Course Audit Review

Levels of prevention

1. Primary prevention
 Individual’s capacity is good; experiences no illness
 Immunizations
 Health education
 Maintaining good habits
 Avoidance of unhealthy ways of living
 Sufficient nutrition
 Personal development thru counselling
 Adequate housing
 Recreation
 Agreeable conditions in home
 Occupation
 Sex education and counseling
 Water purification, sewage disposal,etc
2. Secondary Prevention
 Individual is recovering from disease. Some aspects of his capacity are weakened by
disease and should be protected from potential complications
 Identifying potential complications
 Implementing measures
 Handwashing prior to nursing care
 Casefinding
 Prompt and adequate treatment
3. Tertiary level
 To enhance remaining capacities and prevent deterioration due to
disuse/unused
 Physical, speech,respiratory and occupational therapies
 Rehabilitation

Environmental Sanitation
 Is defined as the study of all factors in man’s physical environment, which
may exercise a deleterious effect on his health well-being and survival.
 The DOH , through environmental Health Services (EHS), has the authority
to act in all issues and concerns in environmental health including the Code
Sanitation PD 856.

Included in the Field:

 Water sanitation
 Food sanitation
 Refuse and garbage disposal
 Excreta disposal
 Insect vector and rodent control
 Housing
 Air pollution
 Noise
 Radiological protection
 Institutional sanitation
 Stream pollution
1. Water Supply Sanitation Program
 Approved Types of Water Supply Facilities
 Level I ( Point of Source)- a protected well or a developed spring with an
outlet but without a distribution system, generally adaptable for rural areas
where the house is thinly scattered.

A Level II facility normally serves around 15 to 25 households and its

outreach must not be more than 250 meters from the farthest user. The
yield or discharge is generally from 40 to 140 liters per minute.

 Level II ( Communal Faucet or Stand Posts)-a system composed of a source

a reservoir, a piped distribution network and communal faucets, located at
not more than 25 meters from the farthest house. The system is designed to
deliver 40 -80 liters of water per capital per day to an average of 100
households, with one faucet per 4-6 households. Generally suitable for rural
areas where houses are clustered densely to justify a simple piped system.

 Level III ( Waterworks System or Individual House Connection)- a system

with a source, a reservoir, a piped distributor network and household taps.
It is generally suited for densely populated urban areas. This type of facility
requires a minimum treatment of disinfection.

 Unapproved Type of Water Facility

 Water coming from doubtful sources such as open dug wells, unimproved
springs, wells that needs priming and the like shall not be allowed for drinking
water unless treated through proper container disinfection. The community
must exert effort to convert to approved type of water supply facility

 Access to safe and potable drinking water

 All households shall be provided with safe and adequate water supply.

2. Proper Excreta and Sewage Disposal

 Approved type of toilet facilities
 LEVEL 1
 Non water carriage toilet facility- no water to wash the waste into the
receiving space. (e.i. pit latrines, reed oderless earth closet)
 Toilet facilities requiring small amount of water to wash the waste into
the receiving space. ( e.i. pour flush toilet and aqua privies)
 LEVEL II
 On site toilet facilities of the water carriage type with water sealed and flush
type septic vault/tank disposal facilities.
 LEVEL III
 Water carriage types of toilet facilities connected to septic tanks and or/ to
sewerage system to treatment plant.
 Vital Statistics

 Refers to births, population, illness, marriage, and divorces

 Application of statistical methods and techniques to the study of vital facts
such as those concerning birth, marriages, deaths and illness.

1. Crude Birth Rate = no. of registered live births x 1000

Population

2. Crude Death Rate= no. of deaths in a year x 1000

Population

3. Maternal Mortality Rate= no of deaths from maternal causes x1000

Live Birth

4. Neonatal Mortality Rate= deaths under 28 days x1000

Live births

5. Infant Mortality rate= deaths below 1 year x 1000

Live births

BAG TECHNIQUE
 A tool making use of public health bag through which the midwife, during his/her home
visit, can perform procedures with ease and deftness, saving time and effort with the end
in view of rendering effective care.

Public Health Bag

 Is an essential and indispensable equipment of the midwife which he/she has to carry along
when he/she goes out home visiting. It contains basic medications and articles which are
necessary for giving care.
 The use of the bag technique should Minimize if not totally prevent the spread of
infection from individuals to families ,hence to the community.

Community Health

Home Procedure:

Home Visit: A professional contact made by midwife on behalf of the patient to further the
activity of the agency.

 Priority case: Mother and newborn

Principles of home visit

1. Every home visit must have a purpose.
2. It must be based on needs. (frequency of home visit)
3. It must be flexible.
4. It must make use of available information.
Sequence of home visit
1. Planning
2. Socialization
3. Professional
4. Closing/summarization

Vital principle of home visit

 Minimize or totally prevent the spread of infection

To prevent Contamination
 Placing the Public Health Bag properly in the table or any flat surface lined with
paper lining.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS

 Is an integrated approach to child health that focuses on the well-being of the whole
child.
 IMCI strategy is the main intervention proposed to achieve a significant reduction in the
number of deaths from communicable diseases in children under five.

Disease Focus of IMCI

 Acute Respiratory Infection
 Diarrhea
 Fever
 Malaria
 Measles
 Dengue fever
 Ear infection
 Malnutrition

Case Management Process

 Assess and Classify
 Identify appropriate treatment
 Treat/refer
 Counsel
 Follow-up

Check for General Danger signs

A general danger signs is present if:
 Convulsion
 Unable to drink or breastfeed
 Vomits everything
 Abnormally sleepy or difficult to awaken

Assess main symptoms

 Cough/DOB
 Diarrhea
 Fever
 Ear problems