Mechanical Vibrations

1. Given Data

𝑥̈ + 0.25𝑥̇ + 10𝑥 = sin 10𝑡

𝑥̇ (0) = 0; 𝑥 (0) = 0.05

Solution

Time – Response plot

 It requires about 10 cycles for the transient effects
to die out.

2. (a) Work done during a single cycle is given as

𝑊3 = 4 𝐹3 𝑑𝑥

Where
𝐹3 = 𝐶𝑥̇

𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑥̇ = 𝐴𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡

So, the equation for work done is

𝑊3 = 4 𝐶𝑥̇ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 4 𝑥̇ < 𝑑𝑡

<> <>
? ?
𝑊3 = 𝐶 = (𝐴𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡)< 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐶𝐴< 𝜔< = (cos 𝜔𝑡)< 𝑑𝑡
@ @

𝑊3 = 𝜋𝐶𝐴< 𝜔
(b)
At resonance,
𝜔 = 𝜔B ; 𝐶 = 2𝜁√𝐾𝑚

Therefore

𝑥̇ = ±𝜔𝐴H1 − (sin 𝜔𝑡)< = ±𝜔𝐴 H𝐴2 − 𝑥2

So,
𝐹3 = 𝐶𝑥̇ = ±𝜔𝐶 H𝐴2 − 𝑥2

Rearranging the above equation, we get

𝐹3 < 𝑥 <
K L +M N =1
𝜔𝐶𝐴 𝐴

The above equation is equation of ellipse and work

done is the area inside the ellipse (Area of Ellipse =
𝜋𝑎𝑏, where 𝑎 = 𝜔𝐶𝐴, 𝑏 = 𝐴). Substitution of the
given data gives

𝐹3 < 𝑥 <
K L +M N =1→
2 2

It is an equation of circle of radius 2 and Work done

is the Area of the circle.
𝑊3 = 𝜋𝐶𝐴< 𝜔 = 4𝜋
(c) If the work done by the damper is known we can
obtain the value of the viscous damping coefficient
as follows
𝑊3 = 𝜋𝐶ST 𝐴< 𝜔

𝑊3
𝐶ST =
𝜋𝐴< 𝜔
 3. The equation of motion of the given system is given
by
𝑚𝑥̈ + 𝐶 (𝑥̇ − 𝑦̇ ) + 𝐾 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0

Let
𝑧 =𝑥−𝑦

𝑚𝑧̈ + 𝐶𝑧̇ + 𝐾𝑧 = −𝑚𝑦̈

𝑦 = 𝑌 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑧 = 𝑍 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)

Then, the solution of the system in vibration is given

by
𝑚𝜔2 𝑌
𝑍=
H(𝐾 − 𝑚𝜔2 )2 + (𝜔𝐶 )<

𝐶𝜔
tan 𝜙 =
𝐾 − 𝑚𝜔2

Writing in terms of X and Y, we get

𝑋 𝐾 < + (𝜔𝐶 )<

\ \=^
𝑌 (𝐾 − 𝑚𝜔2 )2 + (𝜔𝐶 )<
 Plot taken from Theory of Vibration with Applications by William T. Thomson

Soft bushing is better if lesser vibration is to be

transmitted to the system. Harder or rigid bushing can
transmit higher amplitude vibration to the system.
Over-damping is not always good. Though over-
damping will dampen out the vibrations quickly, it can
transmit higher amplitude vibrations for small
disturbances.
4. Given data
DE 0.25 0.45 0.8 1.16 3
X 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.15

Solution

Energy lost in a Viscous damping is given by

Δ𝐸 = 𝜋𝐶𝑋 < 𝜔

Energy lost in a Coulomb damping is given by

Δ𝐸 = 4𝜇𝑚𝑔𝑋
From the plots it is evident that the given system is
under Coulomb Damping (Since the plot is a straight
line unlike the Viscous damping plot).