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INTRODUCTION
Generator insulation systems, however perfect their initial
state, inevitably degrade in service. Heat, thermal cycling,
bar forces, vibration, mechanical shock, shrinkage of support
structure such as wedges and spacers, and the presence of a
high electric stress, act and interact to impair the integrity of
the dielectric system. At some stage, partial discharges will Fig. 1: Cable-type portable partial-discharge coupling capacitors being connected
start or begin to increase, providing an additional erosive to the three phase-conductors of a. machine prior to test.
aging factor. This usually occurs at abraded outer shielding,
in cavities or delaminations, or in the end-turn structure.
The number, magnitude and distribution of the partial
discharge pulses can conceivably identify predominant aging
mechanisms. Changes in these quantities, as a function of
machine age, become a measure of cumulative insulation
deterioration.
Fig. 6: Typical GCA Pulse Height Distribution, Mountain Chute GS, Unit 2,
Blue Phase.
Fig. 5: Sequence of analyzer’s operation. Only pulses greater than the tower
threshold produce trigger signals. It is interesting to note that the magnitudes of pulses in the 10
The circuit uses two types of high-speed TTL 1C logic to 15 counts per second region correspond to the maximum
devices: fast comparators and “non-retriggerable, edge- pulse magnitudes observed in the “conventional” test.
triggered” monostables which can also be inhibited by an
appropriate logic signal. NOISE CORRECTION
The operation of the magnitude window for the positive- From basic considerations, partial discharges occurring
positive-pulse channel may be explained with reference during the rising portion of the applied high voltage wave,
to Figure 4. Monostables A and B are only triggered by a are detected as negative pulses, and vice versa. The GCA
positive pulse. C is triggered only when both the inhibit phase window may be adjusted so that in a sequence of
signal is removed and a negative wave front appears at the pulse counts, one may record the distribution of positive
trigger input. and negative pulses in the rising and falling portions of the
The sequence of operations for a pulse with a peak power frequency cycle, respectively. On the assumption that
magnitude falling within the window is shown in Figure unwanted noise is more or less uniformly distributed in both
5(a). The pulse triggers an output from comparator A only, half cycles, a net distribution may be derived which ore truly
while the inverted output from mono-stable B remains high represents the discharge situation in the insulation system.
since it was not triggered, thus failing to inhibit C. When A Typical data obtained in this way are shown in Figures 6
returns to the low level, monostable C is triggered by the and 7. A calibration procedure to be described later, permits
negative front, its output activating a pulse counter. Until conversion from a mV to a pC base.
non-retriggerable monostable A returns to the low level, it Correction for transient noise occurring at the time of
cannot perceive input signals, thus ignoring ringing for a measurement is achieved by a simultaneous display, renewed
preselected time, in this case, 3µs. every second, of the count of a selected pulse polarity in both
When the input pulse exceeds the upper threshold, as the rising and falling portions of the power frequency cycle,
shown in Figure 5(b), both A and B are triggered. Since B’s both counted in the same one second interval.
output is now low, C is inhibited from triggering when A’s This noise correction technique may be only partially
output drops; hence the counter is not activated. The width effective because the external noise (discharges on the
incoming transmission lines, transformers, bus work) tends COUPLER CONSTRUCTION
to be phase-oriented in exactly the same way as the generator Essentially high-voltage power cable splice materials and
insulation discharge pulses. Yet one invariably finds that techniques are employed. A sufficient thickness of self-
the count in the “expected” polarity far exceeds the other. amalgamating insulating tape to insulate for 4 kV (about 2
A more effective approach to noise elimination is described mm) is applied first over the jumper insulation for a length
below. limited only by the local geometry (typically 20 cm). Over
this insulation, a semi-conductive, self-amalgamating tape
and tinned copper braid sandwich provides a discharge-free
capacitor electrode. The capacitance of the coupler is adjusted
to match symmetrical pairs to within about 2%. Depending
on the jumper length, a typical coupler capacitance will be
in the 70 to 90 pF range. The centre conductor of a co-
axial cable (RGS8C/U) is soldered to the braid and securely
fastened in place, as shown in Figure 9. The shield is
removed to a point beyond the braid and left open at this end.
Insulating tape is applied overall for mechanical security and
a final finish layer similar to that normally used over jumpers
may be used.
Fig. 7: GCA Pulse Height Distribution, Barrett Chute GS, Unit 4, Red Phase.
CALIBRATION
The conversion of test data in terms of millivolts of
deflection on an oscilloscope screen, into apparent charge in
picocoulombs is of paramount importance for rendering the
data “independent” of the detection equipment parameters, Fig. 10: Calibration of pulse voltage magnitudes into picocoulombs. The lower
machine size and the loading effects of connected bus, etc. trace shows the front of a negative square wave which is applied through a 50 pF
ideating capacitor. The response through the filter is shown in the upper trace.
For this purpose, it is necessary to inject a known charge
The injected charge, about 200 pC, yields a calibration in this case, of 20 pC/mV.
at the machine terminals and to note the response on the
For several machines, maximum pulse height has been
detection equipment.
decreased by an order of magnitude following treatment such
A simple means of injecting such a pulse is achieved by
as slot wedge tightening, re-finishing of semi-conductive
isolating about 15 cm at one end of the shield on a portable
slot paint, injection of semi-conductive silicone rubber in
discharge coupler by separating the concentric neutral
slot sides, etc. [4].
conductors and cutting a I mm gap in the extruded shield
of the cable. This provides a 30-pF high-voltage coupling
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
capacitance through which a suitable square wave may be
The goal of a more objective and reliable test method with
supplied via a length of co-axial cable, for calibration [3].
reduced system cost and independence from the interfering
A 50-Q terminating resistor, connected to the co-axial cable
effects of external noise has been achieved. Further
at the coupling capacitor, limits the 60 Hz rise in potential
refinement and time reduction for the test is possible using
of the HV cable shield to the order of 4 mV for a 13.8 kV
a multichannel analyzer. A commercial analyzer has been
generator winding, and eliminates reflections.
modified to accept pulses at intervals down to about 10
A typical input square wave and output response is shown
us, yielding test curves identical to those obtained with the
in Figure 10. A 200 ns rise time was selected since faster
single-channel Generator Corona Analyzer, but in a much
fronts produced unacceptable, ringing in the response.
shorter time.
Typical calibrations obtained to date range from 10 to 35 pC
A prototype system has been demonstrated using a
per mV, depending on the machine size. A pulse generator at
programmable calculator and a fast digitally controllable
a repetition frequency of 5 kHz, capable of driving 50 Ω to
counter for the permanent installation and continuous
20 V, has been built into the GCA and may also be used to
pre-programmed periodic monitoring of discharge pulse
check its operation.
distribution as a function of load and time.
Now that data may be obtained in a consistent and
TEST RESULTS
repeatable manner, the enormous task remains of collecting
Pulse height distribution data is being collected using the
data from the field and establishing correlations with
observed insulation damage in service as a function
probably of the type of insulation system in question. When
such correlations are confirmed, early warning of incipient
problems will hopefully be obtainable so that suitable repair
and maintenance work may be scheduled.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Kurtz, “A Partial Discharge Test for Generator
Insulation,” Ontario Hydro Research Quarterly, Vol. 23, No
4, 1973, pp 1-4.
[2] H. A. Cole, “A Differential Pulse Height Discriminator,”
Nuclear Instrumentation and Methods, Nov. 1976, p 551.
[3] “Detection and Measurement of Discharge (Corona)
Pulses in Evaluation of Insulation Systems, ASTM 0 1868,
Part 39.
[4] M. Kurtz and J. F. Lyies “Generator Insulation Diagnostic
Testing”, IEEE Paper So. F7918S-0, PES “Winter Meeting,
New York, N. Y., Feb. 1979.