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Science Technology
-it is process of discovering, explaining, and predicting -activities that apply the principles of science and
natural or social phenomena. mechanics to the solutions of a specific problem.

Apply is the word. So it means na si science is the

As a concept, science is the body of knowledge and is
a discipline that deals with the process of learning.
Science is an organized, hierarchical activity that
investigates nature and human nature by
experiment and observation.
Its goals are explanation, understanding, prediction,
and control. Science improves life and helps you
to survive life, hence, interwoven with people’s
lives.
Science is an idea since it includes theories and all
available systematic explanations and observations
about the natural and the physical world.
CONTENT  Body of organized knowledge about
nature
From Latin scientia - knowledge
METHOD  Of obtaining that knowledge,
experiment, observation, hypothesis, theory, law
ATTITUDE  Organized and systematic skepticism
GOALS  Explanation, understanding, prediction,
control
LANGUAGE  Mathematics and technical
vocabulary
TOOLS  Uses Instruments and technologies
COMMUNITY  Discipline, education, credentials,
careers, patrons, societies, “turf”
PROCESS  organized, but very diverse activity
shaped by social forces and historical change
“idea” or the “knowledge”, and anything that we “apply”
that knowledge and idea is technology.
Technology as artifacts or Hardware  Products
fabricated by humans to meet specific needs. Tools,
machines, implements.
Technology as knowledge and methods  A
system of tacit and explicit knowledge, techniques,
and materials utilized in using, making, or repairing a
certain kind of artifact.
Technology as a human cultural activity or
profession  e.g. military or civil engineers, crafters,
machinists.
Technology as a total societal enterprise  e.g.
“American technological know-how.” R&D, invention,
patronage, mass production and mass consumption
It refers to the activities that apply the principles of
science for addressing a specific problem and
attributed as the application of the discoveries of
science.

INTRODUCTION

The intellectual roots of STS lie in the history, philosophy, and social study of science and technology, an
arena where often-controversial issues and choices interface with values and influence public policy. STS
prepares students to understand both the technical and social dimensions of science and technology, helps
them become more thoughtful and better-informed citizens of our high-tech society, and develops their critical
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interdisciplinary thinking, research, and communication skills. Students flourish intellectually in an

environment where critical questioning is encouraged and opportunities for research are abundant. The STS
program maintains a full slate of guest speakers, often co-sponsored by other departments, for the benefit of
students and the larger community.

 Automation
 Dominant in an industrial society, the replacement of human labor with machinery and
equipment that is self-operating.
 Mechanization
 Dominant in an agricultural society, the use of tools to accomplish tasks previously done by
hand.
 Cybernation
 Dominant in a postindustrial society; the use of machines to control other machines.

On a personal level,

• Interdisciplinary education for life.

• Relevant to every field of study.
• A great major or double major or “the minor for all majors”.
• A way to improve your writing and communications skills, problem-solving abilities, and ability to
adapt to changes in science and technology.
• Attractive to potential employers.
• Needed at all levels, in education, government, the private sector, and internationally.

Academic STS

• Scholarly Study of Science and Technology.

• History, Philosophy, Sociology of S & T.
• Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary.
• Perennial and structural problems of history, philosophy, and human nature.
• Science dynamics
• Technological dynamics
• Informs activist STS issues.

Activist STS

• Gets involved in current issues.

• Covers a broad social spectrum (not just academic).
• Builds coalitions:
o Awareness of a problem
o Need to take responsibility
o Draw on external expertise
o Make decisions and take actions
▪ (demonstrate, litigate, educate, legislate, etc.).
• Strengths —relevance, empowerment, democratic.
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• Weaknesses — ad hoc, emotional, NIMBY.

• Examples: nuclear power, toxic wastes, health care, climate change action.

LESSON 1. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• The golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science. However, it was also a deeply
trying moment for some scientists who wanted to stand for their faith, religion, and theological views
• It has always been interwoven with the society
• Intellectuals  People who made scientific activities in order to know everything that surrounds
them. It is a product of their curiosity. They are for scientific discovery and not for glory and
honor given by the public. They experiment, theorize and implement.

1. Science as an IDEA  Includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and
observations about the world

2. Science as an INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY  Encompasses a systematic and practical study of the

natural and physical world. It involves systematic observation and experimentation.

3. Science as a BODY OF KNOWLEDGE Subject or discipline, a field of study that deals with the process
of learning about the world. This is also known as SCHOOL SCIENCE

4. Science as a PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY  Science is both knowledgeable and activities done
by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It improves life and teach us
how to survive life.

Some Intellectuals

1. Charles Darwin
• Famous for his “Theory of Evolution”
• He changed our concept of the world’s creation and its evolution
• Published the book “The Origin of Species” in 1959  one of the most important works in scientific
literature
• He also published the book “Descent of a Man”  impressive yet very controversial
• He developed his interest in natural history during his time as a student

2. Nicolaus Copernicus

• His ideas were an example of what is called as “thought experiment”

• Epitome authored by Mueller influence Copernicus. This book contains Mueller’s observations of the
heavens and commentaries on earlier works of Ptolemy
• He circulated a summary of “Little Commentary”
• Published the book “De revolutionalibus orbium coelestium” which was cited as the start of scientific
revolution
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• He wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center in unvarying
rates.
• He placed sun as the center of the universe which has negated the ptolemic model (earth is
the center)

3. Sigmund Freud

• Famous in Psychology
• Rosenfeils described him as a towering literacy figure
• Method of Psychoanalysis  observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s inner
life
• He is not a traditional thinker, which was according to Wiener
• He introduced the dissociation from one’s self

LESSON 2. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

MESOAMERICA
• It includes the entire area of central America from southern Mexico up to south America

1. MAYA CIVILIZATION
✓ One of the most famous civilization that lasted for 2000 years
✓ Incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other
religious structures that allowed them to use their temples for astronomical observations.
Example  the pyramid of Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun
during the spring
✓ Predicts eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting
✓ They are known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems
✓ Developed the technology for growing different crops and building using machineries and
tools.
✓ They built hydraulic systems with sophisticated waterways to supply water to communities.
✓ Built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral
called mica
✓ One of the earliest people who have produced rubber products 3000 before Goodyear
✓ Mayan Hieroglyphics

2. INCA CIVILIZATION
✓ Made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization
✓ Road paved with stones
✓ Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
✓ Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land
✓ Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season
✓ First suspension bridge
✓ Quipu  A system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret
✓ Inca textiles  Used for clothes and fashion
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3. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
✓ Mandatory Education, they value education
✓ Chocolates. Chocolates were used as their currency. Natural source is Theobroma cacao
✓ Antispasmodic Medication  Prevents muscle spasm of the GIT and relaxes muscle during surgery
✓ Chinampa  Aztec technology in agriculture farming, in which lands are divided into rectangular
areas and surrounded by canals
✓ Invention of CANOE  A light narrow boat for traveling in water systems

ASIA
• It is the biggest continent in the world

1. INDIA
✓ A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains
✓ Known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works
✓ Iron steel  considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole roman empire
✓ Ayurveda  a system of traditional medicine that originated before 2500 BC, alternative medicine
✓ Sursuta Samhita  describes different surgical and other medical procedures
✓ Year  360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
✓ Bisht  Indian known for mathematics in Indus Valley Civilization
✓ Aryabhatiya  introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques
✓ Brahmagupta  said that gravity is a source of attraction
✓ Madhava Sangamagrama  founder of mathematical analysis

2. CHINA
✓ Acupuncture
✓ Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools
✓ Invented the first seismological detector
✓ Developed dry dock facility
✓ They made significant records of supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets

3. MIDDLE EAST
✓ Muhammad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi  gave his name to the concept of algorithm while the term
algebra was derived from al-jabr
✓ Ibn Sina  pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct
clinical trials. Authored “Book of healing” and “Cannon of Medicine”. “Book of Healing”, a
philosophical and scientific encyclopedia. He pioneered the use of clinical trials to prove certain
theories and principles in medicine and the youngest arab who memorized the entire “Quran” at the
age of 10.

LESSON 3. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and NATION-BUILDING

FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

1. Ramon Barba  Outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippines Mangoes. Botany was a focus
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2. Josefino Comiso  He has made major contributions to the theory and practice of automatic control.
His work in the 1970s and 1980s on the control of leader-follower systems is still considered one of the major
contributions of the half-century in the theory of hierarchical control systems.
3. Jose Bejar Cruz  Known in the field of electrical engineering
4. Lourders Jansuy Cruz  Research on Sea Snail Venom
5. Fabian Dayrit  Research on Herbal Medicine
6. Rafael Dineros III  Tilapia Culture
7. Enrique Ostrea  Meconium Drug Testing
8. Lilian Patena  Plant Biotechnology
9. Ruiz  Outstanding educator and graph theorist
10. Gregory Tangonan  research in communication technology
11. Abelardo Aguilar
• He worked on Eli Lilly Company Inc.
• He is a native from Iloilo, Philippines
• He discovered the antibiotic “Erythromycin” which was traded as “Ilotycin” during that time
• He was never paid according to some news and research and died peacefully.
• Erythromycin is commonly used for tonsillitis.
12. Fe Del Mundo
• First woman to be admitted in Harvard School of Medicine because of her exemplary performance
and intelligence
• She founded the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines because of her love to children  Fe del
Mundo Hospital
13. Quisimbing
• Biologist and known as the leading authority with regards to plants
• He served as director of the National Museum of the Philippines
14. Felix Maramba
• Coconut oil powered generator

LESSON 4. SCIENCE EDUCATION in THE PHILIPPINES

• Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science.

• Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively teach science
• It explored pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach science

1. PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL (PSHSS)

✓ Government program for the gifted students in the Philippines
✓ A service institute of the DOST whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for secondary course
with special emphasis on subjects pertaining to sciences
✓ School maintains dormitory for all of its students
✓ Based on RA 3661

2. SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS (SSES)

✓ Pursuant to DepEd Order No. 73 and No.51
✓ It identified elementary schools that participated or were identified as science elementary schools in
the country
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✓ It aims to develop Filipino children eqquippred with scientific knowledge and skills
✓ Promote the development of lifelong learning skills
✓ Provide a learning environment to science-inclined children through a special curriculum that
recognizes the multiple intelligence of the learners
✓ Foster the holistic development of the learners

3. QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

✓ Established on September 17. 1967
✓ Originally named as Quezon City Science High School turned to Regional Science High School for
NCR students in 1999
✓ The school is for students who excel in mathematics and science
✓ The school is well-supported by LGU and PTA

4. MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

✓ Established on October 1, 1963
✓ First science high school in the Philippines
✓ Emphasis on Science and Mathematics

5. CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE FOUNDATION

✓ Home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the Dynamic Learning
Program (DLP)
✓ The school that takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics in 1992

LESSON 5. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

• Indigenous science is one of the foundations of modern science.

• It is the reconciliation of tradition, superstitions and rationality, which is continuously evolving until
this age.
• Science education provides skills and knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in the age
of science.
• Indigenous knowledge is the foundation of indigenous science.

A. Indigenous Knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:
• Predicting weather conditions
• Use of herbal medicines
• Preserving foods
• Classifying plants into families and groups
• Preserving and selecting good seeds
• Building local irrigation systems
• Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits

B. Indigenous Science as guided by culture and community values such as:

• Indigenous science used science process skills such as observing, comparing, measuring,
problem solving and predicting
• The land is the source of life. It is precious gift from the creator
• The earth is also known as the “Mother Earth”. It is the origin of their identity as people
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• All living and non-living things are interconnected and interdependent with each other
• Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural sources
• Nature is a friend of human beings- it needs respect and proper care

FILIPINO SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

ADD-ONS

A.

Homo sapiens
Primates who think (a lot)
Contemplative

Homo farber
Primates who make things
Manipulative  are able to control their fate and their environment as a result of the use of tools was
emphasized.

B. Changes matter undergoes

1. Evaporation  Liquid to Gas

2. Condensation  Gas to Liquid
3. Melting  Solid to Liquid
4. Freezing  Liquid to Solid
5. Sublimation  Solid to Gas
6. Deposition  Gas to Solid

C. The Marijuana Plant

• From Cannabis sativum or Cannabis sativa
• Young marijuana does not contain the euphoric property that makes the hitter high/euphoric
• Mature marijuana contains the euphoric property
• Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannibinol is the constituent responsible for the euphoric property of marijuana
that makes the hitter high
• Hashish  Resin found in marijuana
• Illegal in the Philippines
• Known to have treat cancer, N/V induced by cancer chemotherapy, epilepsy and other CNS diseases
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D. Importance of Water in the Body

• Water improves our total well-being
• It reenergizes our body through improving the flow of blood and in turn would oxygenate cells and
tissues for proper functioning

E. American Era
✓ Educational System and Engineering

F. Spanish Era
✓ Carpentry and construction

G. Telephone
• Discovered by Alexander Graham Bell
• Uses radiowaves to receive and make calls

H. Leprosy
• Leprosy is also known as “KETONG”
• Caused by Mycobacterium leprae
• Jose Rodriguez have proposed ways and methods to control the spread of the infection

I. Cloning
• Sheep is the first mammal to be cloned

J. Solar Cells
• is the best energy source in view of keeping environment clean since it does not destroy any of the
nature component.

K. Albert Einstein
• Theory of Relativity

L. Isaac Newton
• Greatest mind before Einstein
• Theory of Gravitation
• -9.8m/s2  pull of gravity
• We have the same mass on earth and in moon
• Our weight in moon is different from our weight on earth
M. Diosdado Banatao
• According to our discussion, he invented the 10Mbit CMOS coupler
• Microchip for IBM

N. “I love you virus”

• Computer virus or worm originated from the Philippines which affected windows 1999-2000

O. Areca catechu
• “Ma-ma”, or “Nga-nga”
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• Alkaloids  Strengthens the teeth

• Tannins  Esophageal cancer

P. Alloy

• Mixtures of metals
• Bronze  Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn)
• Brass  Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn)
• Amalgam
• Silver (only metal with oligodynamic property), Gold (King of all metals) and Copper (most
commonly used conductor of electricity) are metals