analysis examine the effectiveness of an algorithm. The problem of
The HTS arc model describes electrical arcing, the current minimizing the arcing time ofHTS arc model with a parameter
interruption and the steady state voltage and by steadily change sweep is discussed in this section. A standalone executable
the arc conductivity. The setup is modelled as a frequency MATLAB®based program is performed in this regard.
dependent model. When 11 kV supply is applied, it results in a
high current that exceeds the circuit breaker current rating and
hence the breaker trips. The reset is then pressed, and the
voltage is ramped up. The breaker trips beyond the circuit
breaker current rating. This is the simple mechanism for the
HTS arc model. A device block is used to switch the
differential into physical measurement signals pressure, P and
temperature, T. In order to use the breaker especially for other
HTS application, the MATLAB model assumes an ideal
pressure and temperature sensor. The pressure and temperature
are assessed across two ports of the HTS breaker arc model.
This study helps to develop a precise mathematical model to
determine and sum up the specific behavior ofHTS switch arc.
Moreover, it helps in focusing the chance of applying this Figure 1: Parameter sweep steps ofHTS arc model
model into the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition In Figure 1, the steps of parameter sweep are shown. First,
(SCADA) for real-time system. These differential equations are a standalone executable program is built for the HTS arc model.
solved using ODE solver in MA TLAB®for 77 Kelvin (K). The Then, parameter set for the arc model is generated for the
model is used to understand the current interruption capability parameters like time constant and reference voltage. The
or arcing time of HTS breaker against switching voltage or iteration process shifts the dimensions of the parameters of arc
current for different cases. The theoretical basis and the model. The optimized value of parameterization provides the
best results for minimum arc timing within a user defmed range.
structure of the model that are deveped in this analysis are
Finally the results are shown by running the standalone
available in [6]. The model is validated on a sample of simulation. The results are then analysed and compared from
measured results. Three characteristics from the arc model are each run. In order to repeatedly change the value of black box
found and they are as follow: (i) The arc acts as a non-linear parameter separate variable needs to be created in MA TLAB
resistance. (ii) The power input for the arc channel recorded is workspace.
nearly zero value. (iii) The arc voltage recorded is constant for
the high current period [6].
B.
B. Controlled
Controlled switching
switching of HTS arc
ofHTS arc model
model
The controlled switching of AC circuit breakers is a
popular method to overcome the inrush current. However, there
are some uncertainties in the measurement of circuit breaker's
operating time [12]. ClORE is noted to have good research
works regarding the need of HVAC circuit breakers with
controlled switching controller [13-15]. The method helps to Figure 2: Testbed circuit in Simulink.
reduce dielectric and thermal stresses during switching of shunt
reactors, capacitors or transformers. Controlled switching has In Figure 2, a test bed circuit in Simulink and an inverter
significant fmancial advantage along with several technical is shown. In Table 1, the parameters for the test bed
benefits. The performance of HTS breaker arc model has been specification are enlisted.
used in this research with the controlled switching mode. This
is vital to get steady operating time of HTS circuit breaker or TABLE 1. Test bed system specification
breaker arc model throughout the operations. Usually, most of
the modem era breakers present outstanding operating time Parameters Value
regularity within ±0.5 ms. AC Supply voltage llkV
Arc current 1200 Amp
III. PARAMETER SWEEP OF HTS ARC MODEL
A. Parameter
A. sweep for
Parameter sweep for arc
arc parameters
parameters
It is frequently required to execute multiple iterations of an
If the arcing voltage is higher than reference voltage, the
arc circuit to recover its faulty features. A parameter sweep of
value of arc current cuts down to zero. The simulation result of
a complex circuit like arc model can be executed for a different
Browne's arc model can validate this scenario with parameter


sweep. Arcing voltage time is decided by a time constant which voltage increases as well. Figures 3(c) and 3(d) show arc
ensures the dependency of fault time on selected parameters. In model's transient response by time constant. Figure 3(c) and
this analysis, the parameters of Browne's arc model: reference 3(d) demonstrate that time constant grows during initial stage
voltage and time constant are selected for parameter sweeping and saturated with time. It can be concluded that when the time
calculation. For the iterative simulation the chosen sweep values constant increases, the voltage generation slows down.
for each parameter are as stated in Table 2. The arcing voltage Consequently, the current interruption time slows down as well.
or arcing current against time for these different sweep values The ignition becomes steeper to ensure that arc current can reach
are shown in Figure 3. zero instantly. It is noticeable that the time constant influence
the arc voltage and current. If the time constant increases,
TABLE2 . Iteratrve simu 1ation
. 0 f chosen Sweep va ues voltage profile stretches wider with transition and the current
Parameters Default Sweep value profile becomes broader. The arc voltage influences the voltage
value profile as well. The voltage profile follows an upward trend with
T [us] 100 50,80,110,140,170 the rise of the value.
Dc[kV] 11 9,11,13,15,17 B. Arc
B. Arc resistance/or
resistance for different
different HTS
HTS materials
materials
HTS materials for electrical machines rely significantly for
its critical current densities at temperatures to the point when
cryogenic losses are tolerable. Among the HTS materials MgB z,
(Bi,Pb hSrZCaZCu30 x and YBa ZCu30 x operates within the
temperature range 30K to l20K. In Table 2, Classification of
different critical temperature of HTS compounds is enlisted.
Figure 4: The change rate of average arc resistance for (a) The feasibility of HTS power cables, generators, leads,
different arc current and (b) different critical temperature of transformers, motors, energy-storage devices and fault current
different materials of HTS family limiters are using Bi-series HTS material in great extent.

IV. COMPARISON OF ARC RESULTS TABLE 2. Classification of different critical temperature of

HTS compounds
A. Comparison between analytical and simulation model
HTS Family Compounds Highest, r,
The voltage of the HTSCB is calculated on the basis of
controlled switching process is described in this section. The Bi-HTS Bi-12l2 102K
calculation is performed during contact closure, and its value Bi-220l 34K
may be calculated using (1) Bi-2234 110K
UHTSCB = Re · i + sin(t). Uo + el (1) Pb-HTS Pb-12l2 70K
Where R; is the resistance of the total HTSCB contacts, Uo Pb-1223 l22K
is the short-circuit voltage at contacts, e is voltage gradient and Hg-HTS Hg-120l 95K
I is the arc length. Hg-1234 l27K
Hg-2234 114K
l23-HTS Y-123, YBCO 92K
Yb-123 89k
B-HTS B-1223 75K
B-1245 85K

The arc originates from the contacts or from the transition

(d)
Figure 3: Browne's model transient response for parameter
sweep
Figures 3(a) and 3(b) shows the arc model's transient
response by reference voltage and current. In Figure 3 (a), it is
shown that the arc peak voltage also grows with rated voltage
U
U:c It means if the reference voltage develops, the slope of
of high voltage discharge. For steady state situation, the rate of
arc current changes very little. Figure 4(a) demonstrates the
average arc resistance for various current ranges. Arc resistance
is measured by dividing the arc voltage with the arc current for
numerous data point. As a result arc's dynamic characteristic,
the arc resistance is found as constant as a standard resistor.
The graph is plotted from the values of average arc resistance
for several gap lengths at described load current level. It is
found that the arcing current has impact on arc resistance. When
the current is low, the load current shows a significant impact
on the arc resistance. Figure 4(b) demonstrates the change rate
of average arc resistance for critical temperature of different
materials ofHTS family. All of the curves from different HTS
families show a downward trend of arc resistance
characteristics in Figure 4(b).


 In Figure 7(a) four test results from the experimental set up section-l of Figure
[6] Ullah, A., T. T. Lie,6,K.an arc circuitand
Gunawardane, with 700-1200
N. K. ampere arcof
C. Nair. "Development
are plotted and then compared with HTS arc model's simulation source
browne'sis used to provide
arc model for HTS high peak current
applications." within
In Power millisecond
System Technology
(POWERCON).
range. The circuit 2016isIEEE International
attached Conferencethe
for producing pp. 1-4.
on, arc IEEE,
at the 2016.
source
arc result in Figure 7 (b). It is found that the arc current test [7] Ullah, A., T. T. Lie, K. Gunawardane, and N. K. C. Nair. "The improvement
result waveform have similarity with arc model's arc current side of the HTSCB. Section-2 ofFigure6 is the liquid
ofRate of Rise of Recovery Voltage (RRRV) for an HTS breaker" In 12th IEEE nitrogen
wave form. In experimental result the arc timing varied from 50 arc
PES chamber
Powertechwhere the arcing
Conference. happens. The HTS contacts are
IEEE, 2017.
to 80 milliseconds, while in simulation result it was much submerged
[8] D. Djurek,into LN andA.the
Z. Medunic, movable
Tonejc, and M.HTS contact
Paljevic, is travelled
"PbC03·2PbOtAg20
and PbC03'PbO+Ag20
10-25mm with the help (PACO)of asystems:
tension routespring.
for novelThesuperconductors,"
moveable
consistent near 50 to 60 milliseconds. Physica C: Superconductivity. vol. 351, p. 4, March 2001.
However, a big deviation for fault current is observed contact is an HTS pull-rod (CSL-26/120.3 type) and
[9] R. Wesche, High-Temperature Superconductors: Materials, Properties, the fixedand
between the results. For the same fault current of 700A the contact is made
Applications. ofYttrium barium copper
BostonlDordrechtlLondon: oxide (YBCO)
Kluwer Academic which
Publishers, 1998.
current was recoded up to 800A in HTS arc model simulation is [10]
attached to the centre
B. W. McConnell, of theandbase
S. P. Mehta, M. S.plate
Walker,of "HTS
cryogenic arc
transformers,"
Power Engineering
chamber. Review,of
In section-3 IEEE, vol. 20,the
Figure6, pp. 7-11, 2000. values of the
numerical
result. [11] Ebner, A. "Determination of acceptable closing time scatter and residual
measurement
flux measurement results are recorded
uncertainty in measurement
for controlled switching of unit. 1252C
transformers."
TABLE 4. Arc characteristic in experimental model RCD meter is used to measure the arcing time.
In Proceedings of the 16th international symposium on high voltage 34972A-Data
Arc peak (A) Post arc Rate of post- logger switch
engineering, unit and USB 2404 series measurement
pp. 1-6.2009.
[12] Controlled
computing are switching
used toOfmeasureHVAC circuit breakers:temperature
numerous guide for application
and
current peak arc current lines, reactors, capacitors, transformers: Part-I. ELECTRA 183, Cigre Working
(A) (AI us) pressure reading.
Group A3.07; April 1999. p. 43-73.
1200 5 2.7 [13] Controlled switching of HVAC circuit breakers: planning, specification
and testing of controlled switching systems. ELECTRA 197. Cigre Working
1200 15 2.1 Group A3.07; August 2001. p. 22-33.
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lines, reactors, capacitors, transformers: Part-II. ELECTRA 185. Cigre
Figure
In Table4: The4,change rate of
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minimum ofarcing
HTS family
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HTSCB design optimization. Science, 1989
IV. COMPARISON OF ARC RESULTS [17] P. Lin, J. Gu, M. Yang, "Intelligent maintenance model for condition
A. Comparison
A. Comparison between
between analytical
analytical and simulation
V, CONCLUSION
and simulation model
model assessment of circuit breakers using fuzzy set theory and evidential reasoning,"
lET Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 8, No.7, pp. 1244-1253, Jul. 2014.
TheInvoltage
this paper,of HTS black boxisarc
the HTSCB model is reviewed
calculated for a of
on the basis test [18] S. S. Biswas, A. K. Srivastava, D. Whitehead, "A Real-Time Data-Driven
bed scheme
controlled in order
switching to develop
process better in
is described understanding
this section. about
The Algorithm for Health Diagnosis and Prognosis of a Circuit Breaker Trip
interruption
calculation is behavior
performed ofHTSCB. Two fundamental
during contact closure, and arc
its models
value Assembly," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 62, No.6,
may arebe
utilized to simulate
calculated the transient behaviors of circuit breaker
using (1) pp.3822-3831,Jun.2015.
under opening status. Experimental studies were conducted [19] 1. Tang, S. Lu, J. Xie, Z. Chengb, "Contact Force Monitoring and Its
UHTSCB = Re · i + sin(t). Uo + el (1) to Application in Vacuum Circuit Breakers," IEEE Transactions on Power
verify the Rdeveloped model. The results from both
Where R; is the resistance of the total HTSCB contacts, U
c simulation
Uo0 Delivery, Vol. PP, No. 99, pp. 1-1, Apr. 2015.
and experimental studies were in strong
e agreement.
is the short-circuit voltage at contacts, e is voltage gradient and Thus, the [20] A. A. Razi-Kazemi, M. Vakilian, K. Niayesh, M. Lehtonen, "Data Mining
lI isproposed model
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT experimental set-up for arc phenomena captured with
[22] Feizifar, Behnam, and Orner Usta. "Condition monitoring of circuit breakers
thermographic
using arc models and speed
failure camera
detection in cryogenic
algorithm." arc chamber
In Smart Grid and Cities
The authors are grateful for the support from School of
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Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland 2017.
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flux measurement uncertainty for controlled switching of transformers."
Figure 5: Comparison of analytical
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