Seed Biology and Tree Development Glossary

PREFACE
This glossary was complied to assist students, researchers, translators and others in
reading books or documents related to seed biology and tree improvement.
It is a result of Cambodia Tree Seed Project/Danida cooperation with the Forestry

Administration in developing the tree seed sector. The project has published a
range of publications, extension materials and technical notes concerning seed
biology, forest gene conservation, establishment of seed sources in natural forests,
tree climbing techniques for seed collection, tree species leaflets, etc.
The glossary provides translation and explanation of technical terms, but those
which do not have Khmer equivalents are translated into Khmer script, keeping the
English pronunciation.
The work was professionally undertaken during 2003-04 by Mr. Sok Srun,
translator for the Cambodia Tree Seed Project.
Arvid Sloth Ty Sokhun

DANIDA Adviser Head, Forestry Administration
buBVkfa
snÞanuRkmenH cgRkgeLIgsMrab;CaCMnYydl; GñksikSaRsavRCav GñkbkERb b¤GñkGanesov
ePAb¤ÉksarEdlTak;TgnigCIvsaRsþRKab;BUCnigsuvuDÆikmµedImeQI.
snÞanuRkmenHCalT§plmYyrbs;KMeragRKab;BUCeQIkm<úCa¼GgÁkardanIdaEdlshkarCamYy
nigrdæ)aléRBeQI kñúgkarGPivDÆn_vis½yRKab;BUCeQIenARbeTskm<úCa. KMerag)anplitÉksarpSBV
pSay nigesovePAbec©keTsCaeRcIn EdlTak;TgnigCIvsaRsþRKab;BUCeQI karGPirkSCInenTikéRB
eQI karbegáItRbPBRKab;BUCeQIkñúgéRBFmµCati bec©keTseLIgedImeQIebHRKab;BUC xitþb½NÑRbePT
eQImYycMnYn .l.
snÞanuRkmpþl;nUvBakübkERb nigkarBnül;ek,aHk,aynUvxøwmsarénBakü ehIyBakübec©k
eTsNaEdlminGacbkCaBaküExµr)an RtUv)ansresrCaGkSrExµr edayrkSasMelgGanRbhak;
RbEhlnwgPasaGg;eKøs.
snÞanuRkmenH RtUv)anbkERbedayGñkmanviC¢aCIv³ KW elak sux Rs‘un GñkbkERbRbcaM
KMeragRKab;BUCeQIkm<úCakñúgqñaM2003-04.
GavIt søút TI suKn§

TIRbwkSaénGgÁkardanIda RbFanrdæ)aléRBeQI
sMeLgGanRbhak;RbEhlénBakümYycMnYn
BaküGg;eKøs sMelgCaPasaGg;eKøs sMelgCaPasa)araMg
Acid GasuId GasuIt
Adenine GaedéNn GaednIn
Albinism Glb‘ÍnIswm ?
Albumen Gal´bm‘U in Gal;b‘uymIn
Allele GaEll GaEll
Allozyme Gal´LÚEsm Gal;LÚsuIm
Amino acid GamINUGasuId GasuItGamIen
Angiosperm EGnCIGUs<Wm Gg;hÁIy:UEs<m
Anticodon GanFIkUdun Gg;TIkUdun
Apomixis Gab¨mU IsIs
Archegonium GaXIeh:aenom ?
Aril GarIl GarIl?
Auxins GksuIn ?
Bacteria ák´FIerol )ak;etrI
Base ebs )as
Biosphere ébGUEsV‘ ?
Bivalent b‘ÍvaELnþ b‘ÍvaLg;
Cambium xamebom ?
Capsule xabs‘l U ?
Carbohydrate xabUéheRdt kabUnGuIRdat
Carbon dioxide xaeánédGuksay kabUnDIGuksuIt
Carpel xapl´ ?
Caruncle xarunxl ?
Cell Eslø ?
I
Celsius Eslesos EslsuIs
Chalaza xaLahßa ?
Chemic Exmik KImI
Chimera XImWra¨ ?
Chlorophyll kørÜPIl kør:UPIl
Chloroplast kørpU¨ øasþ kør:U)aøs
Chromatid RkUmWTId RkUm:aTIt
Chromosome RkUmÜsUm RkUm:UsUm
Climax éXømäkß XøIm:ak;?
Clone xøÚn køÚn
Code XUd kUd
Codon XUdun kUdun
Cosmic xs´sµik kUsµik
Cotyledon xtTIlIdwn kUTIeldug
Crossing over eRka¼suIgGUvW eRkaHsuIgGUvW
Cytology és-f-L-CI
Cytoplasm, Cytoplast éstUpøaswm/ éstUpøasþ suItU)aøs
Cytosine saytUsuIn suItUsuIn
Cytosol éstUsUl ?
Density ednsuIFI dg;suIet
Diallel édGwEll DIGaEll
Dichogamy édxUh:amI
Dicotyledon édxttWlIdwn DIkUTIeldUn
Diploid DIpøGItu DIpøÚGuIt
DNA DIEGneG ADN GaedGuin
Dormancy d&rminsuI
II erobcMeday sux Rs‘un
Drupe RDUb
Dynamic édNamik DINamiuk
Ecology eG x L CI eGkULÚsuI
Ecosystem eGxUsIs u wÞm eGkUsuIEsÞm
Eco-type eGxUéfb eGkUTIb
Embryo EGmRb‘ÍyÜ GMRb‘Íy:ug
Endocarp EGndUxab Gg;dUkab
Endosperm EGndUs<Wm Gg;dUEs<m
Enzyme EGnEs‘m Gg;suIm
Epicotyl eGBixkFwl
Epigyny eGBiCInnI eGBIhÁInI
Eucalyptus yUxalIbtws GWkalIbTus
Exocarp GuicsUxab
Film hVIlµ hVIl
Follicle hVlixl
Frankia eRhVnKIyä ?
Frequency RhIVxVInsuI eRhVkg;
Fungi hVúncay/ hVúnh:ay
Funiculus hVüÚnixwLws
Gamete h:amIt hÁaEm:t
Gametophyte h:amItfWhVIt hÁaEm:ttUhVIt
Gene CIn EhSn
Genetic CInenTik esenTik
Genome CIneNam ?
Genotype CInNwéfb esNUTIb
Genus CInNws ?
III
Guanine h:&nIn hÁanIn
Gymnosperm CImNUs<Wm hSImNUEs<m
Haploid hab´pøGItu GabøÚGuIt
Heterozygote ehtWrWsayh:Út-hßúIh:Út eGetr:UsuIkUt
Hilum éhlwm ?
Homolog, homologue hUmÜLÚh: GUm:ULÚk
Homozygote hUmÜsayh:tÚ /hßúIht:Ú GUmU:suIkUt
Hormone hUmUn G½rmUn
Hybrid éhRbIt GuIRbId
Hydrogen éhRdUECn GuIRdUEhSn
Hypocotyl éhbWxkFwl GuIb:UkUTIl
Integument GuIneth:üÚminþ
Intensity GuInEfnsuItFI GaMgtg;suIet
Ion éGGWn GuIy:ug
Legume eLh:Úm
Locule LÚxüÚl ?
Locus LÚxws ?
Mass mäs´ m:as;
Mechanic, mechanism emxanik/ emxanIswm emkanik
Megaspore emh:as<&r emhÁas<½r
Meiosis ém¨GUsIs
u emy:Us
Mendel EmnDl m:g;Edl
Meristem EmrIEsÞm
Mesocarp emsWxab ?
Metabolism emfabUlIswm emtabUlIs
Metaxenia emfasuInyä
IV erobcMeday sux Rs‘un
Microbes ém¨RkUb mIRkub
Microorganism ém¨RkU G&rh:anIswm mIRkUG½rhÁanIs
Micropyle mIRkUéPl ?
Microsymbiont ém¨RkUsImu bÍ‘GUnþ mIRkUsuImbüún
Mitochondria ém¨tWxuneRdo mItUkugRTI
Mitosis ém¨tUsIsu mItUs
Molecule m¨l
U WxüÚl m:UelKul
Monocotyledon mÜNUxtTIlIdwn m:UNUkUTIeldUn
Mycelium mIEselom mIEslüÚm
Mycorrhiza ém¨XWrIhßa mIkUrIhS
Nucellus jÚEslLws
Nuclear jÚexøEG‘ nuyekøEG‘
Nucleic acid jÚexøókGasuId GasuItnuyekøGuIc
Nucleolus jÚexøóLws ?
Nucleoplasm jÚexøópøaswm nuyekøGU)aøs
Nucleotide jÚexøóéfd nuyekøGUTIt
Nucleus, pl. nuclei jÚexøós Bhu£ jÚexøóGay éNVy:U
Orchid GUXId GUKIed
Organelle G&rEh:nENl ?
Orthodox GUsWdukß ?
Ovary GUvWrI GUEv
Ovule GUvüÚl GUvul
Oxygen GksuIECn GuksuIEhSn
Palisade palIesd
Parameter paräem¨fW )a:ra:Em:t
Parasite paräsayþ )a:ra:suIt
V
Parenchyma paer¨nXImä ?
Pericarp ePrIxab eBrIkab
Perigyny ePrICInnI ?
Perisperm ePrIsW<m EprIEs<m
Perlite PWéLt ?
Phenotype hVINwéfb epNUTIb
Phosphate hVÚsehVt hVÚsVat
Phytochrome hIVtwRkUm hVItURkUm
Pigment Pikminþ BIkEm:n
Pistil BissÞwl
Placenta pøaesnfa
Plumule PøÚmüÚl
Polyembryony plIEGmRb‘ÍGnnI b:UlIGMRb‘Íy:ug
Polygenes plICIn b:UlIEhSn
Polypeptide plIEBbéfd b:UlIbiubTIt
Polyploid plIpøGIdu b:UlIbøÚGIut
Polythene=polyethylene plWhIúßn b:UlIEtn
Potential PwEtnsül b:Utg;Esül
Protein RbUFIn RbUetGIun
Protoplasm, protoplast RbUtWpøaswm/ RbUtWpøasþ RbUtU)aøs
Pyrene éprIn
Quarantine xVränTIn kara:n;Tin
Radicle räDixl
Raphe rähVI
Recalcitrant rIxal´sItu RtWnþ ?
Rhizobium ér¨hßÚb‘ÍeGom rIsUb‘ÍbüÚm
VI erobcMeday sux Rs‘un
Rhizosphere ér¨hßÚEsV‘
Ribosome ér:bWsUm rIbUsUm
RNA G-EGneG ARN GaEG‘Guin
Samara samGWrä
Solution sUlutsin sUluysüúg
Somatic sUmäTik sUEmTik
Sperm s<Wm Es<m
Spore s<&r s<½r
Sporophyte s<&rÜéhVt
Statistic sþwTisþik
Stigma sÞih:mä
Strobilus, pl.strobili RsþbÚ ‘ÍLws/ Bhu£ RsþÚébéL
Style ésÞl
Suspensor swsEs<nsW
Tegmen efh:min
Testa etsþW
Thymine saymIn TImIn
Triplet RTIblit
Ultra-violet Gal´Rta-évGwELt G‘uyRtavIyUeL
Uracil yUräsuIl G‘uyra:suIl
Variance EveroGanß v:arIy:un
Vector evkF&r vuIcT½r
Virus évrws vIrus
Xenia hßúInIGW ?
Zygote sayh:Út/ hßúIh:Út suIkUt
VII
A
Abnormal seedlings: kUneQIGn; kUneQIexSay kUneQIminFmµta
enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_bNþúHRKab;BUC kUnsMNab¬dMNuH¦NaEdlminmanrcnasm½<n§RbRktIsMrab;
karduHlUtlas; b¤mYybgðaj[eXIjBIlT§PaBminGacrIkcMerIneTAmuxeTot.
emIl Necrosis, Seedling, Seed testing.
Abortion: ElglUtlas; rlUt RCuH
kar)at;bg;rcnasm<½n§bnþBUC¬]³ páa b¤GUvüÚl(ovule)¦kñúgeBlkMBugEtlUtlas;.
emIl Abcission, Nut, Ovule.
Abscission: karCRmuHsøwk páa Epø
karCRmuHtamFmµCatinUvsøwk páa nigEpø ecjBIedImrbs;va. CaTUeTA vaTak;TgnwgkarbMpøajnUvRsTab;
BiessénCBa¢aMgekasikaEdlmanPñasesþIgEdlehAfa tMbn;pþac; (abscission zone).
Abscission zone: tMbn;¬cMNuc¦pþac;
RsTab;BiessmYyénCBa¢aMgekasikaesþIg EdlenAtMbn;enHekIteLIgkarpþac;ecj.
emIl Abscission, Dehiscence.
Absolute humidity: sMeNImdac;xat

brimaNéncMhayTwkkñúgbriyakasEdlmanenAkñúg1xñatmaD. KitCaRkam kñúg1KILÚt_xül;s¶Üt b¤
Rkamkñúg 1Em:RtRtIKuN¬KIb¦xül;s¶Üt.
emIl Relative humidity, Saturated.
Absorption: karRsUbTwk
karRsUbCatiTwkBIbriyakasedayekasikab¤CalikaénsMbkRKab;.
KMeragRKab;BUCeQIkm<úCa¼DANIDA 1
emIl Adsorption, Imbibitions.
Accelerated ageing (AA): bnÞúM¬Gayu¦ begáInGayu
viFIsaRsþmYyénkardak;RKab;BUCenAkñúgTIkEnøgsþúkTukEdlminmanbrisßansmRsb sItuNðPaB nig
sMeNImx<s;edIm,IbegáInel,Ónvivtþn_Gayucas;tamFmµCatirbs;va. viFIenHRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;eFVIkar
BiesaFn_Blsm,TadMNuH ehIy)a:n;sµanBIry³eBlsþúkTuk)anrbs;RKab;BUC.
emIl Ageing, Deterioration, Vigour, Vigour test.
Achene: RbePTEpøeTals¶Üt
EpøEdlmanRKab;1s¶Üt mineRbH EdlekItBIeksrjI1.
emIl Fruit, Dehiscence, Dry fruit, Folicle, Indehiscence, Carpel, Nut, Samara.
Acquired character: lkçN³ERbRbYl b¤pøas;bþÚr lkçN³køay
karERbRbYlmYyEdl)anvivtþn_enAkñúgCIvitsrIragÁmYy dUcCa lT§plénkarCH\T§iBlrbs;brisßan.
karERbRbYlenHminGactBUC)aneT.
emIl Character, Genotype, environment interaction, Inheritance, Phenotype.
Actinorhizal plants: rukçCatipþl;TICMrkdl;mIRkUsarBagÁkayGnþrGMeBI
rukçCatiEdlbegáItnUvTIGaRs½ydl;ém:RkUsarBagÁkayGnþrGMeBI EdlmaneQµaHeRhVnKIy:a (frankia).
emIl Frankia, Microsymbionts.
Adaptability: lT§PaBbnSaM
1> dMeNIrénkarEktMrUvkarvivtþn_¬CInenTik¦énÉktþ³b¤RkumBUC[RsbeTAnwgbrisßanenaH. dUcCa
karpøas;bþÚrrcnasm<½n§b¤tYnaTIrbs;va.
2> karsMEdgeLIgrbs;edImeQImYy kñúgmYyxYbCIvitrbs;vaenAkñúgbrisßanfµImYy.
emIl Adapted, Land race, Evolution, Mutation, Natural selection.
Adapted: karsuaM)an
GaRs½yeTAelIfa etIrukçCatienHGacbnSaMlkçN³srIr³)anb:uNÑa edIm,Irs;y:agrwgmaM duHlUtlas;l¥
ehIyFn;nwg CMgW nigbrisßanERbRbYl. cMeBaHRbePTBUCnaMcUl faetIvanwgGacsMEdgeLIg)anl¥bu:NÑa
enAkñúgbrisßanfµIrbs;va.
emIl Adaptation, Land race.
2 KMeragRKab;BUCeQIkm<úCa¼DANIDA
Additive gene: RbsiT§iPaBCIn¬EhSn¦¬bEnßm¦
CInEdlbgðaj[eXIjRbsiT§iPaBbEnßm. RbsiT§PaBCIn CamUldæansMrab;RTwsþItMNBUCxagbrimaN
nig karsikSaxagbgáat;BUC. ]³ karrMBwgTukénlkçN³sMEdgeLIgrbs;kUnkat; (hybrid) KWCatMél
mFüménCInrbs;em)a eBalKWBak;kNþalem-)a.
Adsorption: karRsUbyk
1> karcab;yksarFatumYyenAelIépÞrbs;sarFatumYyeTot dUcCa kars¥itCab;énGgÁFaturavenAépÞ
eRkamsMbkRKab;.
2> dMeNIrEdlRsTab;esþIgbMputrbs;sarFatumYybegáItenAelIépÞrbs;sarFatumYyeTot.
emIl Absorption.
Advanced-generation selection: kareRCIserIsCMnan;eCOnelOn
kareRCIserIsedImeQImYy edayeFVIkarBiesaFn_CInkñúgkarbgáat;qøas;Kñaénem)aCMnan;mun. manviFI
mYycMnYn dUcCa CMerIsRKYsar nigCMerIsenAkñúgRKYsar CaFmµtaRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IeRCIserIsCMerIs
CMnan;EdlmanlkçN³rIkcMerIn.
emIl Juvenile selection, Mating design, Progeny test, Recurrent selection, Selection.
Adventitious: EdlduHedayécdnü¼ÉkÉg
srIragÁEdlduHenAkñúgTItaMgNamYy ]³ bJsduHecjBI
Kl;rukçCati b¤Emk b¤kMNat;bJsmYy.
emIl Cutting, Dormant, Root sucker,
Vegetative propagation.
Adventitious root: bJsRBeyag
bJsEdlduHecjBIedImb¤Emk.
Aerobe: kardegðImRtUvkarGksuIECn
dMeNIrkarKImICIvsaRsþEdlRtUvkarGksuIECn ehIyRtUv)aneRbIR)as;¬suI-eqH¦Gs;. ]³ kardk
degðIm. BaküpÞúy anaerobe ¬kardkegðImminRtUvkarGksuIECn¦. emIl Respiration.
After-ripening (pre-curing): bnÞúM ¬Epø/ RKab;¦
dMeNIrvivtþn_TuMxagsrIr³ EdlekIteLIgcMeBaHEpø RKab; bnÞab;BIeKRbmUlplb¤RCuH. karbnÞúMenHRtUveFVI
cMeBaHRKab;EdlEpøvaminTan;TuMl¥ edIm,I[RKab;vaGacduH)an.
emIl Dormancy, Immature, Embryo, Mature, Stratification.
Ageing (aging): kareLIgcas; PaBeLIgcas;
dMeNIrvivtþn_énRBwtþikarN_rbs;ekasika nigKImICIvsaRsþ Edldac;xatnaMeTAkargab;rbs;RKab;.
emIl Accelerated ageing, Deterioration, Senescence.
Aggregate fruit: RbePTEpøcegáam
EpøEdlmanRKab;eRcInekItecjBIkBa©úMeksrjIénpáamYyEdlbegáItCaEpøeTal. ]³ EpøeTob(Annona)
CaRbePTEpøsac; nigEpø Magnolia CaRbePTEpøs¶Üt.
emIl False fruit, Fruit, Multiple fruit, cone, Simple fruit.
Air layering (=Marcotting): karpSaMEmk

kareFVI[bJsduHenAelIsrIragÁEpñkxagelIdIrbs;rukçCati edayeCosMbk b¤eFVI[rbYskEnøgNamYy
EdleKcg;[duHbJs ehIyruMCu¿vijkEnøgenaHnUvsarFatubNþúHbJs b¤GaceRbIhUmUnciBa©wmbJs.
emIl Cambium, Cutting, Macropropagation, Rooting hormone, Vegetative propagation.
Albinism: Glb‘Íniswm
GvtþmanTaMgRsugb¤esÞIrEtTaMgRsugnUvCatiBN’(pigment)enAkñúgrukçCatimYy b¤EpñkepSg² rbs;
rukçCati. kEnøgEdlrgrbYsenH KWmanBN’s b¤Rbhak;RbEhlenH. CaFmµta rukçCatikøayCaBN’
sGacnwgsøab;Pøam. emIl Lethal genes.
Albumen: Gal;b‘Umin¬Gal;b‘uymIn¦
Rkumb¤bNþúMénCalikaRTRTg;EdlenAcenøaHEGmRb‘Íy:U nigsMbkRKab; EdlxagkñúgenaH manePrIsW<m
(perisperm) nigEGndUsW<m (endosperm). emIl Endosperm, Perisperm, Seed
Allele: GaEll
EpñkmYyénkartMerobrbs;CIn EdlsßitenATItaMgmYy¬LÚxws-locus¦enAelIRkUm:UsUmmYy. RbsiTi§
PaB¬\T§iBl¦qøas;Kña¬c,ab;EmnDl¦eTAelIlkçN³dUcKña RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayGaEllepSg²
Kña ]³ eKeXIjmankUneQIBN’ébtg b¤BN’s. ebIsinkartMerob¬GaEll¦enH manpÞúkCInelIsBI
2 CInenH eKehAfa BhuGaEll. BhuGaEllekIteLIgBIkarbþÚrKña¬brivtþn_¦dEdl²rbs;CIn mYy
GaEllnimYyman\T§iBlxus²Kña. minGacmanGaEllelIsBI2 enAkñúgsarBagÁkayDIpøGuIt eT.
emIl Character, Chromosome, Diploid, Dominance, Gene, Heterozygous, Homologous
chromosomes, Locus, Multiple alleles, Simple Mendelian inheritance.
Alloenzyme: RbePTEGnEs‘m¬Gg;suIm¦m:üag
emIl Allozyme
Allopatric: edImeQI¬rukçCati¦enAÉeka
RbePTBUC b¤rukçCatiEdlmanCInenTikenAÉeka EdlduHenAtMbn;PUmisaRsþdac;ELkBIKña b¤enAEk,rKña
EtmanmCÄdæanrs;enA xusKñaRsLH. emIl Geographical race, Sympatric.
Allozyme (Alloenzyme): RbePTEGnEs‘m¬Gg;suIm¦m:üag
CaEGnEs‘m(enzyme)mYyEdlxusEbøkBIRbePTEGnEs‘mepSg²edaysarEtmanPaBxusKñaén
GaEll eBalKW EGnEs‘mepSg² kMNt;XUd¬Rkm¦sMgat;enAelITItaMgCInEtmYy.
emIl Allele, Enzyme, Fingerprint, Isozyme, Marker
Anaerobe: kardkdegðImminRtUvkarGksuIECn¬GuksuIEhSn¦
dMeNIrénKImICIvsaRsþEdlminRtUvkar]sµ½nGksuIECn ]³kareLIgem. BaküpÞúy Aerobe.
emIl Anoxia, Fermentation
Anatropous ovule: GUvüÚlpáab;
CaTisGUvüÚlmYyEdlGUvüÚlenaHbRBa©asenAnwgsNþg;GUvüÚl(funiculus); rn§mIRkUéPl (micropyle)
sßitenAesµInwgKl;rbs;sNþg;GUvüÚl. emIlrUb Ovule orientation.
emIl Campylotropous, Orthotropous, Ovule orientation, Placentation.
Androecium (pl. androecia): kBa©úMeksreQµal
CaBaküsmUhnamEdleRbIsMedAeTAelIeksreQµalTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkñúgpáamYy. BaküpÞúy
Gynoecium¬kBa©úMeksrjI¦. emIl Anther, Stemen, Flower.
Aneuploidy: sarBagÁkaymanRkUm:UsUmminFmµta
lkçxNÐmYyEdlcMnYnRkUm:UsUmTaMgGs;énsarBagÁkaymYyminEmnCacMnYntMeLIgeTVréncMnYnhab;pø
GuItrbs;va. bBaðaenHekItmaneLIgedaykarbMEbkRkUm:UsUmxuskñúgdMeNIrkarém:GUsuIs dUecñHhÁamIt
mYyGacnwgxVH b¤elIsRkUm:UsUmcMlgmYy.
emIl Chromosome set, Gamete, Hybrid sterility, Meiosis.
Angiosperms: EGnCIGUs<wm BYkrukçCatimanpáa BYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit
cMNat;fñak;xagrukçviC¢aénRkumBYkrukçCatimanpáa EdlplitRKab;ruMB½T§CitedayGUvWrImYy EdlxusBIBYk
rukçCatiRKab;Rsat(gymnosperms). RkumenHrYmman BYkrukçCatiedImeQI bJsSI BYkdUg (palm) nig
PaKeRcInénRbePTedImeQIéRB. CYnkalBaküfa "hardwood-sac;eQIrwg" RtUv)aneKeRbImann½y
CaedImeQIrukçCatiRKab;Cit eTaHbICasac;eQIénedImTaMgenHmYycMnYnminrwgCagBYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat
k¾eday (softwood = sac;eQITn;¦. emIl Flower, Gymnosperms
Anoxia: xVHGksuIECn¬GuksuIEhSn¦
karsøab;EdlbNþalmkBIxVHGksuIECn. ]³ kardkegðImrbs;RKab;EdlsþúkTukkñúgbriyakasEdl
KµanGksuIECn. emIl Anaerobe, Aerobe.
Anther: fg;lMGg kenSameksreQµal srIragÁpÞúkeksreQµal
EpñkEdlruMB½T§ b¤pÞúklMGgeksreQµal. emIl Androecium, Flower.
Anthesis: dMNak;kalénpáarIk
Cary³eBlb¤dMNak;kalmYyEdlRkBuMpáacab;epþImebIknigrIkeLIg eBalKW cMeBaHBYk angiosperms
BaküenH mann½yfadMNak;páa(flowering). CYnkalvamann½yCaBiess bBa¢ak;BIkarebIkecjén
TglMGgedIm,IeraylMGg. emIl Flowering, Phenology, Phenoperiod.
AOSA (Association of Official Seed Analysts): smaKmn_GñkviPaKRKab;BUCCapøÚvkar
CaGgÁkarEdlmanRbB½n§BiesaFn_RKab;BUCEp¥ktamviFIsaRsþrbs;GaemricEdleKeRbIenAGaemricxag
eCIgnigxagt,Úg. emIl ISTA, Seed testing.
Apex (pl. apexes, apices): kMBUl/ cug
EpñkcugkMBUlEdlenAcugvtßúGVImYy. cMeBaHBnøkRtYy nigbJs cugrbs;vamanpÞúkekasikaduHlUtlas;
begáIt CalikafµI (apical meristem). emIl Apical meristem.
Apical: énkMBUl¼cug
emIl Apex
Apical meristem: cug¼kMBUlCalikadMNuH¬EmrIEsÞm¦
CaRkummYyénekasikaEmrIEsÞmenAxagcugbJs
b¤RtYy EdlkarbMEbkekasika plitCalika
naMmuxrbs;bJs b¤BnøkRtYy vaGacCaCalika b¤
srIragÁlUtlas;Edlcab;epþImdMbUg b¤CaCalika
nigsrIragÁbnþBUCEdlcab;epþImdMbUg. emIl Apex, Apical, Flower initiation, Meristem.
Apices: kMBUl cug emIl Apex
Apocarpous (apocarpy): CaeksrjIrlayCab;Kñabnþic

¬eksrjIsmas¦
EdlmaneksrjIdac;BIKña nigCab;KñaedayEpñk. CaFmµta
eksrjIsmasbegáIt[eTACaRbePTEpøcegáam]³Magnolia
nig Manglietia. emIlrUbbEnßmenATMB½r174.
emIl Aggregate fruit, Carpel, Flower
Apomixis (apomixes): Gab:UmIsIs karbnþBUCKµanePT karbnþBUCKµankarbgákMeNIt
- karplitRKab;BUCedayKµankarbgákMeNItCamun. emIl Fertilisation.
- CaBakün½yTUeTAmYyEdlbUkbBa©ÚlnUvral;TMrg;TaMgGs;énkarbnþBUC\tePTEdlmanninñakarCMnYs
karbnþBUCmanePT. CaerOy² eKeRbIBaküenHsMedAeTAelIkarplitRKab;Edlmin)anTTYlkarbgá

kMeNIt. GaRs½yeTAtamRbePTénGab:UmIsIs CaFmµtasrIragÁEdlplitBIkarbnþBUCKµanePTman
lkçN³dUcKñasuT§saFxagCInenTik dUcnwgRbPBedImrbs;va (ortet-edImemsMrab;plitkUnxøÚn).
emIl Asexual reproduction, Clone, Ortet, Parthenogenesis.
Appendix (Appendixes, Appendices): Epñk¬eRKOg¦bEnßm
Araucaria (pl. Araucarias): edImeQIenAGaemrikxagt,Úg
Archegonium: GaXIehÁaenom srIragÁpÞúkGUvüÚl

enAkñúgBYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat(Gymnosperms)
¬nigrukçCatibegáIts<½r dUcCaEsønigbNÑgÁCati¦
KWCasrIragÁePTjIEdlpÞúkGUvüÚl.
emIl Female gametophyte, Gymnosperms.
Aril (arilus): GarIl sNþg;RKab;¬kþRKab;¦ sac;Cab;nwgRKab; k,alRKab; RkmYnRKab;
GIunethÁüÚminþ¬sMbkRKab;¦b¤EpñkbEnßmEdl)anbegáItenAelIRKab;énRbePTmYycMnYneRkayBIkarbgá
kMeNIt. CaFmµta sNþg;RKab; Casac;Tn; nigCasarFatuGahar nigmantYnaTITak;TajPñak;gar
BRgayRKab; ]³ RbePTebg Afzelia, Podocarpus nig Taxus . sNþg;RKab;GacbegáItCaEpñk
bEnßmmYyCab;eTAnwgRKab; ]³ TgGUvüÚl(funiculus)énRbePTGakasSaGURsþalI. RbePTGarIlruM
Cab;RKab; edayEpñk mandUcCaRbePT Afzelia,nig Taxus ehIynigruMCitRKab;TaMgRsug mandUcCa
RbePT Podocarpus nig FUern. emIl Dispersal, Fleshy fruits, Sarcotesta.
Artificial pollination: kareraylMGgsib,nimitþ
dUcBakü Controlled pollination
Asexual reproduction: karbnþBUCedayKµanePT
karbnþBUCedayKµankarbgákMeNIt. Éktþ³fµIGacnwgvivtþn_BIEpñksrIragÁlUtlas; dUcCa emIm Kl;b¤s
b¤ ecjBIEpñkrbs;ePT dUcCasu‘tmin)anTTYlkarbgákMeNIt b¤ekasikaepSg²eTotenAkñúgGUvüÚl.
emIl Apomixis, Fertilization, Parthenogenesis, Vegetative cells, Vegetative propagation.
Assimilation: smankmµ karsMeyaKm:UlwxüÚlsrIragÁ
enAkñúgrukçCati dMeNIrkarEdlm:UlwxüÚl srIragÁRtUv)anbegáIteLIgBIm:UlwxüÚl GsrIragÁ)anBIbriya
kas ]³enAeBleFVIkaMrsµIsMeyaK. emIl Respiration
Auxins: RbePThUmUnm:üag GksuIn
RbePThUmUnrukçCatiEdlman\T§iBlsMxan;eTAkarBnøÚtEvgrbs;RtYy nigb¤s. PaKeRcInénRbePT
hUmUnGksIunFmµCati KW indole 3-acetic acid¬GasuIdGaesTik3KµanBN_¦.hUmUnsMeyaKRsedog
KñaenH dUcCa IBA nig NAA RtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlaysMrab;bNþúHb¤s kñúgkarplit kUneQI
edaykat;Emk. emIl Cutting, Hormone.
Axil: muMpÁúMEdlpÁúMeLIgBITgsøwknigEmk ekøók
emIlrUbenATMB½r170 Rtg;søwkeTal(simple leaf).
Axile (adj): énmuMpÁúMedayTgsøwknigEmk
B
Back-crossing: bgáat;RtLb;
karbgáat;kUn¬CaFmµtakUnkat;¦CamYykUnmYyeToténRbePTem)arbs;va. karbgáat;RtLb;eRcIndg
KWmanRbsiT§iPaBCaBiesskñúgkarepÞrlkçN³tMNBUCgay² ]³ lkçN³Fn;nwgCMgW epÞrBIem)axøaMgmYy
eTAem)aexSay.
emIl Cross pollination, F1, Hybrid, Introgression, Simple Mendelian inheritance.
Background pollination: kareraylMGgry³¬cMgay¦q¶ay
kareraylMGgry³q¶ayénlMGgmansøab. RKab;lMGgtUc²mYycMnYnGacnwgrkSaenAkñúgcrnþxül;
ehIyehIrrab;ryKILÚt_Em:Rt. kareraylMGgry³q¶ay eKminGacminKitKUvaTaMgRsug)aneTenA kñúg
karerobcM cMkarBUC. emIl Buffer, Isolation, Migration, Pollen dilution zone, Wind
pollination.
Base population = selection population: éRBBUCmUldæan RkumBUCmUldæanb¤CMerIs
RkumBUCénedImeQIEdlGñkbgáat;BUCeQIeRCIserIssMraMgTuksMrab;bgáat;BUCnUvCMnan;bnÞab;. RkumBUC
mUldæanGacCaedIméRBFmµCati¬CMnan;TI1¦b¤CaedImeQIEdleK)andaMsakl,gCInenTik.
emIl Genetic test, Breeding strategy, production population, Wood producing
population.
Beetle: BYkstVl¥iténlMdab; Coleoptera: knøg; XµúM GeNþIkmas
Berry: RbePTEpøeQIsac; RbePTEpøeb‘rI
RbePTEpøsac;Edlvivtþn_BIeksrjIeTal nigKµansMbkrwgeT. CaFmµta EpøvamanpÞúkRKab;eRcIn k¾
b:uEnþ manRbePTEpøsac;eb‘rImanRKab;1Edr dUcCaRbePT Persea (avocado).
emIl Drupe, Fleshy fruit, Fruit.
Biology diversity (=Biodiversity): CIv³cMruH
PaBEbøk²KñaenAkñúgcMeNamsarBagÁmanCIvitEdlmkBIRKb;RbPBTaMgGs; ehIynigPaBsµúKsµaj
¬CMBak;vak;vin¦énbrisßanEdlvarYmcUlcMENkenAkñúgenaH TaMgenHrYmman³
- Ecosystem diversity: RbB½n§brisßancMruH³ PaBEbøk² nigRhIVxVInsuIéneGxUsuIswÞm ¬RbB½n§ brisßan¦
epSg².
- Species diversity: RbePT¬BUC¦cMruH³ RhIVxVInsuI nigPaBcMruHénRbePTBUCepSg².
- Genetic diversity: CInenTikcMruH³ RhVIxVInsuI nigPaBcMruHénCIn¼CIneNam(genome)epSg².
varYmman bMErbMrYlenAkñúgRkumBUCmYy nigrvagbNþaRkumBUC. emIl Ecosystem, Gene centre,
Gene conservation, Gene frequency, Population.
Biosphere: CIvmNÐl
eGxUsuIswÞm¬RbB½n§brisßan¦FMCageKTaMgGs;EdlenACuMvij rYmman dI Twk nigbriyakas.
emIl Biological diversity, Ecosysem.
Biotechnology: CIvbec©kviC¢a bec©kviC¢aCIvsaRsþ
karGnuvtþeKalkarN_viTüasaRsþ nigvisVkmµedIm,IEkéqñsMParHedayPñak;garCIvsaRsþ edIm,IsMerc)an
CaTMnij nigesvakmµ. CIvbec©kviC¢arYmmanbec©keTsEdleRbIR)as;sarBagÁkaymanCIvitedIm,Iplit
b¤Ekéqñplitpl edIm,IbegáInKuNPaBrukçCati b¤stV b¤edIm,IGPivDÆn_GtisuxumR)aNsMrab;eKal
bMNgCak;lak;. emIl Genetic engineering, Micropropagation.
Bisexual (= Hermaphroditic or Monoclinous): eTVrePT manePTBIrrYmKña
srIragÁbnþBUCmantYnaTIeQµalnigjI enAkñúgpáaEtmYy. emIl Dioecious, Flower, Monoecious.
Blinding: karsÞHkERBa¢gErg
karsÞHkERBa¢gsMGat edaysarEtRKab; b¤kMeTckMTIepSg²EdlmanTMhMGaceFVI[enACab;rn§Erg)an.
emIl Cleaning, seed-
Block: bøúk
GnutMbn;mYyEdlmanbrisßandUcKñaenAkñúgkardaMBiesaFn_mYy. bøúkeBjeljmYymanLÚt_ EdlLÚt_
nimYy²daMmYykBa©b;RKab; b¤edImkøÚnsMrab;eFVIBiesaFn_. CaFmµta kareRKagbøg;elITIval bøúkesµInwg
1KMrU(replicate).
emIl Experimental design, Lattice design, Plot, Randomized complete block design,
Replicate.
Border effect = competition effect: karCH\T§iBlenAtamRBMRbTl;¬RBMEdn¦
karCH\T§iBlrbs;brisßanenAtambeNþayRBMEdnéntMbn;BiesaFn_mYy bøúk cMkarBUC.l. karCH\T§i
BltamRBMRbTl; KWbNþalmkBIPaBxusKñaénkarRbECgyk¬]³ BnøW b¤ CICati¦rvagxagkñúg nigxag
eRkARBMRbTl;. kñúgkarkat;bnßy\T§iBlenAtamRBMRbTl;éntMbn;b¤GnutMbn;BiesaFn_ eKniymeRKag
bøg;tMbn;Caragkaer eRBaHRTg;RTayenHvamanvNÐmNÐltUcCag ebIeFobnwgtMbn;manragRtIekaN.
tMbn;RTnab; RtUvbegáItB½T§CuMvijtMbn;enaHedIm,Ikat;bnßy\T§iBltamRBMRbTl;.
emIl Buffer zone, Experimental design.
Bract = bracteole: tM)arsøwkeRkampáa søwkTMrRtbkpáa sÞbpáa
CasøwkkøaymYyEdlenABIeRkampáa b¤G½kSpáaenAkñúgBYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit b¤CaRskaenAkñúgekanjIénBYk
rukçCatiRKab;Rsat. emIl Bracteole, Cone, Ovuliferous scale.
Bracteole: tM)arsøwktUceRkampáa søwkTMrRtbkpáa sÞbpáa
emIl Bract, Cone.
Breed true: bgáat;BUCsuT§ CeRmIsBUCsuT§
RkumBUCmYyénÉktþ³hUm:UsayhÁÚtEdl)anmkBIkarbgáat;kñúgEdlenAeBlbgáat;KñaeTAvijeTAmk
plit )anCMnan;fµImYyénÉktþ³hUm:UsayhÁÚt.
emIl Homozygous, Inbred line, Inbreeding, Pure line.
Breeding arboretum: cMkareQIdaMTuksMrab;bgáat;BUC¬CeRmIs¦
karRbmUledImeQIb¤RbePTBUCsMraMgTuksMrab;karbgáat;BUC. ebIsinkarRbmUlTuk¬eRCIserIs¦ Ca
EpñkénsrIragÁlUtlas;enaH CYnkal eKehAfaCaFnaKarxøÚn¬EmkbMe)A¼pSaM¦. karebIklMh¬kab;
rhal¦ vb,kmµ nigkarkarBarRtUv)aneRKagTukedIm,ICMruj[ecjpáaEpø[)anqab; nigRtYtBinitükar
eraylMGg nigkarRbmUlRKab;BUC. emIl Clone bank, Forest tree breeding, Gene bank, Seed
orchard.
Breeding plan: Epnkarbgáat;BUC¬CeRmIsBUC¦
kalviPaKBisþarénRbtibtþikarnwgRtUveFVIkñúgeKalbMNgGnuvtþyuT§saRsþbgáat;BUC.
emIl Breeding strategy.
Breeding population: RkumBUCsMrab;bgáat; karbgáat;RkumBUC
cMnYnénÉktþ³EdleKeRCIserIsecjBIRkumBUCmUldæan EdlmanlkçN³EdleKcg;)an edIm,IeFVICa
em)asMrab;CMnan;eRkaysMrab;bgáat;BUC. emIl Base population, Breeding plan, Breeding
strategy, Production population, Propagation population, Wood producing population.
Breeding strategy: yuT§saRsþbgáat;¬CeRmIs¦BUC
viFankarmYyénkarRKb;RKgsuvuDiÆkmµCInenTikénRbePTeQImYyEdleKGnuvtþkñúgéRBdaM.
emIl Base population, Breeding population, Breeding plan, Forest tree improvement,
Infusion population, Plant breeding, Production population, Wood producing
population.
Breeding system: RbB½n§bgáat;¬CeRmIs¦BUC
emIl Mating system.
Breeding value: tMélbgáat;¬CeRmIs¦BUC
tMélem-)amYyRtUv)anvinic½äyedaykarsMEdgeLIgénkUnrbs;va ecjBIkarbgáat;CaeRcIndg. tMél
bgáat;rbs;Éktþ³mYy RtUv)ankMNt;Ca2dgénlT§PaBpSMTUeTArbs;va (general combining ability
= GCA) . emIl Combining ability, General combining ability, Genetic gain, Progeny
test, Specific combining ability.
Breeding zone: tMbn;bgáat;¬CeRmIs¦BUC
karEbgEckGnutMbn;énr)ayPUmisaRsþrbs;RbePTBUCmYyEdlkñúgenaH bNþaÉktþ³eFVIkarbgáat;eTA
vijeTAmk. karKUsEbgEcktMbn;GacnwgeFVIeLIgedayeRbItMélmFümTinñn½yGakasFatu b¤lkçN³
dI. emIl Migration, Provenance, Seed collection zone.
Bruchid: RkumstVl¥itsuIRKab;
RbePTRkumstVl¥itCaeRcInEdlsuIRbePTRKab;énBYkRKYsar Leguminasae .
Coleoptera Hemiptera
Budding (graft budding): karpSaMBnøk
karpSaMedaybBa©ÚlBnøkEdlmanCalikaEtbnþiccUleTAkñúgsñamvHb¤rn§ecaHenAkñúgsMbkénrukçCatiBUC
Kl;pSaM. eRkayBIvapSarP¢ab;KñaehIy EpñkxagelIénrukçCatiKl;pSaMenAxagelIBnøkpSaM RtUv)ankat;
ecal. manviFIpSaM BnøkCaeRcIn EtrUbxageRkambgðajBIviFIeKniymbMput.
emIl Grafting, Macropropagation, Root stock
Buffer: RTnab; sarFatuTb;Rbtikmµ

CasarFatu b¤lkçxNÐGVImYyEdlTb;nwgkarpøas;bþÚrEdlbNþalmkBI\T§iBlxageRkA. kñúgvis½yKImI
vamann½ysMedAsarFatumYyEdlkat;bnßyCaGb,brmanUvkarERbRbYl pH enAeBlEdldak;GasuId
b¤ebs. enAkñúgbrisßan ]³ Tak;TgeTAnwgRbePTrukçCati b¤tMbn;Edlkat;bnßyCaGb,brmanUv\T§iBl
énkarpøas;bþÚrGakasFatu ¬]³ KMrbéRBkat;bnßyPaBERbRbYlsItuNðPaBenAeBléf¶¦. CaFmµta
n½yenAkñúgkarbgáat;BUC Tak;TgeTAnwgtMbn;B½T§CuMvijéRBBUC edIm,ITb;minqøglMGgBIxageRkA.
Buffer area (zone): tMbn;RTnab;
CatMbn;mYyEdlh‘u¿B½T§tMbn;plitRKab;BUCenAkñúgcMkareQIedIm,IkMNt;RBMEdncMlglMGgBIRbPBxag
eRkA. tMbn;RTnab;enHbegáIteLIgBIRbePTeQIEtmYy dUckñúgtMbn;plitRKab;BUCEdr dUecñHehIyva rYm
cMENkkñúgkareraylMGg b¤bgáat;lMGgCamYyedImBUCEdr. tMbn;RTnab;CarukçCatiGn;Cag ebIEp¥keTA
tamlkçN³vinicä½ydUcKñanwgkñúgtMbn;plitRKab;BUC bu:EnþeKminykcitþTukdak;elIkarecjpáaEpørbs;va
eT eRBaHfa RKab;rbs;vaminRtUv)aneKRbmUlykeT.
emIl Flower induction, Pollen dilution zone, Rogueing, Seed production area, Wind
pollination.
Bush: Kuem<aF/ éRBKuem<aF
Buttress: Rbwg¬Kl;eQI¦
emIl Fluting
C
Calibration: karRkittamxñat
TMnak;TMngrvagénkarGanRkitén]bkrN_mYynigRkitbTdæan(standard)én]bkrN_mYyeTot ]³viFI
vas;sMeNImtamRbdab;vas;sMeNIm nig tamLsMgYtbTdæan kñúgkarkMNt;bnÞúksMeNIm.
emIl Moisture meter, Oven dry.
Callus: Rkin/ rbYsRkin
1¦CaduMénekasika parenchyma EdlvivDÆn_BI nigenACuMvijCasikarbYsrbs;rukçCatiedIm,Ikat;bnßy
karhYtTwkBImuxrbYsnigcab;epþImeFVI[CasHvij. enAkñúgkarbMe)Ab¤pSaM vaekIteLIgenAkEnøgTIRbsBV
énkarbiTP¢ab;KñaEdlecjBIekasikars;TaMg2énRtYypSaMnigKl;pSaM. karplit nigkarcak;eRsHpSar
P¢ab;Kñaénekasika parenchyma ¬b¤ callus¦CaCMhansMxan;mYykñúgdMeNIrkarCasHénkarpSaMbMe)A.
2¦enAkñúgkarbNþúHCalika(micropropagation)niyaysMedAelIduMm:as;minGacbMEbk)anénekasika.
emIl Grafting, Grafting wax, Graft union, Micropropagation, Tissue culture.
Calyx: Rtbkpáa
CaBaküBhuvcn³eRbIsMrab;TMrRtbkpáaénpáamYy. emIl Flower, Corolla
Cambium: RsTab;kñúgénsMbkeQI
RsTab;CalikaesþIgrbs;rukçCatienAcenøaHrvagsMbk nigsac;
eQI. ekasikarbs;vaCaekasikalUtlas;(meristem) eBalKW
vaGacbMEbk nigbegáItCaekasikafµI)an.
emIl Grafting, Meristem.
Campylotropous: GUvüÚlepþk
CaTisénGUvüÚlEdlGUvüÚlgak)anCamuMmYyeFobnwg placenta dUecñH hilum nigrn§ micropyl én
RKab;sßit kñúgTItaMgenAcenøaH rvagénGUvüÚlRtg;nigGUvüÚlpáab;. ¬emIlrUb ovule orientation).
emIl Ovule orientation, Hilum, Micropyl.
Candidate tree: edImeQIebkçPaB
CaedImeQIEdlRtUv)aneRCIserIssMrab;cat;fñak;KuNPaB BinitüemIltamKuNPaBrUbxageRkA
(phenotype) bu:EnþminTan;)anvaytMélb¤daMsakl,genAeLIy.
emIl Advanced-generation selection, Comparision or Check trees, Elite tree, Select,
Superior or plus tree.
Capsule: EpøRbePTExbsu‘l EpøkenSam
CaFmµta CaRbePTEpøs¶ÜtmanRKab;eRcIn
nigeRbHsMbkEdlpÁúMeLIgBIeksrjI2b¤eRcIn
EdlnwgeRbHEbkBIKñaenAeBlTuMedIm,ICMruH
RKab;rbs;va ]³ RbePT Swietenia nig
Eucalyptus. RbePTEpøxabs‘UlGacman
ft¬bnÞb;¦mYy b¤eRcIn ehAfa Locules.
emIl Dehiscence, Dry fruits, Fruit, Locules.
Carabiner: kgelah³
kgelah³suvtßiPaBmYyEdleKeRbIsMrab;P¢ab;ExSBYreLIgedImeQI. kgenHmanKnøiHcak;esaedIm,I
Fanamin [vahab¤rbUtKnøiHenAeBlkMBugeLIgebHRKab;BUC.
Carbon dioxide (CO2): xae)anédGuksayþ¬kabUnDIGuksuIt¦ ]sµ½nkabUnik
Ca]sµ½nEdlplitecjkardkdegðIm. CYnkal ]sµ½nenHRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgRKab;edIm,I
sMlab; stVl¥itEdlsuIRKab;. ]sµ½nenHmineFVI[xUcRbePTRKab;Fmµta(orthodox)EdlmanemfabU
lIswm(metabolism)TabxøaMgenaHeT.
emIl Fumigation, Metabolism, Orthodox seed, Pest, Respiration, Treatment.
Carpel: eksrjI¬Fmµta samBaØ tUc¦
eksrjIFmµtamYy b¤CabMENkmYyrbs;eksrjIsmas. RbePTEpøhVlixl(follicle) ekItecjBI
carpel mYy RbePTEpø capsule ekItecjBI carpels eRcIn.
emIl Compound pistil, Dry fruits, Placentation
Caruncle: duMBkénRbeTka
duM b¤BkénGuinethÁüÚminþ (integument) ¬sMbkRbeTka¼sMbkRKab;x©I¦ ekItenACitrn§ micropyle
elIRKab;TuMénRbePTBUCmYycMnYn. emIl Seed.
Case hardening: kareLIgrwgénsMbkEpøekan
karEdleFVI[RskaekaneLIgrwg EdlbNþalmkBIRtUvhYty:agrh½s dUecñHbNþal[vaminGacebIk
Rska ekanekIt edIm,ICMruHRKab;rbs;va. emIl Dehiscence, Extraction, Cone.
Catkin: RbePTpáacegáamm:üag
páacegáamEdlsMyugcuH bBa¢ak;faCakareraylMGgedayxül;. vaCapáacegáammYy EdlCaFmµta
manePTEtmYy nigCMruHpáa dUcCaRbePT Betula nig Populus. BaküenHminGaceRbICamYyePT
eQµal b¤ RsþÚébéL(strobili) eksreQµalénBYksøwkRsYc )aneT¬Rsl;¦.
emIl Flower, Strobilus
Cauliflorous (cauliflory): RbePTpáaekþab
karecjpáaEdlpþú¿KñaeRcIn nig eRkaymkvakøayCaEpø.
páa-EpøenHduHecjmkBIKl;b¤edIm eRcInCagduHecjBI
EmktUc ]³ RbePT Arthocarpus nig Ficus spp.
emIl Fruit.
Cell: ekasika
ÉktamUldæanénsarBagÁkaymanCIvitnigCamUldæanrcnasm<½n§nigsrIr³saRsþrbs;va. ekasika
rbs;rukçCati pSMeLIgBIekasikaCBa¢aMgnig protoplast (cytoplasm, nucleus¬sñÚl¼éNVy:U¦/
ekasikaPñas/ nig organelles: ]³ cloroplastsnig mitochondrion). emIl Meiosis,
Mitosis, Protein synthesis.
Census number: cMnYnedImsikSaehIy

cMnYnCak;EsþgénedImeQIkñúgRkumBUCEdl)ansikSaehIy. emIl Effective population size.
Certified tree seed (Certified seed): edImBUC)anTTYlsÁal;KuNPaB ¬RKab;BUCmanlixitsñam¦
RKab;Edl)anRbmUlBIedImEdlman]tþmPaBénCInenTik dUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;c,as;BIsßab½npþl;viBaØan
b½Rt ehIy)anplitenAeRkamlkçxNÐEdlFana)annUvGtþsBaØaNCInenTik. RKab;TaMgenH Gac
RbmUlmkBIedImeQIkñúgcMkarBUC b¤edImeml¥enAkñúgéRBFmµCati edaymankarRtYtBinitükareray
lMGg. emIl Improved, Phytosanitary Certificate, Seed orchard, Seed production area,
Selected tree seed, Source-identified tree seed.
Chaff: RKab;sVit/ cMebIg/ Ggáam
enAkñúgRbePTEucalyptus¬eRbgxül;¦ karsMGatkMeTckMTIRKab;sVitEdlGUvüÚlmin)anbgákMeNIt.
emIl Empty seed.
Chalaza (pl. -zas, -zae): )atGUvüÚl
Ca)atrbs;GUvüÚlmYy CaerOy² eKeXIjvadUcCaEpñkenAxageRkamcMNucRbsBVKñaén integument
CamYynig megasporangium.. CaFmµta vaRbsBVCamYyTItaMgrbs;TgRKab;(funiculus) kñúg
krNIenH vadUcKñaebHbiTnwg hilum enAelIRKab;. emIl Hilum, Ovule orientation, Pistil, Seed
Chamber (loculus): bnÞb;/ Rbehag/ rn§
Character (trait): lkçN³
RTg;RTayEbøk²Kña EtminEmnminGacERbRbYl)aneT EdlbgðajecjedayÉktþ³TaMgGs;énRkum
mYy ehIyGac[eKBiBN_na nigvas;)an ]³ TMhM/ PaBRtg;/ RTg;RTay/ nigkarsMEdgecjmk.
lkçN³én Éktþ³mYy nwgmanhVINwéfb (phenotype)R)akdmYy Edl)ankMNt;edayCInNwéfb
(genotype) nigbrisßan rbs;Éktþ³enaH. kñúgkareRCIserIs eKeRCIsEp¥keTAelIlkçN³. lkçN³
EdleKcg;)anRbePTBUC pliteQI GacCa lkçN³lUtlas;elOn niglkçN³Rtg;rbs;edIm TnÞwm
enH lkçN³EdleKmincg;)an dUcCa lkçN³ekag EbkEmkTab nig gayrgCMgW.emIl Genotype,
Genetic test, Phenotype, Population, Selection, Selection criteria.
Chiasma: PaBExVg
TIcMNucénPaKénRkUmWTId (chromatid)EdleRkaHsuInGUvW (crossing over) ekIteLIg.
emIl Crossing over.
Chilling: kareFVI[cuHRtCak;/ karbnÞúMEpø-RKab;/ karbMEbkPaBsMgMrbs;RKab;BUC
tamn½yRtg; KWeFVI[cuHRtCak;. CaTUeTA eKeRbIBaküenHsMedAelIvIFIsaRsþdak;RKab;enAkñúgbrisßan
mYymansMeNImRtCak;edIm,IbnÞúMva b¤k¾bMEbkPaBsMgMrbs;RKab;BUC.
emIl After-ripening, Chilling injury, Dormancy, Pre-chilling, Pretreatment.
Chilling injury: karFøak;cuHdMNuHRKab;edaysarrgPaBRtCak;
lT§PaBrs;¬duH¦cuHexSaybNþalmkBITTYlrgsItuNðPaBTab. BaküenHRtUv)aneKeRbIsMedAeTA
elIkMritsItuNðPaBTabNamYyEdlbNþal[xUcxatdl;RbePTRKab; recalcitrant b¤RbePTRKab;
RbePT intermediate. emIl After-ripening, Chilling, Intermediate (seed).
Chimera (Chimaera): rukçCatiXImwr:a
rukçCatiEdlpSMeLIgBICalikaBIrb¤eRcInxus²KñaxagCInenTik lUtlas;dac;BIKña bu:EnþenAEk,rKñaenAkñúg
edImEtmYy. rukçCatiXImWra:GacnwgbnþBUCedayePT)an ebIsinBYkvasßitenAkñúgRtkUlénekasikabnþ
BUC. emIl Grafting, Budding, Inheritance.
Chromosome: RkUm:UsUm
sarFatumYyy:agtUc CaFmµtamanrUbragdUcCakMNat;Evg
EdlmanpÞúkCIn. cMnYn TMhM nigTMrg;rbs;RkUm:UsUm CaFmµta
KWefrcMeBaHRbePTÉktþ³mYy.RkUm:UsUmmanRkUmWTIdEdl
begáIteLIgBI DNA ruMB½T§edayRbUFIn¬RbUetGuIn¦nigmanrag
CaGgÁÜj².emIl Allele, Cell, Chromosome number,
Chromosome set, Crossing over, DNA, Gene,Locus,
Meiosis, Mitosis, Nucleus.
Chromosome number: cMnYnRkUm:UsUm
cMnYnéncritlkçN³RkUm:UsUménRbePTBUCmYy. cMnYnénsMrab;¬KU¦RkUm:UsUmEdlpSMeLIgBIcMnYnenH
RtUv)aneKkMNt;c,as; dUcCaRbePTRsl; cMnYnRkUm:UsUmGacman n=12 b¤ 2n=24 EdlGaRs½y
eTAtam ekasikaePT b¤ekasikalUtlas; DIpøGuIt Fmµta. emIl Chromosome set, Diploid,
Gametes, Haploid, Polyploid, Vegatative cells.
Chromosome set: cMnYnRkUm:UsUm1sMrab; RkUm:UsUmQut
cMnYn n RkUm:UsUmEdl)anTTYlmrtk nUv1sMrab;BIem)amYy. ekasikaePTFmµta manpÞúkEt1sMrab;
Kt; EdlmanmYyénlkçN³RkUm:UsUmnimYy²rbs;RbePTBUCenH. emIl Chromosome number,
Diploid, Haploid, Homologous chromosomes, Meiosis, Polyploid.
Cladodes = cladophyll: ExødUd = ExødUhVIl
1> søwkEdlkøaydUcCaRska dUcCaBYk casuarinas. CaerOy² ExødUdmanTMhMnigrUbragdUcCaRKab;
EdlCYnkalBi)aknwgErgvaecj edayeRbIviFIFmµtakñúgkarsMGatRKab;.
2> edImb¤EmkEdlkøay edIrtYnaTICasøwk. ]³ ekItmaneLIgcMeBaH RbePT Casuarinas.
emIl Cleaning, seed-, Cutting, Morphology.
Cleaning (seed-): karsMGatRKab;
karErg b¤EjkykRKab;ecjBIRbePTBUCepSg² nigbMENkminEmnCaRKab; dUcCakMeTckMTIEpø søwk
b¤Emk. karsMGatRKab; eKGaceRbIviFI Erg eray GuM bENþtTwk.l. kMritEdlRKab;RtUv)ansMGat
eKehAfaPaBsuT§énRKab;. emIl Pure seed, Purity, Seed testing
Cleistogamous flower: páaekþab páaminrIk páaeraylMGgxøÜnÉg
páaEdlminrIk b¤ebIkTTYlykkareraylMGgBIxageRkA bu:Enþ vaeray nigbgákMeNItBIlMGgxøÜnÉgenA
kñúgRbB½n§eraybiTCit. RbePTBUCTaMgenHmanlkçN³Capáaekþab nigCaBiesseraylMGgxøÜnÉgnig
bgáat;kñúg. BaküpÞúy clasmoganic ¬páarIkb¤ebIk¦.
Climax tree species: RbePTéRBéXøEm:kS RbePTBUCeQIéRBeRsag
RbePTBUCeQIEdlduHenAkñúgTIkEnøgNamYyEdlmanRbePTGakasFatu nigdIRbesIrbMput EdlenA
kñúgkMLúg eBlenaHlkçxNÐbrisßanmanesßrPaBeRcInb¤tickþI. CaFmµta RbePTeQIéXøm:akSman
GayuEvg nigGayubnþBUC yWtCag ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgRbePTeQIQanmux(pioneers)Edlman
lkçN³pÞúyBIenH. emIl Pioneer species
Cline: PaBel¥ógb¤ERbRbYlCInNwéfb b¤hVINwéfb
PaBel¥ógtamPUmisaRsþrbs;hVINwéfb b¤CInNwéfb enAkñúglMdab;rbs;RbePT¬BUC¦mYy. kar
kMNt;faetI PaBel¥ógekIteLIgBICInenTikenaH tMrUv[mankarsakl,gmYyenAkñúgbrisßanmYy. Ca
Fmµta bMErbMrYlPaBel¥ógbNþalmkBIPaBel¥ógrbs;brisßan. bNþaEpñkénRkumBUCEdlbgðaj[
eXIjkarpøas;bþÚrCab;Kña BItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot nwgminRtUvkMNt;sMKal;CaeGxUéfb(ecotype)
CaBUC (race) b¤CaRbePTcMNat;fñak;(taxa)eLIy.
emIl Ecotype, Ecotypic differentiation, Genotype, Phenotype, Race, Taxon
Clonal archive: mann½ydUc Clone bank: FnaKarkUneQIkøÚn
Clonal garden: sYnkUnbMe)A b¤pSaM

CakarRbmUlkUneQIbMe)A(clone)CMerIsecjBIedImmansrIragÁlUtlas; dUcCa karkat;(cuttings)RtUv
)an eKRbmUlplkUn.
emIl breeding arboretum, Clone, Clone bank, Coppice shoots, Hedging, Juvenile.
Clonal plantation: cMkardaMBIkUnbMe)A
cMkareQImYy¬RkumBUCpliteQI¦RtUv)andaMBIkUneQIEmkbMe)A ]³ BIkarkat;Emkb¤kUneQIbNþúHBI
Calika. cMkareQIdaMEmkbMe)A¼pSaMGacpSMeLIgBIkUnxøÚnCaeRcInRKYsar.
emIl Clone, Clone bank, Clonal garden, Vegetative propagation, Wood producing
population.
Clonal propagation = Vegetative propagation: karplitkUneQIBIkarpSaM¼bMe)A¼kat;Emk
Clonal seed orchard: mann½ydUcBakü Seed orchard.
Clonal test: karsakl,g¼BiesaFn_kUnbMe)A
kareRbobeFobnigkarvaytMélkUneQIxøÚnmYycMnYnkñúgkareFVIBiesaFn_CaeRcInKMrU. karBiesaFn_pþl;
nUvkar ):an;sµanCInNwéfbnimYy² bu:EnþminEmnCaBt’mansþIBIlkçN³bgáat;BUCeLIy.
emIl Clone, Experimental design, Genetic test, Heritability, Vegetative propagation.
Clone: kUneQIbMe)A¼pSaM
RkumBUCmYyEdlekasikab¤Éktþ³rbs;vamanlkçN³CInenTikdUcKña¼EtmYy. RkumBUCenH KW)anmkBI
karbMEbkedayém:tUsuIs b¤edaykarbnþBUC\tePT.
emIl Apomixis, Asexual reproduction, Micropropagation, Mitosis, Tissue culture,
Clone (or clonal) bank: FnaKarkUneQIbMe)A
karRbmUlTuknUvedImeQIb¤BUCCMerIs EdleKbegáIteLIgsMrab;bgáat;BUC. karRbmUlenH KWeKeFVInig
rkSaTuktamviFIbNþúHsrIragÁlUtlas;.
emIl Breeding arboretum, Clone, Clonal garden, Gene conservation.
Co-dominance: shlb;
CalkçxNÐkñúgPaBCaehtWrWsayhÁÚt (heterozygote)EdlsmaCikTaMg2énKUGaEllmYyRtUv)an
sMEdgecjmk nigrYmcMENkbegáIthVINwéfb EdlbnÞab;mk karlaycUlKñaénlkçN³hVINwéfb
)anplitecjlkçxNÐhUm:UsayhÁÚtpgEdr. KUGaEllsnµtmYy EdlnimYy²enAkñúgPaBhUm:Usay
hÁÚt plitpáaRkhmnigs. enAkñúglkçxNÐ shlb; vaplit)anpáamanTaMgRkhmnig s. enAkñúg
krNIlb;mineBjelj páanwg ecjCaBN_kUlab. emIleRbobeFobBakü Incomplete
dominance ¬lb;mineBjelj¦.
emIl Allele, Dominance, Locus, Recessive, Simple Mendelian inheritance.
Collection, seed-: karRbmUlRKab;BUC/ rdUvRbmUlRKab;/ rdUvRKab;TuM
CaBakümann½yRbmUlpþúMénTMrg;karnigviFIénkarRbmUlRKab; nigEpø b¤mYyBIedImeQI b¤mYyBIdI b¤mYy
BIkEnøglak;Tukrbs;stVeRkayBIBRgayRKab;. n½yenAkñúg)atuPUtrdUv(phenology) eKeRbIsMedA
eTAelIeBlevlaénkarRbmUl ]³ rdUvTuMrbs;RKab;.
emIl Harvest, Maturity, Seed handling, Procurement, seed-
Columella (pl. –lae): Ggát;QrtUc
]³ CaEpñkkNþalénRbePTEpøxabs‘UlénRbePTmYycMnYnkñúgGMbUr Meliaceae.
emIl Capsules.
Combining ability: lT§PaBpSMpÁúM
tMélxagsßiti bgðajBIsmtßPaBrbs;em-)amYy kñúgkarbgáat;CamYyem)aepSg²eTot edIm,IcMlgCIn
kñúgkMritNamYyénkarsMEdglkçN³. lT§PaBpSMKñaTUeTAl¥(Good general combining ability-
CA)énem)amYybgðajnUvkarsMEdgecjCamFümPaKx<s;énkUnrbs;vakñúgkarbgáat;epSg² ebIeRbob
eFobeTAnwgkUnepSg²eTotrbs;em)aepSg enAkñúgkarsakl,gdUcKña. tMélénkarbgáat;(Breeding

value)énem)amYy KW2dgén GCArbs;va. lT§PaBpSMKñal¥Cak;lak;(Good specific combinig
ability-SCA) GaRs½yeTAnwgem)a2 EdlenAeBlkat;bBa©ÚlKña plitkUn)anl¥CagEdleKrMBwgTuk

Ep¥kelItMélem)a GCA.
emIl Breeding value, Controlled pollination, Cross-pollination, General combining
ability, Heterosis, Heterozygous, Mating design, Progeny test, Specific combining
ability.
]TahrN_énkarKNna GCA nig SCA enAkñúgkarbgáat;em)a 5x5 (Factorial design) RtUv)an
bgðaj xageRkam³
Community: shKmn_
CaRkummYyénbNþaRkumBUCTak;TgKñaxagPUmisaRsþénRbePTBUCepSg²EdlduHenAkñúgtMbn;PUmisaRsþ
NamYy nigkñúgeBlNamYyc,as;las;.
emIl Ecosystem, Population.
Comparison or check tree: kareRbobeFob b¤edImeQIRtYtBinitü
bNþaedImeQIEdltaMgenAkñúgéRBBUCEtmYy manGayuesÞIrEtRbEhlKña kMBugEtduHkñúgTIkEnøgEt
mYy b¤TIkEnøgl¥dUcKña ehIyeRCIserIsedImeQImYy nigeFVIkareRbobeFobedImeQIEdleRCIskMNt;
tamKuNPaB. edImeQIEdleK)aneRCIserIseFVIKMrUeRbobeFob KWl¥bMputenAkñúgéRBBUCEtmYy Edl
manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlnwgedImeQI {eQIdaMM} EdlnwgRtUveRCIskñúgkarRbtibtþirukçvb,kmµ.
emIl Advanced-generation selection, Candidate tree, Elite tree, Select, superior or plus
tree.
Compatibility: lT§PaBb¤smtßPaBGacbgákMeNIt)an
lT§PaBb¤smtßPaBrbs;lMGgGacbgákMeNIteTACas‘ut)an. BaküpÞúy Incompatiblity ¬Kµan
lT§PaB¦. emIl Fertilisation
Complete (flower): páaeBjelj
páarukçCatiRKab;CitEdlmanTaMg eksreQµal eksrjI RtbknigTMrRtbkpáa.
emIl Flower, Incomplete flower, Perfect (flower).
Complete diallel: édGwEll¬DIGaEll¦eBjelj
emIl Diallel cross
Complete pedigree design: karerobcMeRKagkarN_daMeQICaBgSavlI
eRKagkarN_bgáat;¬CeRmIs¦EdleKsÁal;BgSavtarbs;em)aTaMg2.
emIl Diallel, Factorial design, Nested design, Single pair mating, Topcross design.
emIlpgEdr Mating design, Incomplete pedigree design.
Completely random design (CRD): karerobcMeRKagkarN_daMeQItamviFIécdnüsuT§
eRKagkarN_sakl,gEdlGMbUr¬RKYsar¦b¤kBa©b;RKab;(seedlot)nimYy² nwgRtUveFVIBiesaFn_BRgay
tamviFIécdnü enATUTaMgtMbn;daMsakl,g.
emIl Block, Experimental design, Plot, Randomized complete block design,
Replication.
Composite sample: KMrU-tMNagl,ayRKab;énkBa©b;RKab;BUC
karlaycUlKñaéntMNagRKab;CaeRcInEdleKykmkBIbNþaEpñkCaeRcInxus²KñaénkBa©b;RKab;.
emIl Sample, Primary sample, Working sample, Seed testing, Seed lot
Compound fruit: Epøsmas
EpømYyEdlekItecjBIeksrjIeRcIn. eksrjIeRcIncab;kMeNItecjBIkEnøgEdlCaEpñkénpáamYy eK
ehAvafaCaEpøcegáam(aggregrate fruit) rIÉeksrjIeRcIncab;kMeNItecjBIpáaepSgKña eKehAva
faCaBhuEpø (multiple fruit).
emIl Carpel, Compound pistil, Pistil, Simple fruit.
Compound leaves: søwksmas
emIlrUbenATMB½r171-172.
Compound pistil: eksrjIsmas
eksrjImYypÁúMeLIgBIxapl; (carpel). eksrjI¬eRkaymkekItCa
Epø¦GacbegáIt)anCaft(locules)eRcIn GaRs½yeTAtamcMnYn
rbs;xapl; b¤man1ftEdlmanGUvüÚleRcIn¬b¤RKab;¦.
emIl Carpel, compound fruit, Locules, Pistil, Placentation, simple fruit.
Cone: RbePTEpøekan
RbePTEpøs¶ÜtmanpÞúkRKab;eRcInénrukçCatisøwkm¢úl
(conifers)EdlekItmkBI strobilus jI¬páaekanjI¦.
cMeBaH strobili eQµalénRbePTmYycMnYn CYnkaleK
ehAfapáaekaneQµal. BYkrukçCatiRKab;CitEdlmanEpø
manragRsedogekan dUcCaRbePT Casuarina Ca
RbePTEpøcegáam. emIl Aggregate fruit, Bracht,
Gymnosperms, Strobilus.
Conelet: kþibekan/ ekanx©I
CaekanminTan;eBjv½y. BaküenHeRbIcMeBaHekanx©I cab;taMgBIRskapáaekanjIbiT eRkayeraylMGg
rhUtdl;karcab;epþImkarvivDÆn_ekan BIrbIExmunvaTuM. emIl Flower, Strobilus.
Conifer: BYkrukçCatisøwkm¢úl
RkuménBYkedImeQI gymnosperms EdlmanRKab;ekItenAkñúgekan ]³ Pinus, Araucaria, nig
Agathis b:uEnþminmanenAkñúgRbePT ]³ Podocarpus nig Taxus spp.. emIl Cone,
Gymnosperms.
Conservation: karGPirkS
emIl Gene conservation
Controlled pollination: RtYtBinitükareraylMGg¬kareraylMGgsßiteRkamkarRtYtBinitü¦
karepÞrb¤karGnuBaØat[epÞrnUvlMGgBIRbPBc,as;las;eTApáaEdlTTYlyklMGgEdleKsÁal;c,as;
las;. lMGgepSg²eTot rYmTaMglMGgénedImxøÜnÉg k¾RtUvbeBa¢óspgEdr ¬]³ RKbpáaedayfg;
karBarlMGgnig¼b¤ eFVIkareRkovmunvaeraylMGg¦. emIl Emasculation, Flower, Dioecious,
Isolation, Mating design, Wind pollination.
Coppice shoots: RtYyExñg
RtYyExñgEdlduHecjBIKl; énedImeQIRtUv)ankab;. cMeBaHRbePT
BUCxøH RtYyExñg k¾GaceFVI[va duHpgEdr edaykareCorsMbk.
CaerOy² RtYyExñgRtUv)aneRbICacugpSaM b¤kMNat;EmkkñúgkarbnþBUC
edaysrIragÁlUtlas; eRBaHfavaenAx©I nigCaFmµtavalUtlas;Rtg;
eTAelI.
emIl Cutting, Epicormic shoot, Girdling, Juvenile,
Orthotropic growth, Rejuvenation, Vegetative propagation.
Corolla: RsTab;páa
EpñkénpáaEdlpÁúMeLIgedayRsTab;páa(petals).
emIl Calyx, Flower, Perianth, Petals.
Correlated response: kareqøIytbEdlCab;Tak;Tg
cMeBaHlkçN³EdlTak;TgKña karERbRbYlkñúglkçN³mYyenAeBlEdleKeRCIserIs lkçN³epSg
eTot.
emIl Correlation, Genetic correlation, Genetic response.
Correlation: karCab;Tak;TgKña
ninñakarcMeBaHkarpøas;bþÚr2xusKñakñúglkçN³Rsedog
Kña. cMeBaHTMnak;TMngviC¢man karpøas;bþÚrTaMg2 b¤mYy
ekIneLIg b¤mYyFøak;cuHkñúgeBlEtmYy. kñúgTMnak;
TMngGviC¢manb¤Rcasmkvij karERbRbYl2 xusKñakñúg
lkçN³pÞúyKña. emKuNTMnak;TMng KWCakarbkRsay
edayKNnakMriténTMnak;TMngKña.
emIl Correlated response, Genetic correlation, Indirect selection, Linkage, Juvenile-
mature correlation
Cotyledon: søwkTI1EdlduHecjBIRKab;rukçCati
enAkñúgRKab;mansøwkEGmRb‘Íy:U(embryo) EdlmanRbePTénGMbUr¬RKYsar¦CaeRcIn bWtCBa¢k;yk
nucellus nig endosperm TaMgGs;b¤esÞIrEtTaMgGs; dUecñHvaCaCalikasþúkGaharsMxan;bMput. BYk
monocotyledon mansøwkEGmRb‘ÍyU:1 BYkdicotyledonmansøwk2 ehIyBYk conifers mansøwk
eRcIn. enAeBlRKab;duHsøwk xtTIlIdwnGacnwgsßitenAeRkamdI¬karecjBnøk-hypogeal¦b¤k¾ruj
x<s;BIdIedIm,IIkøayCasøwkTI1 eFVIrsµIsMeyaK (epigeal).
emIl Embryo, Epigeal, Germination, Hypogeal, Seed, Seedling.
Critical Moisture Content (CMC): bnÞúksMeNImGb,brma

CaFmµta BaküenHeRbIsMedAeTAelIRbePTRKab; recalcitrant b¤ imtermediate ¬manlkçN³
cenøaH¦³ bnÞúksMeNImTabbMputEdlRKab;GacsMgYt)an edaymin)at;bg;lT§PaBrs;rbs;va eBalKW
enAkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg vamann½yesµInwgbnÞúksMeNImTabbMputEdlmansuvtßiPaB (Lowest Safe
Moisture Content). CMC RtUv)ankMNt;xusEbøk²BIKña dUcCa³
1> bnÞúksMeNImkñúgkMritmYyEdlRKab;TaMgGs;gab; b¤
2> bnÞúksMeNImsßitkñúgkMritmYyEdlkBa©b;RKab;GacduH)an60°.
emIl Intermediate seed, Recalcitrant seed, Lowest Safe Moisture Content, OLDA.
Cross: kat;/ bgáat;
dUcBakü Hybrid-kUnkat; GacCaGkSrkat;énBakü Cross-pollinate ¬bgáat;lMGg¦.
emIl Controlled pollination, Cross-pollination, Hybrid.
Cross inoculation group: RkumEdlGaccak;cMlgGtisuxummanRbeyaCn_
RkummYyénRbePTBUCEdlGtisuxumR)aNmanRbeyaCn_¬rs;enACamYy¦rbs;va GacykeTAcak;
cMlgeTARbePTBUCepSgeTotenAkñúgRkumdUcKña. BaküenHRtUv)aneKeRbITak;TgnwgyfaRbePTGti
suxumR)aN Rhizobia nig Frankia.
emIl Host specificity, Inoculation, Mycrosymbionts
Cross ability: lT§PaBkat;¼bgáat;
lT§PaBGacsMerceCaKC½ykñúgkarbgáat;)ankUnecA tamviFIbgáat;lMGg CaBiesscMeBaHBYkBUCGnþr
RbePT. emIl Cross-pollination, Incompatibility, Species hybrid, Sterility.
Crossing over: eRkaHsuIgGUvW karbþÚrkMNat;RkUm:aTId
karpøas;bþÚrKñaénkMNat;
RkUm:aTIdrvagRkUm:UsUm
hUm:ULÚhÁenAkñúgdMNak;
eFVIém:GUsuIsbNþal[CIn
pÁúMeLIgCafµI.
emIl Allele, Chromosome,
Linkage, Meiosis,
Recombination.
Cross-pollination: kareraylMGgbgáat;
kareraylMGgedayrukçCatiEdlmanCInenTikxusKña. kareraylMGgeTAeRkA KWCakareraylMGg
bgáat;CamYyÉktþ³mYyEdlminEmnCaBaJatiþsnþan.
emIl Controlled pollination, Hybrid, Open pollination, Outbreeding, Self-pollination
Cryopreservation: karrkSaTukCalika nigRKab;BUC
karEfrkSaTukCalika b¤RKab;BUCedIm,IsþúkTuk[)anyUrGEgVg kñúgsItuNðPaBTabbMput RbEhlCa
kñúgcenøaH -150eTA-190GgSaes. emIl Gene conservation
Culling: karkab;ecal karkab;dkhUt¬edImeQImincg;)an¦
emIl Rogueing.
Cultivars: BUC b¤RbePTEdl)anbNþúHTuk. emIl Land race, Variety, Stock.
Cupula: EpøragdUckUnEBg
manragdUckUnEBg KMrbrbs;EpøénGMbUr Fagaceae ]³ Quercus, Fagus nig Castanopsis spp.
emIl Involucre.
Cutinization: sarFatuføaminRCabTwk
sarFatuminRCabTwk sarFatuføasþitenAelI b¤kñúgRsTab;xageRkAénekasikaCBa¢aMgenAelIépÞRKab;
søwk nig edIm b¤Emkx©I.
Cutting: kat;pSaM/ kat;bMe)A
EpñkEdldac;ecjBIedImb¤EpñkepSg²eToténrukçCatiEdlGacduHb¤s lUtlas;køayrukçCatimYyedIm.
emIl Air layerung, Budding, Grafting, Nodal cutting, Vegetative propagation.
Cutting (test): ¬karBiesaFn_eday¦kat;RKab;-EpøemIllT§PaBduHrbs;RKab;

viFIBiesaFn_samBaØbMputedIm,IBinitüemIllT§PaBdMNuH. RKab;RtUv)aneKkat;edIm,IBinitüemIlBN_nig
sPaBrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:U ]³ cMeBaHekan eKBinitüemIlcMnYnRKab; emIlelIépÞmuxkat; EdlGac[eK)a:n;
sµanBIcMnYnsrubrbs;RKab;manenAkñúgekan. emIl Viability test.
Cyclophysis: PaBeLIgcas;énkMBUlEmrIEsÞm
dMeNIrvivtþn_v½ycas;rbs;kMBUl¬cug¦EmrIEsÞmenAelIEmkpSaM.
emIl Apical meristem, Juvenile, Mature, Periphysis, Topophysis.
Cytogenetics: karsikSaBICInkñúgekasika
karsikSaGMBICInenTikrbs;ekasika eBalKWlkçN³rbs;RkUm:UsUmEdlTak;TgeTAnwgPaBGa b¤RkUm:U
sUmxUc EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarbþÚr bnÞab;BIrgBnøWviTüúskmµ.
emIl Chromosome, Cytology, Meiosis, Mutation, Sterility.
Cytology: ekasikaviTüa
karsikSaBIekasika eBalKW rcnasm<½n§ tYnaTI karvivDÆn_ nigkarbnþBUCrbs;va Tak;Tgnwg karlUt
las; karbMEbk nigtMNBUC. emIl Cell, Chromosome, Meiosis, Mitosis, Nucleus.
Cytoplasm: éstUpøaswm¬suItU)aøs¦
rUbFatumanCIvit¬RbUtWpøaswm-protoplasm) enAkñúgekasika rYmmanjÚexøós¬éNVy:U¦.
emIl Cell, Cytoplasmic inheritance, Gene, Nucleus.
Cytoplasmic inheritance (Extra chromosomal inheritance): tMNBUCéstUpøasþ
karkMNt;lkçN³edayCInenAkñúgéstUpøaswm(plasmagenes)CaCagkñúgRkUm:UsUm. CaFmµta CInTaMg
enH epÞrtamry³hÁamItjI EdlkarcUlrYmcMENkPaKeRcInrbs;éstUpøasþenAkñúgsSúIhÁÚt. CInEdl
bnþBUCenAkñúglkçN³EbbenH RtUv)aneKeXIjenAelI DNA kñúgbrimaNy:agticenAkñúgkørU:pøasþ
ém:tWxuneRdo (mitochondria) ehIyCYnkalenA kñúgekasikaxøÜnÉg.
emIl Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Inheritance, DNA, Receprocal cross.
Cytosol: saytUsUl
CaEpñkEdlGacrlay)anénéstUpøasþ enAeBlEdlrcnasm<½n§ekasikaTaMgGs;nigbNþaPaKl¥it
RtUv)andkecjedaybMEbkFatu.
emIl Cell, Cytology, Cytoplasm.
D
Damping off: karCaMTwksøab;rbs;kUnsMNab
karsøab;rbs;RKab; BnøkRKab; b¤kUnsMNabenAkñúgfñal EdlbNþalmkBIqøgCMgWpSitNamYyenAkñúg
dI. karsøab;rbs;kUnsMNab CaerOy²bNþalmkBIqøgCMgWpSitnigbNþal[rlYyKl;vaenACitépÞelI
rbs;dI;. emIl Seed transmitted pathogen
Dehiscence: karpþac;ecj kareRbH
- karpþac;ecjrbs;fg;lMGg b¤RbePTEpøs¶ÜtedIm,IBRgayRKab;.
enAkñúgn½ybec©keTsRKab;BUC RbePTEpøeRbH KWCaRbePTEpø
NaEdleRbHebIkenAeBlTuMs¶Üt CaFmµta EpøvaenACab;nwgEmk
]³ capsules, follicles nig podsmYycMnYn. BaküpÞúy
Indehiscence. emIl Capsule, Dry fruit
- karpþac;ecjénrcnasm<½n§rbs;páab¤Epø. Epøpþac;ecj KWCaRbePTEpøEdlebIkcMh b¤bMEbkCacMENk
enAeBl EdlvaenACab;nwgedImenAeLIy ]³ RbePTEpø follicles, capsules, nigekan. BaküpÞúy
Indehiscence.
emIl Anther, Anthesis.
Dehydration: kardkTwkecj benSaHTwk
kar)at;bg;TwkBICalika ]³ kñúgeBlGakasFatus¶Üt b¤karsMgYtRKab;. emIl Desorption
Dehydrogenase: RbtikmµepÞréhRdUECn¬GuIRdUEsn¦
RkuménEGnEs‘m(enzyme)EdlCMnYydl;RbtikmµTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞréhRdUECn(hydrogen)BI
sarFatumYyeTAsarFatumYyEdlTTYlykéhRdUECn. RbtikmµenHKWCaRbePTdMeNIrkarKImICIv
saRsþenAkñúgrukçCati ehIyskmµPaBénkarepÞréhRdUECnRtUveKykmkeRbIedIm,IbgðajBIlT§PaBduH
rbs;RKab;tamry³karBiesaFn_ TTZ. emIl TTZ, Viabilty.
Denaturation: kareFVI[ERbRbYlxusBIFmµta xusBIFmµCati
karEkERbenAkñúgKuNPaBrcnasm<½n§énRbUFIn¬RbUetGuIn-Protein)EdlbNþalmkBI ]³ kMedA karERb
RbYl pH b¤viTüúskmµ nigenAkñúgEGnEs‘m nighUmUnbNþal[ERbRbYlskmµPaBrbs;va.
emIl Ageing.
De-pulping: karyksac;ecjBIRKab; karRbelHykRKab;
karyksac;Epøecj¬karRbelHykRKab;¦BIRbePTEpøsac; dUcCaEpøeb‘rI nigRDUb. karyksac;ecj
GaceFVItamviFIRtaMTwk nigeFVI[rlYyeLIgem edayeFVIkarbuk b¤RtaM[Tn;sac; RbRBwtþkmµemxanik ]³
karRbelH ykRKab;kaehV. emIl Fleshy fruit, Pulp, Maceration.
Desiccant: sarFatuKImIsMrab;RsUbsMeNIm
sarFatuKImIm:üagEdlGacRsUbsMeNIm)anxøaMg dUecñHehIyeKeRbIvasMrab;sMgYtb¤rkSasMeNImTab
enA eBleK dak;vaenACamYyRKab;. sarFatuKImIEdleRbICaTUeTA KW SiO, CaO.
emIl Absorption, Equilibrium moisture content, Moisture content.
Desiccation sensitive: RKab;gaysøab;edaysarrMhYt
RKab;EdlminFn;nwgkarsMgYt[enAeRkamkMritNamYyénbnÞúksMeNImEdlGacsøab;)an. CaerOy²
eKeRbI BaküenHsMedAeTAelIRbePTRKab;Bi)akRbRBwtþkmµ.
emIl Intermediate (seed), Moisture content, OLDA, Orthodox, Recalcitrant, Critical
Moisture Content, Lowest Safe Moisture Content.
Desiccator: EkvkBa©k;manKMrbbiTCit ]bkrN_karBarxül;cUl
CaEkvmYyFMmanKMrbsMrab;dak;rbs;GVImYymin[xül;ecjcUl)an. eKeRbIvasMrab;eFVIBiesaFn_rk
bnÞúksMeNImrbs;RKab; edIm,IkarBarRKab;kMu[RsUbsMeNImBIbriyakasmkvijenAeBldak;va[cuH
RtCak;. emIl Desiccant, Moisture content.
Design: eFVIbøg;LÚt_BiesaFn_
emIl Experimental design, Mating design.
Desorption: karPaysMeNIm
kar)at;bg;sMeNImedaysarEtsarFatuRsUbsMeNIm. dUcCaRKab; vahYtCatiTwkecjrhUtdl;kMrit
sMeNImmYyesµInwgkMritsMeNImkñúgxül;. BaküpÞúy Absorption.
emIl Desiccation, Dehydration, Equilibrium Moisture Content.
Deterioration seed-: dMeNIrvivtþn_kñúgekasikabNþal[RKab;søab;
RBwtþikarN_epSg²énekasikanigKImICIvsaRsþEdlvivtþn_enAkñúgRKab; ehIyTIbMputbNþaleFVI[RKab;
søab;.
emIl Accelerated ageing, Ageing, Longevity.
De-winging: karyksøabecj
karykb¤kat;ecjsøabBIEpøb¤RKab;enAeBlsMGatRKab; ]³ dak;[RsUbTwkbnþic ¬RKab;Rsl;¦ Rtdus
vaecj b¤kat;mþgmYy. emIl Cleaning (seed-), Processing (seed-), Wings, seed-
Dew point: cMNucEq¥tsMeNIm
cMNucsItuNðPaBenAkñúgkMritsMeNIm100°¬Eq¥t¦ ehIyTwkkreTACaejIsenAeBlsItuNðPaBFøak;
cuHbnþeTot. emIl Relative humidity, Saturated.
Diallel cross: karbgáat;BUCsuT§CamYyem)aepSg karbgáat;édGwEll¬DIGaEll¦
eRKagkarN_BiesaFn_BgSavlIsuT§EdlkñúgenaHem)animYy²bgáat;CamYyem)aepSg²eTotTaMgGs;.
- TaMgRsug³ CaeRKagkarmYyBiesaFn_pÁÚr ehIykarsakl,gkUnCabnþbnÞab; EdlbNþalmkBIkar
bgáat; én n em)a kñúgkarpSMpÁúM n EdlGaceFVIpSM)an rYmTaMgxøÜnÉgnigeTAvijeTAmk.
2
- Bak;kNþal³ dUceRKagkarN_BiesaFn_suT§Edr EtelIkElgEtkarpSMeTAvijeTAmk ehIyCaFmµta

mineFVIbgáat;xøÜnÉgeT.
- edayEpñk¬mineBj¦³édGwEllmYyEdlÉktþ³ GMbUr b¤RbePTénGMbUrNamYyGac)at;. enAkñúg
RbePTNamYyénkarbgáat; GtþsBaØaNTaMgrbs;RKab;nigTaMglMGgem)a RtUv)anrkSaTuksMrab;

GMbUrnimYy². emIl Complete pedigree design, Mating design, Progeny test, Reciprocal
cross.
Complete diallel Half diallel Partial diallel
Male parent Male parent Male parent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 x x x x x x x x 1 1 x x x
2 x x x x x x x x 2 x 2 x x
Femle parent
Femle parent
Femle parent
3 x x x x x x x x 3 x x 3 x
4 x x x x x x x x 4 x x x 4
5 x x x x x x x x 5 x x x x 5 x x x
6 x x x x x x x x 6 x x x x x 6 x x
7 x x x x x x x x 7 x x x x x x 7 x
8 x x x x x x x x 8 x x x x x x x 8
Diaspore: RKab; ÉktþaBRgayRKab;

ÉktþaBRgayénRKab;BUC ]³ samGWra::/ Nat; b¤RDUb. emIl Dispersal, Seed.
Dichogamy: DikUhÁamI PaBminRtUveBlKñaénkarrIkrbs;páajInigpáaeQµal
kareLIgeBjv½yrbs;srIragÁbnþBUCeQµalnigjIenAelIedImeQIEtmYyxuseBlKña dUecñHkareray
lMGg nigkarTTYlyklMGgBIeksrjIminRtUveBlKña.
)atuPUtédxUhÁamICMruj[mankareraylMGgqøgKña edayFmµCati. )atuPUtédxUhÁamIman2RbePT KW
protandry KWeQµaleBjv½ymun nig protogyny KWjIeBjv½ymun.
emIl Dicliny, Cross pollination, Flower, Monoecious, Phenology, Protandry, Protogyny.
Dicliny: BYkrukçCatimanpáaePTepSgKña
karEbgEckénrcnasm<½n§bnþBUCeQµalnigjIeTACapáaxusKña. rukçCatimanpáaePTepSgKña Gacman b¤
mYyenAelIedImEtmYy(monoecious)]³BYkRsl; b¤manpáaePTenAedImeQI2epSgKña(dioecious)
]³RbePT Populus, nigepþA. emIl Monoecious, Dioecious, Unisexual
edImeQImanePTBIrCamYyKña edImeQImanePTBIrepSgKña
páajI
páaeQµal
edImeQµal edImjI
Dicotyledon: édxttWlIdwn¬DIkUTIeLdug¦
Gnufñak;mYyénGnufñak;2rbs;BYkrukçCati angiosperm¬mYyeTotCam:UNUxtTIlIdwn¦RTg;RTayxusKña
sMxan; KWvtþmanénxtTIlIdwn2enAkñúgEGmRb‘Íy:Urbs;va. lkçN³epSg²eTotsMrab;sMKal;RkumenH KW
søwk vamansrésEvnEbkEmksaxa b¤sTI1rkSaenACab;Canic© nig)ac;sréspþúMCakg. BYkédxttWlI
dwnmanTaMgrukçCatitiNeTs¬emIm herbs¦nigrukçCatieQI(woody plants) BYkrukçCati angiospermén
edImeQIéRBFM² suT§EtBYkédxttWlIdwnTaMgGs;. BaküpÞúy m:UNUxtTIlIdwn(Monocotyledons).
emIl Cotyledons, Embryo, Seed, Seedling.
Differentiation: karbMEbkekasika/ dMNak;GVImYy
dMeNIrénekasika b¤CalikaERbkøaymantYnaTIBiess Carcnasm<½n§GVImYy ]³ dMNak;páa nigdMNak;
EGmRb‘Íy:U. emIl Embryo, Floral initiation, Seasonality
Diffuse flowering: karecjpáaeBjmYyqñaM b¤páaxusrdUv
karecjpáaeBjmYyqñaM b¤ecjpáaxusrdUv. BaküpÞúynwg Gregarious flowering ¬ecjpáaCa
Rkum¦. emIl Masting, Periodicity, Phenology.
Dilution zone: tMbn;karBarkMu[qøglMGg
emIl Buffer, Isolation, Pollen dilution zone.
Diminishing return (law of -): karRtLb;CaGn;vij c,ab;RtLb;vij

tamRTwsþI niyayfa kalNaeKeFVIsuvuDÆikmµedImeQIkan;EteTAmuxelIRbePTeQINamYy Tinñpl
TTYl)ankan;EtticebIeFobeTAnwgkarcMNay. dUecñHRTwsIþbBa¢ak;[dwgfa kareFVIsuvuDiÆkmµedImeQI
elIkdMbUg enARtwmkMritRbePTnigRbPBkMeNIt vacMNaytic EtTTYl)anTinñplx<s; TnÞwmnwgenaH
karbgáat;BUCeQIEtmYy RbePTbnþeTAeTot TTYlTnñiplkan;EtticeFob .
emIl Breeding strategy.
Dimorphism: PaBpÞúyKña
vtþmanénTMrg;2epSgKñarbs;rcnasm<½n§mYy ]³ søwkxagRtUvéf¶-søwkxagmøb; søwkcas;-søwkx©I
eQµal- jI CaedIm.l. emIl Dioecious, Gametes, Perphysis.
Dioecious: rukçCatimansrIragÁePTenAedImeQI2epSgKña
CaRbePTrukçCati b¤karcat;fñak;epSg²
eTot EdlkñúgenaHÉktþ³manePTEt
mYy¬eQµal b¤jI¦ ]³ manepþA etñat
nig Casuarinas mYycMnYn. BaküpÞúy
Monoecious.
emIl Bisexual, Monoecious.
Dioism: EdlmanePTenAelIÉktþ³2epSgKña
Diploid: DIpøGuIt ¬manRkUm:UsUm1KU-2n)
ekasikamYyCaDIpøGuIt enAeBlEdlvapÞúkRkUm:UsUm1KU(2n) 1xag²)anmkBIem-)arbs;va. PaK
eRcInénsrIragÁCan;x<s; KWmanRkUm:UsUmDIpøGuIt elIkElgEtekasikaePT nig CalikarYmpSMrbs;va
bu:eNÑaH. emIl Chromosome number, Chromosome set, Gametes, Haploid, Homologous
chromosomes, Polyploid, Zygote.
Dispersal: karBRgay
cMeBaHRKab;³ karpþac;ecjnigbMlas;TIénÉktþaBRgay¬RKab;-diaspore)BIedImeQIemRCuHXøatq¶ay
Cag EdlRKab;vaFøak;kñúgExSRtg;. Fmµta karBRgayRKab;kñúgéRB KWedaysarxül;(anemochory)
b¤edaystV (zoochory). tamFmµta rdUvBRgay RtUvKñanigeBlTuM dUecñHvaCardUvRbmUlRKab;BUC.
emIl Ingestive dispersal, Maturity indix, Wings, seed-
Disseminule: ÉktþaBRgay
ÉktþaBRgay enAkñúgn½yRKab;BUC vamann½yesµInwg diaspore. emIl Dispersal
Distal: xagcugb¤s b¤Bnøk
xagcugénb¤sb¤BnøkRtYy KWfaenAq¶aybMputBITIRbsBVénKl;b¤snigedImrbs;rukçCati. BaküpÞúy
Proximal ¬enAekokTIRbsBVénKl;b¤snigKl;edIm¦. emIl Polarity.
Diversity: PaBcMruH
lkçx½NÐEdlxusKña bgðajBIkarxusKña. kñúgbribTénkarbgáat;edImeQI BaküenHmann½yCabMErbMrYl
énCInNwéfbenAkñúgRkumBUCmYy.
emIl Biological diversity, Gene resources, Gene conservation, Genetic base, Variation.
DNA (Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic Acid): edGuksuI-rIbU-nuyekøGiucGasuId
Cam:UlwxüÚlsrIragÁ2ruMCaFøúgmYy manpÞúkCatisárnigebsEdl
BaMnaMBt_manCInenTik b¤ xUd (code). cMeBaH GkSr G, C,
A, T tMNag[ebs4RbePT³ Guanine¬hÁ½nIn¦, Cytosine
¬saytUsuIn¦, Adenine¬GaedéNn¦, Thymine¬saymIn¦.
emIl Allele, Chromosome, Gene, Protein synthesis,
RNA.
DNA Marker: ]bkrN_sMKal;DIEGneG (DNA)
cMENksMrab;sMKal;mYyénRcvak; DNA.
emIl Marker, DNA, Fingerprint, Isoenzyme
Domestication: karpSaMg[eTACaRbePTkñúgRsuk
karykedImeQIéRBmkdaMkñúgcMkar[sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;mnusS eFVI[vaERbRbYlxagCInen
Tik eRkayBIeFVIkareRCIserIsCaeRcInCMnan;mk.
emIl Forest tree breeding, Land race, Naturalization, Selection
Dominance: PaBlb;
karlak;skmµPaBénGaEllmYyénGaEllqøas;rbs;va. dUecñH enAeBlEdlGaEllmYymanPaB
lb;TaMgRsugcMeBaHkarsMEdgecjBN_RkhmelIGaEllGn;EdlmanBN_s hVINwéfbnwgelceLIg
BN_Rkhm. kñúgkrNIPaBlb;enH minlb;xøaMg BN_nwgERbeTACapáaQUkcas; ehIyebIsin vaminlb;
eT BN_nwgenAcenøaHTaMg2enH. emIl Allele, Codominance, Epistasis, Heterozygous,
Incomplete dominance, Phenotype, Recessive, Simple Mendelian inheritance.
Dormancy: PaBsMgM dMeNkPaB
sPaBsrIr³EdlkñúgenaHRKab;BUCmanCIvitminTan;GacduHBnøk)an b:uEnþenAeBlEdleKpþl;Twk nig
lkçxNÐRbkb[va eBlenaHvaGacduHBnøk)an. emIl Pre-treatment, Quiscence
1) Seed dormancy: RKab;sMgM³ RKab;BUCEdlminTan;GacduHBnøk)an eTaHCasßitkñúglkçxNÐsm
RsbFmµtasMrab;duHBnøkk¾eday. PaBsMgMrbs;RKab;GacnwgEckecjCa xagkñúg/ bgçM b¤ GenÞag.
PaBsMgMGacbNþalmkBI ]³ karraraMgedaylkçN³rUbminRCabTwk eday\T§iBlKImI b¤hUmUn.l.
edIm,IeFVI[RKab;sMgM duHBnøk)an eKRtUvbMEbkPaBsMgMedayeFVIRbRBwtþkmµsin.
2) Bud dormancy: BnøksMgM¼RkaMg³ kMBkBnøkenAelIedImb¤EmkEdlminGacvivtþn_eTACaRtYy
)an ebIsin PaBsMgMenHminTan;bMEbk. emIl Epicormic shoots, Rejuvenation.
Dormancy, chemical: PaBsMgMedaysarCatiKImI
PaBsMgMEdlbNþalmkBIsarFatuKImIraraMgEdlmanenAkñúgEpøb¤RKab;. PaBsMgMRbEhlCaGac
bMEbk)an edayeFVIkarlagCMrHsarFatuenHecj. emIl Inhibitor, Inhibition
Dormancy, combined (or double)-: PaBsMgMrYmpSM/ PaBsMgMeTVr
PaBsMgMEdlbNþalmkBIktþasMxan;2 dUcCaPaBsMgMedaysarsMbkRKab; nigPaBsMgMEGmRb‘Íy:U.
RbePTsMgM TaMg2 eKGacbMEbk[vaduHBnøk)anedayeFVI[mansñamelIRKab;bnÞab;mkRtaMTwk.
emIl Pre-treatment.
Dormancy, embryo (=endogenous): PaBsMgMEGmRb‘Íy:U
PaBsMgMEdlbNþalmkBIlkçxNÐenAkñúgEGmRb‘Íy:UxøÜnÉg ]³sarFaturaraMg b¤EGmRb‘Íy:Uvivtþn_min
Tan;eBjelj. BaküpÞúy Dormancy, exogenous.
Dormancy, exogenous: PaBsMgMedaysarsMbkeRkA
PaBsMgMNaEdlTak;TgnwgsMbkruMRKab; nig¼b¤Epø ]³ pericarp b¤sMbkRKab;. PaBsMgMedaysar
sMbkxageRkA GacmandUcCa ]³ PaBsMgMemxanik/ PaBsMgMlkçN³rUbb¤PaBsMgMBnøW. BaküpÞúy
Endogenous dormancy PaBsMgMépÞkg ñú .
emIl Dormancy, Combined dormancy.
Dormancy, induced: PaBsMgMbnÞab;/ PaBsMgMbnþ
emIl Dormancy, secondary-
Dormancy, mechanical-: PaBsMgMemxanik
PaBsMgMbNþalmkBIPaBmaMénemxanikrbs;sMbkRKab;¬CaFmµta endocarp¦EdlminGacBRgIk
EGmRb‘Íy:Urbs;va)an. PaBsMgMenHGacbMEbk)anedayeFVIkarbMEbkrUb énsMbkEdlraraMg b¤yk
RKab;ecjmk. emIl Dormancy, physical-; Extraction; Scarification.
Dormancy, photo-: PaBsMgMBnøW
PaBsMgMbnÞab;Edlgayvivtþn_enAeBlRKab;RtUvBnøW. PaBsMgMenHbNþalmkBIkMritx<s;hIVtWRkUm (P ) r
EdlRtUvpøas;bþÚreTACahIVtWRkUm P edaydak;halva[RtUvBnøWRkhm(660-760nm) b¤hal[RtUv

fr
BnøWeBj1éf¶ eRkayBIRsUbTwkedIm,IduHBnøk.
Dormancy, physical-: PaBsMgMrUb
PaBsMgMEdlbNþalmkBIsMbkRKab;minRsUbTwk¬RKab;rwg¦. EGmRb‘Íy:UminEmnminmanskmµPaB
enaHeT EtRtUv)anbiTCitedaysarsMbkminRsUbTwkenAkñúgbnÞúksMeNImTab. RbePTsMgMenHman
eRcIn cMeBaHRKYsar Leguminosae.
emIl Hard seed, Legume seed, Quiscence, Scarification.
Dormancy, physiological-: PaBsMgMsrIr³
RbePTmYyénPaBsMgMEGmRb‘Íy:U
EdlkñúgenaHkarduHBnøkRtUv)anraraMgedayEtynþkarraraMgxagsrIr³ ]³ PaBsMgMedaysarKImI
b¤PaBsMgMedaysarkMedA. emIlBakü Dormancy, endogenous.
Dormancy, primary-: PaBsMgMdMbUg
PaBsMgMEdlmanenAkñúgRKab;enAeBlEdlRKab;kMBugTuMenAelIedIm b¤eRkayBITuMrYc. BaküpÞúy
secondary dormancy.
Dormancy, secondary - (= induced dormancy): PaBsMgMbnÞab;/ PaBsMgMbnþ
PaBsMgMEdlvivDÆn_enAkñúgRKab;esIm eRkayBIvaRtUv)anebHb¤RCuHBIedIm ebIsinCavaRtUvrgnUvlkçxNÐ
brisßanminGMeNaypl. BaküpÞúy Dormancy, primary.
emIl Combined dormancy, Primary dormancy
Dormancy, seed coat -: PaBsMgMedaysarsMbk
PaBsMgMekIteLIgedaysarEtlkçxNÐrbs;sMbkRKab; ]³ lT§PaBraraMgkarRsUbTwk¬PaBsMgMrUb¦b¤
RbB½n§hIVtWRkUm¬PaBsMgMBnøW¦. PaBsMgMenHGacnwgbMEbk)an edayeFVI[mansñameRbH b¤bksMbk
RKab;ecj. emIl Dormancy, - physical, -mechanical, photo-
Dormancy, thermo - : PaBsMgMedaysarkMedA
CaRbePTPaBsMgMdMbUgb¤bnÞab;EdlkñúgenaHRKab;RtUveK)andak;[rgnUvsItuNðPaBTabb¤eLIgcuHmun
nwgduHBnøk. enAtMbn;GakasFatubgÁÜr PaBsMgMkMedARtUv)anbMEbk edaykardak;[RtCak;Camun b¤
sMdil. enA tMbn;RtUBic edaydak;haléf¶nigsenSImmunnwgduHBnøk.
emIl Primary dormancy, Secondary dormancy, Pre-chilling, Stratification.
Double fertilization: karbgákMeNIteTVr
KWkarbgákMeNItmYy manEtcMeBaHrukçCati angiosperms, EdlkñúgenaH jÚexøóssW<m1kñúgcMeNam2
ecjBIbMBg;lMGg pSMpÁúMCamYyjÚexøóssu‘utedIm,IbegáIthSúIhÁÚtDIpøGuIt ehIyjÚexøósW<mepSgeTotpSM Ca
mYy 2jÚexøóGay¬jÚexøós¦énfg;EGmRb‘Íy:UedIm,IbegáItCaEGndUsW<mRTIpøGuIt.
emIl Diploid, Endosperm, Fertilization, Gametes, Magaspores, Microspores, Nucleus,
Pollen tube, Polyploid, Seed, Xenia, Zygote.
karbgákMeNIteTVr vdþbnþBUCsegçbénBYk Angiosperm: ekasikaem microspore (b), enAkñúg

Calikafg;lMGg(a), dMeNIrkarém:GUsuIsbegáIt)an4ekasika haploid microspores(c), Edlvivtþn_
CaRKab;lMGg (d). RKab;lMGgpÞúkekasika2KWekasikabMBg; (tube cell) nigekasikabgákMeNIt
(generative cell)(e). enAeBleraylMGgrYc lMGgeTIenAelImat;eksrjI¬sÞihÁm:a-stigma) eBl
enaHvaduHbMBg;TMluHCalikacUleTAkan;fg;EGmRb‘ÍyU:. enAeBlEdlbMBg;lMGgkMBugduHekasikabnþBUC
k¾bMEbkxøÜn CaekasikasW<m¬hÁamIteQµal¦(f). ekasikaem megaspore (h) enAkñúgGUvüÚl(g)
dMeNIrkarém:GUsuIsbMEbkekIn)an 4 emhÁas<½r(i) EdlnimYy²manRkUmU:sUm¬mçagn¦. CaFmµta man
EtemhÁas<½rEtmYyKt;EdlmanCIvit begáItCafg;EGmRb‘Íy:U ehIy3epSgeTotRtUvrlUtxUc (j).
bNþahÁamItenAkñúgfg;EGmRb‘Íy:UbMEbkém:tUsuIs3dgbnþKñabegáItCa8jÚexøóGay: 1 jÚexøóss‘ut,
2 synergid jÚexøóGay/ 3 antipodal jÚexøóGay/ nig 2 polar jÚexøóGay/(k). eRkayBIeRCot
cUleTAkñúgfg;EGmRb‘Íy:U(l), ekasikasW<m¬hÁamIteQµal¦1CYbCamYyekasikasu‘t¬hÁamItjI¦begáIt
)anCahSúIhÁÚt(Zygote)mYy ÉepSg²eTotrlaycUlKñaCamYypolarjÚexøóGayTaMg2enAkñúgfg;EGm
Rb‘Íy:U begáItCajÚexøósRTIpøGuIt(3n) EdlbMEbkbnþeTotbegáIteTACa endosperm (m). karvivDÆn_
bnþeTotrbs;hSúIhÁÚt begáIteTACaEGmRb‘ÍyU:.
Drift: xSat; )at; rsat;
emIl Genetic drift
Drupe: RbePTEpøRDUb
RbePTEpøsac;manGuicsUxabxageRkA¬sMbkEpø¦nigemsWxab¬FmµtaCasac;Epøb¤dUcEs,k¦ nig
EGndUxab rwgxagkñúgh‘u¿CitRKab;1b¤eRcIn. CaFmµta enAkñúg
karsMGatRKab; EpñkxageRkARtUvykecj edayTukEt
EGndUxabruMRKab;Cit¬rwgdUcfµ b¤PIrin¦CaÉktþasþútTuk. man
RbePTEpøRDUbxøH manemsUxabs¶Üt ]³ EpødUg nigEpøém:sak;.
emIl Berry, Fleshy fruits, Fruit, De-pulping,Husk,
Pulp, Pyrene, Simple fruit.
Dry fruit: RbePTEpøs¶Üt
CacMNat;énRbePTEpøEdlhYtTwkb¤s¶ÜtenAeBlvaTuM. CaerOy² karhYtTwkbNþal[vaeRbHEpø
ehIyCMruHRKab;. BYkEpøs¶Üt KWman Capsules, pods, folicles, cones nigBYkEpøcegáam nigBhuEpø
mYycMnYn. emIl Aggregate fruit, Capsule, Dehydration, Folicle, Fleshy fruits, Extraction,
Pod, Simple fruit.
Dysgenic selection: kareRCIserIskñúgcMeNamedImGn;
kareRCIserIsmYyedaymin)aneRBogTuknigmincg;)an ekIteLIgkñúgkrNIEdledImeQIl¥kñúgéRBenH
RtUv)ankab;Gs; bnSl;EtedImGn;plitRKab;BUCsMrab;CMnan;eRkay. bNþal[KuNPaBCInenTik
kan;EtGn;eTA²sMrab;CMnan;eRkay. BaküenH eRbICaBiess mann½ysMedAeTAelIkarbMpøajrbs;
mnusS dUcCakar)at;bg; bNþalmkBIkarkab;dkecjedImeQIl¥² ecjBIéRB. BaküpÞúy Eugenic
¬suCativiTüa¦. emIl Diversity, Eugenic, Selection.
E
Ecological niche: brisßankb brisßansmRsb
CabrisßanmYyenAnwgkEnøgkMeNItEdlGMeNaypldl;karrs;Gcié®nþy_rbs;RkumBUCmYycMnYnNa
mYy. lMenAdæanenH GacminCab;lab; b¤GacmanPaBel¥óg. PaBkbbrisßanEtmYy GacGMeNay
dl;kUnkat; b¤brivtþrUb EdlCaKuNvibtþi¬minkb¦kñúgbrisßanepSg²eTot.
emIl Ecotype, Evolution, Hybrid, Introgression, Mutation, Population.
Ecosystem: eGkUsuIswÞm/ RbB½n§brisßan¬FmµCati¦
CaPaBsµúKsµajédNamik(dynamic)rbs;shKmn_rukçCati stV nigém:RkUsrIragÁ ehIynigGnþrGMeBI
énbrisßanKµanCIvit begáIt)anCaÉktþamuxnaTImYy.
emIl Biology diversity, Biosphere, Community.
Ecotype: eGkUéfb/ RbePTbrisßanFmµCatimYy RbePTCMrkFmµCatimYy
BUCGMbUrmYypSaM)aneTAnwgGMeBICMerIsénbrisßanFmµCatiNamYy. PaBxusKñaPaKeRcInkñúgbNþaeGxU
éfb bgðaj[ eXIj)anEtenAeBlNaRbePTeGxUéfbepSg²RtUv)aneKeFVIBiesaFn_enAkñúgbrisßan
EtmYy ¬dUcKña¦. eGkUfayRtUv)anBiBN_na dUcCa GakasFatu b¤lkçxNÐdI.
emIl Adaptation, Cline, Ecotypic differentiation, Land race, Physiological character,
Race.
Ecotypic differentiation: karxusEbøkKñaénRbePTkñúgbrisßanmYy
dMeNIrénkarplitÉktþ³Ebøk²KñaenAkñúgRbePTBUCmYy GnuRbePT b¤PaBEbøk² enAkñúgbrisßanNa
mYyEdleFVI[vaxusEbøkKñaxaglkçN³rUbniglkçN³srIr³BIÉktþ³epSg²eToténRbePTdUcKñaenH duH
enAbrisßanepSg.
emIl Ecotype, Land race, Population structure, Species.
Edaphic: énlkçN³dI
Tak;TgeTAnwgRbePTdI b¤lkçxNÐdI.
emIl Adapted, Ecotype, Land race.
Effective population size: TMhMRbsiT§iPaBénRkumBUC¬éRBBUC¦
TMhMénRkumBUCKMrUmYy¬snµt;kñúgKMnit¦EdlmanGRtadUcKñaénkMenInbgáat;kñúg b¤karFøak;cuHnUvcMruHPaB
CInedaysarEtkarrsat;)at;CIn enAeBleKsikSaBIRkumBUCenH. TMhMRbsiT§iPaBRkumBUCénRkumBUC
BitmYy CaFmµta KWvamanTMhMtUcCagTMhMRbsiT§iPaBBitR)akdrbs;vaeRcIn. sMEdgedaysmIka
KNitsaRsþ Ca Ne.
emIl Census number, Genetic drift, Population, Represetative, Sampling.
Electrophoresis: clnaPaKl¥itkñúgGKÁIsnIviPaK
dMeNIrkarénPaKl¥itmanbnÞúkGKÁIsnIeFVIclna CaBiessqøgkat;sarFatuGn§ileTAtamsBaØaGKÁIsnI
mYy. edaysarEtel,ÓnxusKñaénclnaenAkñúgsarFatuGn§ilenaH PaKl¥it dUcCaRbUFInRtUv)an
bMEbkedaysardMeNIrkarenH. PaKl¥itdUcKñamanninñakareFVIclnakñúgel,ÓndUcKña. dUcenH eKGac
eFVIkarepÞógpÞat;TMnak;TMngKImICIvsaRsþ edayeFVIkareRbobeFobKMrUclnaPaKl¥itbnÞúkGKÁIsnI ehIy
eFVIkarsMKal;PaKl¥itedayEckvaCaRkumeFobeTAnwgGVI EdlsÁal;c,as;.
emIl Allozyme, Genetic marker, Fingerprint, Isozyme
Elite tree: edImeQIsRmaMg
edImeQImYyEdl)anqøgkat;kareFVIBiesaFn_smRsb faCamanlkçN³l¥bMput b¤smtambMNgeK
RtUvkarsMrab;daMkñúgbrisßanCak;lak;NamYynigsMrab;kmµvIFIbgáat;BUC. ]tþmPaBénem)akUnkat;RtUv
)ankMNt;edaykarsakl,gkUn ehIyebICaedImkøÚn eFVIkarsakl,gkøÚn.
emIl Certified, Clonal test, Plus, Progeny test, Seed Orchard, Select, superior, or plus
tree.
Emasculation: kareRkoveFVI[exSay
karykenSameksreQµalecjBIpáaminTan;rIkedIm,IkarBarkMu[vabgákMeNItxøÜnÉg b¤ karBarkMu[man
kareraylMGgBIedImeQIenACuMvijEdleKmincg;)an.
emIl Bisexual, Controlled pollination, Cross-pollination, Flower, Self-pollination.
Embryo: EGmRb‘Íy:U¬GMRb‘Íy:ug¦
1> srIragÁx©IminTan;RTRTg;xøÜnÉg)an EdlekItBIhSúIhÁÚt edaykarbMEbkekasikanigGviklkmµ ¬kar
eFVI[mantYnaTIepSg²Kña¦CakUnrukçCatitUcmYyenAkñúgRKab;.
2> Éktþ³rukçCatitUceRkayBIkarbgákMeNIt¬b¤KµankarbgákMeNIt¦. CaFmµta EGmRb‘Íy:UenAkñúgRKab;
EckCa Epñk radicle¬køayeTACab¤s¦ hypocotyl¬køayCaedIm¦/nigxtTIlIdwn¬køaysøwk¦.
emIl Seed, Seedling, Polyembryony, Suspensor
karvivDÆn_rbs;EGmRb‘Íy:UénrukçCatiédxtTIlIdwn
karvivDÆn_rbs;EGmRb‘Íy:UénrukçCatim:UNUxtTwlIdwn
karvivDÆn_rbs;EGmRb‘Íy:UénrukçCatiRKab;Rsat (Gymnosperm)
Embryo sac: fg;EGmRb‘Íy:U
hÁamItfWhVItjIeBjv½yénBYk
angiosperm .emIl Embryo,
Female gamethophyte, Fertilisation,
Gametophyte, Ovule.
Empty seed: RKab;sVit/ RKab;es<ót
RKab;mYyEdlKµanGVIxagkñúg b¤KµanEGm
Rb‘Íy:U b¤KµankMEBgEGmRb‘Íy:U eTaHCamanCalikaxøH¬sac; RKab;¦ enAkñúgenaHk¾eday. BaküpÞúy
filled seed ¬RKab;eBjlkçN³¦. emIl Filled seed, Chaff, Flotation.
Endocarp: EGndUxab sMbkkñúgRKab;

RsTab;xagkñúgrbs;ePrIxab ]³Epñkrwg sMbUrsésénRbePTEpøRDUb dUcCaEpøesþA ém:sak; nig
Gmelina. emIl Drupe/ Fleshy fruits/ Pericarp/ Pyrene
Endogamy: vgSRtkUl/ BUCsasn_/ GenþalMGg

karbgáat;énÉktþ³CaExSRsLay edayeFVI[)at;bg;nUvPaBCaehtWrWhSúIhÁÚt¬PaBkUnkat;¦.
emIl Heterozygous, Homozygous, Inbreeding, Inbred line, Selfing
Endogenous: EdlkBIkñúg/ EdlbegáItBIkgñú
EdlekItBIxagkñúgb¤vivtþBIRsTab;kb;ENnrbs;Casika. enAkñúgRKab;mYy vavivtþBIb¤ekIteLIgkñúg
EGmRb‘Íy:U. emIl Dormancy, endogenous-, Dormancy, seed coat-.
Endosperm: EGndUsW<m¬sac;rbs;RKab;¦
CaFmµta BaküenHeRbIsMedAeTAelICalikabMrugRTIpøGuItEdlruMB½T§EGmRb‘Íy:UenAkñúgRKab;énRbePTrukç
Cati angiosperm. CYnkalk¾eRbIsMedAeTAelICalikabMrughab;pøGuIténBYkrukçCatiRKab;RsatpgEdr
Edl vakøaymkBICalika EdlpSMCamYyhÁamItfWhVItjI. CaFmµta EGndUsW<mvarwgenAeBlRKab;TuM k¾
b:uEnþ cMeBaHEpødUgvijvaenArkSaravdEdl. emIl Seed, Gymnosperm, Angiosperm, Albumen,
Nucellus, Perisperm.
Environmental variation: bMErbMrYlbrisßan karERbRbYlbrisßan
karERbRbYlkñúgkardaMsakl,g b¤karsMEdgecjénÉktþ³ EdlbNþalmkBIPaBxusEbøkKñarbs;
brisßanenATIkEnøgEdlvaduHlUtlas; dUcCa lkçxNÐdI nigBnøW CaedIm.
emIl Genotype – environment interaction, Genotype, Phenotype, Variation.
Enzyme: EGnEsm ¬Gg;suIm¦
CatiRbUFIn(Protein)EdlC¿ruj[mandMeNIrkarxagKImIenAkñúgsarBagÁkaymanCIvit edayKµanBYkva
nwgRtUvpøas;bþÚr. emIl Allozyme, Isozyme, Hormone.
Epicormic shoots: RtYylas;BItYedIm RtYyeGBIkUmIk
RtYyEdllas;ecjBIBnøksMgMenAelIedIménedImeQImYy eRkayBIedImeQI
EdlenAEk,rva RtUv)aneKkab;ecj eBalKWedaysarEtva)anRtUvBnøWRBH
GaTitü. RtYyeGBIkUmIkEdlduHecjBIEpñkxageRkaménedIm manTMenaduH
eLIgeTAelI ehIyGaceRbIeFVICakUnbMe)A)an.
emIl³ Coppice shoots, Dormancy, Orthotropic growth,
Reinteration, Rejuvenation, Ramicorn, Vegetative propagation
Epicotyl: eGBixkFwl¬xagcugrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:U¦
Epñkxagcugrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:UEdlnwgvivtþn_eTACaedIm. enAkñúgRKab;EdlduHBnøkrYc b¤kUneQIenaH KWva
sMedAeTAelIEpñkénedImenAcenøaHkUTIeldUnnigsøwkTI1. emIl Embryo, Hypocotyl, Seedling.
Epigeal (or Epigeous) germination: dMNuHBnøkelIdI
RbePTéndMNuHBnøkEdlkUTIeldUnRtUv)anrujeLIgelIputBIdIedaysarkarBnøÚtEvgrbs;éhbwxkFwl.
pÞúynwgBakü Hypogeal germination karduHBnøkBIeRkamdI.
emIl Epicotyl, Germination, Seedling.
Epigyny: TMrpáaeRsabelIGUvWrI
TMrpáa nig¼b¤TMrénsrIragÁepSg²eTotrbs;páa eRsabelIGUvWrI ]³ Malus¬edIme):am¦.
n½ypÞúy Hypogyny ¬TMrpáaenAeRkamGUvWrI¦. emIl Flower, Perigyny, Pome, Receptacle.
Epistasis: minsMEdgecj
karlak;)aMgnUvRbsiTi§PaBhVINwéfbrbs;GaEllmYyb¤TaMg2edaysarCIn1énLÚxwsxusKña.
emIl Allele, Dominance, Multiple alleles, Recessive
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC): lMnwgbnÞúksMeNIm
bnÞúksMeNImrbs;RKab;mankMritesµInwgkMritsMeNImbriyakasenAkñúgkMritsItuNðPaBNamYy. lMnwg
bnÞúksMeNImrg\TÞiBlBIlkçN³RsUbsMeNImxül;énsarFatuenAkñúgRKab;BUC eBalKWrg\T§iBltic
cMeBaHRKab;sMbUrCatieRbg nigrg\T§iBlxøaMgcMeBaHRKab;pÞúkRbUFInnigxabUéheRdteRcIn.
emIl Relative humanity, Dehydration, Desiccant, Moisture content, Absorption.
Escape: rYcput eCosput
CaÉktþ³mYyEdlFn;nwgCMgWBitR)akdeTA)an luHRtaEtvaminEdlmanCMgWqøg. k¾dUcCaedImeQIéRB
EdleKrkmkdaMdUecñaHEdr.
emIl Exotic, Naturalization, Resistance
Etiolation: sPaBrukçCatiduHkúñgmøb;¬søwk-edImeLIgs¦
sPaBrbs;rukçCatiEdlduHenAkñúgTIggwt¬møb;¦. rukçCatienaHxVHkør:UPIl dUecñHeFVI[manBN_ssøaMg.
rukçCati vivtþn_eTACaedImerovEvgnigmansøwksesþIg.
emIl Necrosis, Stress.
Eugenic: suCativiTüa¬viC¢abegáItkUn[)anl¥¦
karEfTaMedIm,IbegáInKuNPaBCInenTicrbs;CMnan;eRkay. CaBiess karGnuvtþenHeFVIedaymnusS dUc
Ca karEfbMrugTukhVINwéfbNal¥²bMputsMrab;edImemplitRKab;eQI. BaküpÞúy Dysgenic ¬erIs
edImGn;¦. emIl Mass selection, Phenotype, Rogueing, Seed production area.
Evaporation: karecjcMhayTwk/ karhYt
karhYteLIgrbs;m:UlwxüÚlTwkecjBIsßanPaBravkøayeTACacMhay ]³kñúgeBlhalRKab;.
emIl Dehydration.
Evolution: vivtþn_/ clna/ karERbRbYlCalMdab;
karvivDÆn_CabnþbnÞab;¬b¤eTAdac;BUC¦énbNþaRkumCIvsaRsþ EdlCalT§plénCMerIsFmµCati ehIy
nigkarekIneLIgnUvbNþabMErbMrYltMNBUCenAkñúgRkumBUC. smamaRttUcmYyénbNþaÉktþ³mankar
tak;EtgCInenTikminGnueRKaHNamYy Gacrs;enAkñúgRkumBUCFMmYy. qøgkat;CaeRcInC¿nan; karpøas;
bþÚrbrisßan b¤brisßanfµImYyekIteLIg EdleFVI[sarBagÁkaypøas;TIlMenAmanGMeNaypledIm,Irs;
nigbnþBUC)anCaÉktþþ³EbøkCamYynwgkarekIneLIgCabnþbnÞab;nUvCInrbs;BYkvaenAkñúgRkumBUCenH.
buBVehtudMeNIrvivtþn_TaMgenH rYmmanbrivtþn_¬karpøas;bþÚr¦karbgáat;BUC karrsat;CIn PaBÉeka nig
CMerIsFmµCati. emIl Adaptation, Drift, Genetic drift, Mutation, Recombination, Natural
selection.
Exocarp: GuicsUxab sMbkeRkARKab;
RsTab;xageRkAbMputrbs;ePrIxab sMbkesþIg¬dUcEs,k¦enAelIRbePTEpøsac; dUcCaRbePT Cornus,
Malus nig Prunus. emIl Drupe, Fleshy fruit, Fruit, Pericarp
Exogenous: EdlekItenAxageRkA
EdlvivDÆn_BIRsTab;esI²énCalika. enAkñúgRKab; vavivDÆn_BI b¤ekIteLIgenAkñúg KMrbrbs;RKab; b¤
mYysMbkRKab; b¤ePrIxab. BaküpÞúy Endogenous¬EdlkrBIkñúg/ EdlbegáItBIkñúg¦.
emIl Dormancy, seed-coat,
Exotic (=non-native): RbePT¬BUC¦BIRbeTseRkA RbePTnaMcUlBIeRkA
rukçCatimYyEdl)anduHenAeRkAtMbn;r)ayFmµCatirbs;va ]³ edImém:sak;daMduHenARbeTskm<úCa.
BaküpÞúy indigenous ¬RbePTBUCkñúgRsuk¦
emIl Land race, Naturalization.
Experimental design: eRKagkarN_daMBiesaFn_b¤sakl,g
karerobcMbøg;daMsakl,gb¤BiesaFn_ ]³ kardaMsakl,gRbPBkMeNIt b¤kUneQI. tMbn;EdleFVIkardaM
sakl,gRtUv)anEckCabøúkb¤LÚt_dUc²Kña¬LÚt_KMrU¦mYycMnYn EdlGacnwgEckCaLÚt_ (plots) bnþ
eTot. ]TahrN_éneRKagkarN_BiesaFn_elITIvalmYy KWeRKagkarN_viFIécdnüsuT§ (Completely
random design), eRKagkarN_ tamviFIEckbøúkécdnüsuT§ (Randomized complete block
design), eRKagkarN_épÞLaTIn(Latin square) eRKagkarN_EckbøúkrMlg²(lattice design or split
block design). emIl Block, Genetic test, Mating design, Plot, Progeny test, Provenance
trial, Replication, Species trial.
Explants: srIragÁNamYy¬RtYy¦sMrab;bNþúHkUneQI¬kUnkøÚn¦
srIragÁmYyEpñkrbs;rukçCatiEdlkat;BIedImeQIemeRbIsMrab;bNþþúHekasika (micropropagation).
Tak;TgeTAnwgkarkat;bNþúHEmk bMe)A b¤ExñgeQI KWCakarbNþúHEmk (macropropagation).
emIl Micropropagation, Macropropagation, Tissue culture, Vegetative propagation.
Ex-situ: eRkAtMbn;kMeNIt
rukçCatiEdleKnaMecjBITIkEnøgkMeNItrbs;vaeTAdaMenAkEnøgmYyeTot. BaküpÞúy In-situ¬kñúgtMbn;
kMeNIt¦. emIl Gene conservation.
Ex-situ conservation: kardaMGPirkSeRkAtMbn;FmµCati¬kMeNIt¦
emIl Gene conservation
Extensive seedling seed orchard =ESSO: cMkarBUCdaMBIRKab;eRcInGMbUr
emIl Seed orchard.
Extinction: putBUC/ dac;BUC
Extrachromosomal inheritance: tMNBUCRkUm:UsUmelIs
emIl Cytoplasmic inheritance
Extraction: karRbelHykRKab;ecjBIEpø
karRbelHykRKab;ecjBIEpørbs;va. karRbelHRKab; GacRbelH)anTaMgRsug b¤)anedayEpñk.
karRbelHyk)anedayEpñk dUcCaRbePTEpøRdUb EdlkñúgenaHmanEpñkmYyénsac;Epø(endocarp)
CaFmµta enArkSaCab;nwgRKab;rbs;va. cMeBaHRbePTEpøs¶ÜtRCuHvij karRbelHRKab;eKeFVItamvIFI
haléf¶. RbePTEpøepSg²eTot tMrUv[eRbIR)as;eRKOgm:asuIn dUcCae)akEbn¬RbePTEpøs¶Üt¦ b¤RtaM
¬Epøsac;¦. emIl Threshing, De-pulping, Maceration, Tumbling.
F
F1: kUnCMnan;TI1
CMnan;TI1énkarbgáat;BUC. ebIsinem)aCakarbgáat;Bit¬hUmU:hSúIhÁÚt¦enaH Éktþ³CMnan;TI1man
lkçN³dUc²KñaTaMgGs;.
emIl Cross-pollination, F , Heterozygous, Homozygous.
2
F2: kUnCMnan;TI2
CMnan;TI2 begáIteLIgedaybgáat;qøas;Kña b¤Éktþ³CMnan;xøÜnÉg. Éktþ³CMnan;2manlkçN³xusKña
xøaMg. emIl Cross-pollination, Heterozygous, Hybrid, Self-pollination
Factorial design (tester design): eRKagkarN_bgáat;CahVak;T½r
karerobcMbgáat;BgSavlITaMgGs;EdlkñúgsmaCikTaMg em-)a A B C D
enaHmanePTmYy¬kñúgkrNICaRbePTedImeQImanpáa E x x x x
F x x x x
jIeQµal ePTRtUv)aneKkMNt;Tuk¦RtUv)aneKbgáat; G x x x x
[pÁúMCamYysmaCikCaeRcInEdlmanePTepSg. H
I
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
emIl Complete pedigree design, Controlled J x x x x
pollination, Cross, Mating design, Nested design, Single pair mating.
False fruit (pseudocarp): RbePTEpøminBit/ EpøEkøgkøay/ EpøbeBaät ¬sac;TMrpáaeRsabBIeRkAGUEvrI¦
CaBaküTUeTAmYyeRbIsMrab;RbePTEpøEdlekItecjBIrcnasm<½n§epSg²rbs;páaelIkElgEteksrjI
(gynoecium) CaerOy² KWmanTMrpáa ]³RbePTEpøe)a:m(pomes). EpøbeBaätGacekIteLIgBIRbePT
páaeTal dUcenH rYmmanRbePTEpøcegáam nigekItmkBIpáacegáamTaMgmUl ]³RbePTBhuEpø (Multiple

fruits). emIl Flower, Fruit, Pome, Receptacle, Simple fruit.
Family: GMbUr
1> Éktþ³EdlbnþBUCedayePT EdldaMBIedImeQIEtmYy.
2> CacMNat;fñak;rukçCati;mYy {GMbUr} KWCaRkummYyénRbePTEdlmanPaBRsedogKñakñúg lkçN³rUb
kayviPaKsaRsþ.l. EdlbgðajBIRbPBkMeNItrYmmYy eBalKWmanTak;TgnwgBUCGMbUr. enA
kñúgzananuRkmcMNat;fñak; GMbUrenAeRkamlMdab;(order) EtenAx<s;CagePT¼snþan (genus).
emIl Race, Phylogeny, Taxon, Taxonomic hierarchy, Variety
Family selection: CMerIsGMbUr
kareRCIserIskUneQIRkumGMbUrEp¥kelIkarsMEdgecjmFümrbs;BYkva. elIsBIenH Éktþ³l¥² Ca
Fmµta RtUveRCIserIskñúgGMbUrEdll¥²bMput. emIl Individual selection, Selection differential.
Female gametophyte: hÁamItfWhVItjI
CaxYbénCIvitpÞúkRkUm:UsUmEtmçagénBYkrukçCatimYyEdlmansu‘t. kñúgrukçCatiRKab;Cit (angiosperm)
Edl)anbnßyenAekasikamYycMnYntUc¬fg;EGmRb‘Íy:U¦. enAkñúgBYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsatvij GUvüÚlenA
kñúghÁamItfWhVItjIEdlvivtþn_enAeBlvaTuMeTACaCalikabMrug eBalKWERbtYnaTI dUceTAnwgEGndUsW<m
kñúgRKab;rbs;BYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit.emIl Archegonium, Embryo sac, Fertilisation, Endosperm.
Fermentation: kareLIgem¬tMEb¦
karbMEbksarFatusrIragÁenAkñúgTIKµanGksuIECn. smIkarKImIsMrab;kareLIgemGal;kUhl¬Gal;
kul¦FmµtaKW³ C H O 6 12 6 C H OH + CO
2 5 2
kareLIgem RbEhlbNþalmkBIGMeBIrbs;katalIkrénem¬Rsa¦EdlGacCarukçCatiÉkraCümYy dUc

CapSitdMEb b¤)ak;FIerol b¤CaEGnEs‘mmYy. kareLIgemenH vaGacplitecjnUvkMedA nigsarFatu
BuldUecñHkareLIgemrbs;Epø eQIsac; Gacmanplb:HBal;minl¥dl;RKab;.
emIl Anaerobe, Respiration.
Fertilization: karbgákMeNIt
karcgsm<½n§rbs;jÚexøós(nucleus-éNVy:U¦nigFatupSMepSg²eTotrbs;ekasikahÁamIteQµal
¬sW<m¦ nigrbs;hÁamItjI¬su‘t¦edIm,IbegáItCasayhÁÚtmYy. rukçCatiRKab;Rsat karbgákMeNItGac
ekIteLIgCaeRcInExeRkayBIeraylMGg. cMeBaHrukCç atiRKab;Cit KWmankarbgákMeNIt eTVrEdlkñúg
enaH jÚexøóss<WmmYykñúgcMeNamBIrecjBIlMGgeTAcgsm<½n§CamYyjÚexøósrbs;su‘t edIm,IbegáItCa
sayhÁÚtDIpøGuItmYy ehIyjÚexøóssW<mmYyeToteTAcgsm<½n§CamYyjÚexøósBIrRKab; rbs;fg;EGn
Rb‘Íy:U edIm,IbegáItCaEGndUsW<mRTIpøGuIt. emIl Female gamethophyte, Embryo sac,
Endosperm, Zygote, Double fertilization.
Filled seed: RKab;eBj/ RKab;mUl¬RKab;l¥¦
RKab;mYyEdlRbehagkñúg bMeBjedayRKb;RbePTCalikasMxan;²sMrab;karduHBnøk. RKab;mUlmin
eTogfavamanCIvitenaHeT. Bakün½ydUc Full seed, Bakün½ypÞúy Empty seed.
emIl Chaff, Empty seed, Flotation.
Fingerprint (genetic): sñamCInenTik
CakareRbI]bkrN_sMKal;CInenTikedIm,IkMNt;
lkçN³hVINwéfb[)anc,as;. KMrUsMKal;enA
elIRsTab;Gn§ilmancrnþ¬emIlrUb¦bgðajnUv
lkçN³sMrab;CInNwéfbR)akdNamYy.
Fitness: smKña RtUvKña
karrYmcMENkjatiþsnþanEdlÉktþ³mYybBa©ÚleTARkumCIn(gene pool)rbs;CMnan;bnÞab;.
emIl Gene frenquency, Gene pool.
Fixation index: karkMNt;snÞsSn_elx
TMhMmYyénkargakecjrbs;RhIVxVInsuI CInNwéfb xusBIkarBüakrTukeRkamlkçx½NÐc,ab; Hardy
Weinberg. emIl Gene frequency, Hardy-Weinberg law.
Fleshy fruit: RbePTEpøsac; EpømanCatiTwkeRcIn

CaerOy² EpøeQIeKEckCaRbePTEpøs¶Üt nigEpøsac;. kñúgRbePTEpøsac; RKab;rMuB½T§edaysac;EpøEdl
CaFmµta CasarFatuEp¥m nigmanCatiTwkeRcIn. RbePTEpøsac; rYmman eb‘rI e):am RDUb nigBYkEpø
cegáam nigsmasmYy cMnYn. tamFmµta RbePTEpøsac;BRgayRKab;edaysarstV (zoochory).
CaFmµta RbePTEpøsac;TaMgenHpøas;bþÚr BN_ nigvivtþn_CatiEp¥m nig¼b¤ køin enAeBlvaTuMedIm,ITak;
TajPñak;garBRgayRKab;.
emIl Berry, Drupe, Aggregate fruit, Dispersal, Ingestive dispersal, Dry fruits, Simple fruit.
Floral (=Flower) initiation: karcab;epþImpáa

eBlevla b¤dMeNIrénkarbegáItekasikaÉkeTskmµ¬mantYnaTIBiess¦Edlvivtþn_eTACapáa.
emIl Differentiation.
Flotation: viFIsMGatRKab;eRbIGgÁFaturav/ viFIbENþtTwk
CaviFImYysMrab;sMGatRKab;BIkMeTckMTI EdlvamanednsuIFI¬dg;suIet¦tUcCagb¤FMCagKña edayRCmuC
cUleTAkñúgTwkb¤vtßúravepSg². ]³ dUcCaeKeRbIkñúgkarbMEbkRKab;es<ótnigRKab;eBj ehIynigRKab;
EbkxUcCYnkaleRbICamYysMBaF (PREVAC) b¤(IDS). emIl Cleaning (seed-), IDS, PREVAC.
Flower: páa
rcnasm<½n§bnþBUCrbs;BYkrukçCatiRKab;CitEdlmaneksrjI eksreQµal b¤manTaMg2 ehIyCaFmµta
manRsTab;páa nigRtbkpáa. GVIEdleKehAfa páarbs;rukçCatiRsl;enH KWCaRsþÚébéLeQµal nigjI
enAmuneBl nig kñúgeBleraylMGg. emIlrUbbEnßmenATMB½r 174.
emIl Bisexual, Monoecious, Dioecious, Strobilus.
lMdab;énRbePTrcnasm<½npáaEdlbgðajBIpáamantYnaTIjI-eQµal
1: páajITaMgRsug. ePTBIrepSgKña. páamanpÞúkEteksrjI. eksreQµalrYmcuH nigKµantYnaTIeT.

2: páaeQµalTaMgRsug. ePTBIrepSgKña. páamanpÞúkEteksreQµal. eksrjIrYmcuH nigKµantYnaTIeT.
3: rcnasm<½n§TaMgeksreQµalnigjImantYnaTI. RbePTpáaeBjelj¬\tex©aH¦.
4: rcnasm<½n§TaMgeksreQµalnigjIKµantYnaTIeT. RbePTpáaGa.
Flower induction: kardas;[ecjpáa
kardas;[ecjpáa b¤páamYycMnYn dUcCakareRbIhUmUn b¤lt;dMva.
emIl Flower, Flower initiation, Girdling, Hormone, Strangulation.
Flower initiation: karcab;epþImpáa dMNak;páa
dMNak;kalmuneKbMputénkarvivDÆn_rbs;páa b¤ekan.
emIl Apical meristem, Flower, Flower induction, Phenology
Flowering ( =Flowering period): karecjpáa dMNak;páa rdUvecjpáa
ry³eBlén)atuPUtBIeBlecjpáarhUtdl;dak;Epø. rdUvecjpáaGacEvg¬páaBaseBj¦ b¤xøI¬páaduM²¦.
tamFmµta eKeRbIBaküenH sMedAeTAelIry³eBlénkareraylMGgnigkarTTYllMGgrbs;páajIén
BYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat eTaHbICaBYkrukçCatiTaMgenH eKfavaKµanpáaenAkñúgn½yrukçviTüaBitR)akdk¾
eday. emIl Anthesis, Flower, Phenology.
Fluting: Kl;Rbwg
EpñkKl;edImeQIEdlmanragminCargVg; EdlCaerOy²begáIt
eTACab¤sTb;¬cnÞl;¦ eBalKW dUcCakþarbnÞHduHRtg;eTAelIén
EpñkxagelIrbs;b¤s Edlpþl;CaTMrdl;edImeQI. b¤scnÞl;nig
RbwgmanlkçN³tBUCeTAtamkMritepSg²Kña. CaFmµta vaCa
lkçN³mYyEdleKmincg;)ankñúgkarbgáat;BUCeQIéRBeT.
emIl Character, Selection
Follicle: RbePTEpøhVlixl¬RbePTEpøs¶ÜteRbHmçagEpø¦
CaRbePTEpøs¶ÜteRbH begáIteLIgBIxapl;mYy EdleRbHtambeNþay
Epømçag ]³ Grevillea. RbePTEpøcegáamxøHpÁú¿eLIgBIEpønimYy²CaRbePT
hVlixl ]³ Manglietia nig Magnolia.
emIl Aggregate fruits, Dry fruits.
Forest reproductive material: sMParHbnþBUCénRbePTeQIéRB
RKab; ekan nigEpñkepSg²rbs;rukçCatiEdlGacduHeTACarukçCati rYmmanTaMgkUnrukçCatiEdlduHBIRKab;
b¤BIsrIragÁlUtlas;.
emIl Certified tree seeds, Germplasm, Selected reproductive material.
Forest tree breeding: karbgáat;BUCedImeQIéRB
karGnuvtþEdleRbIcMeNHdwgCInenTikGPivDÆn_suvuDÆikmµedImeQI. karbgáat;BUCeQIEdlmanlkçN³
samBaØ KWEp¥keTAelIkareRCIserIsÉktþ³rklkçN³NamYyEdleKcg;)an ehIybgáat;Éktþ³TaMgenH
edIm,Iplit)annUvRkumBUCmYyEdlmanKuNPaBl¥Cag. karbgáat;BUCeQIéRBGacnwgTak;TgeTAnwg
RbB½n§bgáat;BUCEdlxus²KñataMgBIkarRbmUlRKab;BUCBIRbPBl¥bMput¬maneRcInsMrab;eRCIserIs¦
rhUtdl;dMNak;kalsµúKsµajCaeRcIn eFVIkmµvIFIbgáat;BUCCaeRcInCMnan; b¤eFVIkarRtYtBinitükareray
lMGg. emIl Breeding strategy, Controlled pollination, Forest tree improvement,
Genetics, Mass selection, Plant breeding.
Forest tree improvement: kareFVIsuvuDÆikmµedImeQIéRB
CaFmµta mann½ydUcnwgkarbgáat;BUCedImeQIéRB (forest tree breeding) b:uEnþGacTak;Tgnwgkar
bgáat;BUCedImeQI KYbpSMCamYykarGnuvtþrukçvb,kmµ nigkarplitkUneQIeRcInEdlmanKuNPaBl¥.
emIl Forest tree breeding, Genetics, Plant breeding.
Fox tail: knÞúykeRBa¢ag dUcknÞúykeRBa¢ag
lkçN³énkarlUtlas;EdlkMNt;edayCInenTikénRbePTrukçCatiRsl;Edlbgðaj[
eXIjEmkcenøaHfñaMgy:agEvgmYy. CaFmµtalkçN³enHvaTak;TgeTAnwgPaBFn;nwg
xül;kan;EtfycuH dUecñHehIy vaminCalkçN³ EdleKcg;)anenAkñúgkarbgáat;BUC
edImeQIeT. emIl Correlation, Node, Selection criteria.
Frankia: GtisuxumR)aNm:üageQµaHeRhVnKIy:a
RkummYyénGtisuxumR)aN¬manRbeyaCn_rs;enACamYyKña¦EdlqøgcUl nigrs;enACamYyRbePT
rukçCatiNamYy dUcCaRbePT Alnus nig casuarinas. edImeQIpþl;C¿rk eKehAfa Actinorhizal
plants. emIl Microsymbionts, Mycorrhiza, Rhizobium, Inoculation.
Fruit: Epø
enAkñúgGtßán½yrukçviTüaBitR)akd eksrjIeBjv½y b¤eksrjIénBYkpáarukçCatiRKab;Cit cMeBaHRbePT
xøH EdlkñúgenaH manrcnasm<½n§rYmpSM dUcCaTMrpáa(receptacle or perianth). enAkñúgn½ybec©keTs
mintwgruwg vaGacmann½yrYmTaMgRKab;eBjv½ymaneRsabsrIragÁenAkñúgBYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat ]³
ekan bUkTaMgBhuEpønigEpøcegáam. CYnkalsMbkEpø (pericarp)eKEckecjCa3RsTab; eBalKW
exocarp, mesocarp nig endocarp. emIlrUbenATMB½r 177. emIl Aggregate fruit,
Compound fruit, Cone, Drupe, Dry fruits, False fruit, Fleshy fruits, Seed bearing organ,
Simple fruit.
Fruiting: dMNak;Epø
ry³eBlén)atuPUtcab;BIbBa©b;énrdUvpáa rhUtdl;EpøTuMnigRCuHBRgay. kñúgn½yTUeTA KWsMedAeTAefr
evlaEpøcas;eBjv½yb:ueNÑaH eBalKWRtwmkarRbmUlplEpø. eKk¾eRbIBaküenHCamYyBYkrukçCatiRKab;
RsatpgEdr. emIl Flowering, Maturity, Harvest, Phenology, Fruit.
Full diallel (complete diallel): édGWElleBj
emIl Diallel cross.
Fumigation: karbBa©Úl]sµ½n/ kareFVIFUbTkmµ
karbBa©ÚlsmasFatuKImI dUcCa]sµ½n kabUnik CO .2
emIl Carbon dioxide, Treatment.

Funicle (Funiculus): hVüÚnixl/ sNþg;RKab;/ Tgbu)aö
Tgrbs;GUvüÚl b¤RKab;mYy EdlP¢ab;vaeTAnwgpøaesnfa (placenta)rbs;GUvWrI.
emIl Aril, Fruit, Hilum, Pistil, Placenta, Ovule, Seed.
G
Gametes: hÁamIt
ekasikaePTeBjv½y¬TuM¦ b¤mYyCasW<m b¤mYyCasu‘t.
emIl Chromosome set, Fertilization, Haploid, Meiosis, Microspores, Pollen, Zygote.
Gametophytes: hÁaEm:ttUhVIt
EpñkmYyrbs;rukçCatiEdlplithÁamIt b¤ekasikaePT eBalKWmanhÁamItfwhVItjI nighÁamItfWhVIt
eQµal. hÁamItfWhVItmancMnYnRkUm:UsUmhab;pøGIut(n).
emIl Embryo sac, Female gametophyte, Sporophyte.
Gene: CIn ¬EhSn¦/ FatutMNBUC
ÉktþatUcbMputEdlGacepÞrFatuCInenTikEdlP¢ab;Canic©CamYynwgRbsiT§PaBCInenTikdMbUgmYy. CIn
KWmanTMhMtUcbMput ehIysißtenAdUcCabnÞat;tMerobenAkEnøgCak;lak;¬ehAfaLÚsuI-Loci¦enAelIRkU
m:UsUm. CInenHCakMNat;mYyénRcvak;DNAEdlmanlMdab;jÚexøóéfdc,as;las;mYyEdlpÞúkBt’
mansMrab;plitRbUFInmYy. CInnimYy² manGnþrGMeBICamYyCInepSg²EdlenAelIRkUmU:sUmCamYy b¤
enAelIRkUm:UsUmepSg²eTotehIynigbrisßan vaRKb;RKgnUvRbsiT§iPaBsrIr³mYyenAkñúgekasika ehIy
sMEdgecjnUvlkçN³mYyb¤eRcIn.
emIl Allele, Character, Chromosome, Codominance, DNA, Dominance, Genetic code,
Genetics, Genome, Germplasm, Mutation, Protein synthesis.
Gene bank: FnaKarCIn
karRbmUlTuknUvedImeQIEdlmanlkçN³l¥² ehIyCYnkalCaedImeQIBiessEdleKrkSaTuksMrab;
eRbIenAeBlbc©úb,nñ nigGnaKtkñúgkarRsavRCav nigbgáat;BUCeQI.
emIl Breeding arboretum, Clonal bank, Gene centre, Gene conservation.
Gene centre: mNÐlCIncMruH/ mNÐlmanCInsMbUrEbb
mNÐlénPaBcMruH. tMbn;PUmisaRsþmYyEdlbgðajBIPaBcMruHénCInenTiksMbUrEbbénrukçCatiNamYy.
emIl Biological diversity, Gene conservation, Gene frequency, Genetic base, Genetic
erosion, Gene flow, Gene pool.
Gene conservation: karGPirkSCIn
karkarBar nigkarEfrkSaTuknUvbMErbMrYlPaBrbs;CInenTikénRbePTBUCmYy edIm,IrkSaTukFnFanCIn
enTik sMrab;karRsavRCavnigsuvuDÆikmµnaGnaKt.
- In situ gene conservation: karkarBarbMErbMrYlCInenTikénRbePTBUCmYyenATIkEnøgkMeNItrbs;
va ]³ edaykarbegáItéRBbMrugTuk.
- Ex situ gene conservation: karkarBarbMErbMrYlCInenTikrbs;RbePTBUCNamYyenAxageRkAtMbn;
kMeNItrbs;va ]³ karbegáItcMkareQI.
emIl Breeding arboretum, Clone bank, Cryopreservation, Diversity, Gene centre, Gene
pool, Genetic erosion, Genetic resource, Sustainable use.
Gene expression: karsMEdgecjrbs;CIn
dMeNIrénkarbkERbCInenTikXUd (genetic code) [eTACalkçN³GacemIleXIj b¤sÁal;tam
ry³karsMeyaKRbUFIn.
emIl Dominant, Genetype, Protein synthesis, Recessive, Simple Mendelian inheritance.
Gene flow: karsayPay b¤rMhUrrbs;CIn
karpøas;TIrbs;CInBIRkumBUC¬sarB½n§¦mYyeTARkum¬sarB½n§¦mYyeTot¬GacehAfa gene migration
= CIneFVIGenþaRbevsn_¦.
emIl Gene frequency, Migration.

Gene frequency: CInRhVIxVInsuI
TMhMénGaEllmYyenAkñúgRkumBUCmYyEdleFobCamYynwgGaEllepSg²eTotrbs;CInenaH.
ebIsinCIn A manGaEll2 a nig A ehIymanRhIVxVInsuI a = 0.2 (20%) dUcenH RhVIxVInsuIrbs; A
= 0.8(80%) dUecñH A + a = 1 (100%).
emIl Diversity, Fitness, Gene flow, Gene pool, Hardy-Weinberg law, Heritability,
Population genetics, Quantitative inheritance.
Gene pool: XøaMgCIn
cMnYnsrubCInTaMgGs; nig GaEllrbs;vamanvtþmanenAkñúgRkumBUCbgáat;mYyb¤RbePTBUCNamYy
enAkñúgRKamYy.
emIl Base population, Diversity, Fitness, Gene bank, Gene flow, Gene frequency, Gene
resource, Genetic base, Genetic erosion.
General combining ability (GCA): lT§PaBpSMTUeTA
karsMEdgeLIgCamFümrbs;kUnénÉktþ³mYy eBlEdlvapSMpÁú¿CamYyÉktþ³mYycMnYnepSgeTotenA
kñúgRkumBUCenH.
emIl Breeding value, Combining ability, Specific combining ability.
Genetic base: mUldæanCInenTik CInenTikebs
cMnYnsrubéncMruHPaBrbs;CInenTikenAkñúgRkumBUC¬sarB½n§¦mYy.
emIl Base population, Diversity, Gene conservation, Gene pool.
Genetic code: CInenTikXUd
lMdab;Cak;lak;mYyénGamINUGasuIdtMerobenAkñúgRbUFIn1EdlkMNt;edaylMdab;jÚexøóéfd¬nuyekø
GUTIt¦enAkñúg RNA naMsarEdlbkERbEp¥keTAtamlMdab;jÚexøóéfd enAkñúgRcvak; DNA.
emIl DNA, Gene, Genome, Protein synthesis.
Genetic correlation: karCab;Tak;TgCInenTik
rgVas;mYyénkMritTMnak;TMngCInenTikrvaglkçN³2 ]³ TMnak;TMngrvagtMéllT§PaBpSMpÁúMTUeTA. min
RtUvRcLMCamYynwgTMnak;TMngrvaghVINwéfb (phenotype) eT.
emIl Character, Combining ability, Correlation, Juvenile-mature correlation, Linkage,
Phenotype.
Genetic drift: karrsat;CInenTik
karpøas;bþÚredayécdnüenAkñúgRhIVxVInsuIrbs;GaEllenAkñúgRkumBUC¬sarB½n§¦mYyBImYyC¿nan;eTA
C¿nan; edaysarEtRkumBUCmanTMhMtUc¬eKGacehApgEdrfa random drift).
emIl Gene frequency, population.
Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology): visVkmµCInenTik¬bec©kviTüabgáat;DNA)
kardak;CInmanRbeyaCn_[enAdac;BIsarBagÁkay b¤CalikaGñkpþl;[ nigkarbBa©ÚlvaeTAkñúgsar
BagÁkaymYyEdlvaminmanCInenaH. emIl Biotechnology, DNA, Gene.
Genetic erosion: karercrilCInenTik¬CIn¦
kar)at;bg;nUvnanaPaBrbs;CIn nigkarbnSl;kan;EtticeTA²nUvmUldæanesenTikénrukçCatiEdleKdaM
duH. qøgtamkarnaMcUlnUvBUCnanamanKuNPaB eFVI[eKGacdaMduHenAtMbn;CaeRcIn)an.
emIl Gene center, Gene conservation, Gene frequency, Gene pool.
Genetic fingerprint: sñamRmamesenTik¬sñamEdlditelIbnÞHGn§ilén]bkrN_BiesaFn_¦
emIl Fingerprint
Genetic gain: karTTYl)anCInenTik/ karsMerc)anCInenTik
karbegáInKuNPaB)anCamFümrbs;kUnelIKuNPaBmFümrbs;em)a. karekIneLIgKuNPaB eK
sMerc)anedaykareRCIserIsenAkñúgCMnan;em)a cMnYnrbs;vaGaRs½yeTAelIGIunEfnsuItFICMerIsnana
PaB rbs;em)a nigsmtßPaBtMNBUC.
emIl Heritability, Selection, Selection intensity.
Genetic makeup: smasPaBCIn
cMNuHCInenTik¬CIn¦srubrbs;Éktþ³b¤RbePT¬BUC¦mYy¬eKehA genomepgEdr¦.
emIl Gene pool, Genotype.
Genetic marker: ]bkrN_sMKal;CInenTik¬CIn¦
GaEllNamYyEdleKeRbIeFVICargVas;BiesaFn_mYyedIm,IsMKal;nysþi¬éNVy:U¦ RkUm:UsUm b¤CInmYy.
]bkrN_sMKal;CIn eKGacEckCa]bkrN_sMKal;KImICIvsaRsþ (Biochemical markers) ]³
isozyme, nig]bkrN_sMKal;m:UlwxüÚl (Molecular marker) ]³ DNA markers.
emIl DNA marker, Electrophoresis, Fingerprint, Isozyme, Marker.

Genetic recombination: karbgáat;CIn ¬karpÁúMCInenTik¦
emIl Recombination.
Genetic resource: FnFanCIn¬CInenTik¦
ÉktþamYyénlT§PaBbMErbMrYltMNBUCéntMélBit¬Cak;Esþg¦b¤CaskþanuBl.
emIl Gene conservation, Gene pool, Genetic base, Breeding strategy.
Genetic response: kareqøIytbCInenTik
karpøas;bþÚrenAkñúgRhIVxVInsuICInNwéfbkñúgkareRCIserIsCabnþbnÞab;. eRkayBImYyCMnan;énkareRCIs
erIs kareqøIytbCInenTik R RtUv)aneKsMEdgeday R = h x D, Edl h CalT§PaBdMNBUCén
2 2
lkçN³enaHkñúgkarKitTuk ehIy D CakareRCIserIsepSg²Kña.

emIl Genotype, Hardy-Weinberg law, Heritability, Selection differential.
Genetics: viTüasaRsþCInenTik
CInenTik KWCaviTüasaRsþmUldæanmYyEdlsikSaBIbNþabuBVehtuénPaBdUcKña nigPaBxusKñaenAkñúg
cMeNamsarBagÁkayEdlTak;TinKñaBIkMeNIt. eKBicarNaBIbNþaRbsiTi§PaBrbs;CIn nigbrisßan
CuMvijenaH. enAeBlEdlcMeNHdwgmUldæanénviTüasaRsþCInenTikenHRtUv)anykmkGnuvtþkñúgkar
bgáat;BUCeQI eKeRcInGnuvtþeTAelIkarbgáat;BUCedImeQIéRB b¤kareFVIsuvuDiÆkmµedImeQIéRB.
emIl Forest Tree breeding, Forest tree improvement, Quantitative genetics, Simple
Mendelian inheritance.
Genome: CIneNam/ smasPaBCIn
emIl Genetic makeup.
Genotype: CInNUéfb¬esNUTIb¦
1¦> smasPaBtBUCrbs;Éktþ³mYy Edlman b¤KµankarsMEdgecjhVINwéfbrbs;lkçN³mYy b¤
eRcInEdllak;enAxagkñúg. k¾dUcCakarcat;fñak;CInénsmasPaBpÁú¿enHEdlmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgrUbmnþ
mYy. CInNwéfb RtUv)aneKsMKal; CasMxan;tamry³karsMEdg[eXIjlkçN³rbs;kUn nigsnþan
epSg²eTot. CInNwéfbmanGnþrGMeBICamYybrisßanenATIenaH edIm,IsMEdgecjnUvhVINwéfbenaH.
2¦> Éktþ³EdlbBa¢ak;lkçN³edaysmasPaBpÁúMCInenTikNamYy.
emIl Genetic makeup, Genotype-environment interaction, Phenotype.
Genotype-environment interaction: GnþrGMeBICInNwéfb-brisßan
enAeBlEdlCInNwéfbmYycMnYnekIteLIgenAkñúgbrisßanepSg²KñaeRcIn RbsiTi§PaBCInNwéfbGac
ERbRbYleTAtambrisßanenaHEdr. CInNwéfbmYyGacsMEdgecj)anl¥enATIkEnøgmYy nigmin)anl¥
enATIkEnøgepSgeTot ebIeRbobeFobeTAnigCInNwéfbepSg². karsMEdgecjrbs;lkçN³mYy
hVINwéfb (P) GacsMGageTACInNwéfb (G) nigbrisßanenATIenaH (E) ehIynigGnþrGMeBI (I) .
TMnak;TMngenHRtUv)ansMEdg ecjCa³
P=G+E+I
emIl Character, Clonal test, Experimental design, Genotype, Heritability, Inheritance,
Major genes, Phenotype, Phenotypic plasticity, Progeny test.
Geographic race: BUCtamPUmisaRsþ
BUCEdlmanedImkMeNItenATIkEnøgPUmisaRsþmYy.
emIl Ecotype, Land race, Local seed source, Provenance, Race, Seed source.
Geographic variation: bMErbMrYlPUmisaRsþ
karxusKñaxaghVINwéfbkñúgcMeNamedImeQIkMeNItEdlduHenATIkEnøgepSg²énlMdab;RbePTBUCmYy.
ebIsinCa karxusEbøkKñaenH vamanlkçN³lMeGogxøaMgxagCInenTik CagbrisßanenaH bMErbMrYlenH
CaFmµta vabBa¢ak;faCa BUC (race) RbePTbrisßan (ecotype) b¤PaBRsedog (cline).
emIl Allopatric, Cline, Ecotype, Genotype, Geographic race, Phenotype, Sympatric.
Geotropism: karlUtlas;EbrrkTisrbs;rukçCati
ninñakarénsrIragÁrukçCatiEdlduHeLIgeFobeTAnwgTisrbs;TMnajEpndI b¤mYytMrg;TiseTAdI¬TisviC¢
mantamTMnajEpndI manb¤s nigBnøkb¤s¦ b¤duHeLIgBIdI¬RcasTisTMnaj ]³ BnøkRtYy¦.
emIl Germination, Radicle, Seed.
Germination: dMNuHRKab; karduHBnøkRKab; karduHBnøkrbs;lMGg
1> dMeNIrkarsrIr³kñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénkarduHlUtlas;rbs;RKab; nigRKab;lMGg. karduHBnøk
rbs;lMGgGacman]bsKÁraraMgedaysarPaBminRtUvKña ÉkarduHBnøkrbs;RKab;GacbNþal
mkBIPaBsMgM b¤RkaMg.
2> cMeBaHkarduHBnøkrbs;RKab; karcab;epþImlUtlas;BitR)akdKWenAkñúgEGmRb‘Íy:Urbs;RKab;mYy
Edlbgðaj[eXIjkarelonecjmkrbs;Bnøkb¤s¬CYnkalCaRtYy¦. enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_
dMNuHRKab; ¬niymn½yrbs; ISTA¦ karcab;epþImlUtlas;BitR)akdenAkñúgEGmRb‘Íy:UmYy
EdlbNþal[Bnøk vaecjBIRKab;ehIyvivtþn_rcnasm<½n§TaMgenaHeTACakarvivDÆn_rukçCatiFmµta.
emIl Ageing, Double fertilization, Germination test, Pollen, Vigour, Abnormal
germination, Epigeal, Germination capacity, Hypogeal, Imbibition, ISTA, Lag phase,
Seedling, Viability.
Germination capacity (=germination percentage): smtßPaBdMNuH ¬PaKrydMNuH¦
smamaRténKMrURKab;mYyEdl)anduHCaFmµtaenAkñúgry³eBlsakl,gCak;lak;mYy CaFmµta eKKit
CaPaKry. KYrkt;sMKal;fa enAkñúgn½yGkSrsaRsþmun²xøH Bakü germination capacity RtUv)an
eKeRbIbBa¢ak;BIcMnYnsrub rbs;RKab;EdlduH bUknwgRKab;EdlminduH¬]³ karBinitüedayeRbI TTZ b¤
BuHRKab;Binitü¦CaPaKryénRKab;Edl)ansab¬eBalKWRKab;Edlrs;¦ k¾b:uEnþ CaTUeTA n½yEbbenH
eKQb;TTYlsÁal;eTAehIy.
emIl Germination, Viability, Vigour.
Germination energy: famBldMNuH
smamaRténdMNuH Edl)anduHeLIgrhUtdl;eBldMNuHvaeRcInbMput b¤cMNuceBlénGRtadMNuHGti
brma b¤dl;cMNuceBleKkMNt;Tuk CaFmµtaKWkarBiesaFn_7éf¶. eBlevlaénkarvas;dMNuH RtUv)an
eKeRCIserIstammeFüa)ayCaeRcIn.
emIl Germination capacity, Germination test, Peak germination, Vigour, Viability.
Germination pattern: KMrURbePTdMNuH
Germination percentage: PaKrydMNuH

emIl Germination capacity.
Germination test (viability test): karsakl,gdMNuH
bTdæansakl,gdMNuHEdleKeFVIedIm,IkMNt;BIKuNPaBrbs;kBa©b;RKab;mYy eBalKW rkPaKryGac
duH)anrbs;RKab;. sMrab;RbePTBUCNamYyenaH karsakl,gdMNuHRtUv)anGnuvtþenAeRkamlkçx½NÐ
bTdæanEdleK)ankMNt;enAeRkamlkçxNÐdMNuHl¥ dUcCasItuNðPaB sMeNImxül;nigBnøW. RKab;sMgM
eKRtUveFVIRbRBwtþikmµedIm,IbMEbkPaBsMgMmunnwgeFVIkarsakl,gdMNuHrbs;va.
emIl Germination capacity, Germination energy, Pre-treatment, Seed testing, Viability.
Germplasm: sMParHtMNBUC CIvkMN
enAkñúgÉktþ³b¤RkumBUCmYy bNþúMsMParHtBUCEdlCamUldæanrUbsMrab;karTTYlmrtk eBalKW CInNw
éfb GaRs½yeTAtamkarepÞrrbs;vaeTACMnan;eRkay.
emIl Genotype, Forest reproductive material, Gene, Genetic code, Heritability.
Girdling: kareCosMbkedImeQI
kareCosMbkmYyduMecjBIedImeQI mYyEpñkb¤CuMvij. kareCosMbkeQIeFVI[raraMgdl;karqøgkat;rbs;
CatiTwk nigsarFatuciBa©wm. CYnkal eKeRbIviFIenHedIm,Ilt;edImeQI[ecjpáa b¤eFVIyuvkmµEdlTak;
TgeTAnwgkarRbmUlkat;Emk b¤Exñg.
emIl Coppice shoots, Dormancy, Flower induction, Rejuvenation, Strangulation.
Grading: karcat;RKab;BUCCaRbePT/ Fun
dMeNIrénkarcat;RKab;CaRbePT ]³ eTAtamTMhMedIm,IsMrYldl;karsMGat b¤sMrab;rMElkRKab;mYy
EpñkecjBIkBa©b;RKab;énRbePTBUCdUcKña ]³RKab;manTMhMtUcCagTMhMkMNt;Gb,brma.
emIl Upgrading.
Grading system: RbB½n§cat;fñak;
RbB½n§sMrab;vaytMéllkçN³rbs;edImeQICMerIsenAkñúgéRBBUCmYy. RbB½n§enHGacmanviFanCak;
Esþgb¤karvaytMélGtþenam½t ebIeFobeTAnwgedImeQIsÁal;GtþsBaØaN¬edImsMrab;eRbobeFob¦.
emIl Character, Comparion or check tree, Independent culling, Selection index, Select
superior or plus tree.
Grafting: karbMe)A¬Emk Exñg¦
karpÁúMEpñkepSg²rbs;Éktþ³xus²KñaedaypþitCalikaedIm,Ivab:HsuIKña nigeFVI[vaGacduHlUtlas;)an.
CaTUeTA EpñkxagelI¬Emk¼Exñg¦RtUveKpÁú¿vaCamYyEpñkeRkamCab;b¤s¬Kl;bMe)A¦. EpñkTaMg2bnSúIKña
enHnigÉktþ³EdlpSM)anenH eKehAfaEmkeQIbMe)A. eRBaHEtEmk¼ExñgpSaMxagelIenArkSasmas
PaBCInenTikedImrbs;va dUecñHkarbMe)AEmkeQImanRbeyaCn_sMrab;eFVIkarrkSaTukBiesaFn_ nigkar
bNþúHkUneQI.
emIl Air layering, Budding, Clone, Graft incompatibility, Graft union,
Macropropagation, Scion, Seed orchard, Stock, Vegetative propagation.
RbePTxøHénsMParHbMe)A³
S = Scion EmkbMe)A¼pSaM R = Rootstock Kl;bMe)A
Graft incompatibility: karbMe)AminRtYtKña/ karbMe)AminRtUvKña
PaBminRtUvKñarbs;Kl;bMe)AnigEmkbMe)AedIm,IbegáItb¤bnSIúKña)an EdlGaceFVI[vaduHlUtlas;.
emIl Graft union, Incompatibility, Scion, Stock.
Grafting wax: RkmYnsMrab;labkñúgkarbMe)A
sarFatuEdleKlabelIkEnøgbnSIúKñaedIm,Ikat;bnßynUvkarhYtCatiTwknigkarBarTwkxageRkARCab
cUl. emIl Callus, Grafting, Graft union.
Graft plant: rukçCatibMe)A¼pSaM
Graft union: cMNuc b¤kEnøgbnSIúKñaénkarbMe)A

cMNucbnSuúIrbs;rukçCatiEdl)anbMe)AbBa©ÚlKña ¬KWkEnøgEdlEmkbMe)AnigKl;bMe)AbnSuúIKña¦.
emIl Graft incompatibility, Grafting, Scion, Stock.
Gregarious flowering: karecjpáaeRcIn
karecjpáay:ageRcInenAkñúgry³eBlmYyxøI. BaküpÞúy Diffuse flowering ¬karecjpáaeBj1qñaM
b¤rdUvpáa¦. emIl Flowering, Masting, Phenology, Seed year.
Growth substance: sarFatuCYy[lUtlas;
emIl Hormone
Gymnosperm: CImNUsW<m BYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat BYkrukçCatiKµanpáa
cMNat;fñak;rukçviTüaénRkumrukçCatiRKab; EdlkñúgenaHGUvüÚl¬eRkaymkkøayCasu‘t¦ KµanGVIruMCitkñúg
GUvWrI ¬EdlxusEbøkBIBYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit¦. PaKeRcInénBYkrukçCatiRKab;RsatplitRKab;enAkñúgekan
¬eQµaHTUeTAehA conifers¦. BYkrukçCatiCImNUsW<mminplitEpøekan KW Podocarpus, Ginkgo
nig Taxus. emIl Angiosperms, Cone, Conifers, Seed bearing organ, Seed plants.
Gynoecium (gyno RsþI jI¦: eksrjI kBa¢úMeksrjI
CaBakübec©keTsn½yRbmUlpþúM sMedAeTAelIEpñkjIrbs;páa eBalKW eksrjI (Pistil). Bakün½y
pÞúy Rbhak;RbEhl Androecium eksreQµal.
emIl Female gametophyte, Flower, Fruit.
H
Habitat: CMrk¬CRmk¦
TIkEnøgb¤RbePTéntMbn;EdlsarBagÁkayb¤RkumBUCNamYyekIteLIgedayFmµCatirbs;va.
emIl Community, Ecosystem.
Half diallel: Bak;kNþalédGwEll
emIl Diallel cross
Haploid: EhpøGuIt ¬manRkUm:UsUmmçag-n)
manRkUm:UsUmEt1sMrab;enAkñúgekasikamYy. CaFmµta enAkñúgekasikabnþBUC KWman n RkUm:UsUm
ehIyman 2n enAkñúgekasikalUtlas;.
emIl Chromosome, Chromonsome number, Chromosome set, Diploid, Gametes,
Meiosis, Polyploid.
Hard seed: RKab;rwg
]³RKab;énGMbUr eLhÁÚmINUes (Leguminosae) EdlkarRCabTwkRtUvraraMgedaysarEtsMbkRKab;
rwgminRCabTwk. PaBrwgrbs;sMbkRKab; k¾GackarBarmin[xUcBIkarb:HTgÁicxøaMg. edIm,IeFVI[RKab;
rwg RCabTwknigduH)ansMbkvaRtUveFVI y:agNa[vaRCabTwk ]³ eFVI[eRbHsMbk.
emIl Dormancy, physical-, Impermeable, Legume seed, Pre-treatment, Scarification.
Hardwood cutting: karkat;EmksMrab;bNþúHkUneQI
emIl Cutting.
Hardy-Weinberg law: c,ab;haDI-EvnbWut
c,ab;enHEcgfabNþalkçxNÐEdleKpþl;[RtUvCYbRbTH RhIVxVInsuICInNwéfbkñúgRkumBUCmYyénbNþa
sarBagÁkaynwgrkSaefr nigEbgEckCaÉklkçNPaB³ p , 2pq nig q cMeBaHCInNwéfb A A ,
2 2
1 1
A A nig A A CabnþbnÞab;. Edl p CaRhIVxVInsuIrbs;GaEll A ,nig q CaRhIVxVInsuIrbs;

1 2 2 2 1
GaEll A Edl p + q = 1. emIl Fitness, Fixation index, Gene frequency, Gene pool,
2
Simple Mendelian inheritance, Quantitative inheritance, Wahlund’s effect.
Harvest: RbmUlpl/ ebHEpø-RKab;
karebHRbmUlEpøBIedImeQIpÞal; ]³ eRkayBIcab;GRgn;Emk b¤enAeBleLIgebH.
emIl Collection, seed -, Maturity, Harvestable seed crop.
Harvestable seed crop: plRKab;EdlGacRbmUl)an
cMnYnsrubénplitplRKab;EdlGacRbmUl)anCak;Esþg. plRKab;minGacRbmUl)an rYmman ]³
EpøminGacebH)an EpøTuMmunb¤eRkay b¤EpøEdlbnSl;TukelIedImedIm,Ikat;bnßykarxUcxatdl;edIm
eQI¬viFIebHRbmUledaykab;Emk¦. emIl Collection, (seed -), Seed crop.
Heal: Calikacas;
EpñktUcmYyénCalikaeBjv½yEdlrkSaenA)at¬Kl;¦rbs;RtYyx©I. emIl Cutting.
Health certificate: viBaØanb½RtsuxPaB/ lixitbBa¢ak;suxPaB¬KµaneraK¦
emIl Phytosanitary certificate.
Health test: karBiesaFn_suxPaB
karBiesaFn_BiesselIRKab; edIm,IBinitüemIlkarqøgeraKrbs;RKab;.
emIl Infection, Pathogen, Phytosanitary, Seed testing.
Hedging (stool): karkat;Emk/edIm/b¤s
karkat;tMrwmedImeQIb¤rukçCati ehIyrkSava[enATabedIm,ICMnHkarcak;b¤sminl¥ ehIyCaerOy²TMrg;
minl¥énkarkat;ykmkBIedImeQIcas;². karkat;EmkBIedImeQIkat;tMrwmTaMgenH eKkat;EtedIm
NamanGayusrIr³x©I. emIl Clonal garden, Coppice shoot, Juvenile, Mature, Orthotopic
growth, Plagiotropic growth, Topophysis.
Heritability: lT§PaBtMNBUC
kMritEdllkçN³mYyrg\T§iBledaykarTTYlmrtkxN³EdleRbobeFobeTAbrisßan. lT§PaBtMN
BUCceg¥ót KWPaKénbMrYlbMrYlsrubEdl)ancUlrYmcMENkeday\Ti§BlbEnßmrbs;bNþaCIn eBalKW
vaCaGnu)aténbMErbMrYlCInenTikbEnßmeTAelIbMErbMrYlhVINwéfb. lT§PaBtMNBUCTUlay GacGnuvtþ
)ancMeBaHRbePTdaMduHedaysrI ragÁlUtlas; rYmTaMgKµan\T§iBlbEnßmpgEdr. tMNBUCxøaMgbgðaj[
eXIjfa hVINwéfbrbs;Éktþ³ KWbBa¢ak;[dwgBI CInNwéfbrbs;va. ebIeKKNnaTinñn½yrbs;em)a-
kUn eK)a:n;sµanBIkMriténPaBdUcrvagem)anigkUnrbs;va. emIl Additive genes, Genetic gain,
Genotype, Genotype-Environment interaction, Inheritance, Variation.
Hermaphrodite (bisexual, monoclinous): manePTBIr
mansrIragÁbnþBUCtYnaTIjInigeQµalenAkñúgpáaEtmYy. Bakün½ypÞúy manePTEtmYy (Dicliny b¤
Unisexual). emIl Perfect (flower).
Hermaphroditic: EdlmanePTBIr
emIl Bisexuual.
Heterogeneous: EdlxuseK visPaK
karsMEdgecj[eXIjPaBxusKñaenAkñúgcMeNamsmaCikrbs;RkummYy. minRtUvRcLMCamYyBakü
Heterozygous ¬kUnkat;¦. BaküpÞúy Homogeneous ¬PaBdUcKña¦. emIl Variation
Heterosis: eGetr:UsIus PaBCakUnkat;

Blsm,TakUnkat;Edl)anbgðajeXIj enAeBlEdlmFümhVINwéfbkUnkat; F sßitenAeRkAcenøaH
1
em)a ]³ dUcCakarlUtlas;xøaMgCag Tinñplx<s;Cag b¤PaBFn;nwgCMgWCag. tamsþWTisþik³ karekIn

eLIgmYyelItMélmFümrbs;em)a. CaFmµtaeKGnuvtþsMedAeTAelIlkçN³ dUcCaTMhM b¤Blsm,Ta
lUtlas;TUeTA. emIl F , Heterozygous, Hybrid, Inbreeding, Transgressive segregation.
1
Heterozygous: ehetr:UsuIhÁÚt¬kUnkat;¦
manmYyb¤eRcInsMrab;énGaEllmindUcKña ]³ CInlb;CamYyCInGn;. dUecñH ekalikab¤rukçCatiEdl
manGaEll Aa KWCa ehtwrWhSúIhÁÚt cMENkÉ AA nig aa CahUm:UhSúIhÁÚt. vaTak;TgeTAnwgPaBxus
KñakñúgkartMerobCInenAelIRkUm:UsUmpgEdr. sarBagÁkayehtWrWhSúIhÁÚt CaTUeTAminbgáat;kñúgeT
ehIy eKdwgfa vaCakUnkat;mYy cMeBaHCInrbs;va enAminTan;R)akdeT . BaküpÞúy Homozygous
¬BUCsuT§¦. emIl Allele, Dominance, Gene, Recessive, Simple Mendelian Inheritance.
Hiltner test: karBiesaFn_Blsm,Ta
viFIBiesaFn_emIlBlsm,TaEdlkñúgenaHsmtßPaBrbs;BnøkRbwgQñHkarsgát;rUb (physical stress)
RtUv)aneKvaytMéltamry³karbNþúHRKab;enAeRkamRsTab;kMeTcfµ-RKYs.
emIl Vigour, Seed testing, Stress.
Hilum: eholwm/ sñamedAelIsMbkRKab;
sñamenAelIsMbkRKab;bnSl;TukedaysNþg;RKab;
(funicle)énBYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit. BYkrukçCatiRKab;
Rsat KµansNþg;RKab;eT EtsñamdUcéhlwm Gac

ekItenAkEnøgEdlRKab;P¢ab;CamYy megasporophyl.
emIl Chalaza, Flower, Funiculus, Seed,
Strophiole.
Homogeneous: PaBdUcKña/ PaBsuT§
karbgðaj[eXIjPaBdUcKñakñúgcMeNamsmaCikénRkumBUCmYy cUrkuMRcLMCamYyBakü homozy-
gous. BaküpÞúy Heterogeneous.
Homologous chromosomes: RkUm:UsUmhUm:ULÚhÁ

RkUm:UsUmdUcKña1KU mçagmanedImkMeNItBIem nigmYyeTotmkBI)a EdlmanenAkñúgekasikaDIpøGuIt.
RkUm:UsUménKUnimYy² KWdUcKñaTaMg TMhM rUbrag cMNuHePT nigkartMerob. BYkvatMeLIgeTVrenAkñúg
dMeNIrém:GUsuIs. emIl Allele, Chromosome, Chromosome number, Chromosome set,
Diploid, Fertilization, Gametes, Meiosis.
Homozygous: hUm:UsayhÁÚt
manGaElldUcKña1b¤eRcInsMrab; ]³ lb;TaMg2 (AA) b¤Gn;TaMg2 (aa). eKfavahUm:UsayhÁÚt
bgáat; kñúgkalNavapSMpÁú¿CInNwéfbdUcKña. emIl Allele, Breed true, Dominance, Genotype,
Heterozygous, Inbred line, Simple Mendelian inheritance.
Hormone (= growth substance): hUmUn/ sarFatubNþúH
sarFatuEdlmanRbsiTi§PaBCak;lak;mYyeTAelIkarlUtlas;rbs;rukçCati ehIyEdlmanRbsiTi§PaB
eTA)an eBlEdlvamankMhab;TabbMput. RbePTG½rmUnxøHdas;karlUtlas;rbs;rukçCatiedaykar
CMrujbMEbkekasikab¤Tajekasika[Evg TnÞwmenaHmanxøHeTotTb;dMeNIrvivtþn_NamYy. BaküenH
eRbIcMeBaHsarFatuhUmUnEdlplitecjBIrukçCati nigTaMgplitedaysib,nimiµt CaerOyTak;Tgxag
rcnasm<½n§ FatuKImIEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBRbEhlKña. ]TahrN_hUmUnxøH KW auxin, gibberellin nig
acetylene. hUmUnsMeyaK Rsedog GksuIn eKeRcIneRbICa hUmUnbNþúHb¤s. manxøHeToteK eRbI
sMrab;das;[ecjpáa. emIl Air layering, Auxin, Cutting, Enzyme, Flower induction,
Rejuvenation, Rooting hormone
Host specificity: RbePTBUCGacrs;enA)anCamYyKña RbePT¬BUC¦Rbkan;CMrk
kMritEdl ]³ stVl¥itbMpøaj pSit b¤GtisuxumR)aN rs;enAelIRbePTrukçCatim©as;pÞHkñúgcMnYneRcIn
b¤tic. emIl Microsymbionts, Cross-inoculation group.
Husk: sMbkRKab;/ RskI¬dUg¦/ Ggáam
sMbkEpøénEp¥kRKateRKImb¤mansrés² ]³ manenARbePTém:sak;nigdUg EdleKeRbI ]³ sMrab;eFVI
emeDom¬sarFatuciBa©wm¦daMeQI.
emIl Pericarp, Peat, Water holding capacity
Hybrid: éhRbIt¬GIuRBIt¦/ kUnkat;
kUnEdlekItecjBIem)amanCInenTikxusKña. BaküenHeRbIsMedAelIkUnEdl)anmkBIkarbgáat;enA
kñúgRbePTBUC (intraspecific) b¤RbePTBUC (interspecific). CatYy:ag kUnkat;manlkçN³rUbenA
cenøaHem)arbs;va b:uEnþCYnkalvabgðajkarlUtlas;CaBiess¬Blsm,TakUnkat;¦. CaerOy²
RbePTBUCkUnkat;plitRKab;KuNPaBGn;cMnYntictYcNas;.
emIl Allele, Cross, Genotype, Heterosis, Heterozygous, Hybrid sterility, Hybridization,
Hybrid swarm, Species hybrid.
Hybridization: PavUnIy_kmµbgáat;BUC
karbegáIteLIgnUvkUnkat;mYy. enAkñúgbribTénbec©kviC¢a DNA karbegáIteLIgnUvm:UlwxüÚleTal
BIredaymanmUldæanb®gÁb;KUKñarvagm:UlwxüÚleTalTaMg2.
emIl Biotechnology, DNA, Genetic code, Hybrid, Hybrid sterility, Protein synthesis.
Hybrid sterility: PaBGarbs;kUnkat;
smtßPaBFøak;cuHrbs;kUnkat;mYycMnYnkñúgkarplithÁamItrs;. bBaðaenHbNþalmkBIGvtþmanrbs;
KURkUm:UsUmhUm:ULÚhÁ EdleFVI[b‘ÍvaELnþ¬vaLg;BIr¦minGacbegáIt)anenAkñúgdMeNIrém:GUsuIs. dUecñH
bNþal[hÁamItmancMnYn RkUm:UsUmminFmµta.
emIl Aneuploid, Hybrid, Homologous chromosomes, Incompatibility, Sterility.
Hybrid swarm: kUnkat;mYyRkum
RkumBUCmYyEdlmanRbePTkUnkat;nigRbePTbgáat;RtLb;epSg²rvagRkumBUC2b¤eRcInRkumEdl
bgáat;KñaeTAvijeTAmk. RkumBUCenHGacmanRbePTem)amYyb¤eRcIn b¤RkumBYkTaMgenHGacCMnYsKña
edaykarbgáat;RtLb;.
emIl Backcrossing, Ecological niche, F1, Heterosis, Introgression, Sympatric.
Hybrid vigour: Blsm,TakUnkat;
emIl Heterosis.
Hygroscopic: gayRsUbsMeNImxül; niggays¶Üt
EdlgayRsUb niggay)at;bg;CatiTwk¬sMeNIm¦. Epøekan nigRbePTEpøs¶ÜteRbHCaeRcIneTot Gac
nwgebIk nigbiT GaRs½yeTAtamsMeNImbriyakas eRBaHvamanpÞúkCalikaRsUbsMeNIm.
emIl Equilibrium moisture content, Extraction, Moisture content.
Hypocotyl: éhbWxkFwl EpñkedImrbs;kUneQI
EpñkkNþalrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:UrvagkUTIeldUn nigra:Dixl¬BnøkbJs¦. enAkñúgkUneQIvij CaedImx©IEdl
enAcenøaHxtTIlIdwn nigRbB½n§bJs. emIl Embryo, Germination, Seedling.
Hypogeal (or hypogeous) germination: dMNuHBnøkBIeRkamdI
RbePTmYyéndMNuHBnøkEdlkUTIeldnrkSaenAkñúgRKab;kb;kñúgdI ehIyéhbWxkFwl¬edIm¦duHBnøÚt
ecjmk. Bakün½ypÞúy Epigeal germination dMNuHBnøkelIdI.
emIl Seedling, Germination.
Hypogyny: RbePTpáaEdleksrjIenABIelITMrpáa¬Rtbkpáa¦
rcnasm<½n§páamYyEdleksrjIsßitenAxagelITMrpáa ehIysrIragÁepSg²énpáa ¬dUcCa RsTab;páa
Rtbkpáa nigeksreQµal¦duHecjenABIeRkameksrjI. Bakün½ypÞúy Epigyny enAkñúgTMrpáa.
emIl Flower, Perigyny.
I
Identical: dUcebHbiT dUcsuT§saF
IDS (Incubation-Desiccation-Separation): viFIsaRsþbNþúH-sMgYt-EbgEck
CaviFIsaRsþmYykñúgkarbMEbk¬dkecj¦RKab;Edlgab; b¤xUcecjBIRKab;l¥. RKab;RtUv)aneKepSIm
Twk ehIydak;bNþúHenAkñúglkçxNÐdMNuHRbesIrbMput RbEhl2éf¶ bnÞab;mksMgYtkñúgry³eBlxøI
ehIyEbgEckvaedaybENþtTwk. eRBaHfa RKab;mUlgab;nigxUc vahYtTwkelOnCagRKab;l¥enAeBl
sMgYtva dUecñHvanwgGENþtTwk ÉRKab;l¥valickñúgTwk.
emIl Cleaning, Empty seed, Flotation, PREVAC.
Imbibitions: karRCabTwk/ karRsUbTwk
dMeNIrénkarRsUbykTwkdMbUgrbs;RKab;mundMNuHBnøk. karRCabTwk KWCadMeNIrkarrUbTaMgRsug
ehIyRKab;EdlKµanCIvitk¾RCabcUlTwkEdr.
emIl Absorption, Germination, Lag-phase.
Immature embryo: EGmRb‘Íy:Ux©I/ EGmRb‘Íy:UminTan;eBjv½y
EGmRb‘Íy:Urbs;RKab;EdlminsMerc)annUvdMNak;kalGPivDÆn_mYyEdlGac[vaGacduHBnøk)an.
emIl Dormancy, immature embryo -, After – ripening, Mature.
Imperfect flower (= unisexual flower): páamineBjelj¬páamanePTEtmYy¦
manEtsrIragÁbnþBUCEtjI b¤EteQµalenAkñúgpáaenH eBalKW páaeQµal b¤páajI.
emIl Dichogamy, Dicliny, Flower, Perfect (flower).
Impermeable: minRCabTwk
EpñkraraMgmin[mU:lwxüÚleFVIclnaqøgkat;)an ]³ sMbkRKab; b¤EpøraraMgmin[Twkqøgkat; nigRCab
Twk)an.
emIl Dormancy, Physical -, Imbibition, Hard seed, Semi-permeable.
Improved: Edl)anbegáInKuNPaB Edl)aneFVIsuvuDÆikmµ
minEmnCaBakübec©keTs EdlEtgEteRbIsMedAeTAelIRKab;BUCEdlekItBIkareraylMGgeday esrI
BIedImeQIEdleK)aneRCIserIs.
emIl Certified, Forest tree breeding, Forest tree improvement, Open pollination.
Inbred line: karbgáat;BUCsuT§
RkumBUCmYyEdlmankMeNItBIkarbgáat;kñúg. CInenTikrbs;vamanlkçN³suT§¬hUmU:hSúIhÁÚt¦ ehtu
enH vaCakarbgáat;BUCsuT§. karxitcUleTAkan;EtCithUm:UhSúIhÁÚt KWCaerOy² RtUveFVIy:agrh½snUvkar
bgáat;xøÜnÉgedaypÞÜn²EdlGmCamYykareRCIserIs.
emIl Breed true, Heterosis, Homozygous, Inbreeding, Pure line, Selection, Self-
pollination.
Inbreeding: karbgáat;kñúg/ karbgákMeNItxøÜnÉg
karplitkUnEdlmanlkçN³CahUm:UhSúIhÁÚt
edaykarbgáat;KñaCamYysarBagÁkayEdl
Cab;jatiCitbMput ehIyCaFmµta KWkarbgáat;
xøÜnÉg. CaBiessviFIenH ebIeKGnuvtþbgáat;
vaCaeRcInCMnan; vaelcecjeLIgnUvlkçN³
Gn;EdleKmincg;)an ehIyRtUv)aneKeRbI
vaCamYykareRCIserIsedIm,Icab;yknUv
lkçN³EdleKcg;)an eBalKWedIm,IcMraj;
lkçN³enAkñúgkarbgáat;BUCsuT§. karbgáat;
kñúgénsarBagÁkaykUnkat;Fmµta CaerOy²
bNþal[Føak;eTACakarbgáat;kñúgeFVI[exSayBlsm,Tab¤lT§PaBbgákMeNIt bu:EnþCaFmµtaBlsm,Ta
rbs;vaGacsþareLIgvij)an nigCYnkalGac
begáIneLIgvijedaybgáat;BUCmþgeTot eBalKW
CamYykUnkat;. karbgáat;kñúgRtUv)anKNna
tamBiCKNitedayemKuNbgáat;kñúg F Edl
mantMélBI0¬Kµankarbgáat;kñúg¦rhUtdl;1.
emIl Breed true,Endogamy, Heterosis,
Homozygous, Inbred line, Minimumviable
population, Pure line, Self-pollination.
Incompatibility: vismPaB/ PaBminRtUvKña
PaBbraC½yrbs;hÁamItmkBIsMParHbnþBUCdUcKña
xagCInenTikkñúgkarrlaycUlKñaedaysarEt
ynþkarxagsrIr³b¤rUbsaRsþ. ]TahrN_ karduHbMBg;lMGgGacmankMlaMgexSay ebIeTaHCasu‘t nig
ekasikasW<menArs;k¾edaycuH. k¾eRbIkñúgn½y graft incompatibility¬karbMe)AminRtUvKña¦pgEdr.
emIl Graft incompatibility, Selfincompatibility, Sterility.
Incomplete block design: karerobcMbøúkmineBjelj
emIl Lattice design.
Incomplete diallel: édGwEllmineBjelj b¤minRKb;cMnYn
emIl Diallel cross.
Incomplete dominance: PaBlb;mineBjelj
karsMEdgecjmYyEpñkrbs;GaEllTaMg2enAkñúgehtWrWhSúIhÁÚtmYy dUcenHhVINwéfbrbs;vabgðaj
ecjmkenAcenøaHrvagem)ahUm:UhSúIhÁÚtTaMg2enaH.
emIl Co-dominance, Dominance, Heterozygote, Homozygote, Recessive.
Incomplete pedigree design: karerobEpnkarbgáat;BgSavlImineBjelj
karerobcMEpnkar[bgáat;KñaEdlmanEtem)amçageKsÁal;sMrab;plitkUnmYyEbb ]³open pollinated
mating ¬karbgáat;edayesrI¦/ Polycross design nigCYnkal Topcross ¬sUmGan¦. Bakün½y
pÞúy Complete pedigree design ¬karerobbøg;bgáat;BgSavlImineBjelj¦.

emIl Mating design.
Indehiscence: karmineRbHb¤minebIk/ PaBmineRbH
énkBa©úMeksreQµalb¤EpøEdlmineRbH¼ebIkenAeBlTuM. EpømineRbHmandUcCa RbePTEpø pods,
samaras nig nuts. Bakün½ypÞúy Dehiscence- kareRbHb¤ebIk/ PaBeRbH.
emIl Dry fruits, Extraction.
Independent culling: karebH RbmUl eRCIserIs edayesrI¬ÉkraCü¦
kareRCIserIsBhulkçN³EdlTak;TgnwgkarkMNt;tMélGb,marsMrab;lkçN³nimYy²énplRbeyaCn_.
bNþaÉktþ³RtUveqøIytbnwglkçN³vinicä½yGb,mar ebIsinBYkvaRtUv)aneKrkSaTuk.
emIl Candidate tree, Comparison or check tree, Selection index, Select, superior or plus
tree, Tandem Selection.
Index selection: kareRCIserIssnÞsSn_
emIl Selection index
Indigenous (indigenous species): enAkñúgRsuk¬RbePTkñúgRsuk¦
RbePTBUCmanedImkMeNItenAkñúgRbeTs b¤tMbn;NamYy. BaküpÞúy non-native b¤ exotic.
emIl In-situ, Land race, Naturalization, Provenance.
Indirect selection: kareRCIserIsRbeyal
kareRCIserIsbNþaÉktþ³b¤RkumBUCEp¥kelIlkçN³mYy ¬CaFmµta minmansarRbeyaCn_esdækic©eT
kñúgenaHeT¦EdleKeCOfaGacmanlkçN³mYyEdleKcg;)anmansarRbeyaCn_esdækic© CaCagEp¥k
elIlkçN³Edlcg;)anenaH. emIl Correlation, Linkage, Selection criteria.
Individual selection: kareRCIserIsÉktþ³
eKeRCIserIsrukçCatimYyecjBIGMbUr b¤RkumBUCmYyEp¥keTAelIlkçN³rUbl¥rbs;vaeFVICaem)a. CYn
kaleK ehAfa kareRCIserIshVINwéfb.
emIl Family selection, Mass selection, Phenotype, Progeny test, Recurrent selection.
Inflorescence: páakBa©úM/ páacegáam
bNþúMénÉktþ³páaCaeRcInbegáItCa
cegáamFMEdlecjBITgG½kSrYm
mYy ]³páacegáamEsµg(panicle).
emIlrUbbEnßmenATMB½r173.
emIl Catkin, Flower,
Infructescence,
Pedicel, Peduncle.
Infusion population: karbgáat;¬CMerIs¦bBa©ÚlRkumBUCeRkA
edImeQIEdl)aneRCIserIsBIRkumBUCxageRkAmYy EdleKbBa©ÚleTAkúñgkarbgáat;BUCRkumBUCenaH
edIm,InaMcUlCInfµIEdleKcg;)an nigrkSamUldæanCInenTik[TUlay.
emIl Base population, Breeding population, Breeding strategy, Propagation population.
Infructescence: edImmanEpø
edImmanEpø cegáamEpø b¤kartMerobrbs;EpøenAelIedImrukçCatimYy.
emIl Inflorescence, Fruit, Aggregate fruit, Multiple fruit.
Ingestive dispersal (endozoochory): karBRgayRKab;edaystV¬suIelbRKab;¦
karBRgayRKab;edaystVEdlsuI¬elb¦Epø ehIybeBa©jRKab;vijtamkEm¥r b¤tamlamk.
emIl Fleshy fruits, Dispersal.
Inheritance: mrtk/ karTTYlmrtk/ tMNBUC
karTTYl)annUvbNþalkçN³ b¤KuNPaBFatubnþBUC edaykarepÞrBIem)aeTA[kUn.
emIl Acquired character, Genoty-environment interaction, Gene, Heritability, Meiosis,
Simple Mendelian inheritance.
Inhibition: karham/ karXat;/ karraraMg/ karTb;
karTb; b¤raraMgdl;dMeNIrkartYnaTIrbs;RKab; ]³ sarFaturaraMgkñúgEpøeQImYy b¤karraraMgRKab; b¤Tb;
dMNuHBnøkRKab;. emIl Dormancy, chemical -, Inhibitor, Leaching.
Inhibitor: sarFaturaraMg
smasFatuKImIEdlraraMg b¤Tb;dMNuHRKab; ]³ coumarin and abscitic acid (ABA): kUm:arIn nig
Gab;suITikGasuId. emIl Dormancy, chemical -, Inhibitor, Leaching.
Inoculation: karcak;cMlgGtisuxumR)aN¬pSit¦manRbeyaCn_
karbBa©ÚlGtisuxumR)aNmanRbeyaCn_mYy¬edayeRbIsMParHbBa©Úl ]³ ém:XWrIhSa(Mychorriza)
ér:hSÚb‘ÍeGom(Rhizobium) b¤eRhVnKIy:a(Frankia).
emIl Cross inoculation, Host specificity, Mycrosymbionts.
In-situ: enATIkEnøgkMeNIt/ kñúgtMbn;
enAnwgTIkEnøgkMeNItrbs;va. BaküpÞúy Ex-situ enAeRkATIkEnøgkMeNIt/ eRkAtMbn;.
emIl Gene conservation, Indigenous.
In-situ conditions: lkçxNÐenAkEnøgkMeNIt
bNþalkçxNÐEdlFnFanCInenTikmanenAkñúgRbB½n§brisßan nig C¿rkFmµCati ehIyebIkñúgkrNI
RbePTEdleKdaM b¤pSaMg enAkñúgbrievNCuMvij EdlBYkva)anvivDÆn_eTAlkçN³sm,tþiepSg.
emIl Adapted, Land race, Gene conservation.
In-situ conservation: karGPirkSkñúgtMbn;kMeNIt/ karGPirkSkñúgtMbn;FmµCati karGPirkSkñúgtMbn;
emIl Gene conservation.
Integument: Es,keRkA/ sMbkeRkA¬RKab;¦ GIunethÁüÚminþ
RsTab;Calikaman1b¤2RsTab;¬CaerOy²rlaycUlKña¦EdleRsabBIelIRbeTkarbs;GUvüÚlmYy.
enAeBlGUvüÚlTuM GuInethÁüÚminþvivtþeTACasMbkRKab;.
emIl Flower, Micropyle, Ovule, Ovule orientation, Pistil, Seed coat.
Inter-fertile:lT§PaBbgákMeNItCamYyKña
lT§PaBrbs;bNþaÉktþ³Gacbgáat;CamYyKña)an.
emIl Hybrid, Crossability, Self fertile, Species.
Intermediate (-seed):
Tak;TgeTAnwglT§PaBsþúkTuk RKab;BUCEdleKGacsMgYtdl;bnÞúksMeNImmYy dUcRbePTRKab;rwg k¾
b:uEnþgayxUcKuNPaBenAkñúgsItuNðPaBTabEdleKEtgeFVIcMeBaHRbePTRKab;rwg.
emIl OLDA, Orthodox seed, Recalcitrant seed, Chilling damage.
ISTA (International Seed Testing Association): smaKmBiesaFn_RKab;GnþrCati
CasmaKmGnþrCatiEdlecjc,ab; nigesckþIENnaMsMrab;bTdæanBiesaFn_RKab;BUCkñúgksikmµ sak
vb,kmµ nigRKab;BUCeQI. c,ab;nigesckþIENnaMEdl)anEktRmUv nigeFVI[Tan;sm½yRtUv)anecj
pSayerogral;3qñaMmþg. c,ab; ISTA RtUveKGnuvtþenATVIbGWru:b GaRhVik nigGasuI TnÞwmenaHk¾man
RbB½n§eTotxusKñabnþicRtUv)aneKeRbITVIbGaemrikxageCIg nigEpñkxøHénGaemrikxagt,Úg.
emIl AOSA, Seed testing.
Internode: Epñksac;¬EpñkenAcenøaHfñaMg¦
EpñkmYyénedImrbs;rukçCati EdlenAcenøaHfñaMg2. cMeBaHRbePTRsl; vasMedAeTAelIedImEdlx½NÐ
EckedayKMnYc2rbs;Emk.
emIl Cutting, Fox-tail, Nodal cutting, Node.
Interspecific hybrid: kUnkat;rvagRbePTBIrepSgKña
emIl Species hybrid.
Intraspecific hybrid: kUnkat;rvagRbePTdUcKña¬kñúgRkumBUC¦
emIl Hybrid.
Introgression (Introgressive hybridization): karraldalCIn¬karbgáat;raldal¦
karraldaledayFmµCatirbs;CInBIRbePTBUCb¤RkumBUCmYyeTAmYyepSgeTottamry³karbgáat;BUC
nigkarbgáat;RtLb;énbNþakUnkat;. RkumkUnkat;mYyGacCadMNak;kalmYyenAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH.
lT§plGacmanepSg²Kña taMgBIkareRCotcUlCInticrhUtdl;karbBa©ÚlKñaénRbePTBUCenH. CaeKal
karN_ karraldalCIn vaRbhak;RbEhleTAnwgkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ b:uEnþvaekIteLIgkñúgrvagRbePT.
emIl Backcrossing, Ecological niche, Gene flow, Hybrid, Hybrid swarm, Migration,
Species hybrid.
In-vitro: kareFVIBiesaFn_enAkñúgbnÞb;BiesaFn_
karBiBN_nakareFVIBiesaFn_segátdMeNIrkarCIvsaRsþEdleKGnuvtþenAkñúgbriFanTIBiesaFn_. Bakü
pÞúy In-vivo ¬kareFVIBiesaFn_enATIval¦.
emIl Tissue culture.
In-vivo: kareFVIBiesaFn_enATIval
karBiBN_nakareFVIBiesaFn_GegátdMeNIrkarCIvsaRsþEdleKGnuvtþemIlsarBagÁkaykMBugrs;Cak;
Esþg. BaküpÞúy In-vitro.
Involucre: tM)arsøwkfñaMgeRkampáa
fñaMgsøwk(whorl)1b¤eRcInéntM)arsøwkEdlenAeRkamnigCab;nwgpáamYyb¤cegáam
páa CYnkalvaeRsabxaEBl¬eksrjI¦ dUcCa páaém:sak;.
emIl Flower, Cupula
Isoenzyme: EGnEsmRsedogKña
emIl Isozyme
Isolation: kardak;[enAdac;BIeK/ PaBenAdac;q¶ayBIeK/ PaBenAÉeka
lkçxNÐmYyEdlkarBar b¤kMNt;RBMEdnkarbgáat;BUCenAkñúgcMeNamRkumBUC ]³PaBxusKñaén)atuPUt
viTüakñúgeBlevlaecjpáa PaBxusKñaénRkUm:UsUm ehIynigcMgay. cMeNHdwgsþIBIRbsiT§iPaBcMgay
eraylMGgmansarsMxan;kñúgkMNt;cMgay[enAdac;BIeKrbs;cMkarBUC. cMeBaHRbePTBUCEdleray
lMGgtamxül;lMGgenAeRkamxül; CaFmµtaeKminGacbM)at;va)aneT k¾b:uEnþCaerOy²karcMlg
lMGgenH eKGackat;bnßy)anedayeFVItMbn;RTnab;edImeQITb;lMGg. BaküenH k¾eRbIsMedAelI
lkçxNÐénkardak;páa[enAdac;q¶ayBIeK kMLúgeBlRtYtBinitükareraylMGg..
emIl Allopatric, Controlled pollination, Incompatibility, Migration, Pollen dilution
zone, Seed orchard, Sterility.
Isozyme = Isoenzyme: EGnEs‘mRsedogKña
TMrg;xus²KñaénEGnEs‘mdUcKñaGacbegáIteLIgedayLÚxwsepSg²b¤GaEllepSg²kñúgLÚxwsEtmYy.
kñúgkrNIcugeRkay eKGacehAvafa allozyme. CaTUeTA eKGacemIlvaeXIjkñúgrUbPaBCa TMhM
mU:lwxüÚl RTg;RTaynig bnÞúkGKÁIsnI.
emIl Allozyme, Allele, Electrophoresis, Enzyme, Fingerprint, Genetic marker, Linkage,
Locus, Marker.
J
Juvenile: ényuvPaB minTan;eBjv½y¬x©I¦

dMNak;kalenAekµg b¤minTan;eBjv½yrbs;edImeQImYy RkumBUC b¤kUneQIbNþúHmYy. Bakün½ypÞúy
eBjv½y(mature). dMNak;kalx©Irbs;edImeQI CaerOy²sMedAeTAelIdMNak;kalmunecjpáa. eK
k¾eRbIBaküenHenAkñúgbribTrUbsaRsþpgEdr dUcCasøwkx©I (juvenile leaves).
emIl Cyclophysis, Hedging, Juvenile selection, Juvenile-mature correlation, Mature,
Orthotopic growth, Rejuvenation, Plagiotropic growth, Topophysis.
Juvenile-mature correlation: TMnak;TMngényuvPaB¬PaBx©I¦nigeBjv½y
TMnak;TMngxagCInenTik b¤hVINwéfbénbNþalkçN³EdleKvaytMélenAdMNak;x©I CamYylkçN³
TaMgenaHEdlsMEdgenAGayueBjv½y. sMEdgecjmkCaemKuNTMnak;TMngrvagTinñn½yKU²Edlvas;
enAGayuepSg² Kña.
emIl Character, Correlation, Correlated response, Genetic correlation, Juvenile, Mature.
Juvenile selection: kareRCIserIsyuvPaB¬PaBenAx©I¦
kareRCIserIsBIéRBBUCminTan;eBjv½yedIm,Ikat;bnßycenøaHeBlrbs;CMnan;. kareRCIserIsyuvPaB
enH eKGackMNt;)an ebIsinmanTMnak;TMngyuvPaB-eBjv½yx<s;mYy.
emIl Advanced generation selection, Juvenile, Juvenile-mature correlation, Regression
system
K
Kernel: sac;RKab;
RbeTka(nucellus)rbs;GUvüÚlb¤RKab;mYy eBalKW sac;TaMgmUlenAkñúgsMbkRKab;. eKeRbIvaeRcIn
sMedAeTAelIrUbsaRsþrbs;RKab;kñúgcMeNamRbePTEpøRDUb¼PIrIn.
emIl Drupe, Pyrene
Kiln: LsMgYt
Ca]bkrN_sMgYtmYy EdlRbePTEpøeRbH nigekan RtUv)aneKdak;[x<s;CagsItuNðPaBbriyakas
edayeRbIRbPBkMedARBHGaTitüb¤sib,nimiµtedIm,IeFVI[vaeRbH. RbePTLEdleKeRbIeRcInbMput KWL
nwgmYykEnøg¬Gcl½t¦ nigLsÁrvil¬cl½t¦.
emIl Dehiscent, Equilibrium mosture content, Extraction, Scorching, Serotinous,
Tumbling.
L
Lag phase: eLhÁehVs dMNak;kalQb;RsUbTwk dMNak;kalEq¥tTwk dMNak;kals¶b;es¶óm
Tak;TgeTAnwgdMNuHRKab; dMNak;kal
eRkayBIRsUbTwk nigmunBnøkb¤slUt
ecjmk. kñúgdMNak;kalenH Kµanb¤
mankarRsUbTwktictYcbMput nigeXIj
Kµanb¤mansBaØavivDÆn_tictYcNas;.
emIl Imbibition, Germination,
Absorption.
Land race: BUCpSaMkñúgRsuk BUCEdl)anbnSaMkñúgRsuk¬BUCnaMcUlmkdaMGs;CaeRcInCMnan;mkehIy¦

RkumBUCmYyénbNþaÉktþ³Edl)anpSaMxøÜneTAbrisßanNamYyEdleK)andaMva.
emIl Acquired character, Adaptability, Exotic, Indigenous, Naturalization.
Latin square design: karerobbøg;CakaerLataMg 7 2 4 8 3 5 1 6
karerobcMbøg;daMBiesaFn_EdlkñúgenaH tMbn;daMsak 5 8 3 6 1 4 7 2
l,gRtUv)aneKEckCaCYrepþknigbBaÄrbegáIt)anCa 1 6 2 4 7 3 8 5
LÚt_KMrUragkaerkBa©b;RKab;nimYy²RtUv)an eKykeTA 2
6
7
3
5
7
1
2
6
4
8
1
4
5
3
8
daMkñúgLÚt_KMrUmYyenAtamCYr epþknigbBaÄrnimYy². 4 1 6 5 8 2 3 7
emIl Completely random design, Experimental 8 5 1 3 2 7 6 4
design, Lattice design, Randomized complete 3 4 8 7 5 6 2 1
block design, Split block design.
Lattice design (= balanced incomplete block dsign): 3 12 2 10 7 3

karerobcMbøg;BiesaFn_EdlkñúgbNþabøúkEdlmanTMhMb:unKñaRtUv 1 11 6 4 9 5
)anbegáIteLIg b:uEnþbøúknimYy²mancMnYnticCagcMnYnsrubrbs; 5 7 10 1 8 11
kBa©b;RKab;BUCEdlRtUvykmkdaMsakl,g. 10 12 9 4 1 6
emIl Completely random design, Experimental design, 5 2 6 7 11 2
Latin square design, Randomized complete block 4 8 3 12 9 8

design, Split block design.
Leaching: karlagCMrH
karbM)at;sarFatuKImIraraMgenAkñúgEpøb¤RKab;edaykarlagkñúgTwkhUr.
emIl Dormancy, chemical -, Inhibitor.
Legume : RbePTEpøeLhÁÚm
CaTUeTAmann½ysMedAeTAelIEpøeQIénGMbUr Leguminosae kñúgn½yenH Rbhak;RbEhlnwgRbePTEpø
“pod”. b:uEnþGMbUr Leguminosae k¾manEpøCaRbePT samGWra:(samara) b¤hVlixl(follicle).
BaküenHRtUv)anrkSaeRbIsMrab;RbePTEpøkñúgGMbUr Leguminosae eBalKW RbePTEpøs¶ÜtmanRKab;

eRcInEdlGaceRbH b¤mineRbH enAeBlTuM. emIl Pod, Dehiscence, Indehiscence.
Legume seed: RKab;énGMbUreLhÁÚmINUes RbePTRKab;eLhÁÚm
RKab;rbs;rukçCatiGMbUr Leguminosae.
CaerOy² RKab;enHrwg nigminRCabTwkeT.
sMbkRKab;pSMeLIgBI3RsTab;xusKñaEdl
RsTab; 2xageRkA³ cuticle nig palisade
eFVImin[TwkRCabTwk nigkarBarmin[hYt
Twkecj. emIl Dormancy, physical -,
Hard seed, Legume, Light line.
Lethal gene: CInsøab;
CInmYyEdl eBlvasMEdgecjmk KWvasøab; ]³ eLIgBN_s (albinism).
emIl Dominance, Recessive, Mutation.
Light line: bnÞHbnÞat;esþIg
enAkñúgsMbkRKab;eLhÁÚm bnÞat;c,as;mYyGaceXIjkñúgEkvBRgIkelIRsTab; palisade. CaTUeTA
PaBminRCabTwk eKeCOfabNþalmkBIRsTab;ekasikaenAxageRkAbnÞHbnÞat;esþIgenH.
emIl Legume seed, Macrosclereids (= Palisade layer).
Line: BUCrkSasMrab;daM
RkumBUCmYyénrukçCatiEdlbNþúHBIRKab;EdlkñúgenaHbMErbMrYl¬nanaPaB¦CInenTikRtUv)aneKRtYt
Binitü ehIyÉksNæanenHRtUv)anEfrkSaTukCaKMrUmYysmRsbsMrab;daMduH. ]³ BUCmanBIkMeNIt
(inbred lines), BUCpSMb¤sMeyaK (composite or synthetic), BUCkUnkat; (hybrid lines).
emIl Homozygote, Inbreeding, Inbred line, Pure line, Self-pollination.
Linkage: karCab;Tak;Tg TMnak;TMng jatisnþan RsLay
karrYmcMENkkñúglkçN³énmrtk edaysarCInrbs;vasßitkñúgPaBCajatisnþanenAelIRkUm:UsUmEt
mYy. vamanRkumTak;TgKñaeRcIndUcnwgKURkUm:UsUmEdr. karmanTMnak;TMngKña KWkMrnwgcb;Nas; eBal
KWkarpSMCafµIénbNþalkçN³Tak;TgKñaGacnwgekIteLIgedaysarEtkarpøas;bþÚrKña (crossing over)
rvagRkUmWTIdrbs;RkUm:UsUmhUm:ULÚhÁenAkñúgdMeNIrkarém:GUsuIs.
emIl Chromosome, Correlation, Crossing over, Genetic correlation, Locus, Meiosis,
Homologous chromosome, Recombination.
Local seed source: RbPBRKab;BUCenAkñúgRsuk
RbPBRKab;BUCEdlmanedImkMeNItenATIkEnøgNamYyEdlkUneQIduHlUtlas;enATIenaH eBalKWCa
BUCenAkñúgPUmisaRsþRsukenaH. tMbn;RbmUlRKab;BUCrbs;va CaFmµta eK)ankMNt;edayeFVIBiesaFn_
dUcCakñúgry³cMgayNamYy b¤ ry³kMBs;énTIkEnøgdaM¬cMkar¦.
emIl Geographic race, Provenance, Race, Seed collection zone, Seed source.
Loculus (locule): ft/ bnÞb;tUc² ¬rn§/ Rbehag¦
ft¬bnÞb;tUc¦rbs;GUvWrI b¤kBa©úMlMGg. CaTIkEnøgEdlxapl;¬carpels-eksrjItUc²¦CaeRcInpÁúMKña
begáItCaeksrjIsmasmYy xapl;TaMgenHGacbegáItCafttUc²(locules)dac;BIKña b¤ftFMmYy
(unilocular). emIl Compound pistil, Fruit, Placenta.
Locus (pl. loci): LÚxws/ Ggát;CIn

TItaMgEdlkan;kab;edayCInmYyenAelIRkUm:UsUmmYy¬TItaMgEdlCInmYysßitenAelIRkUm:UsUmmYy¦.
bNþaGaEllrbs;CInmYykan;kab;Ggát;CIn¬LÚxws¦dUcKñaenAelIRkUm:UsUmhUm:ULÚhÁ.
emIl Allele, Chromosome, Gene.
Longevity, seed -: GayuEvg rs;)anyUr
Cary³eBlrbs;RKab;GacrkSaCIvit)an kñúgenAeRkamlkçxNÐsþúkTukmYyEdleKkMNt;. CaerOy²
n½ydUc storability ¬lT§PaBsþúkTuk¦.
emIl Viability, Ageing, Recalcitrant seed, Orthodox seed
Lowest Safe Moisture Content (LSMC): bnÞúksMeNImsuvtßiPaBGb,brma
CakMritbnÞúksMeNImmYyEdlTabCagRKab;BUCeTIbRbmUlmkRss;² RtUvsøab; kalNaeKsMgYtva
TabCagbnÞúksMeNImsuvtßiPaBenH. BaküenHdUcKñanwg Critical Moisture Content (CMC).
emIl OLDA, Intermediate (seed), Recalcitrant.
M
Macerate: eFVI[Tn;¼RCay RtaMbMEbksac;Tn;
eFVI[Tn;edaykarRtaMvaenAkñúgvtßúrav edayeRbIkMedA b¤mineRbIkMedA. eFVI[dac;swk b¤bMEbkecjEpñk
Tn;² edaykarRtaM. emIl Depulping, Fleshy fruits.
Macropropagation: karbNþúHkUneQI¬BUC¦BIsrIragÁlUtlas;¬FM²¦
karbNþúHkUneQIBIsrIragÁlUtlas;edaykat;Emk pSaMEmk bMe)A b¤k¾EpñksrIragÁFM²epSgeTotrbs;
rukçCatixusBIkar bNþúHkUneQIBICalika (micropropagation or tissue culture).
emIl Micropropagation, Tissue culture, Vegetative propagation.
Macrosclereids (=palisade cells): ekasikam:aRkUEsárId ekasikapalIesd
CaRsTab;mYyénekasikalUtbBaÄrEkgeTAnwgépÞsMbkRKab;.
emIl Legume seed, Palisade cell, Light line, Impermeability.
Major genes: CInsMxan; CInkMNt;
bNþaCInEdlrYmcMENkmYyPaKFMdl;lkçN³Edl)ansMEdgecjmk EdlmanTak;Tgnwg\T§iBl
brisßan nigktþaERbRbYlepSg²eTot.
emIl Gene, Gene frequency, Genotype- environment interaction.
Marcotting: karpSaMEmkeQI
emIl Air layering.
Marker: lkçN³sMKal;
lkçN³b¤CInmYy edayGaRs½yvamanlkçN³TMnak;TMngKña eKGaceRbIedIm,Icg¥úlR)ab;BIvtþmanrbs;
CInepSg²eTot.
emIl Fingerprint, DNA marker, Genetic marker, Isozyme, Linkage.
Mass propagation: karbNþúH¬plit¦kUneQIeRcIn b¤CaRTg;RTayFM
karbNþúHkUneQICaRTg;RTayFMBIBUCeQIbegáInKuNPaBrYcehIy¬bgáat;BUCrYc¦sMrab;daMCacMkar¬RbePT
BUCplitsac;eQI¦. CaFmµta karbNþúHkUneQIedImpSaMRTg;RTayFM¬eRcIn¦ eKeRbIviFIkat;Emk.
emIl Breeding strategy, Breeding plan, Forest tree improvement, Tissue culture,
Mass selection: kareRCIserIsBUCTUeTA
kareRbIR)as;RKab;BUCrbs;Éktþ³EdleK)aneRCIserIshVINwéfbrYmmYyBIRkumBUCFMCagmYy bnÞab;mk
begáInva[eRcIn. RkumBUCFMCagenHpþl;nUvjatixag)a ehIykareRCIserIsenHminTan;bgáat;Kñamun
eRbIR)as;RKab;eT. dUcenH RKab;RbEhleKRbmUlBICMerIsedImemenAkñúgéRBBUCmYy ehIyeRbIkñúg
kardaMCalkçN³BaNiC¢kmµ b¤sMrab;daMbegáItcMkarBUC (seedling seed orchard). dMeNIrkarenH
RbEhleKeFVIRcMEdl²Gs;CaeRcInCMnan;bnþKña. b:uEnþ cUrsegátfa karRbmUlRKab;BUCBIcMkarBUCGn;
¬min sÁal;RbPB¦ KWCakareRCIserIsRtLb;eRkay¬minl¥¦.
emIl Family selection, Individual selection, Recurent selection, Rogueing, Seed
orchard.
Masting: karecjEpøeRcIn
Bakün½yxagbrisßanEdleKeRbIedIm,IBiBN_naBIyuT§saRsþrbs;RbePTrukçCatimYycMnYnkñúgkarplit
plRKab;)aneRcInenAkñúgcenøaHeBlEvgmYy ]³ RbePT dipterocarps nig araucarias.
emIl Flowering, Gregarious flowering, Phenology, Seed year.
Mast year (= seed year): qñaMEpøeRcIn
qñaMmYyEdlsMbUrplEpø¼RKab;eRcIn. emIl Masting, Seed crop, Periodicity.
Mating: karbgáat;BUC karbnþBUC
emIl Controlled pollination, Cross, Mating design.
Mating design: karerobcMpÁÚrpÁg b¤bgáat;BUC
KMrU¬RbePT¦énkareraylMGgekIteLIgrvagÉktþ³. KMrUenHRtUv)aneKBiBN_na dUcCa kareraylMGg
edayécdnü/ kareraylMGgCaRbB½n§/ CaGaEll/ b¤eyaleTAtamPaBRsedogKñaénem)a. eKGac
cat;vaCaRkum Complete pedigree design¬karerobbøg;BgSvlIeBjelj¦ EdleKsÁal;c,as;
em)aTaMgsgxag b¤CaRkum Incomplete pedigree design¬karerobbøg;BgSvlImineBjelj¦
EdleKsÁal;EtrukçCatiemEtbu:eNÑaH.
emIl Controlled pollination, Diallel cross, Experimental design, Factorial design, Forest
tree breeding, Nested design, Polycross, Single pair mating.
Mature: eBjv½y PaBcas;TuM¬dMNak;kaleBjv½y¦
1>rukçCati³ dMNak;kalénÉktþ³eRkayBIqøgputBIPaBx©I CaerOy²mann½ydUcBakü Reproductive
age¬GayubnþBUC)an¦. BaküpÞúy Juvenile.
2>Epø³ dMNak;kalrbs;EpøeBlEdlRKab;eRtomxøÜnBRgay³ CaFmµtaEbbenH EtminCanic©kaleT
vaRtUvKña nwglT§PaBdMNuHrbs;RKab;. CaerOy² eKGacsMKal;)an ]³ karERbRbYlBN_ kars¶ÜtTwk
nigrcnasm<½n§EpørebIk.
3>RKab;³ RKab;EdlGacduHBnøk)an eRkayBIRbelHvaecjBIEpø nigGacbMEbkPaBsMgMva)an.
emIl Juvenile selection, Juvenile-mature correlation, Orthotropic growth, Plagiotropic
growth, Rejuvenation, Topophysis.
Maturity index (pl. Indices): snÞsSn_TuM
karERbRbYlrUbragrbs;Epø b¤RKab;EdlbgðajBIPaBeBjv½y ]³ karERbRbYlBN_ sMgYt kareRbH
karTn;RCayrbs;sac;Epø karecjkøin nigkareLIgrwgrbs;sMbkRKab;nigEGndUsW<m.
snÞsSn_TuMRtUv)an eKeRbIsMrab;kMNt; eBlevlaRbmUlRKab;. emIl Mature, Harvest.
Megaspores (macrospores): emhÁas½<r
1> Cas<½rmYyEdlekItecjBIekasikaemmYy (megasporocyte = megaspore mother cell) tam
)atuPUt ém:GUsuIs Edlvivtþn_eTACahÁamItfWhVItjI.
2> ekasikajIEdl)anplitmkkarEbgEckekasikaePT¬ém:GUsuIs¦ edIm,IkekItCafg;EGmRb‘Íy:U.
emIl Double fertilization, Gametes, Haploid, Meiosis.
Megastrobili: emhÁa®sþb‘ÍLay/ eksrjI
Meiosis: ém:y:UsuIs/ dMeNIrénkarplitekasikabnþBUC¬cMENkekasikabnþBUC¦
dMeNIrkarEdlekasikaDIpøGIutEbgEckedIm,IbegáItCaekasikahab;pøGuIt. dMeNIrkarenH rYmmankar
EckjÚexøós¬éNVy:U¦ Cab;KñaBIrdMNak; EdlcugeRkaybegáIteTACasu‘tb¤sW<m.
emIl Chromosome set, Crossing over, Diploid, Double fertilization, Gametes, Haploid,
Homologous chromosomes, Mitosis.
Mendel's principles: c,ab;EmnDl¬m:g;Edl¦/ eKalkarN_EmnDl¬m:g;Edl¦
karxusKñaxagtMNBUCmanÉktamUldæanBiessEdleKehAfaCIn. CInmanvtþmanCaKU² EdlCIn
nimYy² KWCaGaEllmYy. GaEllmYyGacmanlkçN³lb;elIGaEllmYyeTot. enAkñúgGMLúg
eBleFVIém:GUsuIs KUGaEllRtUvpþac;ecjBIKña. enAkñúgGMLúgeBleFVIkarbgákMeNItbNþaGaEllmk
BIxagemnigxag)aeFVIkarpÁú¿Kña. lT§plrbs;kUnbgðajBIGnu)atvinieyaKkmµ ¬karbMEbkxøÜn¦ cMeBaH
karpSMpÁúMlkçN³epSg²GaRs½yeTAtamc,ab;PvnIyPaB (probability) edaysarEtGaEllvini
eyaKnimYy²RtUv)anEckrMElkedayécdnüeTA[hÁamItmYy ehIyÉkraCüBIbNþaCInd¾éTeTot nig
eday sarEtsu‘tnigsW<m pÁú¿Kñaedayécdnü.
emIl Allele, Chromosome, Dominance, Fertilization, Gametes, Gene, Genotype,
Phenotype, Simple Mendelian inheritance, Recessive.
Meristem: EmrIEsÞm³ CalikalUtlas; b¤EpñklUtlas;srIragÁrukçCati¬cugb¤s b¤RtYy¦
CalikaEdlTak;TgCaBiessnwgkarbegáItekasikafµIedaykarbMEbk ]TahrN_ dUcCaCalikaenA kMBUl
cugénsrIragÁlUtlas; (apical meristem)nigbnÞHCalikaenAxageRkamsMbkrukçCati(cambium).
emIl Apical meristem, Cambium, Mitosis.
Meristem culture: karbNþúHEmrIEsÞm¬CalikalUtlas;¦ karbNþúHsrIragÁlUtlas;
karbNþúHCalikalUtlas;Edl)ankat;mk dak;enAelIsarFatuciBa©wmsmRsbmYyenAeRkamlkç
xNÐnib,Útikar¬EdlKµanemeraK¦. emIl Aseptic culture, Explant, Meristem,
Micropropagation, Tissue culture, Vegetative propagation.
Mesocarp: emsWxab
RsTab;kNþalrbs;ePrIxab Casac;rbs;Epøeb‘rI nigRDUb.
emIl Drupe, Endocarp, Fruit, Pericarp.
Metabolism: emfabUlIswm¬emtabUlIs¦
karpøas;bþÚrKImIenAkñúgekasikamYyEdlpþl;famBlEdlrukçCatib¤stVRtUvkar.
emIl Fermentation, Respiration.
Metaxenia: emfasIuny:a/ RbsiT§iPaBlMGg
emIl Xenia.
Micropropagation: karbNþúHkUneQIBIekasika
karbNþúH¬kUn¦rukçCatiecjBIEpñktUc²bMputrbs;rukçCati Calika b¤ ekasikaEdleKbNþúHenAkñúgbMBg;
sak b¤ ]bkrN_epSg²EdlKµanemeraK ehIybriyakasnigsarFatuciBa©wmenAkñúgenaHRtUv)anRtYt
Binitüy:agditdl;bMput. CaerOy²BaküenH eKeRbImann½ydUcnwgBakü tissue culture.
emIl Aseptic culture, Explant, Macropropagation, Plantlet, Tissue culture, Vegetative
propagation.
Micropyle: mIRkUéPl rn§mIRkUéPl

CakarebIkcMhmYyEPøtenAEs,keRkArbs;GUvüÚl Edltamrn§enaH RKab;lMGg b¤bMBg;lMGgqøgkat;
eTAdl;fg;EGmRb‘Íy:U. enAelIRKab;TuM mIRkUéPl CYnkaleKGaceXIjhak;dUcCarn§mYyenAelIsMbk
RKab;. RKab;EdlplitecjBI GUvüÚlQr mIRkUéPlnigéhlwmenAq¶ayBIKña plitecjBIGUvüÚl páab;
vaenACitKña plitecjBIGUvüÚlepþk vaenAminq¶ay BIKñab:unµaneT. ra:Dixlrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:U Canic©kal
RbQmmuxnwgmIRkUéPl.
emIl Flower, Ovule orientation, Pistil, Seed.
Microspores: ém:RkUs<½r
ekasikaeQµalEdlplitedaykarbMEbkekasikaePT¬ém:GUsuIs¦ ehIykøayeTACaRKab;lMGg.
emIl Double fertilization, Gametes, Haploid, Meiosis, Pollen.
Microsporophyl: ém:RkUs<½rr:UPIl TMrsrIragÁbnþBUCeQµal
CasøwkkøaymYyEdlRTsrIragÁbnþBUCeQµal. BYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit tMNagedayeksreQµal cMeBaH
rukçCati gymnosperm vij tMNagCaRskaénRsþÚébéLeQµal¬ekaneQµal¦.
emIl Cone, Flower, Strobilus.
Microsymbionts: GtisuxumR)aN¬rs;enACamYyrukçCati¦manRbeyaCn_
GtisuxumR)aNEdlrs;CamYyKñay:agCitsñit¬rs;enACamYyKña-symbiosis¦CamYyrukçCatipþl;C¿rk.
GtisuxumR)aNmanRbeyaCn_ KWCaRbePTpSitém:XIrIhSa(mycorrhiza) RbePTér:hSÚEb‘(rhizobia)
nigeRhVnKIy:a(frankia). emIl Cross inoculation group, Inoculation, Host specificity,
Mycorrhiza, Frankia, Rhizobia.
Migration: eTsnþrRbevsn_/ dMeNIrpøas;TIkEnøg
clnarbs;CIntamry³lMGg RKab; b¤ rukçCatiBIRkumBUCmYy¬nirRbevsnþ¦ cUlRkumBUCmYyeTot
¬GenþaRbevsn_¦énRbePTBUCEtmYy. dMeNIrpøas;TIkEnøgrYmcMENkEkERbRhIVxVInsuICInrbs;kUneFob
eTAnwgCMnan;rbs;em)a. emIl Evolution, Gene flow, Gene frequency, Introgression, Isolation,
Pollen dilution zone.
Milky: dUcTwkedaHeKa minføa s²
Minimum Viable Population = MVP: RkumEdlGacrs;enA)anGb,brma
TMhMénRkumBUCmYyEdlvaminGacrkSaesßrPaBkMritrbs;vaenAeRkamb¤ekIneLIghYsBIenH b:uEnþvanwg
kan;EtFøak;cuH nig)at;bg;Etmþg edaysarEtb¤mYykarbnþBUCminRKb;RKan; b¤mYyehtubc©½yCInenTik
énkarbgáat;kñúg. emIl Inbreeding, Population.
Mitosis: ém:tUsuIs¬mItUs¦
karbMEbkFmµtaénjÚexøós¬éNVy:U¦mYy eTACakUnsñÚl2dUcKñaebHbiT edaysardMeNIkarmYyén kar
cMlgnignigbMEbkRkUm:UsUm. emIl Meiosis, Nucleus, Vegetative cells
Moisture content (m.c): bnÞúksMeNIm

brimaNCatiTwkmanenAkñúgsarFatumYy ]³ sac;eQI dI b¤RKab;BUC. vaCaTMgn;rbs;sMeNIm KitCa
PaKryénTMgn;hYtkñúgLkMedArbs;vtßúenaH¬KittamTMgn;hYt¦ b¤kñúgkrNICaRKab; nigEpø KitCa°
énTMgn;Rss;rbs;vtßúenH rYmTaMgTwk ¬Kittam {TMgn;esIm} b¤ {TMgn;Rss;}¦.
emIl Calibration, Critical moisture content, Equilibrium moisture content, Oven-dry,
Processing, Moisture-meter, Seed testing.
Moisture meter: Em:Rtvas;sMeNIm ]bkrN_vas;sMeNIm
]bkrN_sMrab;vas;)anrh½snUvbnÞúksMeNImrbs;RKab;edaymincaM)ac;sMgYt. ]bkrN_enHvas;tam
ry³KuNPaBGKÁIsnIénCalikaRKab;EdlTak;TgnwgbnÞúkrbs;Twk¬bnÞúksMeNIm¦. Rbdab;vas;sMeNIm
RtUv)aneKRkit sMrab;RbePTBUCnimYy²eTAtamviFIbTdæanénrgVas;bnÞúksMeNIm eBalKW LkMedA.
emIl Calibration, Oven dry, Moisture content.
Molecular marker: ]bkrN_sMKal;m:UlwxüÚl
emIl Genetic marker.
Monocarpy: BYkrukçCatimanpáa b¤EpøEtmþgsøab;
Monoclinous = Hermaphroditic = bisexual: manePT2rYmKña eTVePT
Monocotyledon: m:UNUxtTIlIdwn¬m:UNUkUTIeLdug¦
Gnufñak;(subclass)rbs;BYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit EdllkçN³rbs;va mankUTIeldnEtmYykñúgEGmRb‘Íy:U.
vaxusEbøkBIédxttWlIdwn nUvlkçN³rUbmYycMnYn dUcCarcnasm<½n§ søwk b¤s nigedIm. rukçCatiBYkm:UNU
xtTIlIdwnEdlmansac;eQI KWman b¤sSI epþA nigBYktalRBwkS(palm). emIl Angiosperms.
Monoecious: EdlmanpáajI nigeQµalenAelIedImEtmYy
RbePTmYyEdlmansrIragÁePTeQµal nigjIenAdac;edayELkBIKñaenAelIedImEtmYy. Bakün½y
pÞúy Dioecious ¬edImjI b¤edImeQµal¦. emIl Bisexual, Dicliny.
Morphology: rUbsaRsþ
TMrg; nigrcnasm<½n§xagkñúg nigxageRkATaMgmUlrbs;rukçCati srIragÁ Calika b¤ekasika k¾dUcCakar
sikSaBITMrg; nigrcnasm<½n§enHEdr rYmmanxYbCIvitrbs;sarBagÁkay. CaerOy² rUbsaRsþxagkñúg
eKsÁal;faCakayviPaKviTüa. TidæPaBmuxgarrbs;rcnasm<½n§ KWCaTidæPaBmYyénsrIr³viTüa CaCag
n½yxagrUbsaRsþ. emIl Phenotype, Physiology character, Taxon.
Mould: pSit
pSitEdlbegáItmIEselom(mycelium)b¤m:as;s<½renAelIépÞEdlvars;enA ]³ pSitRbePT mucor
nig penicillium.
Multi-locular: bnþúMbnÞb;eksrjI BhubnÞb;eksrjI
GUvWrIEdlmanbnÞb;eRcIn. EpøeQIEdlmanbnÞb;eRcIn KWekIteLIgBIeksrjItUc²eRcInrlaycUlKña
EdlKµankarvivtþn_CBa¢aMgx½NÐrvagxapl;¬eksrjItUc²¦nimYy²eT.
emIl Capsules, Compound pistil, Loculus, Placenta.
Multiple alleles: BhuGaEll/ GaElleRcIn
es‘rI¬Rkum¦mYyénGaEllrbs;CInBiessNamYy.
emIl Additive genes, Allele, Locus, Epistasis, Gene.
Multiple fruit: BhuEpø
CaEpøsmasEdlpÁúMeLIgBIÉktþ³EpøeRcIn
enAkñúgkenSampáamYyEdlGacrlay
cUlKña b¤dac;BIKñab:uEnþenACab;Kña ]³
RbePT Casuarina ¬Epøs¶Üt¦
nig Arthocarpus ¬Epøsac;¦.
Bakün½ypÞúy Simple fruit EpøeTal.
emIl Aggregate fruit.
Mutagen: Pñak;gareFVI[ERbRbYltMNBUC
Pñak;garmYyEdlbNþal[RhIVxVInsuIkarERbRbYlekIneLIg. Pñak;enHmandUcCakaMrsµIeGLicRtUem:ej:
TikrlkxøI¬]³karsayrsµIGal;RtaévGwELt/kaMrsµIGuikSnigkaMrsµIxs;sµik¦karsayBnøWPaKl¥itéGGWn
¬GuIy:ug¦ ¬PaKl¥itGal;hVab¤Eb‘ta¦ nigsarFatuKImI¬]³ GasIudnIRTic nig proflavine¦Edlman
RbtikmµCamYyjÚexøóéfd.
emIl Evolution, Mutation, Recessive.
Mutation: karERbRbYltBUC karpøas;bþÚr brivtþn_
karERbRbYlsYrBUCmYyenAkñúgsmasPaBCInenTik CaerOy² eKeXIjfavaxusBIhVINwéfbrbs;CIdUn
CIta. ebIsinRkUm:UsUmmYyERbRbYl RbePTénkarERbRbYlenH KWbBa¢ak;famankarpøas;bþÚrkñúgrcna
sm<½n§¬GVIEdlEbøk¦b¤cMnYn. eTaHCa karERbRbYlmanminjwkjab; ehIyCaFmµtaEtgGn;exSaynig
minl¥ karERbRbYlTaMgenH KWCaFatuénkarvivtþn_ nigCYnkalCakarbgáat;BUC. Éktþ³b¤EpñkEdl)an
ERbRbYlmYy eKsÁal;faCabrivtþn_b¤brivtþrUb¬karERbRbYl¦. edaysarEt GRtasymÖÚtERbRbYl
enHmankMritTab Pñak;garxageRkAeFVI[ERbRbYl dUcCa kaMrsµIGuikS b¤sarFatuKImI RtUv)aneKeRbIeFVI[
va ERbRbYl.
emIl Chromosome, Evolution, Gene, Genotype, Linkage, Mendel’s principles,
Mutagen, Polyploid, Recombination.
MVP = Minimum Viable Population: RkumBUC b¤éRBpþl;BUCGb,brmaEdlGacrs;)an
Mycorrhiza: ém:XWrIhSa/ pSitbJsrukçCati
(Myco = fungus pSit/ rhiza = root bJs = pSitrs;enACamYyb¤srukçCati¦³ pSitEdlrs;enACa
mYyb¤srukçCatiedaybþÚrCIvrs;KñaeTAvijeTAmk. pSitpþl;[rukçCatinUvsarFatuEr:ciBa©wm nigTTYl)an
mkvijnUvsár nigsmasFatusrIragÁepSg².
emIl Mycrosymbiont, Inoculation, Rhizobium, Frankia.
N
Naked stratification: kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;kñúgTIRtCak;
kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;kñúgTIRtCak;edaymineRbIsarFatuciBa©wmpÞúksMeNIm.
emIl Dormancy, embryo -, Dormancy, secondary -, Pre-treatment, Stratification.
Native: énRsukkMeNIt/ BIkMeNIt
emIl Indigenous.
Naturalization: FmµCatinIy_kmµ/ karpSaMeTACaBUCéRBFmµCati
rukçCatiEdl)annaMcUl nigdaM )anrIkraldalBItMbn;EdleKdaMcUleTATIéRB BYkvaraldal nigbegáIt
kUnecAedaybnþBUCtamFmµCati. Bakün½ypÞúy Domestication ¬karnaMmkdaMpSaMkñúgRsuk¦.
emIl Exotic, Indigenous, Land race, Provenance.
Natural selection: CeRmIsedayFmµCati
kMlaMgEdleFVI[Éktþ³mYycMnYnenAkñúgRkumBUCmYypþl;kUnecA¬nigCIn¦eRcInCagGñkepSgkñúgCMnan;
bnþbnÞab; ehIynaMeTArkkarERbRbYlsmasPaBCInenTikrbs;RkumBUCenARKaenaH.
emIl Evolution, Fitness, Genetic drift.
Necrosis: dMe)ArlYyénCalika dMe)A
karsøab;énEpñkmYyrbs;rukçCati.
emIl Abnormal seedling.
Negative correlation: karCab;Tak;TgKñaCaGviC¢man/ TMnak;TMngGviC¢man
emIl Correlation.
Neighbourhood: PaBCaGñkCitxag/ jatiCitxag
GnutMbn;mYyénRkumBUCkñúgPUmisaRsþmYyEdlmanÉktþ³Edl³
1> Gacbgáat;Kña)antamFmµCati b¤
2> RbEhlCab;Tak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmk¬Casac;jati¦
emIl Inbreeding, Sub-population.
Nested design (hierarchical mating design): karerobbøg;bgáat;BUCtamviFIsMbuk
karerobcMeRKagkarN_bgáat;BUCvgSRtkUleBjeljEdlkñúgenaH bNþaRkuménem)arbs;ePTmçag
¬kñúgkrNIrukçCati]Peta-exÞIyePTRtUveRCIserIsTukCamun¦RtUv)anbgáat;CamYysmaCikrbs;ePT
epSg. dUecñH kUnenHRtUv)anpSMeLIgBIRKYsarjatisuT§Edlmanem)aTaMgsgxagrYmKña ehIyRKYsar
jatimçagEdlmanemb¤)amYyrYmKña.
emIl Complete pedigree design, Controlled pollination, Diallel cross, Factorial design,
Incomplete pedigree design, Mating design, Single-pair mating.
Nodal cutting: karkat;Bk fñaMg EPñk

karkat;EpñktUcmYyrbs;edImEdlmansøwk1 nigcMBamBnøkRtYymYy eBalKW1fñaMg.
emIl Cutting, Node, Internode
Node: fñaMg EPñk
cMNucmYyrbs;edImEdlmansøwkmYyb¤eRcInduHecjBIcMNucenH. cMeBaH
edImcas; CaFmµtafñaMgEbgEckeXIjc,as;edaymansac;fñaMglUtEvgenA
eBllUtlas;. cMeBaHrukçCatisøwkm¢úl fñaMgsMedAeTAelIEmkfñaMg²Edlman
søwkduHecjmk. emIl Cutting, Fox-tail, Internode, Nodal cutting.
Non-native: minEmnCaedImkMeNIt/ minEmnkñúgRsuk
emIl Exotic.
Nucellus: jÚEslLws RbeTka
enAkñúgGUvüÚlénBYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit CalikaenAkñúgEpñkkNþalrbs;GUvüÚlxagkñúgGuInethÁüÚminþ Edl
man fg;EGmRb‘Íy:Ubgáb;enAkñúgenaH. enAeBlkMBugeLIgcas; CaFmµta RbeTkaRtUv)anRsUbGs; b:uEnþ
manRbePTBUCxøHvivtþn_eTACaCalikabMrugmYy ruMB½T§edayEGndUsW<m. RbeTkamankMeNItBIekasikaem
TaMgRsug dUecñHvaCaDIpøGuIt. emIl Albumen, Embryo sac, Endosperm, Female gametophyte,
Gametophyte.
Nucleic acid: jÚexøókGasIud¬GasuItnuyekøGiuc¦
manGasuId2RbePT dUcCa DNA nig RNA. BYkvabegáIteLIgBIRcvak;Evgénm:UlwxüÚlEdleK
ehAfa jÚexøóéfd. emIl DNA, Protein synthesis.
Nucleotide: jÚekøGUéfd ¬nuyekøGUTIt¦
karbegáIteLIgnUvbøúk DNA nig RNA. jÚexøóéfdnimYy²pSMeLIgBIhVÚsehVt¬hVÚsVat¦ sár nig
ebs¬)as-base¦mYy kñúgcMeNamebs4³ GaedéNn(adenine), saytUsuIn(cytosine), hÁ½nIn
(gaunine) nigsaymIn(thymine) ¬yUra:suIl¬Gu‘yra:suIl-uracil¦enAkñúg RNA¦. lMdab;
tMerobrbs;ebs KWCamUldæanrbs;XUdCInenTik eBalKWkarbegáItRbUFIn.
emIl Cell, DNA, Genetic code, Nucleic acid, Protein synthesis, RNA.
Nucleus, pl. nuclei: jÚexøós¬éNVy:U nysþi/ RKab;/ sñÚl¦/Bhuvcn³ jÚexøGay
CaEpñkmYyrbs;ekasikaEdlmansarFatuCInenTik. jÚexøósmanRkUm:UsUm jÚexøóLWs (nucleolus)
nigjÚexøópøaswm(nucleoplasm). vaEckdac;KñaBI éstUpøaswm edayPñasjÚexøEG‘¬jÚexøós¦.
emIl Cell, Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Double fertilization, Mitosis.
Nut: RbePTEpøNat;/ RKab;
EpøEdlekItecjxapl;¬eksrjI¦elIsBI1 EtkñúgenaH
manGUvüÚl1b¤BIrbIRtUvxUc¬rlUt¦ bnSl;[EpømanEtRKab;
BIrbIb:ueNÑaH. EpøNat;manePrIxabrwg nigRKab;mansMbk
esþIgNas;. ]³ RbePT Quercus nig dipterocarps.
emIl Abortion, Dry fruits.
O
Oblong: ragEvg/ RTEvg
Odour or fragrance: Biedar/ køinRkGUb
OLDA (Orthodox with Limited Desiccation Ability): RbePTRKab;s¶ÜtEdlkarsMgYtmankMrit

RbePTmYyénRKab;EdllkçN³sþúkTukrbs;va enAcenøaHkNþalrvagRbePTRKab;s¶Üt(orthodox-
GUsWdukS) nigRKab;esIm(recalcitrant-rIxal;suItRtwnþ).
emIl Critical moisture content, Intermediate (seed), Orthodox, Recalcitrant.
Open pollination mating: karbgáat;eraylMGgesrI
eRKagkarN_bgáat;vgSRtkUlmineBjeljEdlkñúgenaHRKab;RtUv)aneKRbmUlBIedImemEdlKµanBt’
manGMBIRbPBlMGg. dUcCaviFIsakl,gkUnEdr vaGacpþl;Bt_manGMBIlT§PaBpSMTUeTArbs;RKab;
em)a.
emIl Combining ability, Cross-pollination, Mating design, Progeny test, Random
mating, Wind pollination.
Operculum: snÞHKMrbrn§ KMrb snÞH
Carcnasm<½n§{KMrb}b¤}mYk}rbs;RbePTEpøExbs‘ul nigsMbukeksreQµal.
emIl Capsule.
Orang utan: sVaGUr:an;GUtan;
Orbicular: mUlsMEb:t/ CargVg;
Orchid: RbePTrukçCatiGUXId¬GUKIed¦
Origin: edImkMeNIt
cMeBaHRbePTBUCkñúgRsuk edImkMeNItKWCakEnøgEdledImeQIkMBugduH (=provenance). cMeBaH
RbePTBUCminEmnkñúgRsuk edImkMeNItKWCakEnøgEdlRKab;BUC b¤rukçCatiRtUv)annaMmkBIkEnøgenaH.
emIl Indigenous, Provenance, Seed Source, Source identified seed.
Ortet: edImemsMrab;xøÚnplitkUneQI
edImemEdleKGacplitkUnxøÚn.
emIl Clone, Ramet, Vegetative propagation.
Orthodox: GUsWdukS RbePTRKab;s¶Üt RbePTRKab;Fmµta RbePTRKab;rwg
BaküenH eKeRbIsMrab;sMKal;RKab;EdleKGacsMgYtbnÞúksMeNImrbs;va[cuHdl;RbEhl5° ehIy
GacsþúkTukvaenAkñúgsItuNðPaBTab b¤eRkamsUnü)anry³eBlEvg. tamBit RKab;RbePTs¶ÜtenH
sþitkñúgPaBs¶Üt nigRtCak; )atuPUtemfabUlIswmminekIteLIgeT b:uEnþRKab;GacnwgxUc)anedayPaB
eLIgcas; dUecñHTIbMput vaRtUv)at;bg;CIvit. Bakün½ypÞúy Recalcitrant ¬RbePTRKab;esIm¦.
emIl Ageing, Intermediate (seed), Metabolism, OLDA, Temperate recalcitrant.
Orthotropic growth: karlUtlas;Rtg;eTAelI
CasßanPaBEdlRtYylUtlas;duHeLIgRtg;eTAelI.
Bakün½ypÞúy Plagiotropic growth ¬karlUt
las;eRTt¦.
emIl Coppice shoots, Hedging, Juvenile,
Mature, Plagiotropic growth, Reiteration,
Orthotropous (=atropous): EdlQrRtg;eTAelI

Tisrbs;GUvüÚlEdlGUvüÚlvivtþn_eTAkñúgsßanPaBRtg;eTAelIecjBIpøaesnfa (placenta) ehtuenH
ehIy éhlwm nigmIRkUéPlsßitenAcugmçageToténRKab;enH.
emIl Anatropuos, Campylotropous, Ovule orientation.
Osteoclereids: PñaskNþalénsMbkRKab;eLhÁÚm(Legume)
RsTab;mYyénekasikaÉkeTskmµenAcenøaHekasika macrosclereids nig parenchyma enA
kñúgsMbkRKab;eLhÁÚm.
emIl Macrosclereids, Legume seed.
Outbreeding (= outcrossing): karbgáat;lMGgmkBIeRkA¬jatisnþanq¶ay¦
karplitkUnedaykarrlaycUlKñaénhÁamItEdlCab;sac;jatiq¶ay. Bakün½ypÞúy Inbreeding.
emIl Incompatibility, Dioecious, Dichogamy, Self incompatibility.
Outcross: karbgáat;lMGgmkBIeRkA¬jatisnþanq¶ay¦
emIl Outbreeding
Ovary: GUvWrI¬GUEv¦
CaEpñkmYyéneksrjIEdlpÞúkGUvüÚlmYy b¤eRcIn ehIyenAeBlTuM begáItCaEpø b¤ePrIxab.
emIl Ovule, Pistil
Oven-dry: LsMgYtRKab;
Tak;TgeTAnwgbnÞúksMeNIm manviFIsaRsþbTdæan¬KMrU¦ ISTA/AOSA kñúgkarsMgYtRKab;enA103
GgSaEslesos¬es¦ kñúgry³eBl24em:ag edIm,I[dwgsMrkTMgn; EdlCakarcg¥úlbgðajBIbnÞúk
sMeNImrbs;RKab;.
emIl Calibration, Moisture content, Moisture meter.
Ovulate: beBa©jbu)aöNÐ ecjGUvüÚl
manEtBYkrukçCatiEdlmanRKab;b:ueNÑaH. GaceRbI)ancMeBaHpáaeTal b¤®sþÚébéL(strobili) b¤rukçCati
jIénBYkrukçCatimansrIragÁePTdac;BIKña.
emIl Dioecious, Flower, Pistillate, Staminate.
Ovule: GUvüÚl GUvul
ekasikasu‘tbUkCamYyekasikaKYbpSMEdlvivtþn_eTACaRKab;eRkayBIbgákMeNItrYc.
emIl Embryo sac, Fertilisation, Ovary, Pistil.
Ovule orientation: TisGUvüÚl
CasßanPaBrbs;GUvüÚlenAkñúgGUvWrI EdlGacQrRtg;eTAelI¬eKehA orthotropous) GacbRBa¢as
TiscuH EdlmIRkUéPlRbQmmuxnwgpøaesnfa¬Tgsuk¦ ¬Anatropous¦ b¤GacbegáItCamuMmYyCa
mYypøaesnfa¬campylotropous¦. TisGUvüÚl eKGacemIleXIjenAelIRKab; CaTItaMgrbs;mIRkU
éPleFobeTA nwgcMNucéhlwm (hilum) nig xaLahSa (chalaza).
emIl Ovule, Placenta.
Ovuliferous scale: RskaGUvüÚl

CaRskaEdlRTGUvüÚlenAkñúgekanénBYkrukçCatisøwkm¢úl¬pÞúynwgRskatM)arsøwk¦.
emIl Bract, Ovule, Cone.
P
Palisade cell = Macrosclereids: ekasikapalIesd
Panicle: cegáam KYr Cacegáam
emIl Inflorescence.
Panmixis: karbgáat;edayécdnü
emIl Random mating
Parameter: para:em:fW ¬)a:r:aEm:t¦
CatMélmYyGacERbRbYlb¤efr EdleRbIedIm,Ierobrab;BIlkçxNÐmYytamKNitviTüa. karpøas;bþÚr
tMélrbs;vibriNamPaB¬PaBGacERbRbYl)an¦nwgeFVI[lkçxNÐpøas;bþÚr.
emIl Character, Variation.
Parasite: para:sayþ¬)a:r:asuIt¦
CasarBagÁkaymYyEdlrs;enAelIsarBagÁkaymanCIvitmYyeTot.
Parenchyma: ekasikapaer:nXIm:a
ekasikars;EtminbMEbk¬duH¦eT. enAkñúgsMbkRKab; RsTab;mYyén paer:nXIm:a CaerOy² enACan;
xageRkaménekasikasMbkRKab;rwg.
emIl Legume seed.
Parthenocarpy: karmanEpøKµanRKab;xagkñúg
karvivDÆn_énEpømYyEdlKµanRKab;manCIvit. EpøRbEhlCaKµanRKab;b¤mYymanRKab;KµanEGmRb‘Íy:U.
vaGacbNþalmkBI kareraylMGgxus b¤karbgákMeNItxus b¤karvivDÆn_minRbRktIrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:U.
emIl Empty seed, Fertilization, Incompatibility, Pollination, Sterility.
Parthenogenesis: karbnþBUCKµankarbgákMeNIt
karbnþBUCecjBIsu‘tKµankarbgákMeNIt CaRbePTmYyénkarbnþBUCKµanePT¬apomixis-karbnþBUC
KµankarbgákMeNIt¦. EGmRb‘Íy:Urbs;GacmanRkUm:UsUm hab;pøGuIt b¤DIpøGuIt.
emIl Apomixis, Diploid, Fertilization, Haploid.
Partial diallel: karbgáat;BUCrkSaTukédGwEllxøH/ karbgáat;édGwElledayEpñk
édGwEllmYy EdlÉktþ³ GMbUr b¤RbePTénGMbUrNamYyGac)at;. enAkñúgRbePTNamYyénkar
bgáat;GtþsBaØaNTaMgrbs;RKab;niglMGgem)a RtUv)anrkSaTuksMrab;GMbUrnimYy².
emIl Diallel cross
Pathogen: FatubgáCMgW GtisuxumR)aNbgáCMgW
GtisuxumR)aNbgá[manCMgW dUcCa )ak;FIerol pSit b¤évrws b:uEnþminEmnCastVl¥iteT.
emIl Pathology, Phytosanitary, Seed transmtted pathogen, Seed borne pathogen.
Pathology, seed -: eraKsaRsþRKab;
viTüasaRsþEdlsikSaGMBICMgWrbs;RKab; b¤RKab;ekItCMgW.
emIl Health, Pathogen, Phytosanitary.
Peak germination: cMNucdMNuHx<s; b¤eRcInbMput
CaBaküTUlaymYyEdleKBiBN_naGMBIcMNuceBlEdlGRtadMNuHduHx<s;bMput.
emIl Germination energy.
Peat: l,ab;Pk;)atbwg rukçCatiBuk¬sMrab;eFVICI¦
sarFatu¬emeDom¦srIragÁsMrab;daMeQI EdlplitecjBIl,ab;Pk; b¤Pk;)atbwg. l,ab;Pk;enHman
lT§PaBrkSasMeNIm)anyUr. eKk¾eRbIsMrab;dak; Rhizobium sMrab;dak;enAkEnøgepSgpgEdr.
emIl Husk, Water holding capacity.
Pedicel: Tgpáa¬Cab;TMrpáa¦
CaTgpáanimYy² enAkñúgpáacegáammYy.
emIl Inflorescence, Flower, Fruit, Peduncle.
Pedigree: BgSavlI
RbvtþiBUCBgS eBalKWRbvtþiCInenTikrbs;Éktþ³mYy.
emIl Complete pedigree design, Incomplete pedigree design.
Peduncle: TgFMrbs;páa b¤EpøeQI
CaTgG½kSFMrbs;páacegáam b¤ kñúgkrNIpáaeTal CaTgpáab¤TgEpø.
emIl Inflorescence, Pedicel, Fruit.
Pelleting: karsUnRKab;
CadMeNIrkarEdlRKab;BUCnimYy²RtUv)aneKeRsabsarFatus¥itEdlmanpÞúk ]³ sarFatuciBa©wm kar
bBa©ÚlGtisuxumR)aNmanRbeyaCn_ nig¼b¤fñaMBul. GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßménkarsUnRKab;enH KWCYy
sMrYldl;karsab¼daMtamemxanik edaysarkarsUnenH eFVI[TMhMRKab;FMbnþicnigmanTMhMesÞIrEtesµI
Kña. emIl Inoculation, Pre-treatment.
Penatration:karTMlaycUl RCabcUl eRCotcUl
Perfect flower: páaeBjelj páa\tex©aH
Capáarbs;BYkrukçCatiRKab;CitEdlmaneksreQµal nigeksrjI. Bakün½ypÞúy Imperfect flower.
emIl Complete flower, Flower, Hermaphrodite.
Perianth: Rtbk¬páa¦
CaBakümann½yRbmUlpþúM sMedAeTAelIEpñkxageRkArbs;páa rYmman³ Rtbkpáa nigRsTab;páa. Ca
FmµtaBaküenH eKeRbIsMedARbePTBUCEdlmankarxusKñabnþicbnþÜcenAkñúgRtbkpáa nigRsTab;páa.
emIl Flower, Calyx, Corolla.
Pericarp: sMbkEpø/ ePrIxab
CBa¢aMg¬sMbk¦rbs;GUvWrITuM eBalKWsMbkEpø. RbePTBUCxøHmansMbkEpøEtmYyCan; EtRbePTxøHeTot
pSMeLIgBI3RsTab;xusKña KW exocarp¬RsTab;eRkA¦, mesocarp¬RsTab;kNþal¦ nig endocarp
¬RsTab;kñúg¦. emIl Drupe, Fruit.
Perigyny: eksrjIenAkNþalTMrpáa
RbePTmYyénpáa EdlkñúgenaH TMrpáaruMB½T§EpñkxøHrbs;eksrjI ]³ RbePTyUxalIbtwsPaKeRcIn.
emIl Epigyny, Hypogyny, Flower, Receptacle.
Periodicity: PaBeTogeBlkMNt; xYbecjEpø¬KitCaqñaM¦

ninñakarrbs;bNþaÉktþ³ edImBUCb¤RbePTBUC plitplRKab;enAry³eBlmYyEvg b:uEnþ CaerOy²
mancenøaHeBleTogTat;Evg b¤xøIb:ueNÑaH ]³ RbePTBUC DIepÞr:UkabPaKeRcIn. rdUvEpøenH Tak;Tgy:ag
xøaMgnwgkarecjpáaeRcInnigeRcInbMput. rdUvEpøbgðajBIcenøaHeBlmYy¬KitCaqñaM¦rvagqñaMEdlman
Epøl¥¬b¤ekan¦. eRbobeFobn½y Seasonality¬rdUvkalEpø¦
emIl Flowering period, Masting, Phenology, Seed year, seed crop.
Periphysis: bMErbMrYlkarlUtlas;
karERbRbYlTMlab;lUtlas;rbs;srIragÁlUtlas;edaysarEtedImkMeNItrbs;vamkBIbrisßanepSg
dUcCamøb;nigsøwkRtUvkarBnøWéf¶.
emIl Cyclophysis, Hedging, Plagiotropic growth, Topophysis, Vegetative propagation.
Perisperm: CalikabMrugePrIsW<m
RbTab;mYyénCalikaGaharbMrugEdlmanRbPBBIekasikaem DIpøGuIt ekItecjBIRbeTka ehIyCa
erOy²enAB½T§CuMvijEGndUsW<m. CaFmµta vaRtUv)anRsUbGs; munnwgEpøeLIgcas;eBjv½y b:uEnþbegáIt
CaCalikabMrugcMeBaHBUCxøH ]³ Caryophyllaceae.
emIl Endosperm, Albumen, Female gamethophyte, Nucellus, Seed.
Perlite: PWéLt emeDomsMrab;daM sarFatusMrab;daM
CasarFatuGsrIragÁ sMrab;daMEdlRsalbMput plitecjBIkMEGPñMePøIg. vamansmtßPaBrkSasMeNIm
)anl¥Nas;. eKeRbIvamanCaGaT× edIm,IEklMGkarecjcUlxül;rbs;emeDomsMrab;daM.
emIl Husk, Peat, Water holding capacity.
Permeable: EdlRCabTwk GacRCabcUl)an
karGnuBaØat[qøgkat;nUvm:UlWxüÚlmanclna ]³ ]sµ½n GgÁFaturav. sMbkRKab;GacRCab)an kal
NaTwkRtUv)anRsUb ehIyRKab;Ck;Twk. r)aMgraraMgmYy GacraraMgkarRCabxøH b¤raraMgsarFatumYy
cMnYn eRBaHfar)aMgenHGnuBaØat[qøgkat;Etm:UlWxüÚltUc² ]³ sMBt;b:UlIeGTIELn(polyethylene)
EdlGacRCabEt]sµ½n b:uEnþminGacRCabTwk)aneT. Bakün½ypÞúy Impermeable: minRCabTwk.
emIl Absorption, Hard seed, Semi-permeable.
Pest: CMgWqøg
kñúgenHmann½yfasarBagÁkayNaEdleFVIRKab;xUc edaysarkarqøg ]³stVl¥it b¤GtisuxumR)aN.
emIl Pathogen.
Petal: RsTab;páa
Phenology: )atuPUtviTüa
karsikSaGMBITMnak;TMngrvagkarvivDÆn_rbs;rukçCatinigkarpøas;bþÚrGakasFatutamrdUv dUcCasItuNð
PaB b¤ry³eBlBnøWéf¶ CaBiessdUcCakarpøas;bþÚrCH\Ti§Bldl;)atuPUtrdUvdUcCaecjsøwk ecjpáa
nigPaBRkaMg.
emIl Flowering period, Flower initiation, Periodicity, Pheno-period, Seasonality.
Pheno-period: ry³eBl¬efrevla¦én)atuPUt
CaBakübRgYjén phonological period eBalKW ry³eBléndMNak;kal)atuPUtmYy ]³ dMNak;
páa. emIl Flowering, Fruiting, Phenology, Seasonality.
Phenotype: hVINwéfb¬epNUTIb¦
rukçCati b¤lkçN³EdleyIgeXIjva sPaB karBiBN_na b¤kMriténkarsMEdgecjrbs;lkçN³mYy
lT§plénGnþrGMeBIrbs;CInnanarbs;sarBagÁkaymYy¬CInNwéfb¦CamYybrisßan. hVINwéfb
BiBN_naBIÉktþ³mYy KWeKBicarNaelIkarsMEdgecjlkçN³srubrbs;;Éktþ³enaH. hVINwéfb
RsedogKñaminCaeTogfa bgáat;BUCdUcKñaenaHeT.
emIl Character, Genotype, Genotype-environment interaction, Heritability, Morphology.
Phenotypic plasticity: PaBERbRbYllkçN³
kMritEdlevTyitPaB¬PaBgayrg\T§iBl¦mancMeBaHkarpøas;bþÚrbrisßan xusEbøkKñakñúgcMeNamCIn
Nwéfb.
emIl Genotype-environment interaction.
Physiological character: lkçN³srIr³
lkçN³mYyEdlTak;TgdMeNIrkarCIvitrbs;sarBagÁkaymYy mantYnaTImYypÞúyBITMrg; b¤rcna
sm<½n§. CaerOy² vaminGacvinicä½y)aneT elIkElgEtkarsMEdgecjrbs;va ]³ GRtalUtlas; b¤
PaBFn;nwgC¿gWNamYy. emIl Character, Morphology, Selection criteria.
Physiological maturity: PaBeBjv½jxagsrIr³
Bakün½yTUeTAmYysMedAelIdMNak;kalxYbCIvitrbs;RKab;mYy enAeBlEdlkarvivtþn_rbs;vacb;sBV
RKb; ehIysmasFatuKImICIvsaRsþcaM)ac;sMrab;dMeNIrkarxagsrIr³GacmanskmµPaB b¤eRtomman
skmµPaB. emIl Mature, Maturity index.
Phytochrome: CatiBN_RbtikmµCamYyBnøW
CatiBN_RbUFInmYyEdlCab;Tak;TgnwgRbtikmµBnøW ]³ BnøWdas;[ecjdMNuH. CatiBN_RbtikmµBnøW
man2RbePT P nig P EdlGacpøas;bþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmk eTACaRbePTNamYy edaysar\T§iBl
r fr
rbs;BnøW. P RsUbykkaMrsµIRkhm EdleFVI[vaERbeTACa P ehIy P RsUbykkaMrsµIRkhmEvg

r fr fr
(far-red)k¾ERbeTACa P . emIl Dormancy, Photo-, Dormancy, secondary-.

r
Phytosanitary (phyto = plant rukçCati , sanitary = cleaning sMGat): PUtRKamGnam½y

BakümYyEdleRbIsMedAelIlkçxNÐénskþanuBlcMlgeraKBIRKab;BUC.
emIl Health test, Pathogen, Quarantine.
Phytosanitary Certificate (= Health Certificate): viBaØabnb½RtPUtKamGnam½y
viBaØabnb½RtEdlecj[ bgðajBIlT§plénkarsakl,g edIm,I[dwgfaRKab;BUCb¤rukçCatiKµaneday
CMgW b¤sarBagÁkayEdleKmincg;[varIkraleTARbeTsepSgeTot. eKGacGnuBaØat[)an kñúgkrNI
dak;va[dac;q¶ayBIeK b¤sMGatemeraKvarYc. emIl Certified, Forest reproductive material.
Phytotoxic: EdlBuldl;rukçCati
smasFatumYyEdlBuldl;CalikarukçCati. eKeRbIsMedAelI ]³ \T§iBlrbs;fñaMBul.
emIl Seed treatment.
Pioneer species: RbePT¬BUC¦rukçCatiQanmux RbePT¬BUC¦éRBdMbUg
CaBakün½yxagbrisßanEdlTak;TgnwgRkumRbePTEdlduHCaGaNaniKmrukçCatimuneKelIdIval ehIy
cab;epþImekItCaéRBdMbUg. CaFmµta éRBQanmuxenHeRkaymk RtUvCMnYsedayRbePTéRBeRsag
¬FM¦. RbePTQanmux KWmanlkçN³lUtlas;elOn GayubnþBUCxøI karplitRKab;BUCtUc²nigeRcIn
ehIyCaFmµta gaybnþBUC edayExñg. Bakün½ypÞúy Climax species.
Pistil: eksrjI
srIragÁEdlpÞúkGUvüÚlénBYkrukçCatiRKab;CitEdl
pSMeLIgBI GUvüÚl bMBg;ésÞl (style) nigsÞihÁm:a
(stigma). eksrjIGacmanEtmYy ehAfa
eksrjIeTal¬Fmµta¦b¤manxapl;eRcInehAfa
eksrjIsmas. emIl Carpel, Compound
pistil, Flower,Fruit, Gynoecium, Simple fruit.
Relationship between ovary and fruit
TMnak;TMngrvagGUvWrInigEpø
Pistillate: manEteksrjI
manEtsrIragÁjIEtbu:eNÑaH. BaküenHGaceRbI cMeBaHpáaeTal b¤páakenSam b¤cMeBaHrukçCatiEdlman
ePTEtmYyénBYk angiosperm¬rukçCatiRKab;Cit¦. eksrjIRbmUlpþúM eKehAfakBa©úMeksrjI
(gynoecium). emIl Monoecious, Dioecious, Flower, Ovulate, Steminate.
Placenta: pøaesnfa
srIragÁEdlpÞúk¬P¢ab;¦GUvüÚlenAkñúgGUvWrImYy CaerOy² enAtamEKménsøwkeksrjI. edaysarEt
karvivtþn_bRgYjeksrjIenaH RbePTpøaesnfaCaeRcIn)anekIteLIg ]³ pøaesntaenA)at pøaesnta
enAEKm nigenAkNþal EdlGacenAbnÞb;mYyb¤eRcIn. emIl Loculus, Ovule orientation.
Plagiotropic growth: karlUtlas;eTATisepþk b¤eRTt

sßanPaBrbs;rukçCatiEdledImrbs;valUtlas;mineTAelItamFmµta KWvalUtlas;dUcCaEmkeTAxag.
Bakün½ypÞúy Orthotropic growth ¬karlUtlas;eTAelIRtg;¦. emIl Hedging, Juvenile,
Mature, Orthotopic growth, Topophysis, Vegetative propagation.
Plant breeding: karbgáat;rukçCati
karbegáInKuNPaBénkarbNþúHrukçCatimYytamry³kareRCIserIs nigkarbNþúHmankarRtYtBinitü ]³
karbgáat;Kña.
emIl Genetic gain, Forest tree breeding, Forest tree improvement, Mating design.
Plantlet: kUnrukçCatitUc
kUnrukçCatitUcEdl)anmkBIkarbNþúHecjBICalika (micropropagation/tissue culture).
emIl Micropropagation, Tissue culture, Vegetative propagation.
Pleurogram = pleurogramme: sñameCIgRkckesH
ExSbnÞat;mYymanragdUceCIgRkckesH Edl
eXIjc,as;enAelIRKab;RbePTeLhÁÚm(legume)
]³ RbePTBUC acacias nig albizias.
emIl Legume seed.
Plot: LÚt_KMrU
RkummYyénedImeQIrbs;GMbUr edImkMeNIt b¤
RbePTBUCmYy EdlERbRbYleTAtamTMhMBI1edIm
¬LÚt_manedImeQI1edIm¦rhUtdl;CaeRcInryedIm¬LÚt_manedImeQIeRcInedIm¦EdleKcat;TukfaCa
ÉktamYy enAkñúgkardaMsakl,genATIval.
emIl Block, Experimental design, Mating design, Replicate.
Plumule: PøÚmüÚl BnøkRtYy
CaRtYyrbs;EGmRb‘ÍyU:EdlecjBIeGBixkFwl(epicotyl). enAkñúgRKab; dicotyledon vasþitenA
cenøaHxtTIlIdwn(cotyledon). emIl Embryo.
Plus: l¥ viC¢man
karelceLIglkçN³l¥elImFüm. BaküenH RtUveKeRbIsMrab;BiBN_nahVINwéfbrbs;éRBeQI¬éRB
eQIviC¢man¦ nigedImeQIEtmYy¬edImviC¢man¦. lkçN³l¥elIseK RtUv)aneKbBa¢ak; eBalKW
viC¢man¬l¥¦xagmaDKuNPaB Fn;nwgCMgW b¤karpSMeLIgrbs;lkçN³.
emIl Comparison or check tree, Elite tree, Phenotype, Select superior or plus tree,
Superior.
Plus stand: éRBBUCviC¢man
éRBeQImYyEdlmanedImeQIEdlpÞúk]tþmanuPaBénhVINwéfbl¥² edaymincaM)ac;manedImviC¢man
eT. emIl Plus, Seed production area, Select, Superior or plus tree.
Pod: RbePTEpøepad
CaRbePTEpøs¶ÜteRbHb¤mineRbHxagkñúgman1RKab;b¤eRcInRKab; EdlekIt
ecjBIxapl;eTal¬eksrjI1¦.vaRsedogKñanwgRbePTEpøhVlixlEdr
b:uEnþxusEbøkRtg;kEnøgeRbHsMbktambeNþayTaMgsgxag. vaCaRbePT
EpømanPaKeRcIkñúgGMbUr Lguminosae. eKk¾eXIjmanxøHenAkñúgGMbUr Sterculiaceae.
emIl Legume, Dry fruits, Dehiscence.
Polarity: karrkSaTis
lkçxNÐEdlEpñknanarbs;rukçCatirkSaTiskñúglMhrbs;va enAeBlEdlvaduHbMEbkecjBIedImem.
)atuPUt enHmansarsMxan;Nas; kñúgkargarbNþúHkUneQIedaykat;Emk nigpSaMEmk.
emIl Distal, Proximal.
Pollen: lMGg
s<½rtUc²(microspores)rbs;rukçCatimanRKab; EdlplitcMnYny:ageRcInenAkñúgEpñkeQµalrbs;páa
¬kBa©úMeksreQµal¦b¤ strobili. RbePTBUCeraylMGgtamxül; manlkçN³plitlMGgeRcInnig
Rsal¬rukçCatisøwkm¢úlCaFmµtalMGgvamansøab¦. RbePTeraylMGgtamstV CaFmµtalMGgvaman
Catis¥itm:üag. emIlrUbbEnßmenATMB½r 176. emIl Anthesis, Fertilisation. Anther, Double
fertilization, Flower, Microspores, Pollen vector, Pollination.
Pollen chamber: bnÞb;lMGg
enAkñúgRbePTrukçCatiRKab;Rsat kMlaymYyéncug megasporangiumEdlTTYllMGg ehIyenA
kñúgenaHlMGgenAsMgMrhUtdl;mankarbgákMeNItekIteLIg. emIlrUbenATMB½r178.
emIl Fertilisation.
Pollen dilution zone: tMbn;karBarcMlglMGg
CatMbn;myY EdlB½TC§ vMu ji cMkarBUC nigéRBBUCEdledIménRbePTenHduHenAkñúgcMkarBUC b¤éRBBUC ehIy
Gacbgáat;CamYyRbePTBUCenH RtUv)ankab;ecaledIm,IkarBaredImBUCBILÚkLMCamYylMGgmkBIeRkA.
emIl Background pollination, Buffer area, Isolation, Mating design, Migration, Seed
orchard, Open pollinated mating, Seed production area, Wind pollination.
Pollen tube: bMBg;lMGg

EpñkmYydUcbMBg;EdlduHecjmkBIRKab;lMGg. cMeBaHBYkrukçCaRKab;Cit lMGgecjBnøkenAelI
sÞihÁm:a(stigma) ehIylUtcUltambMBg;GUvWrI(style)rhUtCYbnwgGUvüÚl. cMeBaHBYkrukçCatiRKab;
Rsat lMGgecjBnøkenAelIkMBUlrbs;GUvüÚl. emIl Duoble fertilization, Fertilization.
Pollen vector: evkF½rlMGg ¬viucT½rlMGg¦/ meFüa)aybBa¢ÚnlMGg
Pñak;garb¤meFüa)aybBa¢Únb¤BaMnaMlMGgBIpáaeQµal b¤BI strobili eQµaleTA[páajIb¤ strobili jI
]³ xül; Twk stVBahn³ bkSI stVl¥it. karcMlglMGgtamstV CaFmµta eKehAvafa Pollinator
¬stVnaMlMGg¦. emIl Pollination, Wind pollination.
Pollination: kareraylMGg
karTMlak;xøÜnrbs;lMGgenAelIEpñkTTYlrbs;páajI. cMeBaHRbePTrukçCatiRKab;Cit EpñkenHCaépÞ
rbs;sÞihÁm:a cMeBaHRbePTrukçCatiRKab;Rsat KWCacugGUvüÚl.
emIl Controlled pollination, Double fertilization, Fertilization, Pistillate, Pollen vector,
Receptivity.
Pollination droplet: dMNk;TwktUc²sMrab;eraylMGg
CadMNk;tUcmYyénvtßúravEdlecjBIrn§mIRkUéPlrbs;BYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat (Gymnosperm) enA
eBleraylMGg tYnaTIrbs;dMNk;TwkenH KWedIm,Icab;yklMGg ehIybnÞab;mk k¾bgðÜtTwkedIm,I
TajlMGgenHcUleTA kñúgbnÞb;rg;caMrbs;lMGg. emIl Pollen tube.
Pollinator (= Pollination agent): stVnaMlMGg/ stVcMlglMGg
CasarBagÁkaymanCIvitmYyEdlCYyepÞr b¤bBa¢ÚnlMGg ]³ stVl¥it bkSI b¤Rbecov.
emIl Pollen vector.
Polycross (pollen mix) design: karerobcMeRKagkarN_bgáat;CamYylMGgcMruH
karerobcMeRKagkarN_bgáat;vgSRtkUlmineBjelj EdlkñúgenaH edImjInimYy²RtUvbgáat;CamYy
lMGgcMruH Edl)anmkBIedImmYycMnYn. GtþsBaØaNeKGacrkSa)anEtedImem. CaTUeTA lMGgCa
eRcInRtUv)anlaybBa©ÚlKña edIm,IFanafa edImemTaMgGs;)anTTYlykKMrUlMGgBItMNagedImeQµal
epSg². l,aylMGgGacykeTAerayedaysib,nimitþeTAelIedImemnimYy² b¤kareRCIserIsenH
GacerayxøÜnÉgedaycMhtamFmµCati nigedayécdnüenAkñúgbøúkenAdac;BIeKÉg¬cMkarBUCdaM¦. tam
ry³kareFVIBiesaFn_ eKGacvaytMélBIsmtßPaBbgáat;KñaTUeTAkñúgcMeNamedImeQµal-jI EdleK
)aneRCIserIs. emIl Combining ability, Controlled pollination, Mating design, Open
pollinated mating, Polycross test, Progeny test, Topcross test.
Polyembryology:viTüasaRsþGMBIBhuRPÚNa¬BhuEGmRb‘Íy:U¦
Polyembryony: BhuRPÚNa ¬BhuEGmRb‘Íy:U¦
- karplitEGmRb‘Íy:UBIr b¤eRcInecjBIGUvüÚl1 nigenAkñúgRKab;1 ¬CIvsaRsþRKab;BUC¦.
- karbegáItEGmRb‘Íy:UelIsBImYyenAkñúgGUvüÚlmYy ¬suvuDÆikmµedImeQI¦.
emIl Double fertilization, Fertilization, Flower, Seed, Embryo.
Polygenes: \T§iBlBhuCIn
CInminGaEllnwgKñaCaeRcIn TaMgGs;man\T§iBleTAelIlkçN³EtmYy nigman\Ti§BlbEnßmRbhak;
RbEhl (polymeric systems). emIl Additive genes, Epistasis, Multiple alleles.
Polymeric systems: \T§iBlBhuCIn
emIl Polygenes.
Polyploid: BhupøGuIt
maneRcInCag2dgéncMnYnmUldæan n énRkUm:UsUmrbs;RbePTbuBVrukçkr¬BUCCIdUnCIta¦ enAkñúgekasika
lUtlas;rbs;va. ekasika Calika b¤saBagÁkaymYyEdlman3sMrab;(3n)eKehARTIpøGuIt nigman4
sMrab;(4n) ehAetRtapøGuIt. emIl Chromosome number, Diploid, Haploid.
Polythene = polyethylene : sarFatuplIhSúIn¬b:UlIeGTIELn¦¬sMBt;pøasÞic¦
CaGkSrkat;rbs;Bakü Polyethylene CasarFatumYyEdleKeRbIeFVICasMBt;pøasÞic nigfg;¬eRkom
Pasa polypot¦.
Pome: RbePTEpødUce)a:m
CaRbePTEpøeQImYymanRKab;eRcIn EdlekItecjBIeksrjIsmasEdl
bgáb;enAkñúgTMrpáaEdlmanragdUcEBgénRbePTpáa ePrICInnI(perigyny)
b¤bMBg;páaénRbePTpáaeGBiCInnI (epigyny)]³Epøe)a:m. emIl Epigyny,
Fleshy fruits,Receptacle.
Population: RkumBUC RkumdMNuHrukçCati
Gtßn½yxagCInenTik CaRkummYyénÉktþ³Rbhak;RbEhlKñaEdlCab;Tak;TgKñaBIkMeNIt ehIyman
RBMEdnkMNt;enAkñúgrgVg;ktþabrisßanb¤ktþaépÞkñúg RtUv)aneKcat;TukCaÉktþamYy. enAkñúgBYksarBagÁ
kaykUnkat; BaküRkumBUC CaerOy² eKkMNt;n½yvasMedAeTAelIRkumGnþrbgáat;¬bgáat;KñaeTAvij
eTAmk¦. emIl Cline, Ecosystem, Ecotype, Population structure, Stand, Variety.
Population genetics: karsikSaBICInRkumBUC
karsikSaBIcMnYnbMErbMrYl¬PaBxusKña¦nigr)ayrbs;CInenAkñúgRkumBUCb¤RbePTBUCmYy ehIynigktþa
Edlman\T§iBleTAelIBYkvaTaMgenH. emIl Gene frequency, Gene pool, Hardy-Weinberg
law, Quantitative genetics.
Population structure: rcnasm<½n§RkumBUC
karerobcMlMdab;énbMErbMrYlCInenTikenAkñúgnigkñúgrvag¬cMeNam¦RkumBUC.
emIl Gene frequency, Population genetics.
Positive correlation: TMnak;TMngviC¢man
emIl Correlation.
Pre-chilling: kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;kñúgTIRtCak;esIm kareFVIRbRBwtþRKab;bMEbkPaBsMgMkMedA
RbRBwtþkmµRtCak;esIm EdlRsedogKñanigkareFVI[cuHRtCak; b:uEnþeKGnuvtþCaBiesseTAelIRKab;sMgM
nigmanbMNgbMEbkPaBsMgMkMedA. emIl Chilling, Pre-treatment, Dormancy, thermo-,
Stratification.
Precocious germination: dMNuHRKab;munRCuH¬EpøBIedIm¦
dUcBakü Vivipary (Viviparous).
Precuring: karsMdilEpøeRkammøb;
karTukdak;Edl)aneRKagTuk nigeRbIxül;sMgYtyWt²enAeRkammøb; nUvEpøEdlmanRKab; edIm,Igay
RsYlRbelHRKab; nigeRkayBIbnÞúMRKab;rYc. emIl After-ripening.
Predation: karsuIedaystVl¥it
kareRbIR)as;sarBagÁkaymanCIvitmYy edaystVsuIGahar ]³ stVl¥itsuIRKab;. emIl Dispersal,
Pest.
Pre-treatment: RbRBwtþkmµ
RbePTNamYyénRbRBwtþkmµ Edl)aneFVIeTAelIRKab;edIm,IbMEbkPaBsMgM nigCMruj[dMNuHelOn. ]³
kardak;sMdilenAkEnøgRtCak; kareFVI[mansñameRbH kareFVI[cuHRtCak;. emIl After-ripening,
Priming, Treatment
PREVAC (Pressure-vacuum): karbnSútRKab;edayeRbIsMBaF
CaviFIsaRsþmYyénkarEjkRKab;EbkxUcecjBIRKab;l¥rbs;kBa©b;RKab;BUCmYy. RKab;s¶ÜtRtUv)aneK
dak;cUlkñúgTwkKµanxül;. enAeBlEdlsMBaFRtUv)anbn§Úr RKab;xUcRsUbTwkelOnCagRKab;l¥. kñúg
eBlenaH RKab;EbkxUc liceTA)at ehIyRKab;l¥¬minEbk¦GENþteLIg. emIl Empty seed,
Flotation, IDS.
Primary sample: KMrU¬)a:n;¦bzm
KMrU¬)a:n;¦mYycMnYntUcEdlykecjBITItaMgmYykEnøgrbs;kBa©b;RKab;BUC. KMrUbzmCaeRcInpSMKña )an
CaKMrUsmasmYy. emIl Sample, Working sample.
Priming (osmotic-): vIFIsaRsþRbRBwtþkmµGUsµÚt
CaviFIsaRsþRbRBwtþkmµmYyedIm,ICMruj[mandMNuHelOnnigRsuHKña. RKab;RtUv)aneKRtaMenAkñúgl,ay
ravmYy ]³ (polyethylene glycol (PEG), sár b¤GMbil¦EdlmanskþanuBlTwkticlµmkñúgkar
kMritnUvbnÞúksMeNImenARtwmkMritmYyEdleFVI[dMeNIrkardMNuHGaccab;epþImeLIg b:uEnþkarelonecj
rbs;r:aDixlRtUvraraMg. emIl Germination, Imbibition, Pre-treatment.
Processing (seed-): karsMGatRKab;
CaviFIsaRsþRbmUlTukdak;RKab;BUC taMgBIkarebHRbmUlrhUtdl;sþúkTuk CaFmµtaBaküenH eRbIsMedA
eTAelI kargarRbeLHRKab; sMGatRKab; nigsMgYtRKab;.
emIl Collection (seed-), Seed handling.
Procurement, seed-: lT§kmµRKab;BUC
CaviFIsaRsþGnuvtþénkarRbmUlTukdak;RKab;BUC taMgBIkarRbmUlRKab;rhUtdl;karsab rYmman viFI
saRsþRbmUl sMGat sþúkTuk nigRbRBwtþkmµ. emIl Seed handling.
Production population: karplitRkumBUC¬RKab;BUCb¤kUneQIxøÚn¦
emIl Propagation population.
Progeny: Offspring, Descendent: kUn¼ecA
emIl F 1, F2 , Progeny test.
Progeny test (trial): kardaMsakl,gkUn

karvaytMélem)a edayeFVIkareRbobeFobkarsMEdglkçN³rbs;kUnecABYkva. CaFmµta PaBRtwm
RtUvénkarvaytMél eKGacTTYl)an ebIsinkUnCaeRcInrbs;em)animYy² RtUv)aneFVIkarvaytMélenA
eRkamlkçxNÐmankarRtYtBinitüeRcInCaglkçx½NÐEdlem)arbs;vars;enA.eKcUlcitþbegáItlkçxNÐ
brisßan2b¤eRcInRbePTedIm,IsikSaGMBI GMbUr x GnþrGMeBIbrisßan. emIl Clonal test, Combining
ability, Genetic test, Progeny, Experimental design, Provenance trial.
duHkUneQIBIekasika/ ekItkUnecAeRcIn/ saykUn/ EpøeRcIn
Proliferate:
Propagation environment: brisßanduHlUtlas;

ktþabriyakas - BnøW
- sItuNðPaB
- karpøas;bþÚr]sµ½n³ GksIuECn xae)anédGuksay eGTIELn Twk
nigsMeNIm
ktþaCIvsaRsþ pSit nigstVl¥it
ktþadI - sItuNðPaB
- karpøas;bþÚr]sµ½n³ GksIuECn xae)anédGuksay eGTIELn Twk
- sarFatubNþúH b¤emeDom
- fasb¤fg;bNþúH
- CIEr:
ktþaCIvsaRsþ ém:RkUbér:hSÚEsV‘-pSitém:XWrIhSl )ak;FIerolmanRbeyaCn_.l.
pSit stVl¥it esµA
Propagation population = Production population: karplitRkumBUC¬RKab;BUCb¤kUneQIxøÚn¦
RkumBUCEdleKeRbIR)as;y:agRbwteRbotsMrab;plitRKab;BUCb¤kUnkøÚnsMrab;kmµviFIdaMéRBeLIgvij.
emIl Base population, Breeding population, Breeding strategy, Wood producing
population, Seed orchard.
Propagule: srIragÁsMrab;bNþúHkUneQI¬kUnxøÚn¦/ kUnxøÚntUc²¬EdlbMEbkecjBIKña¦
EpñkmYyrbs;rukçCati dUcCa BnøkRtYy kMBk b¤s b¤bMBg;Bnøk EdleKeRbIsMrab;bNþúHkUnÉktþ³mYy
tamsrIragÁlUtlas;¬kUnkøÚn¦. Bakün½ypÞúy Seed ¬RKab;¦.
emIl Asexual reproduction, Forest reproductive material, Germplasm, Vegetative
propagation.
Protandry (male-first): eksreQµaleraymun¬eksrjI¦/ Protandric (adj)
karbBa©b;énkarCMruHlMGgrbs;rukçCati b¤páamYy munkarcab;epþImTTYlyklMGgrbs;páajI enAelIedIm
eQIb¤páaEtmYy.
emIl Dichogamy, Monoecious, Protogyny, Receptivity.
Protein synthesis: karsMeyaKRbUFIn¬RbUetGuIn¦
dMeNIrkarKImICIvsaRsþEdlsarFatuCInenTikrbs;ekasikaRtUv)ansMEdgeLIg dUcCalMdab;tMerob
GamINUGasuIdrbs;RbUFInmYy. RbUFIn manRcvak;plIEBbéfdEdlbegáIteLIgBIGamINUGasIud 20
RbePTepSg²Kña. cMnYnlMdab;tMerob nigRbePT KWEbøk²KñacMeBaHRbUFInRbePTNamYy. lMdab;
tMerobGamINUGasuIdRtUv)ankMNt;edaylMdab;tMerob)asrbs; DNA tamry³dMeNIrkardUc xag
eRkamenH³
a) lMdab;ebsenHRtUv)ancMlg eTA[lMdab;ebs(base)b®gÁb;mYyrbs; mRNA naMsar.
b) mRNA naMsarpøas;TIeTAér:bWsUm¬rIbUsüÚm-ribosome¦EdlCakEnøgsMeyaKekIteLIg.
c) tRNA dwkCBa¢Úncab;ykGamINUGasuIdyfaRbePTenAcugmçag ehIycab;ykRTIblit(triplet-
ebs3dUcKña¦(anticodon) enAcugmçageTot.
d). anticodon cab;P¢ab;CamYy triplet¬codon)rbs; mRNA naMsar.
e). GamINUGasuIdnimYy²cab;P¢ab;Kña enAkñúgRcvakplIEBbéfdmYy
f). tRNA dwkCBa¢ÚnRtUv)anRbElg edIm,IeTAcab;ykGamINUGasuItesrIepSgeTot.
karpÁú¿ codon nig anticodon ehIynigkarP¢ab;GamINUGasuIdeTARcvak;plIEBbéfd eKehAfa kar
bkERb. emIl Cell, DNA, Gene, Genetic code.
Protogyny (female-first): eksrjIeraymun Protogynous (adj)
karbBa©b;nUvkarTTYlyklMGg muneBlkarcab;epþImerayrbs;lMGg enAelIedImeQIb¤páaEtmYy.
emIl Dichogamy, Monoecious, Protandry, Receptivity.
Provenance: edImkMeNIt
1> RbPBPUmisaRsþedImkMeNItrbs;RKab;BUC lMGg b¤EmkpSaM. kñúgkarbgáat;BUCedImeQIéRB Ca
Fmµta BaküenHeRbIsMedAeTAelIRbPBedImkMeNItrbs;RkumBUCmYy. enAeBlEdlRkumBUCmYy
RtUv)annaMecjBIRbPBkMeNItrbs;va ehIyykeTAdaMenAkEnøgNamYyGs;CaeRcInCMnan; Bakü
enHsMedAeTAelIBUCpSaMkñúgRsuk (Land race).
2> CaTIkEnøgmYyEdlkñúgenaHmanedImeQIBUC¬éRBBUC¦kMBugduH. éRBBUCenHGacCaRbePTkñúgRsuk
b¤minEmnkñúgRsuk¬eyagtamcMNuc1¦.
emIl Geographic race, Land race, Local seed source, Origin, Provenance trials.
Provenance resource stand: RbPBéRBBUCedImkMeNIt
cMkaréRBdaMmYyEdleKsÁal;RbPBkMeNIt nigmUldæanCInenTikcMruH¬TUlay¦ RBMRbTl;éncMkareK
dak;sBaØasMKal;enATIval ehIykt;RtaenAelIEpnTIpøÚvkar ehIyEdleKGaceRbIsMrab;kareRCIserIs
edImviC¢man karRbmUlRKab;BUC karGPirkSRbPBkMeNIt.l.
emIl Breeding arboretum, Clonal bank, Gene conservation, Seed production area,
Provenance.
Provenance trial (test): karsakl,g¬daM¦RbPBkMeNIt
kareRbobeFobEdl)aneRKagkarN_daMy:agp¢itp¢g;mYy nUvKMrURkumBUCmkBIedImeQImYyRkum¬b¤ TaMg
Gs;¦énBUCmYyRbePT. eKGacbegáIttMbn;daMsakl,genAkñúgbrisßan2 b¤eRcInRbePT edIm,IGac
vaytMélBI RbPBkMeNIt x GnþrGMeBIbrisßan.
emIl Experimental design, Progeny test, Provenance, Species test, Sampling.
Proximal: EdlenACitbMputKl;bJs b¤edIm
enAxagcugTaMgxagKl;énbJs b¤TaMgKl;énedIm KWfaenAekokCab;nwg
TIRbsBVrvagKl; nigbJsrbs;rukçCati ehIyCacMNucq¶aybMputBIcug
rbs;bJs b¤kMBUlRtYy. Bakün½ypÞúy Distal EdlenAq¶aybMput.
emIl Polarity.
Pseudocarp: RbePTEpøbeBaäat EpørhsSsac;¬sac;EpøeRsabGUvWrI¦
emIl False fruit.
Pulp: sac;¬EpøeQI¦
Epñksac;rbs;EpøEdlGacekIteLIgBIePrIxabTaMgRsug¬Epøeb‘rI¦ b¤ekItBIEt GuicsUxab nigemsWxab
¬EpøRDUb¦. cMeBaHRbePTBUCxøHGacrYmmanTaMgGarIlnigsac;ruMRKab;pgEdr.
emIl Aril, Depulping, Drupe, Extration, Fleshy fruits, Sarcotesta.
Pure line (pure strain): BUCsuT§
karbnþCab;KñaCaeRcInCMnan;EdleKsÁal;BIsmtßPaBrbs;vakñúgkarplitkUnEdlmanCInNwéfbdUcKña
ebHbiT kalNaBYkvabgáat;KñaedayxøÜnÉg b¤kat;Kañ kñúgcMeNamBYkva. smaCikénBUCsuT§RtUv)aneK
ehAfa{karbgáat;Bit¬BUCsuT§¦}. ebIviPaKBIÉktþ³TaMgenH eKcat;TukfaCaBYkhUm:UsayhÁÚt.
emIl Breed true, Homozygote, Inbreeding, Inbred line, Line, Self pollination.
Pure seed: RKab;suT§
CaEpñkénkBa©b;RKab;mYyEdlmanRKab;énRbePTBUCEdleKkMNt;. eyagtamc,ab; ISTA vaman
minRtwmEtRKab;TuM RKab;EbkxUc b:ueNÑaHeT EtEfmTaMgmanRKab;tUc sVit minTuM nigRKab;duHeTotpg
eKGacsMKal;)anfaCaRKab;énBUCenH ehIynigkMeTckMTIRKab;bNþalmkBIkarEbkEdlFMCagBak;
kNþalénRKab;l¥. emIl Cleaning, seed-, Purity, Seed testing, 1000 grain weight.
Pure seed definition: karkMNt;¬niymn½y¦RKab;suT§
sUmemIlrUb
Purity: PaBsuT§
smamaRténPaBs¥at RKab;mUls¥at¬eyageTAtamniymn½yRKab;suT§¦énRbePTBUCEdleKkMNt;
enAkñúgkBa©b;RKab; CaFmµta sMEdgCaxñatPaKryénTMgn;.
emIl Cleaning, seed-, Pure seed, Seed testing.
Pyrene: RKab;¬rwgdUcfµ¦ PIrIn
CaBakürukçviTüasMedAeTAelIEGndUxabEdlmanRKab;eRsabCitkñúgRbePTEpøRDUb. enAkñúgn½yxag
RbmUlTukdak;RKab;BUCvij vamann½yfa {fµ b¤RKab;rwgdUcfµ} CaTUeTAeKeRbIBakü Pyrene¬éprIn¦.
emIl Drupe, Stone, Endocarp, Kernel.
Q
Qualitative inheritance: tMNBUCKuNPaB b¤lkçN³
emIl Simple Mendelian inheritance c,ab;tMNrBUCEmnEdl
Quantitative genetics: CInenTikbrimaN
CaEpñkmYyénviTüasaRsþCInenTikEdlTak;TgnwgkarepÞrtMNBUCénPaBxus²KñakñúgcMeNambNþa
Éktþ³EdlCaCInbgðajlkçN³brimaN eBalKWGRtalUtlas; ednsuIFIeQI.l. PaKeRcInénlkçN³
TaMgenH KWkMNt;edayCInbEnßm.
emIl Additive gene, Gene frequency, Hardy-Weinberg law, Population genetics,
Quantitative inheritance, Simple Mendelian inheritance.
Quantitative inheritance: karTTYlmrtkxagbrimaN/ tMNBUCxagbrimaN
karTTYlmrtklkçN³ dUcCa TMhMnigrUbrag EdlERbRbYl\tQb;¬xagbrimaN¦. manCInBI1eTA
100GacnwgRtYtRtaelIlkçN³TaMgenH. CInTaMgenH¬manktþaCaeRcInb¤plICIn¦eFVIskmµPaBbEnßm
eTAelIKña ehIyeKminGacBinitüeXIj\T§iBlnimYy²rbs;BYkva. CaFmµta lkçN³xagbrimaN
GaRs½yeTAtamkarERbRbYlCaeRcInBIbrisßan ehtudUecñHehIy TamTar[mankarEklMGbec©keTs
xag sþWTisþik¬sßiti¦kñúgkarsikSarbs;eK.
emIl Additive genes, Allele, Dominance, Heritability, Quantitative genetics, Simple
Mendelian inheritance.
Quarantine: xVr:anTIn¬kaer:nTIn¦ c,ab;karBarCMgWqøg
RKab;EdlsþitkñúgefrevlamYyeRkamkarXøaMemIlnigRtYtBinitüemIlCMgWqøgpSit¼stVl¥itEdlGac
ekItelIRKab;. karepÞrtamRBMEdnGnþrCati CaerOy²tMrUv[eRbIc,ab;karBarCMgWqøg.
emIl Health test, Phytosanitary.
Quiescent: minlUtlas;/ KµanskmµPaB/ enAes¶óm
KµanskmµPaB dMNak;lkalsMrakrbs;RKab;. eKeRbIcMeBaHRKab;minsMgM enAkMLúgcenøaHeBlrvag
kareLIgeBjv½yenAelIedIm nigkarcab;epþImdMNuH. CYnkal eKEtgEtRcLMfavasMgM.
emIl Dormancy, Soil seed bank.
R
Race: BUC
RkumBUCmYyenAkñúgRbePTBUCmYyEdlbgðajBIcritlkçN³CInenTikTUeTA minCab;lab; nigxusEbøkBI
lkçN³énbNþaRkumBUCepSg²eTot. CaFmµta vaCaRkumEdlbgáat;KñaÉg. eBlEdllkçN³EbøkBI
eKénBUCmYypSaMeTA)an BaküenHmann½ydUcRbePTbrisßan(ecotype) ehIyBUCenH eKfavaRbhak;
RbEhlKña ]³ BUCmanTwkdI b¤GakasFatudUcKña.
emIl Cline, Genetic drift, Ecotype, Geographic race, Land race, Local seed source,
Population, Seed source, Taxonomic hierarchy, Variety.
Radicle: r:aDixl BnøkbJs bJsx©I b¤ssrésviBaØaN
BnøkbJsEGmRb‘Íy:U eBalKWCaEpñkénEGmRb‘Íy:Urbs;RKab;Edlvivtþn_eTACab¤sdMbUgeK. enAkñúgRKab;
r:aDixlCanic©kalRbQmmuxnwgmIRkUéPl. emIl Embryo, Ovule, Seed, Seedling.
Radiograph: rUbftkaMrsµIGuikS
rUbPaBEdl)anbegáItenAelIhVIlµ(Film)b¤RkdasrUbPaBmYyeRkayBIftviTüúskmµedaykaMrsµIGuikS.
emIl X-radiograph
Ramet: kUneQIpSaM
CasmaCikÉktþ³mYyrbs;xøÚnmYy. emIl Clone, Ortet, Vegetative propagation.
Ramicorn: EmkeQIl¥it²
EmklUteTAelI¼cMehog. CaerOy²vamancMeBaHBYkrukçCatisøwkRsYc dUcCaEmkmYyenAeRkAEmkkYc
Fmµta. Emkl¥itminRCuHgay²enaHeT nigEtgEtbnSl;EPñkFM²enAkñúgeQI. lkçN³TaMgenHCa
lkçN³tBUC ehIyCaerOy² kñúgkmµviFIbgáat;BUC eKmineRCIsykeT.
emIl Character, Epicormic branches, Selection.
Random drift: karrsat;¬CIn¦edayécdnü
emIl Genetic drift.
Random mating (=Panmixis): karbgáat;Kñaedayécdnü
karekIteLIgénkarbnþBUCtamePTkñúgcMeNamsmaCikÉktþ³rbs;RkumBUCmYyEdlkñúgenaHPvnIy
PaB(probability) énkarbgáat;Kñarbs;Éktþ³2NamYy KWesµIKña. emIl Completely random
design, Open pollination, Seed production area, Wind pollination.
Randomized complete Block design (RCB): karerobcMdaMsakl,gCabøúkeBjkMNt;edayécdnü
eRKagkardaMsakl,g EdlkñúgenaHGMbUrb¤kBa©b;RKab;nimYy² RtUvtMNag[LÚt_(plot)mYyenAkñúg
ÉktþargbnÞab; eKehAfa GnuLÚt_cMlg¬dUcKña-replication¦b¤bøúk. cMeBaHkardaMsakl,gnimYy²
GnuLÚt_cMlgCaeRcInRtUv)aneKbegáItCamYynwgbNþadILÚt_EdlkMNt;edayviFIécdnüEdlenAkñúg
enaHGnuLÚt_cMlgnimYy².
emIl Block, Completely random design, Experimental design, Latin square design, Plot,
Lattice design, Split block design.
Raphe: r:ahVI RcEvk¬dUcefñr¦
cg¥ÚrmYyEdlekItenAelIsMbkRKab; ebIsinTghVüÚnixWLws(funiculus) RtUv)anrlaycUlCamYy
sMbkeRkARKab;¬GuInethÁüÚminþ ¦nUvRbEvgmYyEpñkkñúgGUvüÚlQr b¤GUvüÚlepþk.
emIl Ovule orientation, Seed.
Recalcitrant: RbePTRKab;esIm
CaBaküEdleKeRbIedIm,IBiBN_naGMBIRKab;EdlminGacrs;enAkñúgPaBs¶ÜtTabCagbnÞúksMeNIm30-
40° ehIycMeBaHRbePTBUCenARtUBic vaminFn;nwgsItuNðPaBTab. RKab;Gac)at;bg;nUvlT§PaBrs;
rbs;vay:agqab;rh½s ehIyminGacsþúkTuk)anyUreT. Bakün½ypÞúy Orthodox ¬RbePTRKab;
s¶Üt¦. emIl Intermediate (ssed), Lowest Safe Moisture Content, OLDA, Temperate
recalcitrant.
Receptacle: sNþg;páa TMrpáa
xagcugrbs;TgpáaEdlenAelIenaHmansrIragÁpáaduHeLIg. enAkñúgRbePTpáaTMrRsbGUvWrI¬eGBiCInnI¦
TMrpáarIkFM ehIyruMB½T§elIGUvIrI.
emIl Epigyny, Flower, Hypogyny, Pome.
Receptivity: karTTYlyk
lkçx½NÐénpáa b¤ekanjI Edl)anGnuBaØat[kareraylMGgmanRbsiT§iPaB.
emIl Anthesis, Flowering.
Recessive (allele): GaEllGn; b¤exSay
karBiBN_naGMBIGaEllmYyfa vaGacnwgsMEdglkçN³vaeTA)an enAeBlvaCahUm:UhSúIhÁÚt. kñúg
krNIPaKeRcIn BYkvaRtUv)aneKcat;TukCaTMrg;brivtþrUbénGaElllb; ¬lkçN³rbs;vaERbRbYltam
GaElllb;¦. enAkñúgkarbgáat;BUC GaEllGn;eKtagedayGkSrtUc(a..) nigGaElllb; tag
edayGkSrFM(A..). emIl Allele, Dominance, Gene, Hardy-Weinberg law, Locus, Simple
Mendelian inheritance, Mendel’s principles.
Reciprocal cross: karbgáat;KñaeTAvijeTAmk/ bdikarbgáat;
karRtab;eLIgvijénkarbgáat;mYyEdltYnaTIePTrbs;em)aRtUvRtLb; eBalKW em B x )a A Ca
bdikarénem AxB )a. bgáat;enAkñúgédGwEllTaMgRsug.
emIl Bisexual, Cross-pollination, Diallel cross, Mating design.
Recombination: karkat;BUC/ karpÁúMeLIgvij
1> karekIteLIgkñúgkUnnUvbgÁúMfµIénCInCab;KñaEdlKµanvtþmanenAkñúgem)aNamYy. karpÁúMfµIenHKWeday
sarEtman eRkaHsuIgGUvW enAkñúgdMeNIrkarém:GUsuIs.
2> karpÁú¿eLIgfµIkñúgGvtþmanénkarTak;TgKña.
emIl Allele, Crossing over, Linkage, Locus, Gene, Meiosis, Mendel’s principles.
Recurrent selection: kareRCIserIspÞÜn²Kña
kareRCIserIsÉktþ³ b¤GMbUr ehIyeFVIkarbgáat;
BYkvaeTAvijeTAmk b¤GnuBaØat[BYkvaeraylMGg
eTAvijeTAmk edIm,IplitCMnan;eRkay ]³ tMbn;
plitRKab;BUC b¤cMkarplitkUnpSaM. CMnan;fµIenH
CaTUeTA eKeRbIeFVICaRkumBUCsMrab;bgáat;Edlkñúg
enaHedIm,Icab;epþImeFVIxYbsareLIgvijénkarCMerIs
BUC nigkarbgáat;.
emIl Breeding population, Breeding strategy,
Mass selection, Selection.
Regression system: RbB½n§vaytMélKuNPaB
RbB½n§vaytMélKuNPaBEdlTak;TgeTA
nwglkçN³manRbeyaCn_enAkñúgkmµviFI
suvuDÆikmµedImeQIeFobeTAnwgGayu. tMél
rbs;lkçN³manRbyaCn_dak;eFobnwg
Gayu. bnÞat;TMnak;TMngEdlTTYl)aneRbIeFVICabnÞat;mUldæansMrab;karcat;KuNPaBCabnþbnÞab;én
éRB¬edIm¦BUCEdlmanGayuxusKña b¤EdlmanRbePTBUCcMruH.
emIl Juvenile-mature correlation, Juvenile selection.
Reiteration: bMBg;RtYyduHBIEmk
bMBg;RtYylUtRtg;eTAelIEdlduHecjBIEpñkxagxñgrbs;
EmkénkenSamEmk ]³ RbePT dipterocarp. eKGac
kat;vasMrab;bNþúHkUneQI.
emIl Coppice shoots, Cutting, Epicormic shoots,
Hedging, Orthotropic shoots, Rejuvenation.
Rejuvenation: yuvkmµ/ karpSaMEmk
1) Apparent rejuvenation: kareFVIyuvkmµBk-Exñg³ karplit dUcCa bMBg;RtYyExñg Edlman
b¤srYcehIy duHecjBIBnøkRtYysMgMenAx©I ]³ edaykarkat;sMbk. karERbRtLb;éndMeNIreLIg
cas;xagsrIr³minCab;Bak;B½n§eT.
2) True rejuvenation: yuvkmµBit¬Calika¦³karERbRtLb;énsßanPaBERbCaeBjv½yqøgtam
ry³vb,kmµCalika b¤karpSaMEmk eFVIdUecñH vanwgduHb¤s)an.
emIl Coppice shoots, Dormancy, Epicormic shoots, Girdling, Hedging, Juvenile,
Mature, Orthotropic growth, Tissue culture.
Relative humidity (RH): TMnak;TMngsMeNImbriyakas
cMnYnCak;Esþgrbs;cMhayTwkenAkñúgbriyakasKitCa PaKryEdlmankñúgbriyakassMeNImEq¥tenA
sItuNðPaBdUcKña. emIl Absolute humidity, Dew point, Equilibrium moisture content,
Saturated.
Replicate (replication): )an;KMrU LÚt_KMrUdUc²Kña
1> EpñkmYyénTIdaMsakl,g¬cMkar¦EdlenAkñúgeRKagkarN_daMBiesaFn_EtmYy. CaerOy² kñúgkar
daMsakl,genATIval vamann½ydUcbøúk(block).
2> kartMeLIgeTVrRcvak;RkUm:UsUmDNA Fmµta b¤minFmµta munnwgEckekasika.
emIl Block, DNA, Experimental design, Mating design, Meiosis, Mitosis, Plot.
Representative: GñktMNag/ CatMNag
ÉktþatUcmYyEdltagesÞIrEtTaMgGs;énbMErbMrYlsrubénÉktþaFMCagEdlvatMNag[. TIkEnøgdaM
sakl,gGactMNag[r)ayPUmisaRsþsrubénBUCmYyRbePT eRBaHBYkvaRKbdNþb;elIvisalPaB
brisßansrub ]³ ry³kMBs; nigrbbTwkePøóg. éRBBUCKMrU b¤GPirkSmYy KWCatMNag ebIvaRKbdNþb;
elIbMErbMrYlCInenTikénRkumBUCenHEdlvatag[.
emIl Gene conservation, Genetic base, Provenance resource stand, Sampling.
Reproductive age: dl;GayubnþBUC
CaGayuEdledImeQIecjEpøelIkdMbUg eBalKW CakarkMNt;RBMEdnBIGayuekµgx©IeTAdl;eBjv½y
eyaleTAtamkarbnþBUC.
emIl Flower, Flower initiation, Juvenile, Mature, Physiological maturity.
Residual: bMErbMrYl
emIl Variation
Resistance: PaBFn;
smtßPaBEdlTak;TgnwgPaBs‘URTaMnwgCMgW b¤\T§iBlbMpøicbMpøajepSg²eTot. vaGacERbRbYleTA
tamkMritPaBsauMnwgeraK EdlkarcMlg b¤\Ti§BlNamYyKµanRbsiT§iPaBeTAelIvaTal;EtesaH. Et
cMeBaHPaBgayqøgCMgWvij KWbNþaleFVI[vasøab;Etmþg.
emIl Escape, Plus.
Respiration: kardkdegðIm
cMehHmanxül;CIvsaRsþénGaharbMrugenAsItuNðPaBsrIr³rbs;sarBagÁkaymanCIvit. kardk
degðIm CaEpñksMxan;mYyénkardutrMlayGaharrbs;rukçCati. GksIuECnRtUveRbIR)as;¬eqHGs;¦enA
kñúgkardkdegðImenH ehIyplitecj Twk nig]sµ½nxae)anédGuksay (CO ). 2
emIl Aerobe, Fermentation, Metabolism.

Rhizobium (Rhizobia): ér:hSÚb‘ÍeGom¬rIhSÚb‘Íy:Um¦/ )ak;FIerol¬)ak;etrI¦rs;enACamYybJsrukçCati
CaRbePT)ak;etrImYyrs;enACamYybJsEdlbgá¬qøg¦elIbJsrukçCatiénGMbUr Leguminosae. enA
eBlqøg ehIyrukçCatik¾ekItBkbJs EdlenAkñúgenaH )ak;FIerolcab;ykGasUtkñúgbriyakasEdl
manRbeyaCn_dl;karlUtlas;rbs;rukçCati. emIl Microsymbiont.
RNA (Ribo-Nucleic-Acid): rIbUnuyexøGuikEGsuId¬GasuItrIbUnuyekøGuic¦

m:UlWxüÚlsrIragÁmYy manragCaExSGgáÜj² EdlmanP¢ab;m:UlWxüÚlsárnigebs¬)as¦ EdleFVIskmµ
PaBkñúgeBlsMeyaKRbUFIn edayeFVIkarbkERbnigcMlgXUdCInenTik. man RNA 3RbePT KW
RNAnaMsar(mRNA), RNAdwkCBa¢Ún(tRNA) nig RNA ér:bWsUm ¬sMeyaKRbUFIn¦(rRNA).
emIl DNA, Protein synthesis, Transcription, Translation.

Rogueing (=culling): karkab;dkhUt
karkab;dkhUtCaRbB½n§nUvbNþaÉktþ³EdleKmincg;)an edIm,IEfrkSaRkumBUCmYy[enAfitefrCa
erogrhUt. emIl Buffer area, Mass selection, Seed production area.
Rooting hormone: hUmUnbNþúHbJs
hUmUn¬sarFatubNþúHbJs¦EdlC¿rujCaBiess [duHbJsnigkarlUtlas;rbs;bJs. CaFmµtasmas
PaBskmµ KW GasuId Eblta-GuIndUl-b‘UTIrik(β-indole-butyric acid=IBA) b¤GasuIdGal;hVaENb
taELn-GaesTic (α-napthalene-acetic acid = NAA). eKdak;lk;enAkñúgeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ
epSg² ]³ RooTone b¤ Seradix.
emIl Air-layering, Auxin, Cutting, Hormone, Vegetative propagation.
Rootstock (=stock): Kl;pSaM
rukçCatimanbJs b¤Epñkrbs;rukçCati CaFmµta CaKl; b¤CabJs EdleKykrukçCatimYyepSgeToteTA
pSaMBIelI. emIl Budding, Grafting, Scion.
Root suckers: kUneQIduHecjBIbJs
bMBg;RtYyEdlduHecjBIBnøkRtYyEdlduHÉgenAesIépÞrbs;bJs. kUneQIduHBIb¤senHmanlkçN³
CInenTik dUcKñasuT§saFnwgrukçCatiem ehIyeKeRbIkñúgkarbNþúHkUneQI¬ecjBIsrIragÁlUtlas;¦.
emIl Air layering, Clone, Coppice shoots, Cutting, Vegetative propagation.
Root type (pattern): KMrURbePTbJs
S
Samara: RbePTEpø¬man¦søab EpøRbePTsamGWra:
CaRbePTEpømansøab mineRbH s¶Üt manRKab;1
b¤eRcIn.
emIl Dry fruits, Nut, Pod, Wings (seed-).
Sample: KMrU¬RKab;BUC¦ )a:n; tMNag tYya:g
enAkñúgn½yBiesaFn_RKab;BUC CabrimaNtUcmYyéntMNagykBIkBa©b;RKab;BUC. RbePTepSg²énKMrU
RKab;enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_RKab;BUC man ³ KMrURKab;bzm KMrURKab;smas KMrURKab;epJIr[ KMrURKab;
BiesaFn_rYc.
emIl Seed testing, Primary sample, Composite sample, submitted sample, Working
sample.
Sampling: kareRCIserIsKMrU
kñúgbribTFnFanCInenTik kareRbIR)as;eKalkarN_nigRTwsþIénviTüasaRsþCInenTikRkumBUC nigviFI
epSg²eTotEdlTak;Tg edIm,IbBa¢ak;[dwgR)akd etIRtUvRbmUlGVIxøHnigcMnYnb:unµanEdlcaM)ac;edIm,I
sMerc[)annUvcMruHPaBCInenTikEdlmanenAkñúgRkumBUCmYy.
emIl Diversity, Gene conservation, Genetic resource, Representative, Variation.
Sarcotesta: RsTab;Tn;RCayrbs;sMbkRKab;
RsTab;sac;Tn;RCayxageRkAénsMbkRKab;.
emIl Aril, Drupe, Fleshy fruit, Pulp, Seed coat, Testa, Tegmen.
Saturated (air): xül;esIm/ mansMeNImEq¥t
xül;EdlmanpÞúkcMnYnGtibrmaénTwkenAsItuNPð aBNamYykMNt;.sMeNImbriyakasEq¥t KW100°.
emIl Equilibrium moisture content, Relative humidity.
Scarification: kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;sMbkrwg¬kareFVI[mansñamelIsMbkRKab;¦
kareFVI[eRbHdl;sMbkrwgénRKab; CaFmµta KWeRbIemxanikeFVI[swkmansñam b¤eFVIRbRBwtþkmµKImImYy
EPøtkñúgTwkGasuIdxøaMg edIm,IbegáInlT§PaBRCabTwknig]sµ½nrbs;va b¤edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBFn;nwg
emxanikrbs;va. emIl Dormancy physical-, Hard seed, Permeable, Pre-treatment.
Scion: EmkbMe)A ¬xagelI¦
EpñkxagelI CaerOy² CaEmktUc² EdleKykeTApSaMenAelIEpñkmYyeToténrukçCatiEdlmanb¤s
Cab;nwgdI. emIl Grafting, Macropropagation, Root stock, Vegetative propagation.
Scorching: kareralePøIg
kardak;[RtUvsItuNðPaBy:agx<s;mYyEPøt ]³ eralePøIg b¤dak;kñúgL EdleKeRbIsMrab;RbelHRKab;
BIEpø b¤ ekanEdlRtUvkarkMedAxøaMg. emIl Kiln, Pre-treatment, Serotinous fruits.
Seasonality: rdUvkalEpø
ry³eBlén)atuPUtplitRKab;EdlekIteLIgpSaP¢ab;y:agCitsñiteTAnwgrdUvGakasFatuc,as;las;
enAkñúgqñaM ]³ rdUvePøóg rdUvR)aMg rdUvekþA rdUvrga. cUreRbobeFobCamYy Periodicity¬xYbecjEpø
KitCaqñaM¦. emIl Flowering, Fruiting, Periodicity, Phenology.
Seed: RKab;BUC
rcnasm<½n§xagrUbsaRsþEdlrIkcMerInBIGUvüÚllbgákMeNIténBYkrukçCatimanRKab;. vamanEGmRb‘Íy:U
EdlvivtþeTACarukçCatifµI ehIyCaFmµta EGndUsW<mkøayeTACaGaharciBa©wm. RKab;BUCeRsabeday
sMbkkarBarBIxageRkA b¤eKehAfaetsWþ(testa). enAkñúgn½yTUlay Baküfa{RKab;BUC} KWsMedA
eTAelIÉktþaBRgayRKab; ]³ cMeBaHEpømineRbH rYmmanTaMgRKab;nigsMbkEpøEdlenAeRsabCab;RKab;
rhUtdl;eBlRbmUlnigkarRbelHTukdak;. cMeBaHEpøRbePTRdUb(drupe) BaküRKab;BUCsMedAeTA
elIRKab;rYmTaMgEGndUxab¬sMbkRKab;¦eRsabBIeRkA.
emIl Double fertilization, Endosperm, Pretreatment, Germination, Zygote.
Seed bearing organ: srIragÁeRsabRKab;

CaBaküeRbITUeTAsMedAeTAelIrcnasm<½n§eRsabRKab;CitenAkñúgBYkrukçCatimanRKab; EdlmanEpøénBYk
rukçCatiRKab;Cit (angiosperms)¬RbePTEpøBit nigBhuEpø¦ ehIynigRbePTEpøekan nigrcnasm<½n§
epSg²enAkñúgBYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat (gymnosperms).
emIl Cone, Fruit, Gyminosperm.
Seed borne pathogen: emeraKRKab;BUC
GtisuxumR)aNEdlbgáeraKmYy EdlmanenAkñúgRKab; elIRKab; b¤CamYyRKab; minfavabNþal[
RKab;xUcxat b¤Gt;enaHeT. cUreRbobCamYyBakü Seed transmitted pathogen. emIl Pathogen.
Seed coat: sMbkRKab;
RsTab;eRkAkarBarRKab;EdlekItecjBIGuInethÁüÚminþrbs;GUvüÚl. kalNasMbkRKab;eKGacsMKal;
eXIjman 2RsTab;enaH RsTab;xageRkA eKehAfa etsþW (testa) nigRsTab;xagkñúg ehAefhÁmin
(tegmen). kalNa sMKal;eXIjmanEt1RsTab; eKehAfaetsþW.
emIl Sarcotesta, Tegmen, Testa, Legume seed.
Seed collection area: tMbn;plitRKab;BUC
CatMbn;mYymanRBMRbTl;c,as;las; nigry³kMBs;kMNt; EdlenAkñúgenaH RbePTdI nigGakasFatu
manÉksNæanRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbgðajBIPvnIyPaBx<s;énkarbnþBUCkñúgRbePTbrisßanEtmYy.
emIl Ecotype, Origin, Provenance, Seed collection zone, Seed orchard, Seed production
area, Source-identified seed.
Seed (collection) zone: tMbn;RKab;BUC tMbn;RbmUlRKab;BUC
tMbn;énedImeQIEdlmansmasPaBCInenTikÉksNæan¬BUC¦EdlkMNt;yk edaykarsakl,gdaM
kUnmkBIRbPBRKab;BUCepSg². CaFmµta tMbn;hu‘¿B½T§ vamanRBMRbTl;PUmisaRsþc,as;las;; dUcCa
GakasFatu niglkçxNÐduHlUtlas;. BUCPUmisaRsþEtmYy GacEckecjCatMbn;eRcIn.
emIl Geographic race, Provenance, Seed collection area, Seed deployment zone, Seed
source.
Seed crop: plRKab;mYyrdUv
plitkmµRKab;srubkñúgrdUvEpø¼RKab;kMNt;mYy.
emIl Harvestable seed crop, Fruiting, Masting, Periodicity.
Seed deployment zone: tMbn;daMRKab;BUCNamYy
CatMbn;Edl eKGacdaMRKab;BUCEdl)anmkBItMbn;BiessNamYy.
emIl Seed collection zone.
Seed handling: karRbmUlTukdak;RKab;BUC
viFIsaRsþRbtibtþiénlT§kmµRKab;BUCtaMgBIkarRbmUlrhUtdl;sabRKab;. CYnkal eKeRbImann½ydUc
lT§kmµRKab;BUCEdr(seed procurement) bu:EnþCaTUeTA vaRKbdNþb;elIeBlevlaEvgCag ]³ bec©k
eTssab. emIl Procurement, seed-.
Seedling: kUneQI¬bNþúHBIRKab;¦
rukçCatimYyEdlbNþúHBIRKab; EdlxusBIrukçCatibNþúHBIsrIragÁlUtlas;. kUneQIEdlbNþúHBIsrIragÁ
lUtlas; ehAfa kMNat;Emk(cuttings) kUnsÞúM(stumps) b¤kUneQItUc(plantlets) GaRs½yeTAtam
viFIbNþúH. emIl Embryo, Epigeal germination, Hypogeal germination, Propagule.
Seed lot: kBa©b;RKab;;

brimaNmYyénRKab;BUCénRbePTBUCEtmYy manRbPBkMeNIt éf¶ExqñaMRbmUl nigRbvtþierobcMTuk
dak;EtmYy nig)an[GtþsBaØaN dak;elxEtmYy.
emIl Certified tree seed, Experimental design, germination test, Origin, Provenance,
Forest reproductive material.
Seed morphology: rUbsaRsþRKab;BUC
Seed orchard (OS): cMkarplitRKab;BUC

cMkareQImYyEdldaMBI kUnpSaM b¤kUneQIduHBIRKab; EdlplitBIedImeQICMerIs nigdwgKuNPaBCInen
Tikrbs;va. cMkarBUCenHRtUv)aneKdak;[enAdac;q¶ayBIeK edIm,Ikat;bnßykareraylMGgmkBIxag
eRkAedaykab;dkhUtecjedImNaEdleKmincg;)an ehIyEfTaMsMrab;plitRKab;[)anqab; nig
eRcIn.
- Seedling seed orchard (SSO): cMkarBUCdaMBIRKab;³ cMkarBUCEdleKdaMBIRKab;BUCEdlRbmUlBI
edImem)aCMerIs EdleraylMGgedayFmµCatib¤eRkamkarRtYtBinitü.
- Clonal seed orchard (CSO): cMkarBUCdaMBIkUnpSaM³ cMkarBUCEdldaMBIkUnpSaMEdlplitBI kar
bMe)A Exñg kMNat;b¤s.
- Extensive seedling seed orchard (ESSO): cMkarBUCdaMBIRKab;BUCCMerIseRcInGMbUr³ cMkarBUC
EdldaMBIkUneQICMerIsy:agBiess EdlplitecjBIRKab;BUClaycMruHKñaesµIsac; EdlRbmUlBIedIm
em)al¥² y:agtic 60edIm¬smtßPaBbgáat;x<s;¦ ehIyeFVIkarkab;eRCIserIsbeNþIr². GtþsBaØaN
GMbUrminRtUv)aneKrkSaTukenATIcMkareT.
emIl Breeding arboretum, Certified tree seeds, Clone, Isolation, Pollen dilution zone,
Seed production area, Selected tree seeds.
Seed production area (SPA): tMbn;plitRKab;BUC
k¾dUcCaBakü seed stand¬éRBBUC¼edImBUC¦Edr. edImBUCviC¢man EdlCaTUeTA begáInKuNPaB nig
ebIkrhal edaykarkab;dkhUtnUvedImNaEdleKmincg;)an ehIybnÞab;mkEfTaMBYkva[plit
RKab;BUC[)an qab;nigeRcIn.
emIl Buffer area, Provenance, Recurrent selection, Roguing, Seed orchard, Seed
collection area, Source-identified tree seeds, Stand.
Seed quality: KuNPaBRKab;

CaBakün½yTUeTAEdlGacTak;Tgnwg PaBsuT§ KuNPaBsrIr³ ¬smtßPaBdMNuH PaBrwgmaM¦ nigKuN
PaBhVINwéfbrbs;kBa©b;RKab;mYy. emIl Seed testing.
Seedling seed orchard: cMkarBUCdaMBIRKab;
emIl Seed orchard.
Seed source: RbPBRKab;BUC
tMbn;EdlkBa©b;RKab;BUCmYyRtUv)aneKRbmUlmk k¾dUcCaRKab;BUCenHEtmþg. emIl Geographic
race, Local seed source, Provenance, Seed collection area, Source-identified tree seed.
Seed stand: edImem edImBUC
edImBUCénbNþaedImeQIEdlkMBugduHenAkñúgtMbn;plitRKab;BUCmYy.
emIl Seed production area, Stand.
Seed testing: karBiesaFn_RKab;BUC
karRtYtBinitüKuNPaBsrIr³rbs;RKab;énkBa©b;RKab;BUCmYy CaFmµta vaman4para:em:fWKMrU eBalKW
PaBsuT§ TMgn;RKab; bnÞúksMeNIm niglT§PaBrs;b¤PaKrydMNuH. CYnkalGacmanpara:em:fWBiess
mYyeTot dUcCa karBiesaFn_PaBrwgmaM b¤suxPaB. c,ab;KMrUnignitiviFIsMrab;eFVIkarBiesaFn_RKab;ecj
eday ISTA (Europe) b¤ AOSA (America).
emIl AOSA, ISTA, Sample, Submitted sample, Germination test, Viability, Thousand
grain weight, Moisture content, Seed weight, Purity, Health test.
Seed-transmitted pathogen: emeraKcMlgBIRKab;BUC
GtisuxumR)aNcMlgmYyEdlmanenAkñúg elI b¤CamYyRKab;BUC EdlmanskþanuBlbNþal[ekIt
CMgWdl;kUneQI b¤rukçCati b:uEnþminbNþaleFVI[xUcdl;RKab;BUCenHeT. cUremIleRbobeFobBakü
Seed- borne pathogen ¬emeraKRKab;BUC¦. emIl Health test, Pathogen, Phytosanitary.
Seed weight: TMgn;RKab;

TMgn;RKab;RtUv)anbgðajCacMnYnénRKab;kñúgmYyxñatTMgn;¬CaFmµtaKitCaKILÚRkam¦énkBa©b;RKab;.
viFImYyeTot KWKitCaTMgn;kñúg1000RKab; EdlKitCaRkamkñúg1000RKab;suT§.
emIl Seed testing, Thousand grain weight.
Seed year: qñaMsMbUrplRKab;
eyageTAtamRbePTBUCxøH CaBiessedImeQIEdlplitRKab;¼EpømineTogTat; b¤yUr²mþg qñaMEdlva
pþl;plRKab;eRcInRKb;RKan;. manRbePTedImpþl;RKab;BUCeTogTat;CaeRcIn EdlplRKab;eRcInéRk
ElgenAkñúgqñaMsMbUrplrbs;va. dUcBakü Mast year.
emIl Gregarious flowering, Masting, Periodicity.
Seed zone: tMbn;RKab;BUC¬EdlRtUvKña¦
emIl Seed collection zone.
Selected reproductive material: CeRmIs¬CMerIs¦sMParHbnþBUC
sMParHbnþBUCedImeQIéRBEdlykmkBIsMParHmUldæanEdl)anGnum½t[cuHbBa¢IenAeRkamc,ab;sþIBI
sMParHbnþBUCedImeQIéRB (Forest Reproductive Material-FRM).
emIl Certified tree seed, Forest reproductive material, Selected tree seeds.
Selected tree seeds: RKab;BUCBIedImemCeRmIs
RKab;BUCEdl)anRbmUlBIbNþaedImeQIEdleK)aneFVIkareRCIserIsy:aghµt;ct;yklkçN³ b¤KuN
sm,tþihVINwéfbEdlGacmaneCaKC½y bu:EnþeKminTan;)andaMsakl,gkUnenAeLIy. eKRtUvbBa¢ak;
RbPB nigry³kMBs;.
emIl Certified tree seeds, Provenance, Seed production area, Seed orchard, Selected
reproductive material, Select, superior or plus tree, Source identified tree seed.
Selection: kareRCIserIs
CaerOy²n½yrbs;vaKWsMedAeTAelIkareRCIserIsedaysib,nimiµt EdlCakareRCIserIseFVIedayGñk
bgáat;BUCÉktþ³sMrab;vb,kmµ¬bNþúHBUC¦BIRkumBUCFMCag. kareRCIserIsenHRbEhlCaemIlelI
lkçN³rUbrbs;edImeQIpÞal;¬hVINwéfb¦ b¤kUnrbs;edImeQI b¤jatisnþanrbs;va¬CInNwéfb¦.
emIl Character, Dysgenic selection, Eugenic, Evolution, Genotype, Natural selection,
Phenotype, Progeny test, Select, superior or plus tree.
Selection criteria: lkçN³vinicä½ykñúgkareRCIserIs
RbePTnigGaTiPaBénbNþalkçN³rbs;bNþaedImeQINaEdleKeRCIserIssMrab;bgáat;BUC. cMeBaH
edImeQIéRB CaerOy² karlUtlas;elOn nigPaBRtg; CalkçN³vinicä½yeRCIserIssMxan;bMput.
emIl Character, Grading, Selection, Select, superior or plus tree, Selection index.
Selection differential: KMlatlkçN³CeRmIs
cMeBaHlkçN³rbs;Éktþ³ PaBxusKñarvag lkçN³mFümrbs;RkumBUCTaMgmUl nigmFümrbs;Rkum
edImEdl)aneRCIserIs. emIl Genetic response, Regression system, Selection, Selection
intensity, Selection index.
Selection index (=index selection): snÞsSn_CeRmIs
TMrg;mYyénkareRCIserIsBhulkçN³EdlsrubbBa©ÚlKñanUvBt_mansþIBIlkçN³TaMgGs;Edlman
RbeyaCn_eTACasnÞsSn_mYy. eFVIEbbenH eTIbGñkbgáat;BUCGackMNt;BinÞúsamBaØmYydak;[Éktþ³
nimYy²Ep¥keTAelIlT§PaBtMNBUC nigsarRbeyaCn_esdækic©. snÞsSn_CeRmIs “ I ” RtUv)an
KNna³ I = a x X + b x Y + c x Z .l. Edl
X, Y, Z.l. CatMélEdleK)a:n;sµanb¤vas;lkçN³rbs;Éktþ³¬maD PaBRtg; .l.¦ ehIy a, b,
c .l. CaemKuNefrEdl)anKNnaEp¥kelImUldæanénlT§PaBtMNBUC nigsarRbeyaCn_esdækic©.
emIl Character, Heritability, Independent culling, Regression system, Selection
differential, Tandem selection.
Selection intensity: GIunEfnsuItFICMerIs¬GaMgtg;suIetCMerIs¦
smamaRténbNþaÉktþ³enAkñúgRkumBUCEdleKeRCIserIssMrab;eFVIkarbgáat;. emIl Gnetic gain,
Selection differential.
Select, superior or plus tree: eRCIserIs edImeQIviC¢man b¤KuNPaBl¥CageK
edImeQImYyEdleK)ancat;KuNPaB nigpþl;Gnusasn_[eRbIR)as;kñúgkarplitb¤eFVIcMkarbgáat;BUC.
vamanhVINUéfbl¥CageKxagkarlUtlas; TMrg;edIm KuNPaBeQI b¤bNþalkçN³epSg²eTotEdl
eKcg;)an nigmanlT§PaBGacpSaM)an. vaGacminTan;RtUv)aneKeFVIkarBiesaFn_emIlGMBItMélCInen
Tikrbs;va bu:EnþeKKitfa vaGacmanCInNwéfbmanlkçN³sm,tþix<s; nigmanlT§PaBtMNBUCx<s;.
emIl Candidate tree, Comparison or check tree, Elite tree, Plus, Progeny test, Selection,
Selection index.
Self-incompatibility (self sterility):
PaBbraC½yrbs;hÁamIt¬ekasikabnþBUC¦EdlplitecjBIedImeQIEtmYy edIm,IbegáIt[)anEGmRb‘Í
y:UmanCIvitmYy. emIl Dioecious, Inbreeding, Incompatibility, Protandry, Protogyny, Self
pollination, Sterility.
Selfing: kareraylMGgelIxøÜnÉg emIl Self pollination.
Self-pollination: kareraylMGgelIxøÜnÉg
kareraylMGgrbs;páamYy CamYylMGgmkBIedImeQIEtmYy b¤edImpSaM¬køÚn¦. kUnvaeK[eQµaHfa
“self” {kUnxøÜnÉg}. Bakün½ypÞúy Cross pollination ¬kareraylMGgqøgKña¦.
emIl Inbred line, Inbreeding.
Self-pruning ability: lT§PaBRkIEmkxøÜnÉg
smtßPaBrbs;edImeQImYyCMruHEmktUcxageRkam. lkçN³enHGactBUC)an nigeKeRCIserIsyk
cMeBaHRbePTBUCmYycMnYn. emIl Character, Selection criteria.
Semi-permeable: GacRCab)anm:UlWxüÚltUc²
GacRCab)anEtmUlWxüÚltUc²b:ueNÑaH. emIl Impermeable, Permeable.
Sepal: Rtbkpáa emIl Flower
Serotinous: Edlecjpáa-EpøyWt
karyWty:av CaBiess eRbIsMedAelIRbePTrukçCati b¤Éktþ³NaEdlecjpáab¤EpøyWtkñúgrdUv nigeRbI
sMedAelIEpø b¤ekanEdlenArkSaelIedImminebIkcMhGs;eBl1qñaM b¤eRcInqñaM ]³ Pinus contoria.
RbePTEpøRtUvkarkMedA CaFmµta RtUvkarsItuNðPaBx<s;sMrab;eRbH¼ebIk edIm,ICMruHRKab;.
emIl Case hardening, Extraction, Kiln, Scorching.
Sexual reproduction: karbnþBUCtamePT
karbegáIteLIgnUvÉktþ³fµIénRbePTBUCmYyedaykarrlaycUlKñarbs;hÁamIthab;pøGuItFmµta2edIm,I
begáItsayhÁÚtDIpøGuItmYy. Bakün½ypÞúy asexual b¤ vegetative reproduction-karbnþBUCKµan
ePT b¤tamsrIragÁlUtlas;. emIl Double fertilization, Fertilization, Meiosis, Zygote.
Sexual circle (of gymnosperm): vdþbnþBUC¬énBYkrukçCatiRKab;Rsat¦
emIlrUbenATMB½r 177.
Siblings (sibs): karCab;sac;jati/ bgb¥Ún
RkummYyénbNþaÉktþ³enAkñúgGMbUrmYy. Cab;sac;jatisuT§ manem)aTaMgsgxag Cab;sac;jati
Bak;kNþal KWmanem)aEtmçag. emIl Family, Pedigree.
Simple fruit: EpøeTal
EpøEdlvivtþn_BIeksrjIénpáaeTalEdlekIteTACaEpøeTal ]³ RbePTEpøhVlixl eb‘rI b¤xabs‘Ul.
cUremIleRbobeFobBakü Multiple fruit¬RbePTBhuEpø¦ nigAggregate fruit¬RbePTEpøcegáam¦.
emIl Compound fruit, Compound pistil, Flower, Dry fruit, Fleshy fruit, Fruit, Pistil.
Simple leaf: søwkeTal emIlrUbenATMB½r169-172.
Simple Mendalian inheritance: c,ab;tMNBUCEmnEdl

karTTYlmrtkCInmanlkçN³Gaf’kM)aMg dUcCamanvtþmanb¤Gvtþmanrbs;Pikminþ¬CatiBN_¦
(pigment). karTTYlmrtkenHRtUv)anRtYtRtaedayCInmYy b¤CInsMxan;BIrbI. RbsiTi§PaBrbs;
vaminCab;lab;eT ehIyeKGacrkeXIjc,as;tamÉktþ³nimYy². TUrelxbgðajBIkarpSMpÁúMrbs; em)a
ehtWrWsayhÁÚt2EdlmanCIn “A”CaCInlb; nig a CaCInGn;. ekasikaePTmanpÞúkCIn A b¤ a .
lT§plénkarpSMpÁúMhVINwéfb bgðajdUcteTA³ hUm:UsayhÁÚt AA=25% ehtWrWsayhÁÚt Aa=50%
nighUm:UsayhÁÚt aa=25% eBalKW³
r)ayCInNwéfb AA:Aa:aa = 1:2:1 hÁamIt A a
r)ayhVINwéfb A:a = 3:1 A AA Aa
a Aa aa
ebIsinCInehtWrWsayhÁÚtÉkraCü2manCab;Bak;B½n§Kña ]³“A”nig“B” PaBCaehtWrWsayhÁÚtKW

AaBb. lT§plénkarpSMpÁúMCInNwéfb AABB:AABb:AAbb:AaBB:AaBb:Aabb:aaBB:aaBb:
aabb = 1:2:1:2:4: 2:1:2:1 r)ayhVINwéfb³ AB:Ab:aB:ab = 9:3:3:1
emIl Allele, Mendel’s principles, Quantitative inheritance.

Single-pair mating: karbgáat;KUmçag
karerobcMeRKagkarN_bgáat;vgSavlIeBj eQµal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
elj EdlkñúgenaH em)animYy²RtUv)an 1 x
bgáat;CamYysmaCikmçageTotrbs;Rkum 2
3 x
BUC. karbgáat;enHbegáIt)anCacMnYnGti 4
5 x
jI
brmaénGMbUrminCab;sac;jatiKñaenAkñúg 6
7 x
CMnan;nimYy² CamYy nigcMnYnGtibrma 8
9 x
énkarbgáat;KñaeTAvijeTAmk. 10
emIl Complete pedigree design, Controlled pollination, Diallel, Factorial design,

Incomplete pedigree design, Mating design, Nested design.
Smear (squash): viFIsgát;bMEbkCalika
karerobcMmYyEPøt nigkardak;BN_kñúgkarsikSaRkUm:UsUm edaykareRbIsm<aFsgát;BRgabbMEbk
CalikaEbkBIKña. viFIenH CaerOy² eKeFVIcMeBaHlMGgekasikaemenAdMNak;kalém:GUsuIs (Pollen
Mother Cells- PMC smears) nigcMeBaHRKab;lMGg cugb¤s nigekasikalUtlas;epSg²eTotenA
dMNak;kalém:tUsuIs. emIl Chromosome, Chromosome number, Meiosis, Mitosis.

Soil seed bank: FnaKarRKab;kñúgdI
RKab;enArs; sMgM énRbePTBUCmYy b¤eRcIn EdlenAkb;kñúgdIkan;EteRcIneLIg Gs;ry³eBlCag1qñaM
b¤eRcInqñaM. emIl Dormancy, Quiscent.
Somatic cells (=vegetative cells): ekasikasUEm:Tik ¬ekasikalUtlas;¦
ekasikaepSg²énGgÁR)aN EdlminEmnCaekasikabnþBUC¬s<½r hÁamIt¦. Bakün½ypÞúy reprodu-
ctive cells-ekasikabnþBUC. emIl Somatic embryogenesis. Somatic mutation.
Somatic embryogenesis: karbNþúHEGmRb‘Íy:U

karvivtþn_rbs;EGmRb‘Íy:UecjBIekasikasUm:aTikDIpøGuItenAkñúgsUlutsin(solution)bNþúH.
emIl Somatic cells, Tissue culture, Totipotency, Vegetative propagation.
Somatic mutation: karERbRbYlekasikasUm:aTic¬ekasikalUtlas;¦
karERbRbYlxagCInenTikEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgekasikasUm:aTik¬lUtlas;¦. vaGacbNþal[man
PaBminRbRktIkñúgkarlUtlas;. karERbRbYlTaMgenHmintBUCeT luHRtaEtCalikaERbRbYlenHlas;
eTACaRtYybnþBUCmYy ¬kUneQI¦. emIl Mutation, Mutagen, Somatic cells.
Sound seed: RKab;enArs;
RKab;enArs; mansuxPaBl¥ EdlminmanxUcxatGVIsMxan;. emIl Health test, Seed testing,
Viable seed.
Source identified (tree) seeds: RKab;BUCEdlmanGtþsBaØaNRbPB
RKab;EdlRbmUl)an BIéRBBUCFmµCatiEdleKsÁal;edImkMeNItPUmisaRsþ¬RbPBnigry³kMBs;¦ nig
bBa¢ak;c,as; b¤BIcMkarBUC b¤BIcMkareQIEdlsÁal;edImkMeNItrbs;va Edl)anbBa¢ak;c,as;eday
Pñak;garpþl;viBaØabnb½RtRKab;BUC.
emIl Certified tree seeds, Forest reproductive material, Origin, Provenance, Seed
collection area, Seed Orchard, Seed Production area, Selected tree seeds.
Species: RbePT¬BUC¦
RkumBUCmYyénbNþasarBagÁkayEdlGacbgáat;KñaeTAvijeTAmkedayesrIenAeRkamlkçxNÐFmµ
Cati.RbePTBUCmYytMNag[RkummYyénbNþasarBagÁkayEdl)anvivtþn_lkçN³BiessbnþBUC
rbs;xøÜn nigduHenAkñúgtMbn;PUmisaRsþmYy. CaFmµta RbePTBUCmYy minGacbgáat;KñaedayesrICa
mYyRbePTBUCepSgeT. emIl Ecotypic differentiation, Hybrid, Species hybrid, Species
test, Taxonomic hierarchy.
Species elimination trial (test): kardaMsakl,geRCIsBUC
emIl Species test.
Species hybrid (interspecific hybrid):
kUnEdlplitecjBIkarbgáat;BUC2RbePT. emIl Cross-pollination, Hybrid, Hybridization,
Sympatric.
Species test (trial): kardaMsakl,gBUC kardaMBiesaFn_BUC
kareRbobeFobkñúgeRKagkarN_daMsakl,gy:aghµt;ct;l¥mYy nUvRbePTBUCCMerIs RtUv)andaMenA
kñúgbrisßan 2RbePT b¤eRcIn edIm,IsikSa etIBUCmYyNaduHkbbMputenATIcMkarNamYy. eKeRbIviFI
sakl,genHCamun eTIbnaMcUlRbePTBUCfµImkdaMenAtMbn;NamYy ehIyeFVImun b¤eFVIKYbpSMkardaMsak
l,gRbPBkMeNIt. emIl Exotic, Experimental design, Provenance test, Progeny test.
Specific combining ability: lT§PaBbgáat;¬pSMpÁúM¦mFüm¬Cak;lak;¦
karsMEdgeLIglkçN³CamFümrbs;kUnén
karbgáat;KñamYyrvagem)a2c,as;las;Edl
xusBIGVIEdleKrMBwgTuk Ep¥kelIImUldæanén
lT§PaBbgáat;TUeTAEtÉg. lT§plrbs;va
GacviC¢man b¤GviC¢man.
emIl Combining ability, General
combining ability, Heterosis, Hybrid.
Spike: RbePTkenSampáaés<y_ RbePTpáaEsµgeTal¬kYr¦
CaRbePTpáakenSamEvg EdlmanpáaCab;nwg
Esµg¬KµanTgpáa¦ páax©IenAKl;Esµg.
emIl Inflorescence, Infructescence.
Split block design: karerobcMbøg;daMEbkKña A B E
karerobcMbøg;daMBiesaFn_EdlenAkñúgenaHeKeFVIkarsakl,geRcIn E D C
C A B
Cag1Éktþa ]³ dak;CI nigGMbUr¬BUC¦. tMbn;daMBiesaFn_RtUv)an D F D
EckecjCabøúk¬BIr bI¦EdleKx½NÐEckbnþeTAeTot CaGnubøúk B E A
EdlpSMBILÚt_KMrU(plots). LÚt_KMrURtUv)andak;ray)a:yenAkñúg F C F
GnubøúkehIyGnubøúkRtUv)andak;taMgray)a:yenAkñúgbøúk. kñúgrUbPaB vaman 3bøúk¬3CYrQr¦ bøúk

nimYy² man6Gnubøúk (A-F). emIl Completely randomized design, Experimental design,
Randomized complete block design.
Spore plant: rukçCatibnþBUCedays<½r
RkuménrukçCatifñak;TabEdllkçN³sMxan;rbs;va KWkarbnþBUCedays<½rmansøab. s<½rCahab;pøGuIt
ehIyduHeTACahÁamItfWhIVt(gametophyte)hab;pøGuIt EdlenAkñúgRkumenH KWCaBYkrukçCatiÉkraCü
¬EdlminBwgBak;KñaeTAvijeTAmk¦. BYkrukçCatis<½r rYmmanBYkEsø nigbNÑgÁCati. Bakün½ypÞúy
Seed plant ¬rukçCatibnþBUCtamRKab;¦. emIl Gametophyte, Sporophyte.
Sporophyte: s<½r:UéhVt
CaÉktþ³mYyénCMnan;¬tMN¦DIpøGuIténxYbCIvitrbs;rukçCatimYy. vaCasrIragÁfñak;x<s;énBYkrukçCati
fñak;x<s;CagTaMgGs; EdlhÁamItfWhVIt ¬CMnan;hab;pøGuIt¦RtUv)ankat;bnßyeTACasrIragÁGnisSrPaB
enAkñúgBYks<½r:UhIVt¬fg;EGmRb‘Íy:UkñúgBYkrukçCati angiosperm¦. BYkrukçCatifñak;TabxøH s<½rU:hIVtRtUv
)ankat;bnßy ehIyCMnan;x<s; KWhÁamItfWhIVt.
emIl Gametophyte, Female gametophyte, Embryo sac.
Squash test: viFIBiesaFn_lT§PaBdMNuHRKab;¬edayRc)ac;bMEbkRKab;¦
CaviFIBiesaFn_lT§PaBduHrbs;RKab;edayRbeyalnigsamBaØmYy EdlCadMbUg RKab;dak;[RsUbTwk
bnÞab;mkeRbItMebotRc)ac;bMEbkRKab;edIm,IBinitüemIlsßanPaBrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:U. cMnYnénRKab;Edl
bgðajfa Rss; nigsuxPaBl¥ kñúg1xñatTMgn;énRKab;bUkRKab;es<ót¬¬RbePTyUxalIbtws¦ b¤kñúg
100RKab;¬RbePTRKab;FM¦ RKan;EteFVIkar)a:n;sµanBIlT§PaBdMNuHrbs;va.
emIl Seed testing, Viability.
Stamen: eksreQµal¬lMGgpáa¦
srIragÁpÞúklMGg kñúgBYkrukçCatiRKab;Cit rYmmanfg;lMGg nigTgeksreQµal. eksreQµalTaMg
Gs;rbs;páamYybegáItCa kBa©úMeksreQµal. emIl Flower.
Staminate: ecjpáaeQµal
srIragÁmanEtlMGg¬eksreQµal¦. eKGaceRbIBaküenHsMedAeTAelI rukçCatiÉktþ³eQµalénBYk
rukçCatimanePTdac;BIKña b¤páakenSam nig strobili.
emIl Dichogamy, Dioecious, Flower, Ovulate, Protandry, Pistillate, Strobilus.
Stand: edImBUC éRBBUC
RkumBUCmYyénedImeQIEdlmanPaBdUcKña kñúgsmasPaB karpSMeLIg ehIynigkartMerob xusEbøk
BIRkumBUCenAEk,r². emIl Population, Seed production area.
Sterility: PaBGa Gnam½y

1> Gvtþman b¤PaBxVHxatrbs;lMGg su‘t EGmRb‘Íy:U b¤EGndUsW<m EdlsÞHdl;karbnþBUCtamePT.
2> ¬Gnam½y¦KµankarcMlgmIRkUsarBagÁkayenAkñúgkargarTIBiesaFn_ dUcCakarbNþúHkUneQIBI
Calika ekasika. eKGaceFVIGnam½y edayeRbIkMedAsMlab;sarBagÁkay¬emeraK¦NamYy.
emIl Aseptic culture, Hybrid, Incompatibility, Micropropagation, Self-incompatibility.
Stigma: mat;eksrjI sÞihÁm:a
CaEpñkmYyrbs;eksrjI EdllMGgRtUvEtFøak;eTIenAelIenaHedIm,IduH niglUteTACYbGUvüÚl.
emIl Flower, Gynoecium, Pistil, Pollen.
Stock (strain): BUC Kl;pSaM Kl;bMe)A
1> RkummYyénrukçCatimanRtkUlrYmKña eTaHbIminxusEbøkKñaxagcMNat;fñak;RtwmRbePT (species)
epSg² b¤BUC (variety)k¾eday EtGacxusEbøkKñaRtg;plitPaB PaBmaMmYn PaBFn;nwgCMgW b¤
lkçN³epSg²én ecology ¬brisßan¦ b¤srIr³saRsþ.
2> n½ydUc rootstock-b¤spSaM¼Kl;pSaM.
emIl Line, Rootstock, Stand, Variety.
Stone: RbePTRKab;fµ¬rwgdUcfµ¦
Bakün½yTUeTA sMrab;EGndUxab¬sMbk¦rwgénRbePTEpøRDUbEdlmanRKab;xagkñúg dUcCa Pyrene.
emIl Drupe, Kernel.
Stool (plants): rukçCatiRtUv)ankat;tMrwm
n½ydUc Hedged plants. emIl Hedging
Storability: lT§PaBrkSaTuk)an
ry³eBlénskþanuBlCIvitrbs;RKab;enAeRkamlkçxNÐsþúkTuksmrmü.
emIl Longevity, Ageing, Deterioration, Orthodox seed.
Strangulation: karraMgsÞHTwk nigsarFatuciBa©wm
karsÞHdMeNIrqøgkat;rbs;Twk nigsarFatuciBa©wmenARbTab;xamebom(Cambium-RsTab;eRkamsMbk¦
karedaykarrYmtUc¬x¢wb¦rbs;sMbkeQI. kareFVI[raMgsÞHdl;dMeNIrCatiTwk nigsarFatuciBa©wmenH
EdleKeRbI eFVICaktþasMrab;CMruj[qab;ecjpáa.
emIl Flower induction, Girdling.
Stratification: viFIeFVIRbRBwtþkmµdak;sMdilCaRsTab;
kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;sMgM edaydak;va[RsUbsMeNImmYyry³enAkñúgsItuNðPaBNamYy. kardak;
vaCaRsTab;fñak;[RtUvsMeNImRtCak; Ep¥ktamkareFVIRbRBwtþikmµtamRbéBNIénRKab;enAtMbn;RtCak;
bgÁÜr edaydak;RKab;esImenAkñúglkçxNÐRtCak;¬edImeLIy dak;vaCaRsTab;qøas;KñaCamYyemeDom
esIm¦. eRkamkardak;sMdilekþA-esIm RKab;RtUv)anrkSaenAkñúgsItuNðPaBmYyEdlmanskmµPaB
srIr³ karGnuvtþmanenHRtUv)aneKeRbI ]³ RKab;eRkayBIbnÞúM.
emIl After ripening, Naked stratification, Pre-chilling.
Stress: karxVHlkçxNÐRKb;RKan;
enAeRkamlkçxNÐlUtlas;minRbesIr dUcCa xVHTwk sItuNðPaBTabeBk b¤x<s;eBk xVHBnøWb¤CI.l.
emIl Hiltner test, Vigour.
Strobilus (pl. strobili): RsþÚb‘ÍLws pl. RsþÚébéL páaBYkrukçCatiCImNUsW<m(Gymnosperm)
ekanénrukçCatisøwkm¢úl¬Rsl;¦nigrukçCatiepSgeTotNamYyenaH. RsþÚébéLenHmanpÞúksrIragÁbnþ
BUC manePT1 b¤TaMg2ePT. mun nigkñúgkMLúgeBleraylMGg eKEtgehAfaCapáa ehIyeRkay
BIenaHmkbnþic eKehAvaCakUnekan(conelets). emIl Conelet, Flower.
Strophiole: RsþÚhVIl
sac;tUcmYyEdlduHecjBIbNþaEpñkepSg²énsMbkRKab; ]³ Tgbu)aöNÐ¼sNþg;GUvüÚl¬hVÚnIxl¦
GUvüÚlpáab; b¤GUvüÚlepþk. emIl Funiculus, Micropyle, Ovule orientation, Seed
Style: ¬ésÞl¦ TgeksrjI
Tgrbs;eksrjIEdlenAcenøaHsÞihÁm:anigGUvWrI. emIl Flower, Gynoecium, Pistil.
Subculture: karbNþúHkUneQIBICalika
dMeNIrénkarbNþúHkUneQIBICalika EdlenAkñúgenaH Calikarbs;rukçCatiRtUv)anEbgEck ehIyepÞr
dak;bNþúH enAkñúgemeDomRss;(fresh culture medium).
emIl Micropropagation, Tissue culture.
Sublining: karbgáat;BIRkumBUCeRcIn
kareRbIR)as;RkumBUCbgáat;eRcInedIm,IeCosvagkarbgáat;kñúg kúñgcMkarplitRKab;BUC.
emIl Breeding strategy, Inbreeding, Mating design, Seed orchard, Self pollination, Sub-
population.
Submitted sample: KMrURKab;Edl)anepJIrmk
KMrUénRKab;Edl)anepJImksßanIy_BiesaFn_RKab;BUC. vaCaEpñkmYyénKMrURKab;smas¬l,ay¦.
emIl Sample, Seed testing.
Sub-population: GnutMbn;RkumBUC
GnutMbn;énkarbgáat;RkumBUC edIm,IeCosvagkarbgáat;kñúgenAkñúgGnaKtcMkareQI b¤cMkarBUC.
emIl Breeding strategy, Population, Sublining.
Sucker: Exñg kUneQIduHecjBIb¤s
emIl Root sucker.
Superior: l¥bMput l¥CageK
CaBaküminEmnbec©keTsEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkareRCIserIsEdlbgðaj b¤bBa¢ak;fal¥elIseK. Bakü
fa superior tree CaerOy² eKeRbImann½ydUc plus b¤ select tree .
emIl Elite, Plus, Selection, Select, superior or plus tree.
Suspensor: swsEs<nsW
bnÞat;mYyénekasikaEdleFVIGviklkmµkñúgkarvivtþn_dMbUgeKrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:U ehIyP¢ab;vaeTACalikaem.
enAkñúgRKab;énBYkrukçCatiRKab;RsatxøH vadUcCasésqµarmYyP¢ab;eTAcugr:aDixlrbs;EGmRb‘ÍyU:.
emIl Embryo.
Sustainable use: kareRbIR)as;RbkbedaynirnþPaB
kareRbIR)as;smasPaBénCIvcMruHtamviFImYy nigkñúgGRtamYyEdlminbNþal[CIvcMruHFøak;cuHna
GnaKtyUrGEgVgeLIy ehtuenHvaenArkSaskþanuBlrbs;vaeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkar nigesckþIR)afñakñúg
CMnan;bc©úb,nñnigGnaKt. emIl Biological diversity, Gene conservation.
Suture: sñambnÞat;sMrab;eRbH
enATIenH CasñambnÞat;mYysMrab;eRbH b¤ebIkenAelIRbePTEpøeRbH.
emIl Dehiscence, Maturity index.
Symbiosis: EdlmanCIvsaRsþrYmKña karrs;enACamYyKña
tamn½yrbs;Bakü{karrs;enACamYyKña}. eKeRbIsMedAeTAelIsarBagÁkay2manRbePTBUCxusKña
begáItCasmaKmCamYyGñkmYyeTot. ebIsinkarrs;enACamYyKñaenH vamanplRbeyaCn_eTAvij
eTAmkenaH eKehAfa GBaØmBaØniym (mutualism) EtebIsinsarBagÁkayNamYy)anTTYl
RbeyaCn_BIkarbeBa©jrbs;GñkmYyeTot eKehAfa para:sayþ (parasite)¬GñkepJIrR)aNelIeK¦.
emIl Microsymbionts, Mycorrhiza, Rhizobium, Frankia.
Sympatric: manedImkMeNItdUcKña¬EtmYy¦
karerobrab;BIRkumBUC2 b¤eRcInRkumrs;enAkñúgtMbn;EtmYyb¤RtYtsuIKña ehIyEdlGacbgáat;Kña)an Et
min)anCanic©kalenaHeT BIeRBaHfavamanPaBxusKñaeRcIn dUcCa rdUvecjpáa b¤RbePTstVcMlg
lMGg. emIl Allopatric, Geographical race, Land race, Race
Syncarp = Aggregate fruit: RbePTEpøcegáam
emIl Aggregate fruit.
Syncarpous (syncarpy): RbePTmYyéneksrjIsmas
EdlpÁú¿eLIgBIeksrjIsamBaØ¬xapl;¦BIr b¤eRcIn. GUvWrI bMBg;ésÞl
nigsÞihÁm:aTaMgGs;rlaycUlKñaTaMgRsug. emIlrUbenATMB½r174.
emIl Compound fruit, Compound pistil, Fruit, Pistil, Syncarp.
T
Tandem selection: kareRCIserIsCabnþbnÞab;
karbgáat; nigkareRCIserIslkçN³mYyenAeBlmYyrhUtdl;kMritEdleKcg;)anénkarbegáInKuNPaB
¬suvuDÆikmµ¦sMerc)anlkçN³enaH. eKeFVIkareRCIserIsEbbenH dUcCaenAkñúgkarbgáat;cg;)an
lkçN³Fn;nwgCMgW nigPaBFn;nwg PaBRtCak; EteKkRmeRbIenAkñúgvis½yéRBeQINas; edaysarEt
ry³eBlyUreBkkñúgmYyCMnan;².
emIl Elite, Independent culling, Mating design, Selection, Selection index.
Taxon (pl. taxa): cMNat;fñak;
CaRbePTlMdab;fñak;CapøÚvkarNamYy ]³ GMbUr(family), snþan¼ePT(genus), BUC(variety).
emIl Family, Phylogeny, Taxonomic hierachy, Taxonomy.
Taxonomic hierarchy: fananuRkménvtþIkrN_saRsþ¬cMNat;fñak;¦
lMdab;fñak;énsarBagÁkaymanCIvit¬b¤putBUCeTAehIy¦eyageTAtamvtþIkrsaRsþ. Division
cMNat;fñak;ekItecjBIrUbrag¬rbs;sarBagÁkay¦. CaerOy² manfñak;xøHRtUv)aneK Class

EckCa Gnufñak;bnþeTot ]³ sub-division, sub-class, nig sub-species. Order
CYnkal Bakü “Race-BUC” enAcenøaH subspecies nig variety. Family
RbePTEdlKµanlMdab;fñak; (non-taxonomic) dUcCaBakü Provenance, Land
Tribe
race, nig Cultivar CaerOy²RtUv)aneKeRbICaBakübec©keTsxagbgáat;BUC.
emIl Morphology, Phylogeny, Taxonomy Genus
Species
Variety
Form
Taxonomy: sikSaGMBIcMNat;fñak;
karcat;fñak;sarBagÁkay rYmmankareFVIGtþsBaØaNnamvløI eyageTAelIRbB½n§FmµCati¬CaBiess
KWlkçN³ rUb¦EdlBN’naBIvivtþn_.
emIl Morphology, Phylogeny, Taxon, Taxonomic hierarchy.
Tegmen: RsTab;kñúgénsMbkRKab;
xagkñúgsMbkRKab; CaFmµtaesþIg nigTn;.
emIl Seed coat, Testa, Sarcotesta.
Temperate recalcitrant: RbePTRKab;esImFunkNþal
RkummYyénRbePTRKab;esImEdlgayhYtbnÞúksMeNIm ehIyminFn;nwgkarsÞúkTukEdlmanbnÞúk
sMeNImTabeT EtvaFunnwgsItuNðPaBTab EdlCacMNucxusEbøkBIRbePTRKab;esImkñúgtMbn;RtUBic.
RbePTenHmaneRcIn kñúgéRBtMbn;RtCak;bgÁÜr dUcCaRbePT Querqus, Acer nig Fagus.
emIl Intermediate, Orthodox, Recalcitrant, Storability.
Test design: eRKagkarN_eFVIesaFn_
emIl Experimental design, Genetic test, Mating design.
Testa: sMbkRKab;EpñkxageRkA sMbkRKab;
EpñkxageRkAénsMbkRKab; CaFmµta varwgnigsVit b:uEnþvaGacmanTn; cMeBaHRbePTxøH¬emIlBakü
sarcotesta¦. CaerOy² BaküenH eKeRbIvamann½ydUc Seed coat Edr¬sMbkRKab;¦.
emIl Sarcotesta, Tegmen.
Tester design: eRKagkarN_bgáat;CahVak;T½r
emIl Factorial design.
Tetraploid: etRtapøGuIt ¬manRkUm:UsUm 4n)
man 4n RkUm:UsUm. emIl Chromosome set, Diploid, Haploid, Polyploid.
Tetrazolium: sarFatuKImIm:üageQµaHetRtasUdüÚm
emIl TTZ.
Thousand (1000) seed (grain) weight: TMgn;kñúg1000RKab;
TMgn;RKab;EdlsMEdgCaTMgn;én1000RKab;suT§ CaxñatbTdæankñúgkarBiesaFn_RKab;.
emIl Seed weight, Seed testing.
Threshing: karRbeLHykRKab;¬e)ak Ebn Can; dM¦
karbMEbk nigkarykRKab;ecjBIRbePTEpøs¶ÜttamviFIemkanikeTAelIEpø ]³ e)ak vaydM Can;Ebn
Can;T®nÞaM b¤eRbIm:asuIne)akEbn. emIl Extraction, Flail.
Tissue culture: karbNþúHkUneQIBICalika
karduHecjBIekasikarbs;rukçCati b¤kMeTctUc²rbs;CalikaenAeRkamlkçxNÐRtYtBinitüenAkñúgsar
FatubNþúH(medium-emeDom)KµanemeraK. sarFatubNþúH RtUv)aneKerobcM[RtUvnwgtMrUvkarrbs;
CalikaenaH ]³ dak;hUmUn nigsarFatuciBa©wm.
emIl Micropropagation, Somatic embryogenesis, Totipotency, Vegetative propagation.
Tolerance: PaBFn;
visalPaBénbrisßanmYyEdlsarBagÁkaymanCIvitGacrs;enAkñúgenaH)an ]³ karFn;nwgsItuNðPaB
karFn;nwgsMeNIm. enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_RKab;BUC karGnuBaØat[PaBlMeGog¬bUk b¤dk¦mankñúg
bTdæanKMrU(standard-bmaNIy). emIl Replicate, Seed testing.
Tomentose: manerameRcIn EdlduHerameRcIn
Topcross test: karBiesaFn_kUnkat;
karsakl,gkUnEdl)anmkBIkarbgáat;em)animYy²CamYylMGgsakl,gdUcKña. lMGgGac)anmk
BIedImenAkñúgLÚt_mYy b¤Car)a:yBIedImeQImYycMnYnénedImebkçPaBsakl,g b:uEnþminRtUvraraMgkar
cUlrYmrbs;em)aBiesaFn_eT.
emIl Cross-pollination, Diallel cross, Mating design, Polycross test, Progeny test.
Topophysis (plagiotrophy): )atuPUtduHtamTMlab;
Ca)atuPUtlUtlas;rbs; cugbMe)A BnøkRtYy nigkMNat;Emk EdlenArkSaTMlab;lUtlas;tamTis
rbs;va. dUcCaEmkpSaMkat;BIEmkRtg; eBlykeTAdaM valUtRtg; kalNakat;BIEmkcMehog eBldaM
vaduHeTAcMehog. emIl Cyclophysis, Hedging, Juvenile, Mature, Orthotropic growth,
Plagiotropic growth, Periphysis.
Totipotency: skþanuBlekasikaGacduHCaedImeQI
smtßPaB énRbePTNamYyénekasikarukçCati EdlGacbMEbk begáItCaedImrukçCatimYy)an. edIm,I
dwgBIskþanuBlenH eKkat;ekasikamYyduMecjBIrukçCatienH ehIydak;vakñúgsarFatuciBa©wmEdlvaRtUv
kar etIvaGacduH b¤eT.
emIl Meristem culture, Somatic embryogenesis, Tissue culture, Vegetative propagation.
Trait: lkçN³¬hVINwéfb¦ emIl Character
Transcription: karcMlg
dMeNIrkarEdl RNA naMsarmYyRtUv)an
begáItCakBa©k;qøúHmYyén DNA rbs;em)a
enH enAkMLúgeBlsMeyaKRbUFIn ehIynig
kartMerobtamXUdCInenTik.
emIl DNA, Genetic code, Protein
synthesis, RNA, Translation.
Transgressive segregation: karsMEdglkçN³enACMnan;TI2 vinieyaKkmµenACMnan;TI2

karelceLIglkçN³enACMnan; F b¤kareFVIvinieyaKkmµCMnan;epSg² rbs;Éktþ³EdlkarsMEdgeLIg
2
nUvlkçN³mYycMnYn¬CaFmµtavalak;)aMg b¤minsMEdgecjmk¦KWmaneRcInxøaMgCagenAkñúgCMnan;em)a
rbs;va b¤CMnan;F . 1
emIl F , F , Heterosis, Hybrid.

1 2
Transition from seed development to seed germination: GnþrkalBIkarvivDÆn_RKab;eTAdMNuH
Translation: karbkERb
CadMeNIrkarkñúgkarsMeyaKRbUFInEdlkñúgenaH XUdCInenTikrbs;DNARtUv)ansMEdgCalMdab;
GamINUGasuId¬Rcvak;plIEBbéfd ¦tamry³Pñak;garén mRNAnaMsar.
emIl DNA, Protein synthesis, RNA, Transcription.
Treatment: karEfTaM kardaMBiesaFn_BUC
enAkñúgn½ybec©keTsxagBiesaFn_nigsßiti (statistic) KWfaCakarBiesaFn_emIlktþaERbRbYl
epSg². enAkñúgn½yxagrukçvb,kmµ BaküenHGacmann½yfa kareFVI[rhal kardak;CI.l. eBalKW
vamann½yeTAtambec©keTs. enAkñúgkarerobcMbøg;eFVIsuvuDÆikmµedImeQI BaküenHGacmann½yfa
CakareFVIBiesaFn_daMRbPBkMeNIt nigkBa©b;RKab;BUCepSg²Kña.
emIl Experimental design, Seedlot, Variation.
Treatment, seed- : kardak;fñaMBullaykñúgRKab;;
kardak;fñaMBullayCamYyRKab; minRtUvyl;RcLMCamYyBakü Pre-treatment ¬RbRBwtþkmµ¦.
emIl Carbon dioxide, Fumigation, Pathogen, Phytotoxic, Pre-treatment.
Tree breeding: karbgáat;edImeQI
emIl Forest tree breeding, Forest tree improvement, Plant breeding.
Tree improvement: suvuDÆikmµedImeQI
emIl Forest tree improvement.
Trial = test: kardaMsakl,g
emIl Provenance trial.
Trier: ]bkrN_sMrab;cak;yk)a:n;RKab;BUC
]bkrN_mYydUcbMBg;sMrab;cak;ykKMrU)a:n;RKab;BIkBa©b;RKab;BUC. ]bkrN_enHmanbMBg;2 bMBg;mYy
sUkxagkñúgbMBg;mYyeTot. manrn§CaeRcInenAtambeNþaybMBg;TaMg2edIm,I[RKab;Føak;cUlkñúgbMBg;
enAeBlNarn§TaMg2 enARtUvKña ehIyrn§enHGacbiTCitvijenAeBleKmYlbMBg;xagkñúgeTAeqVgb¤
sþaM. emIl Sample.
Triploid: RTIpøGuIt
manRkUm:UsUm 3n . emIl Double fertilization, Endosperm, Hybrid sterility, Polyploid.
TTZ (Tetrazolium): etRtasUdüÚm
etRtasUdüÚm(tetrazolium)b¤tUb:URkahVIxletRtasUdüÚm(topographical tetrazolium). Casar
FatuKImIm:üagEdleRbIsMrab;dak;BinitüemIlCalikamanCIvit. etRtasUdüÚmeFVI[ekasikamanCIvit
eLIg BN_Rkhm edaykarkat;bnßyrbs;GMbiletRtasUdüÚmKµanBN_ eFVI[eLIgBN_Rkhm. kar
kat;bnßyBN_enH KWbNþalmkBIkardkéhRdUECnecj CaRkummYyénEGnEs‘mGuksuIkmµ Edlman
enAkñúgekasikamanCIvit.
emIl Dehydrogenase, Seed testing, Viability.
Tumbling: viFICMruHRKab;kñúgFugbgVil
Rbtibtþikar Edlekan b¤EpøRtUv)aneKdak;enAkñúgFugbgVilmYy EdleFVI[RKab;remol nige)ak ehIy
eFVI[RKab;RCuHecjBIEpø. viFIbgVilRkLúkenH eKGaceRbIxYbpSMCamYykarbBa©ÚlkMedACamYy dUcCaL
bgVilpgEdr.
emIl Extraction, Kiln.
U
Unisexual: manePTEtmYy páaEdlmanEteksrjI b¤manEteksreQµal
n½ydUcBakü Imperfect flower ¬páamineBjelj¦.
emIl Hermaphrodite.
Upgrading: karbegáInKuNPaB
kareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaBmFüm b¤karsMEdgeLIg edayeFVIkarbM)at;Éktþ³Gn;. n½yTak;Tg
nwgRKab;BUC KWCakarbegáInlT§PaBrs; nigsuxPaBrwgmaMrbs;kBa©b;RKab; edaykarsMritsMraMgecjnUv
RKab;tUc² minTuM es<ót nigm:üageTot RKab;BUCGn;ecjBIkBa©b;RKab;BUC. n½yTak;Tg nigRbPB
plitRKab;BUC KWkab;ecjnUvedImEdlmanhVINwéfbGn; edIm,IbegáInKuNPaBCInenTik ]³karbegáIt
tMbn;plitRKab;BUC.
emIl Grading.
160
V
Variance: karERbRbYl EvrIGanS
TsSn³mYyxagsßiti¬sþWTisþik¦Edlcg¥úlR)ab;TMhMelxénlT§PaBbMErbMrYl. eKkMNt;vaCaplbUkén
kareredrIev¬eTVrKuNénbMErbMrYl¦énkarsegátnimYy²BImFümBiCKNit EckcMnYnsrubénkarsegát
dk1.
emIl Variation, Genotype – environment interaction.
Variation: bMErlbMrYl karERbRbYl karpøas;bþÚr
PaBxusEbøkKñaén karsMEdgeLIg niglkçN³rbs;Éktþ³ edaysarEtktþaxagkñúg nigxageRkA. enA
kñúgRkumBUCFmµCatimYy bMErbMrYlhVINwéfbKWlT§plénkarvivtþn_bMErbMrYlTaMgbrisßan nigCInenTik.
enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_bMErbMrYlKMrU niglT§pllMeGogénkarBiesaFn_ begáIt)anCaKMlatbMErbMrYl.
sUmemIlrUbenATMB½r178.
emIl Diversity, Genotype – ,environment interaction, Genotype, Phenotype, Variance.
Variability: lT§PaBbMErbMrYl¬CInenTik¦
Variety: BUC PaBEbøk² nanaPaB

1> karEbgEcklMdab;fañ k;énrukCç atiénRbePTmYyEdlEp¥keTAelIlkçN³bnÞab;bnSM ehIyCaerOy²
minKitBITItaMgPUmisaRsþeT. lMdab;fñak;BUC¬PaBEbøk²¦ enAeRkamRbePTBUC(species) b:uEnþenA
xagelIlMdab;fñak; form enAkñúgzananuRkmvtþIkrN_.
2> karpÁúMKñamYyénÉktþ³EdleKdaM xusEbøkKñatamsar³RbeyaCn_NamYy³ lkçN³GacbnþBUC.
enAkñúgn½yTI2enH GñkeFVIcMNat;fñak;vtþIkrN_cUlcitþeRbIBakü Cultivar Cag variety of strain.
emIl Family, Race, Taxon, Taxonomic hierarchy.
Vegetative cells: ekasikalUtlas;
emIl Somatic cells.
Vegetative propagation: karbnþBUCtamsrIragÁlUtlas;
karbnþBUCrbs;rukçCatimYytammeFüa)ay\tePT dUcCa BnøkExñg bMe)A karbNþúHkMNat;Emk ehIy
nigkarpSaMEmk. lkçN³tMNBUCrbs;kUnbMe)A¬saBagÁkaycMlg¦ KWmanlkçN³dUcedImemrbs;va.
emIl Air-layering, Apomixis, Asexual reproduction, Budding, Clone, Grafting,
Macropropagation, Micropropagation, Ortet, Ramet, Root sucker, Vegetative cells.
Viability: lT§PaBrs; lT§PaBdMNuH

RKab;BUCEdlGacduHBnøk)an eBlEdleKpþl;Twk nigbrisßansmRsb[¬rYmTaMgkarbMEbkPaBsMgM¦
sMrab;eFVI[manRbtikmµnUvdMeNIrkarKImICIvsaRsþ EdleKfavaGacrs;)an. karBiesaFn_lT§PaB
dMNuH(viability tests) mincaM)ac;eFVIdUckarBiesaFn_dMNuHenaHeT eRBaHfalT§PaBrs;enHGacvas;
edayRbeyal)an ]³ karBuHRKab;Binitü b¤karRClk;kñúgl,ayetRtasUdüÚm.
emIl Cutting test, Germination capacity, Dormancy, Germination capacity, Vigour.
Viable seed: RKab;manCIvit RKab;GacduH)an
RKab;mYyEdlGacduHBnøk)anenAeRkamlkçxNÐGMeNaypl kñúgkrNIEdlPaBsMgMrbs;RtUv)an
bMEbk. emIl Germination, Viability, Vigour, Seed test.
Vigor = vigour: Blsm,Ta suxPaBrwgmaM
lkçN³sm,tþirbs;RKab;BUCTaMgLayNaEdlkMNt;BIskþanuBlduHBnøknigvivtþn_elOn nigRsuHKña
rbs;kUneQIFmµtaenAeRkamlkçxNÐTIvalxusKñaeRcIn. CaFmµta kar)at;bg;Blsm,Tamun munkar
)at;bg;lT§PaBdMNuH ehtudUecñH eyIgeXIjExSekagcuHy:agelOn ¬]³ dUcvas;enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_
dMNuHenAeRkamlkçxNÐlM)ak¼lt;dM¦CagExSekaglT§PaBdMNuH¬]³ vas;enAeRkamlkçxNÐdMNuH
RbesIr¦. emIl Accelerated ageing, Ageing, Stress, Viability, Heterosis.
Vigor test: karBiesaFn_Blsm,TadMNuHrbs;RKab;

CaFmµta karBiesaFn_dMNuH RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAeRkamlkçxNÐminRbesIreT¬xVHxat¦b¤eRkayBIbegáIn
GayurYc edIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjnUvkarxUcrbs;kBa¢b;RKab;BUC. karBiesaFn_dMNuHkñúglkçxNÐFmµta eK
minGac)a:n;sµandwgeT.
emIl Accelerated ageing, Germination capacity, Hiltner test, Stress, Viability, Vigour.
Viviparous (=vivipary = precocious): EdlduHBnøkkñúgEpø¬minTan;RCuHBIedIm¦
karduHBnøkRKab; enAxN³EpøvaenACab;elIedImemenAeLIy ]³RbePTekagkag Rhizophora spp..
RbePTRKab;enH Bi)akEfTukdak;xøaMgNas;.
emIl Recalcitrant.
W
Wahlund's effect: lT§plrbs;v:alun
lT§plénkarRbmUlpþúMbNþaÉktþ³BIGnuRkumBUCEbøk²xagCInenTikdak;eTACaKMrUmYy. smamaRt
rbs;ehtWrWsayhÁÚt vaTabCagkarKitTukénmFümRhIVxVInsuIGaEll.
emIl Hardy-Weinberg law, Gene frequency, Sub-population.
Water holding capacity: smtßPaBrkSasMeNIm¬Twk¦
brimaNTwkEdlGacrkSa)anenAelIépÞsarFatudMNuH eRkayBIRCabTwkedayesrI. RKYsnigxSac;man
smtßPaBrkSaTwk¬sMeNIm¦Tab Él,ab;Pk; nigsarFatusrIragÁemeDomepSg² mansmtßPaBx<s;.
emIl Peat, Perlite.
Water potential: skþanuBlTwk PWEtnsülTwk
sßanPaBfamBlrbs;TwkenAkñúg dI b¤s RKab;.l. TwknwghUrBIkEnøgmYyEdlmanskþanuBl
¬PWEtnsül¦Twkx<s;eTAkan;skþanuBlTabCag. skþanuBlTwk vaGaRs½yeTAtamRbePT karrg
\T§iBlBI ]³ skþanuBlGUsµÚs skþanuBlRsUbTaj skþanuBlehIm. RtUv)aneKvas;kñúgÉktþasMBaF
GviC¢man¬-¦.
emIl Water holding capacity.
Wind pollination: kareraylMGgtamxül;
kareraylMGg edaysarEtxül;bk;pat;lMGg.
emIl Background pollination, Buffer area, Controlled pollination, Open pollination,
Pollen dilution zone
Wings (seed-): søabRKab;
srIragÁbEnßms¶ÜtenAelIEpønigRKab;EdlsMrYldl;karBRgayRKab;tamxül;(anemochory). søab
GacmankMeNItecjBIsMbkRKab; ]³ RbePT Khaya-RKab;Ebk nig Swietenia-kNþwgdMrI BI
rcnasm<½n§køayrbs;Epø Pterocarpus-Fñg; b¤rcnasm<½n§køayminRCuHrbs;páa(Gluta nigBYkeQI
Tal dipterocarps). søabGacmanesþIgnigdUcRkdas mandUcCa RbePTRsl; nig casuarinas-
s¶av b¤dUcCaeQI mandUcCaBYk Acer nig Tarrietia spp-dUnEcm. CaFmµta søabRtUveKkat;
vaecj enAeBlsMGatva edIm,Ikat;bnßymaDnigsMrYlkñúgkarerobcMTukdak;.
emIl De-winging, Samara.
Wood producing population: RkumBUCsMrab;plit¬sac;¦eQI
CacMkareQIEdleKdaMenAkmµvIFIsþaréRBeQIeLIgvij.
emIl Base population, Breeding population, Breeding strategy, Production population.
Working sample: KMrU¬)a:n;¦RKab;)anBiesaFn_rYc
)a:n;RKab;BUCEdlykecjBI)a:n;RKab;epJIr[enAkñúgTIBiesaFn_ EdlkarBiesaFn_BIKuNPaBRKab;)an
eFVIrYcxøHehIy.
emIl Sample, Submitted sample, Seed testing.
Wrinkle: RCYj eFVI[RCYj
X
Xenia: RbsiT§iPaBlMGg
CaRbsiTi§PaBénlMGgEdleKsegáteXIjmaneTAelIEGndUsW<mb¤EGmRb‘Íy:U CaBiess RbsiTi§PaB
EdlbNþalmkBITMnak;TMngPaBlb; nigskmµPaBCInepSg²eTotenAkñúgEGndUsW<mRTIpøGuIt. eday
sarRbsiTi§PaBlMGg lkçN³kUnkat;GacnwgsMEdg[eXIjCa rUbrag BN_.l. ecjBIRKab;BUCEdl
eKTTYl)an.
emIl Allele, Dominance, Double fertilization, Endosperm.
X-radiograph: rUbPaBftedaykaMrsµIGuikS
rUbPaBénvtßúmYyenAelIhVIlµ(film)ft EdleKftenAeRkamkaMrsµIGuikS. rUbxageRkamftkaMrsµIGuikS
énRKab;RbePT Pinus Kesiya . rUbPaBbgðaj[eXIjGMBIGMRb‘Íy:U nigRKab;es<ótxøH.
X-radiography (= X-ray radiography): karftrUbkaMrsµIGiukS

CaviFIsaRsþmYyEdlmineFVI[xUcxatdl;RKab;edIm,IBinitüKuNPaBrbs;RKab; edaydak;vaenAeRkam
kaMrsµIGuikS nigcab;ykrUbPaBftenAelIhVIlµrUb EdleKGacvaytMélBIsPaBrbs;EGmRb‘Íy:U.
X-ray: kaMresµIGuikS
kaMrsµIeGLicRtUm:aej:TikEdlmanRbEvgrlkxøINas; eRbIsMrab;karftrUbkaMrsµIGuikS.
Z
Zygote: sayhÁÚt/ hSúIhÁÚt¬suIkUt¦ s‘ut
Cas‘utbgákMeNItrYcehIy CYnkalk¾manÉktþ³vivtþn_ecjBIvapgEdr. CaFmµta cMnYnRkUm:UsUmrbs;
sayhÁÚt CaDIpøGuIt(2n).
emIl Chromosome number, Diploid, Double fertiliation, Fertilization.
TRmg;bnÞHsøwk (Leaf shapes)
TRmg;éncugsøwk Kl;søwk nigEKmsøwk
RbePTsøwk nigRTng;søwk
Diagram of Sexual Circle of Gymnosperm Plant
rUbbgðajBIvdþbnþBUCrbs;rukçCatiRKab;Rsat
References
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Seed Biology and Tree Development Glossary

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PREFACE

It is a result of Cambodia Tree Seed Project/Danida cooperation with the Forestry

Arvid Sloth Ty Sokhun

GavIt søút TI suKn§

Absolute humidity: sMeNImdac;xat

Air layering (=Marcotting): karpSaMEmk

Apocarpous (apocarpy): CaeksrjIrlayCab;Kñabnþic

karbnþBUCmanePT. CaerOy² eKeRbIBaküenHsMedAeTAelIkarplitRKab;Edlmin)anTTYlkarbgá

Archegonium: GaXIehÁaenom srIragÁpÞúkGUvüÚl

Buffer: RTnab; sarFatuTb;Rbtikmµ

Census number: cMnYnedImsikSaehIy

Clonal garden: sYnkUnbMe)A b¤pSaM

eFobeTAnwgkUnepSg²eTotrbs;em)aepSg enAkñúgkarsakl,gdUcKña. tMélénkarbgáat;(Breeding

ability-SCA) GaRs½yeTAnwgem)a2 EdlenAeBlkat;bBa©ÚlKña plitkUn)anl¥CagEdleKrMBwgTuk

monocotyledon mansøwkEGmRb‘ÍyU:1 BYkdicotyledonmansøwk2 ehIyBYk conifers mansøwk

Critical Moisture Content (CMC): bnÞúksMeNImGb,brma

Cutting (test): ¬karBiesaFn_eday¦kat;RKab;-EpøemIllT§PaBduHrbs;RKab;

- Bak;kNþal³ dUceRKagkarN_BiesaFn_suT§Edr EtelIkElgEtkarpSMeTAvijeTAmk ehIyCaFmµta

RbePTNamYyénkarbgáat; GtþsBaØaNTaMgrbs;RKab;nigTaMglMGgem)a RtUv)anrkSaTuksMrab;

Diaspore: RKab; ÉktþaBRgayRKab;

Diminishing return (law of -): karRtLb;CaGn;vij c,ab;RtLb;vij

EdlRtUvpøas;bþÚreTACahIVtWRkUm P edaydak;halva[RtUvBnøWRkhm(660-760nm) b¤hal[RtUv

karbgákMeNIteTVr vdþbnþBUCsegçbénBYk Angiosperm: ekasikaem microspore (b), enAkñúg

Endocarp: EGndUxab sMbkkñúgRKab;

Endogamy: vgSRtkUl/ BUCsasn_/ GenþalMGg

design), eRKagkarN_épÞLaTIn(Latin square) eRKagkarN_EckbøúkrMlg²(lattice design or split

páaeTal dUcenH rYmmanRbePTEpøcegáam nigekItmkBIpáacegáamTaMgmUl ]³RbePTBhuEpø (Multiple

kareLIgem RbEhlbNþalmkBIGMeBIrbs;katalIkrénem¬Rsa¦EdlGacCarukçCatiÉkraCümYy dUc

Fleshy fruit: RbePTEpøsac; EpømanCatiTwkeRcIn

Floral (=Flower) initiation: karcab;epþImpáa

1: páajITaMgRsug. ePTBIrepSgKña. páamanpÞúkEteksrjI. eksreQµalrYmcuH nigKµantYnaTIeT.

emIl Carbon dioxide, Treatment.

emIl Gene frequency, Migration.

emIl DNA marker, Electrophoresis, Fingerprint, Isozyme, Marker.

lkçN³enaHkñúgkarKitTuk ehIy D CakareRCIserIsepSg²Kña.

Germination percentage: PaKrydMNuH

Graft union: cMNuc b¤kEnøgbnSIúKñaénkarbMe)A

A A nig A A CabnþbnÞab;. Edl p CaRhIVxVInsuIrbs;GaEll A ,nig q CaRhIVxVInsuIrbs;

Heterosis: eGetr:UsIus PaBCakUnkat;

em)a ]³ dUcCakarlUtlas;xøaMgCag Tinñplx<s;Cag b¤PaBFn;nwgCMgWCag. tamsþWTisþik³ karekIn

Rsat KµansNþg;RKab;eT EtsñamdUcéhlwm Gac

gous. BaküpÞúy Heterogeneous.

Homologous chromosomes: RkUm:UsUmhUm:ULÚhÁ

pÞúy Complete pedigree design ¬karerobbøg;bgáat;BgSavlImineBjelj¦.

Juvenile: ényuvPaB minTan;eBjv½y¬x©I¦

Land race: BUCpSaMkñúgRsuk BUCEdl)anbnSaMkñúgRsuk¬BUCnaMcUlmkdaMGs;CaeRcInCMnan;mkehIy¦

Lattice design (= balanced incomplete block dsign): 3 12 2 10 7 3

emIl Completely random design, Experimental design, 5 2 6 7 11 2

Latin square design, Randomized complete block 4 8 3 12 9 8

BaküenHRtUv)anrkSaeRbIsMrab;RbePTEpøkñúgGMbUr Leguminosae eBalKW RbePTEpøs¶ÜtmanRKab;

Locus (pl. loci): LÚxws/ Ggát;CIn

Micropyle: mIRkUéPl rn§mIRkUéPl

Moisture content (m.c): bnÞúksMeNIm

Nodal cutting: karkat;Bk fñaMg EPñk

OLDA (Orthodox with Limited Desiccation Ability): RbePTRKab;s¶ÜtEdlkarsMgYtmankMrit

Orthotropous (=atropous): EdlQrRtg;eTAelI

Ovuliferous scale: RskaGUvüÚl

Periodicity: PaBeTogeBlkMNt; xYbecjEpø¬KitCaqñaM¦

rbs;BnøW. P RsUbykkaMrsµIRkhm EdleFVI[vaERbeTACa P ehIy P RsUbykkaMrsµIRkhmEvg

(far-red)k¾ERbeTACa P . emIl Dormancy, Photo-, Dormancy, secondary-.

Phytosanitary (phyto = plant rukçCati , sanitary = cleaning sMGat): PUtRKamGnam½y

Plagiotropic growth: karlUtlas;eTATisepþk b¤eRTt

Pollen tube: bMBg;lMGg