Pressure Losses in Valves: 1. Notation and Units

69022
PRESSURE LOSSES IN VALVES
1. NOTATION AND UNITS
Three coherent systems of units are given below. These systems allow the equations given in the Item to
be used without the inclusion of conversion factors
.
SI British
ESDU product issue: 2003-03. For current status, contact ESDU. Observe Copyright.
CK corrected pressure loss coefficient(a)

CK ′ uncorrected pressure loss coefficient(a)
Cv flow coefficient (b) (b) (b)
D actual internal diameter of pipe(c) m ft ft
Dn nominal pipe diameter(c) m ft ft
f Fanning friction factor
g local acceleration due to gravity m/s2 ft/s2 ft/s2
∆h loss of head in terms of fluid flowing, m ft ft
corresponding to pressure loss ∆p
L d, L u length of straight pipe downstream and upstream of m ft ft
valve respectively
∆p pressure loss attributable to valve(a) N/m2 *
pdl/ft2 lbf/ft2
Q volume rate of flow m3/s ft3/s ft3/s
VnDn
Re Dn Reynolds number based on D n , ------------
-
ν
π 2
V mean flow velocity, Q ⁄ --- D m/s ft/s ft /s
4
π
Vn nominal mean flow velocity, Q ⁄ --- D n2 m/s ft/s ft/s
4
α1 correction factor for partial opening of valve
α2 correction factor for low Reynolds number
δ degree of opening of valve(d)
ν kinematic viscosity† of fluid m2/s ft2/s ft2/s
ρ density of fluid kg/m3 lb/ft3 ‡
slug/ft3
* –3 –6
1 pdl = 31.08 ×10 lbf; 1 pdl/ft2 = 215.8 ×10 lbf/in2.
† Kinematic viscosity = dynamic viscosity/density.
‡ 1 slug = 32.17 lb.
Issued October 1969 - 38 pages

Amendment D
1
69022
NOTES
(a)Definitions of ∆p and CK are given in Data Item No. 690164 where the difference between
gross and net values is explained. In the present Item gross values are used. (See also Section 3.)
(b)The flow coefficient, C v , is commonly used as a measure of "valve capacity". It is basically

defined in British Units as the rate of flow in UKgal/min, of water at 60°F, when the pressure
drop across the valve is 1 lbf/in2. If the rate of flow is known for some other value of pressure
drop, Cv may be derived from the relation
2 2
∆p ( lbf ⁄ in ) ⁄ 1lbf ⁄ in
C v (UKgal/min) = Q (UKgal/min)/ ---------------------------------------------------------------- .
specific gravity of fluid
–3
1 UKgal/min at 1 lbf/in2 pressure drop = 6.291 ×10 m3/s at 1 N/m2
–3
= 182.1 ×10 ft3/s at 1 pdl/ft2
–3
= 32.11 ×10 ft3/s at 1 lbf/ft2.
(c)Valve sizes are usually given as the nominal pipe diameter, D n , for which the end connections
are designed. This is the basic dimension used in this Item. However, when Data Item No. 660272
is used to calculate the losses in the associated straight pipes, the actual internal pipe diameter,
D , must be used in those calculations.
(d)The degree of valve opening is defined in this Item as the ratio (travel of valve control from
closed position)/(travel of valve control from closed to fully open), e.g. number of turns
open/number of turns to fully open. Thus, δ = 0 for fully closed valves and δ = 1 for fully
open valves.
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2. INTRODUCTION
In this Item information is given on the pressure loss for single-phase flow through a number of types of
shut-off and simple flow control valves.
The information is presented in the form of non-dimensional pressure loss coefficients and applies for the
flow of liquids and also for the flow of gases at low Mach numbers*.
The types of valves included are illustrated and described in Section 6 where the appropriate Figures giving
data are indicated. Also included in Section 6 are typical size ranges, temperature and pressure limits and
examples of the applications of the various types. This latter information is intended as initial guidance on
the suitability of a valve for a particular duty. The final choice should be considered in conjunction with
manufacturers and their literature. References 1 and 3 will be of assistance in locating appropriate
manufacturers.
An Appendix lists some alternative names found during the preparation of this Item and classifies them in
terms of the main types given in Section 6.
The information given is based on data from Derivations 6 to 25 and on data supplied by a number of valve
manufacturers. It is only approximate for various reasons. In general, valves of different sizes and from
different manufacturers, although broadly similar, are not exactly geometrically similar. In small sizes, one
valve body may be offered with a variety of end connection sizes and in some cases a valve of one nominal
size may be available with several seat sizes. If the pressure loss is derived from pressures measured too
close to the valve, and therefore not in regions of fully-developed flow, inconsistencies arise and this
accounts for some scatter of the data. In some cases there are approximations such as the neglect of Reynolds
number effects.
A large number of standard specifications for valves are issued by the national standards organisations, by
industrial companies and other organisations. Such standards usually refer to materials and construction of
valves and do not give pressure loss data.
* The Mach number of a gas flow is the local flow velocity divided by the local speed of sound. As the Mach number at the valve inlet
increases above about 0.2 the effects of compressibility start to become noticeable. However, for the purposes of this Item, and especially
in the case of straight through valves, the effects are unlikely to be significant for Mach numbers up to about 0.5.
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3. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS
The pressure loss attributable to a valve in a pipeline is given by
∆p = C K × ½ρV n2 (3.1)
and the corresponding head loss, in terms of fluid flowing, by
∆h = C K × V n2 ⁄ 2g ,
where the velocity V n is based on the nominal valve size, D n . In this Item, C K is given in terms of a basic
coefficient, C K ′ (Figures 1 to 11), applicable for fully open valves and for Re Dn ≥ 10 4 to which correction
factors, α1 (Figures 12 to 15) and α2 (Figures 16 and 17), must be applied to account for partial opening
and for Re Dn < 10 4 respectively. Thus
CK = C K ′ × α1 × α2 .
To obtain the overall pressure loss, ∆p AB , between two points A and B, in regions of fully-developed flow,
which span a valve, the friction losses in the straight pipes upstream and downstream of the valve must be
added to the loss given by Equation (3.1). Thus
2 Lu + Ld
∆ p AB = ∆ p + ½ρV × 4f -------------------- ,
D
2 Lu + Ld
and ∆ h AB = ∆ h + ( V ⁄ 2g ) × 4f -------------------- ,
D
where V is based on the actual pipe bore, D . For non-circular section ductwork, D n and D should be
replaced by the equivalent hydraulic diameter ( 4 × cross-sectional area/wetted perimeter). Values of f for
various surfaces are given in Data Item No. 660272.
If points A and B are taken close to the valve, or the next component upstream or downstream is close to
the valve, A and B may not be in fully-developed flow. (See Reference 4 for a discussion of interference
effects.) However, for most practical purposes, when using the information given in this Item, the error
introduced will not be significant provided that Lu ⁄ D > 2 and L d ⁄ D > 5 and that the total length of straight
pipe immediately upstream is at least 10D .
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69022
4. REFERENCES AND DERIVATION
REFERENCES
1. Valve data tabulation. Fluid Handling, Vol.15, pp.190-244, May 1964.

2. ESDU Friction losses for fully-developed flow in straight pipes. Engineering
Sciences Data Item No. 66027, 1966.
3. Valves for the control of fluids. 2nd Edition. Brit. Valve Manufacturers
Assoc., London, 1968.

4. ESDU Introductory memorandum on the pressure losses in internal flow
systems. Engineering Sciences Data Item No. 69016, 1969.
5. Glossary for valves and valve parts (for fluids). Parts 1 to 5. British
Standards Institution, BS2591,1961-1969.
DERIVATION
6. CORP, C.I. Experiments on loss of head in valves and pipes of one half to twelve
RUBLE, R.O. inches diameter. Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, Engng Series, Vol.9, pp.1-143,
1922.
7. – Note on engine throttle torque and pressure drop experiments. RAE
Engine Dept Note No. E3901, October 1941.
8. LANSFORD, W.M. Loss of head in flow of fluids through various types of
one-and-one-half-inch valves. Engng Expt Station Bulletin, Univ.
Illinois, Vol.40, No.24, Bulletin No. 340, February 1943.
9. BECK, C. Laminar flow friction losses through fittings, bends and valves. J. am.
Soc. naval Engrs, Vol.56, No.2, pp.235-271, May 1944.
10. KROLL, A.E. Globe-valve flow coefficients for valve meters. Ind. Engng Chem.,
FAIRBANKS, H.V. Vol.37, No.6, pp.588-591, 1945.
11. FORSTER, B. Some pressure measurements on valves. Pametrada Report 117,
September 1954.
12. WILKINSON, H.C. Pressure losses in main steam pipes and fittings. Pametrada Report 118,
September 1954.
13. BRYANT, R.A.A. Loss coefficients for some Australian pipe fittings. Commonwealth Engr,
BENNETT, C. Vol.44, No.5, pp.143-148, 1956/57.
14. KITTREDGE, C.P. Resistance coefficients for laminar and turbulent flow through
ROWLEY, D.S. one-half-inch valves and fittings. Trans. am. Soc. mech. Engrs, Vol. ,
pp.1759-1766, 1959.
5
69022
15. IDEL’CHIK, I.E. Handbook of hydraulic resistance. Coefficients of local resistance and
friction. A.E.C.-tr-6630. US Atomic Energy Commission, 1966.
(Available from US Dept of Commerce, Springfield, Va. Translation
from Spravochnik po gidravlicheskim soprotivleniyam. Gos. Energ. Izd.,
Moscow, 1960.)
16. Pipe friction manual. Third Edition. Hydraulic Institute, New York,
1961.
17. BONNINGTON, S.T. Measurement of the pressure losses in copper pipe fittings. Brit.
Hydromechanics Res. Assoc. Rep. RR 718, May 1962.
18. HAMILTON, J.D. Steady-state flow characteristics of fluid-power components. Proc.

McCALLUM, J. Conference on oil hydraulic power transmission and control, Paper
No.19, pp.236-246. Instn mech. Engrs, London, 1962.
19. HAMILTON, J.D. Fluid-power circuit design. Proc. Conference on oil hydraulic power
transmission and control, Paper No. 20, pp. 247-255. Instn mech. Engrs,
London, 1962.
20. HARRISON, P. Head loss characteristics of butterfly valves. NEL Rep. 112, September
SCHWEIGER, F. 1963.
21. DODGE, L. Local resistance to flow. Product Engng, Vol.35, pp.63-68, March 2nd,
1964.
22. DODGE, L. Fluid throttling devices. Product Engng, Vol. 35, pp.81-87, March 30th,
1964.
23. Flow of fluids through valves, fittings and pipes. Tech. paper No. 410,
Crane Co. Ltd, Chicago, 1965.
24. Hydraulic design criteria, Vol.2. 13th Issue. U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, 1966.
25. GUINS, V.S. Flow characteristics of butterfly and spherical valves. Proc. am. Soc. civil
Engrs, Vol.94, No.HY3, pp.675-690, 1968.
26. Catalogue and other information supplied by valve manufacturers to the
Engineering Sciences Data Unit. 1967-1969.
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5. EXAMPLE
(The example is worked in both British and SI units. The data for the latter case are rounded off from the
exact equivalent values.)
Part of a test rig includes a diaphragm valve as shown in the sketch below. What will be the approximate
–3
pressure loss between points A and B for water and for oil flowing at 15 UKgal/min ( 1.14 ×10 m3/s) with
the valve fully open? For water,
–6
density = 62.4 lb/ft3 (103 kg/m3); kinematic viscosity = 1 cSt = 10.76 ×10 ft2/s (10-6 m2/s),
and for the oil,

–3 –6
density = 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3); kinematic viscosity = 140 cSt = 1.506 ×10 ft2/s ( 140 ×10 m2/s).
The actual bore of the steel pipe is 1.05 inches (26.7 mm).
British Units SI Units
Nominal velocity Vn = Q ⁄ π
2
--- D n –3 π 1 2 –3 π –3 2
4 = 15 × 2.676 × 10 ⁄ ---  ------ 1.14 × 10 ⁄ --- ( 25.4 × 10 )
4  12 4
= 7.36 ft/s. = 2.25 m/s.
For the straight pipe,

π 2
V = Q ⁄ --- D = 6.68 ft/s. 2.04 m/s.
4
(a)Water
VnDn –3
1 1 2.25 × ( 25.4 × 10 )
Reynolds number ReDn = ------------- = 7.36 × ------ × ------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------
ν 12 10.76 × 10–6 –6
10
3 3
= 57 ×10 . = 57 ×10 .
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Section 6.5 indicates that Figure 11 gives data for diaphragm valves. It is evident from the shape of the
valve that it is of Pattern 1 as shown on the Figure and for a 1 inch (25.4 mm) valve, CK ′ = 2.3 . Since the
valve is fully open and Re Dn > 10 4 , α 1 = 1 and α 2 = 1 . Thus CK = CK ′ .
British Units SI Units

3 3
ReD = VD ⁄ ν = 54 × 10 54 × 10
Using Data Item No. 66027, for

–3 –3
steel pipe, f = 6.6 × 10 6.6 × 10
The pressure loss between A and B is given by
2 2 Lu + Ld
∆ p AB = ½ρV n C K + ½ρV 4f -------------------- .
D
2 3 2
Thus ∆ pAB is ½ × 62.4(7.36 × 2.3 + ½ × 10 (2.25 × 2.3 +
2 –3 2 –3
6.68 × 4 × 6.6 × 10 × 20) 2.04 × 4 × 6.6 × 10 × 20 )
= 31.2 ( 124.6 + 23.6 ) = 500 ( 11.64 + 2.20 )

3
= 4620 pdl/ft2 = 6.92 × 10 N/m2.
≈ 1 lbf/in2.
(b)Oil
VnDn 1 1 –3
Reynolds number Re Dn = ------------
- = 7.36 × ------ × -----------------------------
- 2.25 × 25.4 × 10
ν 12 1.506 × 10–3 -------------------------------------------
–6
140 × 10
= 410 = 410
4
From Figure 11, CK ′ is again 2.3 but since Re Dn < 10 , α 2 ≠ 1 . From Figure 17, α2 = 1.4 . Since the
valve is fully open, α 1 = 1 .
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ReD = VD ⁄ ν = 390 390
Using Data Item No. 66027,
16
f = ---------- = 0.041 0.041
ReD
2 2
Thus ∆ pAB is ½ × 50 ( 7.36 × 2.3 × 1.4 + ½ × 800 (2.25 × 2.3 × 1.4 +
2 2
6.68 × 4 × 0.041 × 20 ) 2.04 × 4 × 0.041 × 20 )
= 25 ( 174 + 146 ) = 400 ( 16.3 + 13.6 )

3
= 8000 pdl/ft2 = 12.0 × 10 N/m2
≈ 1.7 lbf/in2.
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6. DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS OF VALVE TYPES AND LOCATION OF DATA
Pressure loss data

(a) †Typical size range Application and
*
Diagram of valve (b) †Typical pressure general
Location
and temperature limits comments Comments
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
6.1 Plug Valves

(a)Cocks, 1/8 in to 4 The term cock 1 Rectangular

in (3 mm to 100 is applied to ports, full pipe
mm). simple valves bore area and
Plug valves, ½ in which do not reduced area.
to 12 in (12 mm to have any means (Based on data
300 mm). of reducing for taper plug
(b)Simplest designs friction between valves.)
of cocks up to 50 the plug and its
lbf/in2 (0.35 seating.
MN/m2), at Parallel, tapered
100°C, plug valves and ball plugs
to 250 lbf/in2 (1.75 are used.
2 Circular port,
MN/m2), at Shut-off valve
full pipe bore
200°C. for water, air
only. (Based
Can be designed and gases at low
on data for ball
for much higher pressure in
plug valves.)
pressures. simplest form.
Special versions
Assume data
for high
apply for
temperature/
appropriate
pressure flows.
port shape
irrespective of
plug shape.
Not 3 Rectangular
recommended port, 3-way
for regulating, valve. Flow
but porting in through
plug can be branch.
arranged to give
flow diversion Use No direct data
between 3 or 4 16 available
inlets and
outlets.
For footnotes see end of Table.
10
69022
Pressure loss data
*
Location
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
6.2 Butterfly Valves

(a)2 in to 36 in (50 Nominal 4 Valves with
mm to 920 mm) shut-off valve stiffening ribs
(larger and smaller for air, water on disc surface

available). and other fluids. and/or thick
(b)0-100°C up to 150 Seating rings or edges tend to
lbf/in2 (1.05 flexible sealing lie in upper
MN/m2), special can be used for part of scatter
designs for higher tight shut off. band.
temperature/ When used for
pressure. regulating, 12
valve should be 16 Based on
sized to pass limited data.
maximum flow
at δ ≈ 0.75 .
Simple and
relatively cheap
valve, operating
torque is high
on large valves
and at large
pressure drop
(Derivations 7,
24 and 25 give
some
information on
torque).
11
69022
Pressure loss data
*
Location
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
6.3 Poppet Type Valves
6.3.1 Globe valves

(a)½ in to 10 in (12 Used basically 5 No systematic

mm to 250 mm). as shut-off variation with
(b)100 lbf/in2 (0.7 valve, for most any particular
MN/m2), at fluids, but valve feature.
saturated steam provides some
temperature, 400 flow regulation. 13 Wide scatter
lbf/in2 (2.8 Seating may be on data. Value
MN/m ), 2
cold flat or bevelled of δ at which
water service. (as shown) and α1 = 1 varies
Much higher disc may be between about
values with special guided or free. 0.6 and 1.0
valves. (1) Cast body, 17 Based on
single seated limited data.
valve.
Out-of-balance
force on disc is
large for high
pressure drop
and large
valves.
(2) Double Use Use Use Few data
seated, cast 5 13 17 available
body, design suggest CK ′ is
reduces approximately
out-of-balance same as for
force on valve single seated
stem, but is not valves.
very suitable for
tight shut-off.
12
69022
Pressure loss data
*
Location
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
(a)1/8 in to 2 in (3 (3) Forged 7 13

mm to 50 mm). body, passages
(b)3000 lbf/in2 (21 drilled in body. Use Based on
MN/m2), at In small sizes, 17 limited data.
100°C, higher similar valves

values possible. may be made For all three
from bar types where
material. the seat size is
appreciably
smaller than
the nominal
size take C K ′
for seat size
and multiply
by
4
( D n ⁄ D seat ) .
Where seat is
larger than
nominal, use
C K ′ for seat
size directly.
Features
which tend to
give higher
losses are
restrictions at
inlet and outlet
which may
result from
short valve
bodies, small
valve-disc lift
(less than
about D n ⁄ 3 )
and disc
guides.
13
69022
Pressure loss data
*
Location
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
6.3.2 Angle valves

Similar to globe Similar to globe 6 Cast body
valves. valves but with valves. Flat
flow turned seating and/or

through 90°. guides on disc
Cast body tend to give
shown but may C K ′ in upper
also be forged part of scatter
or drilled from band.
bar material.
Double seated 8 Forged body
types not valves.
known to be 13 Use Based on
available. 17 limited data.
For seat size

appreciably
different from
nominal size,
see notes on
globe valves.
6.3.3 Y valves
(a)½ in to 10 in (12 Similar to globe 10 Data basically
mm to 250 mm). valves but with for seat size
(b)150 lbf/in2 (1.05 improved flow equal to
MN/m2), at path. Forged nominal. Data
120°C. Suitable body and for larger and
for much higher double-seated smaller seat
temperatures and valves not sizes lie within
pressures. known to be scatter band.
available. Mean line
drawn for flow
from left to
right; for
opposite
direction C K ′
is slightly
lower.
13 Use
17
14
69022
Pressure loss data
*
Location
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
6.3.4 Needle valves

(a)Up to 1 in (25 Used for fine Fully open
mm). manual control loss is similar
(b)Similar to globe of liquid or gas to globe or

valves. flows. May be angle valve if
globe or angle needle lifts
type; cast, fully clear of
forged or drilled seat orifice.
from bar. Seat size is
often less than
nominal size,
see notes on
globe valves.
6.4 Gate Valves
(a)¼ in to 12 in (6 Positive 10
mm to 300 mm). shut-off for 14 See
(b)300 lbf/in2 (2.1 wide range of applications
MN/m2), at fluids. Seating column.
120°C; 100 lbf/in2 faces may be 16 Experimental
(0.7 MN/m2), at parallel (and data.
250°C. normal to flow)
or inclined (as
shown) so that
gate wedges in
on closing. Not
recommended
for regulating as
seatings may
wear rapidly in
part-open
positions.
15
69022
Pressure loss data
*
Location
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
6.5 Diaphragm Valves

(a)½ in to 14 in (12 Shut-off and 11 Data for
mm to 360 mm). regulating wide several body
(b)Temperature range of fluids patterns.

limited by including
diaphragm slurries. 15 Data for
materials, Operating Patterns 1 & 2
typically 100°C, mechanism only. Patterns
maximum about protected from 3 & 4 probably
200°C. flowing fluid approximate to
and valve body Pattern 2.
easily lined to Use No data
combat 17 available.
corrosive fluids.
In “flex-valve”
(Pattern 4 on
Figure 11), the
rubber lining
forms the
diaphragm.
16
69022
Pressure loss data
*
Location
(Figure numbers)
CK′ α1 α2
(a)½ in to 8 in (12 Use No data

mm to 200 mm). 11 available for
(b)As above. angle versions.
For Patterns 1
& 2 use curve

for straight-
through
Pattern 1.
Angle versions
of Patterns 3 &
4 not known to
be available.
Use Use No data
15 17 available.
For glass-lined
versions
multiply C K ′
by 0.9, for
rubber-lined
versions
multiply C K ′
by 1.5 except
for Pattern 4
for which the
data allow for
the rubber
lining.
* The diagrams show the general features of the valve types but are not intended as detailed drawings of any particular valve. End connec-
tions may be screwed for valves up to about 2 in size (50 mm) and flanged for valves down to ½ inch size (12 mm).
† Valves given in this column are typical of widely available valves. For most types of valve, valves suitable for conditions outside the limits
given or for larger or smaller sizes are available from some manufacturers. Approximate SI metric equivalents to British units are shown
6
in brackets. ( 1 MN/m2 = 10 N/m2
17
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
10
9
8
7
4
3
3
2 Scatter
C'K
1
9
8
2
7
5
1
4
Scatter
3
1. Port area = 1.0 H pipe area

2 2. Port area = 0.8 H pipe area
3. Port area = 0.6 H pipe area
Interpolated data
Valve fully open, ReDn $ 104
0.1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 1 CNK FOR RECTANGULAR PORT PLUG VALUES
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69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
C'K
0.3
Scatter
0.2
Port area = 1.0 H pipe area

4
0.1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 2 CNK FOR CIRCULAR PORT PLUG VALVES
19
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
10
9
8
7
5
C'K
3
Scatter
Port area = 0.8 H pipe area

4
1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 3 CNK FOR BRANCH FLOW, RECTANGULAR PORT THREE-WAY PLUG VALVE
20
69022
101
9
8
7
6
3
Scatter
100
9
8
7
6
4
C'K
3
10-1
9
8
7
6
5 Usual range of t / Dn for

commercial valves
4
4
10-2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
t / Dn
FIGURE 4 CNK FOR BUTTERFLY VALVES
21
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
20
10
9
8
C'K 7
6
5 Scatter

2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 5 CNK FOR CAST BODY GLOBE VALVES
22
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
10
9
8
7
5
C'K
3
Scatter
2

1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 6 CNK FOR CAST BODY ANGLE VALVES
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Dn (inches)
1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5
20
10
9 Scatter
8
7
6
C'K 5
4

1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 7 CNK FOR FORGED GLOBE VALVES
24
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Dn (inches)
1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5
10
9
4
8 Valve fully open, ReDn $ 10
7
5
C'K
3
Scatter
1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 8 CNK FOR FORGED ANGLE VALVES
25
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
10
9
8
7
6
5
C'K 3 Scatter
θ = 60E
2
θ = 45E- 50E
Scatter
1
0.9 4
0.8 Valve fully open, ReDn $ 10
0.7
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 9 CNK FOR Y VALVES
26
69022
10
Dn > 50 mm (2"), valves with cast iron,

wrought iron and steel pipes.
All sizes with drawn copper
and similar pipes
1
C'K
Dn < 38 mm (1.5"), valves with cast iron,

wrought iron and steel pipes, hydraulic tubing
0.1
Scatter
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
2
Cross - sectional area at valve seat D 
≅  n
Cross - sectional area of upstream pipe  D 
FIGURE 10 CNK FOR GATE VALVES
27
69022
Dn (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
101
9
4
8 Valve fully open, ReDn $ 10
7
4
3
1
Scatter
C'K 2
Scatter
100
9 3
8
7
2
Scatter 4
10-1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 200 300 400 500 600
Dn (mm)
FIGURE 11 CNK FOR DIAPHRAGM VALVES
28
69022
1000
100
Flat plate
5
α1
Lenticular disc
2
10
1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Closed δ Open
FIGURE 12 APPROXIMATE EFFECT OF PARTIAL OPENING, BUTTERFLY VALVES
29
69022
1000
100
α1
2
Y valves
10 Angle valves
5
Globe valves
1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
δ
Closed Open
FIGURE 13 APPROXIMATE EFFECT OF PARTIAL OPENING, POPPET TYPE VALVES
30
69022
1000
100
α1
2
10
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
δ Open
Closed
FIGURE 14 APPROXIMATE EFFECT OF PARTIAL OPENING, GATE VALVES
31
69022
1000
100
α1
2
10
}
5
Pattern 1
See Figure 11
Pattern 3
2
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
δ
Closed Open
FIGURE 15 APPROXIMATE EFFECT OF PARTIAL OPENING, DIAPHRAGM VALVES
32
69022
100
5
10
5 Probable region of
α2 transition from laminar
to turbulent flow
2
0.1 2 2 5 2 5 2 5
5
101 102 103 104 105
ReDn
FIGURE 16 APPROXIMATE EFFECT OF REYNOLDS NUMBER, GATE, PLUG AND BUTTERFLY VALVES
33
69022
10
2
α2
1
0.1
2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5
101 102 103 104 105
ReDn
FIGURE 17 APPROXIMATE EFFECT OF REYNOLDS NUMBER, POPPET TYPE AND DIAPHRAGM

VALVES
34
69022
APPENDIX A SOME ALTERNATIVE VALVE NAMES
This list gives names which have been found during the preparation of this Data Item and cross-references
them either directly, or via the basic class to which the valve belongs, to a Section giving data.
The list is not intended to be exhaustive and for further information see References 3 and 5.
Valve Name:
Angle valve a valve in which the inlet and exit f lows are at 90° (6.3.2 or 6.5).
Ball valve may be a type of plug valve (6.1) or a float controlled angle valve (6.3.2).
Butterfly valve Section 6.2.
Cock a simple version of a plug valve (6.1).
Control valve* usually refers to a poppet type valve (6.3), but other types can be used.
Diaphragm motor any type actuated by a diaphragm motor.
valve
Diaphragm valve Section 6.5.
Flap valve a butterfly valve (6.2) (may also refer to a non-return valve).
Flex valve a type of diaphragm valve (6.5).
Fullway valve a type of gate valve (6.4).
Gland cock a simple version of a plug valve (6.1).
Globe valve Section 6.3.1.
Motor valve refers to control mechanism, see basic valve type.
Needle valve Section 6.3.4.
Oblique valve a Y valve (6.3.3).
Parallel slide valve a type of gate valve (6.4).
Pinch valve a type of diaphragm valve (6.5).
Plug valve Section 6.1.
Plug cock a type of plug valve (6.1).
Poppet valve Section 6.3.
Radiator valve may be of any type, see appropriate Section.
Regulating valve basically any valve used for regulating, most frequently a poppet type,
butterfly or diaphragm valve.
Rising plug valve a type of gate valve (6.4).
For footnote see end of Appendix.
35
69022
Valve Name:
Rising stem valve any valve in which the operating spindle rises out of the valve as the valve is
opened.
Slide valve sometimes applied to gate valves (6.4).
Sluice valve a type of gate valve (6.4).
Stop valve basically any shut-off valve.
Throttle valve usually a butterfly valve (6.2).
Wedge valve a type of gate valve (6.4).

Wheel valve refers to control mechanism but usually a globe valve (6.3.1).
Y valve Section 6.3.3.
For footnote see end of Appendix.
* Valves specially designed for automatic control systems are not covered by this Data Item.
36
69022
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DATA ITEM
The work of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit on these series is monitored and guided by Technical
Committees of the Royal Aeronautical Society, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Institution
of Chemical Engineers. The Committee responsible for the preparation of this particular Item was the Fluid
Mechanics and Thermodynamics Committee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Item has
been accepted for inclusion in the Aeronautical Series by the Aerodynamics Committee of the Royal
Aeronautical Society. The inclusion of this Item in the Chemical Engineering Series has been approved by
the Institution of Chemical Engineers.
The Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Committee has the following constitution:
Chairman
Prof. A.J. Ede – University of Aston in Birmingham
Vice-Chairman
Mr E.C. Firman – Central Electricity Research Laboratories
Members
Dr G. Hobson – GEC-AEI Ltd
Mr K.M. Leigh – United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
Mr A. Linford – The British Hydromechanics Research Association
Mr G.J.F. Reid – British Petroleum Co. Ltd
Miss B. Shilling – Royal Aircraft Establishment.
The Aerodynamics Committee has the following constitution:
Chairman
Prof. G.M. Lilley – University of Southampton
Vice-Chairmen
Prof. D.W. Holder – University of Oxford
Mr W.F. Wiles – Rolls-Royce Ltd
Members
Mr E.C. Carter – Aircraft Research Association
Dr L.F. Crabtree – Royal Aircraft Establishment
Mr R.L. Dommett – Royal Aircraft Establishment
Mr H.C. Garner – National Physical Laboratory
Mr J.R.C. Pederson – British Aircraft Corporation (Guided Weapons) Ltd
Mr M.W. Salisbury – British Aircraft Corporation (Weybridge) Ltd
Mr J. Taylor – Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd, Woodford
Mr J.W.H. Thomas – Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd, Hatfield
Mr J. Weir – University of Salford.
37
69022
The members of the staff of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit concerned were:
Mr N. Thompson – Head of Fluid Mechanics and Physical Properties Group

Mr B.C. Freeman – Fluid Mechanics and Physical Properties Group.
The Technical Committees have the co-operation of many engineers and scientists in industry, research
establishments and universities from whom much assistance and unpublished information is being received.
Particular assistance with the preparation of this Item has been received from Dr A.J. Ward Smith of Smith
Meters Ltd, formerly of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit.
38

Pressure Losses in Valves: 1. Notation and Units

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Pressure Losses in Valves: 1. Notation and Units

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69022

PRESSURE LOSSES IN VALVES

1. NOTATION AND UNITS

CK corrected pressure loss coefficient(a)

Issued October 1969 - 38 pages

(b)The flow coefficient, C v , is commonly used as a measure of "valve capacity". It is basically

The pressure loss attributable to a valve in a pipeline is given by

and the corresponding head loss, in terms of fluid flowing, by

1. Valve data tabulation. Fluid Handling, Vol.15, pp.190-244, May 1964.

Assoc., London, 1968.

18. HAMILTON, J.D. Steady-state flow characteristics of fluid-power components. Proc.

and for the oil,

British Units SI Units

For the straight pipe,

British Units SI Units

For the straight pipe,

Using Data Item No. 66027, for

The pressure loss between A and B is given by

= 31.2 ( 124.6 + 23.6 ) = 500 ( 11.64 + 2.20 )

= 25 ( 174 + 146 ) = 400 ( 16.3 + 13.6 )

Pressure loss data

6.1 Plug Valves

(a)Cocks, 1/8 in to 4 The term cock 1 Rectangular

For footnotes see end of Table.

6.2 Butterfly Valves

(larger and smaller for air, water on disc surface

For footnotes see end of Table.

6.3 Poppet Type Valves

6.3.1 Globe valves

(a)½ in to 10 in (12 Used basically 5 No systematic

For footnotes see end of Table.

(a)1/8 in to 2 in (3 (3) Forged 7 13

100°C, higher similar valves

For footnotes see end of Table.

6.3.2 Angle valves

flow turned seating and/or

For seat size

For footnotes see end of Table.

6.3.4 Needle valves

(b)Similar to globe of liquid or gas to globe or

For footnotes see end of Table.

6.5 Diaphragm Valves

(b)Temperature range of fluids patterns.

For footnotes see end of Table.

(a)½ in to 8 in (12 Use No data

& 2 use curve

For footnotes see end of Table.

1. Port area = 1.0 H pipe area

FIGURE 1 CNK FOR RECTANGULAR PORT PLUG VALUES

1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20

Port area = 1.0 H pipe area

FIGURE 2 CNK FOR CIRCULAR PORT PLUG VALVES

Port area = 0.8 H pipe area

5 Usual range of t / Dn for

FIGURE 4 CNK FOR BUTTERFLY VALVES

Valve fully open, ReDn $ 104

FIGURE 5 CNK FOR CAST BODY GLOBE VALVES

Valve fully open, ReDn $ 104

FIGURE 6 CNK FOR CAST BODY ANGLE VALVES

Valve fully open, ReDn $ 104

FIGURE 7 CNK FOR FORGED GLOBE VALVES

FIGURE 8 CNK FOR FORGED ANGLE VALVES

FIGURE 9 CNK FOR Y VALVES